Effluent Treatment Plant:

Effluent Treatment Plant is used in Textile Industry to save the Environment. A lot of pollutant water comes from different section of Textile Manufacturing unit which are really harmful for the natures Effluent Transfer Plant is the essential part of a Textile Industry. As the consciousness about environment has been drastically increased; the research, talks about ETP also been increased.ETP Plant consists of some basic steps. From the very beginning of Water accumulating to the final purified water has some processing procedures. These are-

Process flowchart of ETP Effluent Treatment Plant

Primary Filtration Cooling & Mixing Neutralization by Acid or Alkali Dozing Chemical Coagulation Setting & Separation of Sludge Sludge Pit Filtration


Discharge To Drain

Primary Filtration of Waste Liquor: Waste liquor after pretreatment, dyeing, printing and finishing is subjected to primary filtration, in which removal of gross solids, such as waster threads, fabric pieces, lints, etc, takes place.

Cooling & Mixing: After primary filtration, the liquor passes to cooling and mixing tank in which uniform mixing of effluents from various process takes place. A paddle mixer is provided for mixing. Cooling of the effluent may be done with the help of cooling tower. Neutralization: The effluent is pumped to a tank in which it is neutralized by acid or alkali dozing. The tank has an automatic dosing controller which at automatically control the dose of acid or alkali to maintain the required PH . Coagulation: Then the effluent is pumped to the coagulation tank. Chemical coagulation very effective for removal of color and suspended materials, aluminum, ferrous sulphates , ferric chloride, chlorinated copper etc. to increase the efficiency of coagulation , coagulation gain may be added for example poly acrylate.

Setting & Separation of Sludge: Some of the soluble organic matter and light suspended solids will form a blanket of flocculent matter with the coagulants. The blanket is skimmed of to another tank and the remaining solution is moved to pressure filter.

Pressure Filter: For pressure filtration vacuum pumps may be used to force through the filter and suspended flocks are collected in the pressure fine filter. Discharging to Drain: After filtration the purified water sent to drain which eventually reach to the river . Now we will know about what type of pollutant we find from the discharged water of textiles manufacturing unit. Even; we will know about how many BODS (Biological Oxygen Demand) this kind of water requires to make this environment friendly. 1. Desizing Unit Process: In desizing section several pollutants are found in water like Starch, Glucose, CMC, PVC Resins, Fat Oils etc. In this section the water are very much pollutant and needs high BOD which is 35 50% of total. 2. Scouring: In scouring section Sodium Hydroxide, Na2OO3 and other auxiliaries are found in water. Scoured water needs 30% of total BOD and they looks like dark colored and strongly alkaline. 3. Bleaching: In Bleached Water several pollutants are found like Bleaching powder, Chlorine, Sodium Hydroxide, Hydrogen per Oxide etc. This kind of water needs 5% BOD of total and in alkaline condition. 4. Mercerizing: In Mercerizing section just two types of pollutant are emitted. These are Sodium Hydroxide and Alkali. This kind of water needs 1% of BOD and water stays at strongly alkaline condition. 5. Dyeing: In dyeing section various Dyes, Salts, Acids, Alkalis, Sodium Hydro sulphite, Soap and Detergents can be found in water. This water is in highly colored and oily appearance and needs 6 % BOD of total. 6. Printing: Several pollutants exists in water like Dyes, Pigments, Thickener, Chemicals, Acids and Alkalis etc. This water is in highly colored and oily appearance and needs 6 10% BOD of total. 7. Finishing: In Textile finishing section some pollutants like Traces of Starch, Tallow, and Different Finishing Agents are found. It requires low BOD which is about 2 4% of the total.

 ETP stands for Effluent Treatment Plant. Effluent can be treated in a number of different ways depending on the composition of the effluent and the level of treatment required. These levels could be classified into the following types: Preliminary, Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. The mechanisms for treatment can be divided into three broad categories: Physical, Chemical, and Biological. Many of these processes are used together in a single treatment plant. Types of Effluent Treatment Plant: There are three effluent treatment plant which are 1.Physical-chemical treatment plant 2.Chemical-biological plant 3.Biological treatment plant 1. Chemical treatment plant: In this process effluent water are mainly converted into sludge of metal complex by chemical reaction. Then it is separated from the water and dried and dipped into the soil. But the sludge remain activate which is harmful. Effluent ----Sludge of metal complex ---Dry sludge ---Dipped into soil

2. Biological treatment plant: This process is mainly build up by using microorganism. This is Bacteria, Amoeba, and Protozoa. Bactria are two types, one is Anaerobic and Aerobics. First one is hazardous for our environment and second one is friendly for our environment. In here Bacteria break the bond of harmful chemical by enzyme secretion. As a result harmful chemical converted into environmental friendly. The sludge produces by this process is also used as different functions such as fertilizer fuel in the brick field. Methods of wastewater treatment A complete treatment of a mixed textile effluent consists of the following steps: 1. Physicochemical pre-treatment is adopted to remove often part of the recalcitrant COD and/or suspended solids.

2. Biological treatment. Conventional activated sludge systems have the capability to remove large fractions of COD. A combined anaerobic and aerobic treatment is also effective to remove azodyes. 3. Physicochemical post-treatment. Removal of dyes and remaining recalcitrant COD can be achieved by activated carbon treatment, sorption processes, membrane filtration, oxidation processes and so on. Concentrated streams with non-biodegradable substances should preferably be treated at source. If this is not the case, biological treatment can be optimized by the addition of activated carbon or can be improved by coupling with advanced oxidation processes. Alternatively, decentralized treatments, such as membrane treatment, can be used to recover nonbiodegradable chemicals. Major ongoing developments seek for minimizing and rationalizing water consumption, as well as establishing cost-effective treatment units that increase the degree of water loop closure. Water is often reused in washing and desizing processes for a lower water quality demand. Wastewater treatment by wet air oxidation The textile wastewater discharged from printing and dyeing processes is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD), low biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and heavy color. It is one of the major sources of pollutants in the textile industry. In particular, the COD and color of the wastewater are resistant to conventional wastewater treatment. Wet air oxidation (WAO) can convert the organic pollutants into water and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and pressures. Since it achieves very high conversion rates, the wet air oxidation process typically requires much less space. No additional sludge or concentrated waste is produced as in the case of biological processes. WAO is a viable process for the treatment of desizing, scouring, dyeing and printing wastewater from the textile industry. It requires high temperatures (about 300) and high pressures (over 10MPa). Now we will know about what type of pollutant we find from the discharged water of textiles manufacturing unit. Even; we will know about how many BODS (Biological Oxygen Demand) this kind of water requires to make this environment friendly.

 Effects of Effluents of Textile Industry in Environment & Daily Uses: Waste water from the industries destroys the quality of water body in which they are exposed affecting the marine-life. It has also harmful effect on sewerage handling system and agricultural land. The characteristics & effects of effluents are summarized below: a) PH :- The waste water after PET (Polyester) Dyeing is acidic, whereas it is alkaline after reactive dyeing. So, if waster water is highly acidic then it causes; 1. Corrosion of Pipe Lines. 2. Destruction of aquatic life. If waste water is highly alkaline then it causes; 1. Adverse effect on aquatic life. 2. Damages crops by impairing their growths. b) Dissolved Solids: Dissolved solids may be 0organic or inorganic in nature. They cause reduction of dissolved O2 in water. It creates some other problems like 1. It causes disease and discomfort. 2. Scale formation in Pipe-lines and other equipments. 3. It accelerates algal growth. 4. It increases water hardness. c) Suspended Solids :- it causes some bad effects like 1. Suspended solids increase turbidity. 2. Interface with light transmitting properties of water. 3. Destroy photosynthesis and O2 transfer process

 Effluent treatment plants in Bangladesh:

According to the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997, industrial units and projects have been classified into four categories (Green, Orange A, Orange B, and Red) based on environmental impact and location. Fabric dyeing and chemical treatment industries fall under the Red category and when applying for site clearance must submit to the Department of Environment an ETP plan, including the layout and location. When the design has been approved by the Department of Environment and the ETP has been constructed, then red category industries can apply for an environmental clearance certificate.

From very rough estimation there are nearly 600-700 textile wet processing industries in Bangladesh. So far nearly 300 to 400 factories have already set up or at various stages of setting up effluent treatment plant (ETP) Bangladesh to set up cost-effective effluent treatment plants DHAKA, Aug. 5 (Xinhua) The Bangladeshi government and textile mill owners have agreed to set up cost-effective effluent treatment plants (ETP) in small and medium textile factories to prevent environmental pollution. Whereas a full-capacity ETP costs around 20 million taka (330, 000 US dollars), these medium-capacity ETPs will cost only 1-1.2 million taka (16,000-20,000 US dollars), as was revealed at the meeting between the Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) and the Ministry of Forest and Environment, Financial Express reported on Friday.But these cost effective ETPs can treat polluted water of dyeing factories partly or up to 50 percent, the report said.Five teams of the Directorate of Environment visited 90 factories, mostly textile units, in and around

the capital from July 28 to Aug. 2, and filed cases against 68 factories for violating environment laws, the daily quoted sources at the Directorate of Environment as saying.Most of the factories were found polluting air and water seriously as they did not have ETPs or other devices to check pollution. The inspection teams also found some factories did have ETPs but they kept those closed most of the time to save electricity.At present, big textile mills are constructed well within the r ule of environmental compliance. Small and medium factories are the exceptions and most of these were built at least 20 years ago, BTMA Chairman MA Awal was quoted as saying. Awal said there is no rule on such compliance and most of the medium and small textile units dont have the financial ability to set up fullcapacity ETPs.There are more than 1,000 weaving, dyeing, knitting and finishing industries in and around Dhaka, said an industry source. Earlier Wednesday, a decision was taken to form a national committee to ensure environmental compliance in textile and ready- made garments (RMG) factories, including the establishment and proper usage of ETPs in all the factories in phases. Source: yellowbrix

Conclusion/ Suggestions: Proper management of wastewater will reduce the overall volume of effluent. Not all effluent in a textile wet processing plant are equally harmful for the environment, dyeing effluents are more harmful than rinsing waters, the rinsing water should be separated from dyed water and can be discharged without or with minimum treatment. If all the factories do not install appropriate ETP and do not run them properly then there will be an unequal price competition among fabric producers where the honest ETP owners will always lose the battle.