L

I T T L E

O U N T A I N A Highland Retreat

A N C H

P REPARED F OR :

P RIVATE C LIENT
P REPARED B Y :

AND

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
04

THE VISION

05

THE PROPERTY

06

THE REGION

08

THE HISTORY

10

SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY TERRAIN ECOLOGY VEGETATION ASPECT WILDLIFE

13

SITE DESIGN ELEMENTS

ENTRANCE MEADOW MEADOW PRECEDENTS HOME SITE HOME SITE PRECEDENTS INTERVENTIONS DISCOVERY & CONTEMPLATION STEWARDSHIP ATV TRAILS & AMENITIES SITE AMENITY PRECEDENTS

23

SUMMARY

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

INTRODUCTION
McKee Carson and Field Sport Concepts, Ltd. are proud to provide the family with the following inventory, analysis, planning, and design explorations for Little Mountain Ranch. We have evaluated the property in order to explore certain master plan congurations regarding the program vision. This report is a record of our initial observations, inventories, analyses, and recommendations. While it is not a design document, it is our intent that the initial concepts contained herein, along with our research and recommendations, serve to assist you and your family with a vision and future planning decisions for your property. The master planning process began with a comprehensive analysis of the site and its geographic, cultural, and historical relationship to its context. An understanding of these natural and cultural inuences, site context, existing conditions, and programmatic goals all contributed to the unique landscape language that was developed for this master plan. Through the investigation of maps and narratives of Highland County, we chronicled the sites cultural and natural history. After numerous on-site investigations we conducted a detailed site inventory and analysis, including site ecology, plant communities, terrain, and solar aspect. Evaluation of the sites opportunities and constraints associated with the programmatic goals led us to further explore and reveal the sites unique character through a series of design interventions. This document is a record of that process and the resulting design recommendations we have developed as a result. It is our sincere hope that we not only meet your expectations but exceed them, and that this book serves to highlight the unlimited potential, outstanding integrity and overall beauty found at Little Mountain Ranch from ridge top to river valley.

From ridge top...

NORTH

ROUTE 220 JACKSON RIVER

RIDGE TOP

From

ridge

top...

THE VISION
The vision for Little Mountain Ranch is to create a multi-functional retreat for the owner; a place of respite and recreation designed to meet the needs of a growing family today, and into the future. The property is impressive, with places and features that give it a unique identity. With very few exceptions, the land, as a resource, lends itself well to the envisioned programmatic elements that will ultimately preserve the value and ensure the familys enjoyment of the property. Its owners are interested in preserving the propertys integrity through the establishment of conservation easements and enhancement of ecologically sensitive areas. The introduction of new rural recreational pursuits, which can be enjoyed by family, friends and visitors, combined with ecologically sensitive ranch operation will create a retreat with few equals. Those programs envisioned for the property include: CABINS AND CAMPSITES To accommodate family and friends TRAILS AND TRAIL DESTINATIONS For passive and active recreation along with the general enjoyment of the properties unique elements. PONDS To enhance aesthetic, wildlife, and agricultural uses. WILDLIFE HABITAT AND HUSBANDRY To be established in certain areas of the property and enhanced in others. AGRICULTURE AND TIMBER To develop sustainable and ecologically sensitive management of natural resources. SUBDIVISION OF THE PROPERTY Solely for estate planning purposes and for the ultimate creation of home sites for family members. As illustrated in this program, a conservation easement will preserve the sites ecology and protect it for future recreational enjoyment.

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

THE PROPERTY
Little Mountain Ranch is located in Highland County, Virginia, along U.S. Route 220. A part of the once larger Tomahawk Ranch, Little Mountain Ranch is grand in both appearance and size, with over 1800 acres in its boundaries. The ranch sits on the northwestern slope of Little Mountain, literally spanning from ridge top to river valley. Roughly 2500 linear feet of the property borders Route 220, while the Jackson River ows approximately 4500 feet through the property at the base of Little Mountain. Little Mountain is composed primarily of sedimentary rock, as is most of the Ridge and Valley province. The ridge line of Little Mountain is composed of particularly hard sandstone, pieces of which have tumbled down and collected in various locations across the mountain. A second outcropping of sandstone can be seen along the Jackson River near the river ford currently used by the family. This outcropping is part of a distinct layer of sandstone which runs the length of the property at a relatively consistent elevation. In between these two harder belts of sandstone, shale, limestone and softer sandstones exist, which are the hallmarks of karst geography. An on-site cave and associated sinkhole are evidence of this karst geography. Because the property encompasses the slopes of Little Mountain from ridge top to river valley, there are a variety of terrains on which the predominant oak-hickory-maple forest is found. Although the property is dominated by steep rocky slopes, smaller areas of very gentle grade occur on the mountain side as well. In the river valley, fertile grasslands compose the oodplain of the Jackson River. These grasslands are predominantly used for agricultural purposes such as cattle farms. Only about 100 acres of the ranch are open grassland. The Jackson River, a typical freestone stream, ows in a series of rills and pools that meander along the course of least resistance. Due to its meandering nature, the river sometimes cuts a new path through the valley oor either forming an island or an oxbow of water that is cut off from the main channel. These will change over time and are the creation of the dynamic hydraulic force of the river. The property is home to a large community of wildlife species including mammals, fowl, and many types of aquatic life. Some are found across the state and are commonplace at the Ranch, such as deer, turkey, and squirrel; while others have more limited ranges, like the Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus) and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), which are exclusive to the mountains of western Virginia. The site not only offers its natural beauty, but also a host of recreational opportunities. A network of existing logging roadbeds offer an excellent framework for developing trails for hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, and All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) all the while providing access to unique places throughout the ranch. The Jackson River hosts some of the states best shing opportunities as well as a place to swim, oat, or relax beside the water. The potential for sporting clays and/or skeet shooting exists in the open meadows on site. Other active recreational opportunities include hunting and camping, while passive recreational opportunities, such as picnicking or simply enjoying the scenery are almost limitless.

RANCH PROPERTY
NW slope of Little Mountain, 1801.67 acres

SANDSTONE RIDGE

KARST CAVE ENTRANCE

From

ridge

top...

JACKSON RIVER MEANDER

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Jac

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Riv

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NORTH

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

THE REGION
Located in the Ridge and Valley Province of the Appalachian Range, Highland County encompasses 416 square miles of arguably, the most beautiful and unique environments east of the Mississippi River. Per square mile, the county is one of the least populated on the east coast. As a result, the lack of development in the county helps support a rich diversity of plant and animal life unique to the Appalachian Mountains. The local economy is built around the wealth of its natural resources and agricultural businesses abound here. Approximately 70% of the countys 260,000 acres is forested with the dominant species being oak, hickory, and maple. This has fueled the timber industry in the area which supports several local sawmills and has contributed signicantly to the Highland County economy. Roughly 70,000 acres falls under the protection of federal and state agencies, including the United States Forest Service and the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Highland County is quite high for Virginia, averaging 2,800 feet in elevation. As a result, it is almost exclusively occupied by headwater streams and rivers. Northwest of Monterey (the county seat), the county falls within the Potomac watershed; all of the waterways here ow into the South Branch of the Potomac River. The southern and eastern portions of the county, including the Jackson, Bullpasture, and Cowpasture Rivers, fall within the James River watershed. It is said that there is a red roofed barn in Monterey whose roof runoff falls to the Potomac on one side and to the James on the other. The climate of Highland County offers comfortably cool summers and chilly winters. The coolest month has been January with an average temperature of 26.6 degrees Fahrenheit and an average snowfall of 11 inches. Conversely, the warmest month is July averaging 68.1 degrees; it also represents the month with the heaviest rainfall average at 3.95 inches. This is somewhat misleading however, as no month averages fewer than 3.20 inches resulting in a total annual precipitation of 42 inches for the county.

HIGHLAND COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Bordered to North and West by West Virginia

LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH

SE portion of Highland County, Ridge + Valley Physiographic Region

From

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Ap p ala ch ian Pla tea u

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JACKSON RIVER

Monterey

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WEST VIRGINIA

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VIRGINIA

dm on

NORTH

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JAMES RIVER

river valley

LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

THE HISTORY
The Highland County area was populated by Native Americans well before European settlers arrived. As evidence, the discovery of a 3,000year old settlement near McDowell is located to the east of the ranch in the Bullpasture Valley. When Europeans rst arrived in the area they found that the land was not claimed by any particular tribe, but served as a common hunting ground for the Shawnee, Cherokee and Delaware tribes. At the time Highland County was teaming with buffalo, bear, deer and game birds, many of which are found and seen here today. It is also believed that the Native Americans practiced burning to maintain grass-land in the valleys in order to attract game to the area. Although settlement had already begun in the Bullpasture valley, the William and Stephen Wilson families were the rst to settle in the Jackson River valley in 1753. Originally from Dublin, Ireland, the Wilson Brothers had moved south to Virginia after living for a time on Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania. Interestingly, their nal stop was close to Little Mountain Ranch where they settled just south at the conuence of Bolar Run and Jackson River. Most early settlers were, like the Wilsons, of Scotch-Irish or German heritage. Unlike coastal settlers, they often chose to abandon the Native American place names in favor of more European names. The Native American name for the Bullpasture and Cowpasture Rivers was Wallawhatoola, or river that bends. The native name for the Jackson River is unknown, but it is currently named for early pioneer William Jackson, not the Civil War icon Stonewall Jackson as one might suspect. Bolar Run, in Big Valley to the east of Little Mountain Ranch, was originally known as Wilsons Mill Run for the Wilson family. The current name comes from Colonel John Bolar of Bath whose wife inherited the land from her father William Wilson. Highland County, as it is known today, was formed in 1847. The county seat of Monterey was founded the following year. Originally it was simply called Highland, but the name was changed in honor of the Mexican town where General Zachary Taylor defeated the Mexican Army during the Spanish-American War. Historically, agriculture has been the staple industry for economic gain in Highland County. Sheep farming and wool sales along with cattle ranching were, and still are, the main livestock industry. The harvesting, processing, and sale of wood products were and continue to be a major contributor to the economy of the county.

SHEEP DRIVE, HIGHLAND COUNTY

CATTLE DRIVE, HIGHLAND COUNTY

NORTH

CIVIL WAR ERA MAP OF HIGHLAND COUNTY WITH CURRENT LOCATION OF LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH HIGHLIGHTED

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10

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MAP NOT TO SCALE

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SITE INVENTORY & ANALYSIS

A number of inventory and analysis studies were conducted pertaining to the physical elements of the ranch property. These studies, and the resulting ndings, assisted the team in making solid, justied, and appropriate planning and design decisions for the project. Field visits and on-site reconnaissance was necessary to investigate design opportunities and constraints and familiarize the team with the property. Assessment of wildlife habitat and corridors, terrain, solar aspect, vegetation, scenic and historic values, ood plain and surface drainage, and land uses were all part of the site investigation. The following analysis describes the implications and characteristic of each physical element.

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY

14

TERRAIN

15

ECOLOGY

16

VEGETATION

18

ASPECT

19

WILDLIFE

20

13

LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGY
The property covers a wide range of elevation change, with approximately 1,390 feet of topographic change from the highest point atop Little Mountain at 3,493 feet, to the lowest point in the Jackson River valley at 2,103 feet. There are three distinct landscape typologies: the at riverine oodplain, the moderate to steep transitional slopes, and the rocky, steep ridge top.

RIVERINE FLOODPLAIN

Roughly 100 of the ranchs 1,800 acres are located in the ood plain of the Jackson River. This zone is level with slopes ranging from 0-3% and is characterized by silt and sandy loam soils. The top of the seasonal high water table is at 22 inches. Because of its low banks, typically less than 5 feet in height, this zone is prone to occasional ooding. Given its rich organic content the oodplain is ideal for farming and wildlife husbandry practices.

2200 and lower

The majority of the ranchs acreage lies in the moderate to steep transitional slopes that span the mountain side between the riverine oodplain and ridge top typologies. This is where most of the topographical variance of the property is found, as some 1,100 of elevation is gained. The geology of Little Mountain is dominated by two sandstone ridges, one atop the mountain and one that forms the uphill edge of the oodplain. These two outcrops dene the edges of the transitional zone. The lower sandstone formation provides a bench along the mountain side where the topography becomes more moderate (between 2,300 to 2,500 in elevation) allowing for several potential building sites and trail locations. The soil in this zone tends to be shallow and well drained with a high cobble and stone content.

TRANSITION SLOPE

2201 - 2300 2301 - 2400 2401 - 2500 2501 - 2600 2601 - 2700 2701 - 2800 2801 - 2900 2901 - 3000 3001 - 3100 3101 - 3200

RIDGE TOP

The ridge top is characterized by its rocky, undulating topography ranging from 200- 300 from its highest point (3,493) along the ridge top to the lowest elevation of 3,185. This typology is comprised of shallow, well drained soil that occasionally presents sandstone rock outcroppings. While not hospitable to building, the ridge top offers excellent views to both the Bullpasture and Jackson River valleys.

3201 - 3300 3301 - 3400 3401 - 3500

NORTH

RIDGETOP ROCK OUTCROP

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top...

TRANSITION SLOPE

14

TERRAIN
Slopes on site were calculated and grouped into six categories according to development guidelines for trails, roadways, and building sites. As shown on the adjacent map, a majority of the property contains slopes of 25% or greater which directly correlates with the transition zone between the riverine oodplain and the ridge top. There is a substantial amount of acreage that falls in the 15-25% slope range and is suitable for building and trail development. In terms of analyzing the property for programmatic elements, slope ranges under 25% are the most conducive for home sites and ATV trails. However, some of the most interesting places on site are the steep, rocky ridges and ravines, and thus are given special consideration in the design phases. 0-5% - Relatively at, mostly found in the ood plain meadows. 5-10% - Slightly steeper, but easily walkable. Similar to slope of handicap ramps. 10-15% - More difcult ATV
terrain, Dept. of Transportation allows 14% max for roads.

15-20% - Too steep for ATVs to

ascend straight uphill, trails should traverse slope.

20-25% - Maximum slope

recommended for buildings.

25+% - Very steep. Access between

roadways and building pads difcult.

NORTH

RIVERINE FLOOD PLAIN

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

ECOLOGY
Ecology is the scientic study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other. An ecosystem is a combination of relationships among living resources, habitats and residents of a region; it can be a large geographic region, like the Appalachian mountains, or something as small as a puddle. An ecological community is an assemblage of these species interacting in a specic habitat. We have categorized Little Mountain Ranch into three main ecological communities: forest, riparian edge, and meadow. While they can be seen as separate, the function of each is inherently connected to the others and to the larger ecosystems in which they are situated. supporting the animals that prey on them. Acting as wildlife highways for migratory species, riparian corridors and edges help connect isolated forest stands. Healthy riparian edges assist in preventing stream bank erosion and deterioration of water quality. Shaded river channels help to improve aquatic habitat and contribute plant matter to the base of the aquatic food web. Riparian edges also reduce ood damage to surrounding land and lter pollutants from runoff before it reaches the stream. The state of Virginia offers tax credits and assistance programs for the establishment and maintenance of this valuable territory.

Forests are areas with a high density of trees. They take in large amounts of carbon dioxide and are the best landscape for ensuring good water quality, preventing soil erosion and providing important habitat for a wide range of animals. It is claimed that one teaspoon of healthy forest soil may contain more than 10,000 organisms, which many of the plants, such as mountain laurel, rely on to survive. Forests can be categorized into four main layers: canopy, subcanopy, understory, and groundplane (herb layer). Each layer is specically adapted for the level of shade and moisture that it receives, and the presence of all layers is important to the health of the forest and its inhabitants. The forest community of Little Mountain Ranch is termed an oakhickory or oak-hickory-maple complex, as they are the dominant tree species. At one time it was an oakchestnut forest, but a blight brought in with the Chinese chestnut in the 1940s and 50s killed off the American chestnut, radically altering the forest landscape. Prior to their decimation, it is estimated that one in every four trees in the Appalachian mountains was an American chestnut. What was once a 100-foot tall canopy tree is now a small sapling that generally succumbs to the blight within a few years, and there are numerous examples all over the property.

FOREST

ERODED RIPARIAN EDGE

Meadows are characterized by plants such as grasses, forbs (herbaceous plants and wildowers) and small shrubs. They provide habitat for deer, turkey, rabbit, quail, mice, butteries and a host of insects as well as forage areas for livestock. Predators such as hawks, owls, and fox depend on small meadow animals for most of their food. Meadow diversity is greatly affected by the types of plants that grow in them and the frequency of mowing or burning, since cover and food is limited in freshly mown or burned areas. There are two main types of grasses typically found in a meadow: cool season grasses and warm season grasses. As the names imply, cool season grasses do most of their growing when the weather is cooler in the spring and fall, while warm season grasses are adapted to thrive in the heat of the summer. Native warm season grasses are taller and grow in clumps. This is benecial for small animals that can move freely and safely at ground level while remaining sheltered from above. Warm season grasses typically keep their form in the winter, providing year-round visual interest and cover for animals. Because they do not crowd out other plants, warm season meadows are generally more diverse providing more food and habitat for a wider variety of animals. Cool season grasses can be bunch grasses, but most are non-native, sodforming grasses. Tall fescue is the most commonly found meadow grass because it is easy to maintain and good pasturage for livestock. However, fescues are undesirable in a meadow because they start growing long before other grasses and form a dense mat which keeps other plants from germinating, resulting in a monoculture that limits food and habitat for wildlife.

MEADOW

RIPARIAN EDGE

A riparian edge is the area directly adjacent to a river or stream. Because this area is prone to ooding, the plants found here are well adapted to changing conditions. Healthy riparian edges are some of the most diverse ecosystems in nature supporting more species of plants and animals than either forest or meadow. These edges also provide critical habitat for sh, insects, reptiles, amphibians, small mammals and birds; thereby also

THE JACKSON RIVER HAS LOST RIPARIAN EDGE TO

PASTURE LAND

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16

MEADOW WETLAND DURING COOL SEASON (MARCH)

SAME WETLAND DURING WARM SEASON (JUNE) SHOWING

DIVERSITY OF WARM SEASON PLANTS

LAYERED FOREST AT LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

VEGETATION
The vegetative community on Little Mountain Ranch is considered part of the Central Appalachian Northern Hardwood Forests. These mixed hardwood forests are prevalent at high elevations and can be further broken down into three primary communities: terrestrial, alluvial, and riverine. The terrestrial community occupies the entire mountain and is comprised of the oak-hickory-maple complex, while the alluvial and riverine communities include species located in the ood plain and Jackson River itself. Herbaceous composition varies greatly but include species such as joe-pye weed (Eupatorium stulosum), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphylum), and sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). More frequently ooded areas along the stream channels support some wetland species such as twisted sedge (Carex torta), hooked buttercup (Ranunculus recurvatus), and marsh blue violet (Viola cucullata).

CANOPY

RIVERINE COMMUNITY

The terrestrial community includes all upland (non-wetland) habitats and occurs primarily on the mountainside of Little Mountain Ranch. The canopy in this community includes species such as: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red maple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra), while American beech (Fagus gradifolia), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) are less frequent co-dominants. The sub-canopy is comprised of species such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), white pine (Pinus strobes) and a host of other companions. The understory and ground plane include a matrix of species ranging from shrubs such as mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and rhododendron to herb layers of haysented fern (Dennstaedita punctilobula), and whorled aster (Aster acuminatus). The importance of red maple, sweet birch, northern red oak, and black cherry in contemporary Virginia exemplies this community and reects secondary succession following catastrophic logging and re disturbance in the early part of the twentieth century.

TERRESTRIAL COMMUNITY

The oating and submergent herbaceous vegetation of this community inhabits the Jackson River itself. Characteristic species include waterweeds (Elodea candensis), and hornleaf riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) that is often rooted on shallow submerged boulders and rock outcrops.

SUB - CANOPY

UNDERSTORY

GROUNDPLANE

ALLUVIAL COMMUNITY

Species in this community occupy temporarily ooded habitats including the Jackson River oodplain. Characteristic trees include sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), boxelder (Acer negundo), river birch (Betula nigra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), and black willow (Salix nigra). Shrubs include spicebush (Lindera benzoin), alder (Alnus serrulata), and witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana).

FOREST LAYERS

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TERRESTRIAL
CANOPY

White oak | Quercus alba Northern red oak | Quercus rubra Red maple | Acer rubrum Sugar maple | Acer saccarum Sweet birch | Betula lenta Mockernut hickory | Carya tomentosa Shagbark hickory | Carya ovata Eastern hemlock | Tsuga canadensis
NORTHERN RED OAK

ALLUVIAL / RIVERINE
CANOPY

Eastern sycamore | Platanus occidentalis Eastern hemlock | Tsuga canadensis Green ash | Fraxinus pennsylvanica American elm Ulmus Americana Red maple | Acer rubrum

American beech | Fagus grandifolia

SUBCANOPY

White pine | Pinus strobus Virginia pine | Pinus virginiana Sassafras | Sassafras albidum American chesnut | Castanea dentata Black cherry | Prunus serotina
SUBCANOPY
EASTERN HEMLOCK

Tulip poplar | Liriodendron tulipifera

Black willow | Salix nigra Box-elder | Acer negudo River birch | Betula nigra
AMERICAN CHESTNUT

U N D E R S TO RY

Common witch-hazel | Hamamelis virginiana Catawaba rhododendron | Rhododendron catawbiense Mountain laurel | Kalmia latifolia Flowering dogwood | Cornus orida Eastern red bud | Cercis canadensis Serviceberry | Amelanchier canadensis Blackberry | Prunus sp.
MOUNTAIN LAUREL BLACK WILLOW

UNDERSTORY

Silky dogwood | Cornus amonum American hornbeam | Carpinus caroliniana Alder | Alnus serrulata Witch hazel | Hamamelis virginiana Multiora rose | Rosa multiora (invasive)

Lowbush blueberry | Vaccinium angustifolium

GROUNDPLANE

Lady fern | Athyrium felix-femina Striped wintergreen | Chimaphilia maculate Evergreen wood-fern | Dryopteris intermedia
MULTIFLORA ROSE

Sweet white-viola | Viola blanda Whorled aster | Aster acuminatus Tree clubmoss | Lycopodium dendroideum Stiff clubmoss | Lycopodium annotinum Eastern twisted stalk | Streptopus lanceolatus
LADY FERN

GROUNDPLANE

Joe-pye weed | Eupatorium stulosum Bugleweed | Lycopus sp. Sensitive fern | Onoclea sensibilis Jack-in-the-pulpit |Arisaema triphylum Golden ragwort | Packera aurea Sedges | Carex sp. Soft rush | Juncus effusus
SOFT RUSH

Skunk cabbage | Symplocarpus foetidus

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

ASPECT
Aspect refers to the direction in which a slope is oriented in relation to the solar position. This determines vegetative plant growth, the plant species, and microclimatic conditions throughout the day and year. This positioning also helps us understand the most useful and valuable places to locate buildings. The main ridge of Little Mountain runs in a northeast to southwest direction with smaller ridges projecting perpendicularly from the main ridge. These smaller ridges have primarily northern and southern aspects. Solar analyses, according to the slope aspect, were developed for the property on three different days (corresponding to winter and summer solstice, and spring/fall equinox), and at three different times of day. It is clear that the northern slopes of the smaller ridges receive much less sunlight throughout the year in comparison to the southern slopes. JUNE 21 (summer solstice) 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. | 6 p.m. MARCH/SEPT. 21 (spring/fall equinox) 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. | 6 p.m. DECEMBER 21 (winter solstice) 9 a.m. | 1 p.m. | 6 p.m

E V E N I N G

6p

Jun

e 21

1p 9a

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Se 21 /
21

pt.

21

em Dec

ber

M O R N I N G

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WILDLIFE
Highland County is home to a wide array of wildlife. Supporting over 500 species, the area includes an incredible variety of both game and non-game species. The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries and the Federal Government have listed 49 of these species worthy of special conservation efforts. A small percentage of those are listed on either the state or federal government endangered species list. A few examples of these rare species include the Virginia big eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus); the Virginia northern ying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus) and the Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus). Interestingly, sightings of the squirrel and hare have actually been limited statewide to the far northwestern corner of Highland County. That said, these species represent only a small percentage of the total species found in Highland, most of which are abundant in number. Some of the species include: BIG GAME SPECIES Whitetail Deer | Odocoileus virginianus Wild Turkey | Meleagris gallopavo Black Bear | Ursus americanus SMALL GAME SPECIES Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus Waterfowl | Anatidae family Dove | Columbidae family Quail | Galliformes order Eastern Cottontail Rabbit | Sylvilagus oridanus Gray, Fox, and Ground Squirrel | Sciuridae family AQUATIC SPECIES Rainbow Trout | Oncorhynchus mykiss Brown Trout | Salmo trutta Smallmouth Bass | Micropterus dolomieu Rock Bass | Ambloplites rupestris RARE SPECIES Snowshoe Hare | Lepus americanus Golden Eagle | Aquila chrysaetos Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel | Glaucomys sabrinus Bald Eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus

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SITE DESIGN ELEMENTS

The richness of Little Mountain Ranch is representative of the distinct, multilayered vernacular of Highland County. The following design recommendations are intended to recognize and celebrate this unique diversity. We feel that designing in an ecologically conscientious manner that recognizes the landscape as a cohesive whole is essential to the success of the ranch as a multi-faceted family retreat. The following recommended site elements are chosen to reect the familys envisioned program while weaving in the preservation and enhancement of the sites ecology. In generating the content for this section, we recognize that the treatments being proposed for each element fall into one of three categories: INTERVENTIONS: locations where we propose designed elements to improve the use, function, and aesthetics of a place while highlighting its ecological uniqueness and value. DISCOVERIES: places that are in need of minor improvement that also provide an opportunity for exploration. STEWARDSHIP: places where changes in the long-term management of the site help enhance, restore, and sustain the natural heritage, biodiversity, and beauty of natural communities. The common thread among these categories is the effort to design each element with an eye towards the existing character of the site. The sandstone ridge top, the oak- hickorymaple forest complex, the natural views, and the essential importance and pristine quality of water throughout the site all offer the essential elements for design. The character of a place is conveyed through existence and abundance of these elements on site and became the catalyst for further design exploration and inspiration. This allowed us to connect the intervention, discovery, and stewardship elements to each other and to the property through a material palette driven in large part by the site itself. Overall, the goal of this section is to help the family visualize potential outcomes for creating a modern, ecologically sound, place specic, and graciously appointed family retreat to be treasured and enjoyed for generations.

INTERVENTION
ENTRANCE MEADOW MEADOW PRECEDENTS HOME SITE HOME SITE PRECEDENTS CABIN & CAMP SITES OLD HOMESTEADS 24 28 30 32 36 38

DISCOVERY & CONTEMPLATION

OVERLOOKS SPRING CREEK CAVE 40 41

STEWARDSHIP
WILDLIFE PONDS & SPRINGS CLEAR CUT EDGE & POWERLINE EASEMENT 42 43

ATV TRAILS & AMENITIES SITE AMENITY PRECEDENTS

44

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

INTERVENTION
ENTRANCE MEADOW
The journey through Little Mountain Ranch begins dramatically. A picturesque oodplain meadow represents one of the most unique and biologically diverse areas on the entire property. This space is treated with a certain degree of reverence; interweaving human use and occupation with the dynamic nature of the sites ecology. Approaching the meadow from Rt. 220 you pass through the threshold of the existing stone entrance walls signaling the arrival to Little Mountain Ranch. Beyond this threshold you enter the meadow where native warm season grasses and wildowers uctuate in concert with the changing light, weather, and seasonal cycles, which transform the oodplain into a didactic, biologically rich gateway to the property. A realigned entrance drive gracefully weaves through the meadow while taking advantage of the high points of the oodplain and capturing views both into the site and to the valley beyond. Enhancement of the existing stream in the oodplain helps emphasize the ecological richness of the ranch while providing additional layers of seasonal interest. The creation of small pools along the stream recalls the natural history of beaver occupation in the valley while serving as a place for recreation and stormwater collection. Weir walls, built with local stone, act as small dams for the creation of the pools and further extend into the landscape becoming sculptural elements that celebrate the ranchs natural materials. The selective placement of native trees and shrubs helps to frame views, stabilize the degraded stream and river banks, and enhances the sites ecological diversity and beauty.

ENTRANCE
Existing stone walls to remain and enhanced by a new gate and plantings

ROAD ALIGNMENT

More graceful curves follow the high points in the meadow, and orient the entrance towards the beautiful views of the site and down the valley.

Assuming it would take about half a day to sh up-stream from the house site to the north edge of the entrance meadow, a place to get out of the river and have lunch makes the experience much more enjoyable.

FISHING REST STATION

SPRING CHANNEL IMPOUNDMENT

The current channel could be impounded with a series of small weirs to create drop pools.

RIPARIAN BUFFERS - THE STREAMS

The degraded buffers could be improved and widened with owering plants for the summer and more structured species to improve the winter aspect.

STREAM CROSSING

Culverts and small bridges will be needed to cross streams and impoundments. They should reect the entrance columns in the use of stone as the primary material.

THE BARN

Additional trees create a screen so that the barn is more incorporated into the meadow and less visible upon entrance to the property.

NATIVE GRASSES

The existing fescue pasture grass could be replaced, in whole or in part, with native warm season grasses to provde more color and texture to the meadow as well as improve the habitat.

STRUCTURED PLANTING

Shrubs and trees create a hide-and-reveal effect that focus views and create a rythm to the entrance experience.

RIPARIAN BUFFERS - THE RIVER

Native tree and shrub plantings along the river improve the trout habitat, repair the bank erosion, and frame the meadow.

PICNIC SHELTER

The existing Sycamore grove can be augmented with wildowers or more trees to make an idyllic and private picnic setting that is screened from the road.

BRIDGE ACROSS THE RIVER

A bridge across the river ensures access year round and protects the river bottom from erosion.

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

INTERVENTION
ENTRANCE MEADOW ALTERNATIVE

ENTRANCE ALLEE

Following the graceful curves of the new road alignment, an allee of trees gives the entrance drive and sequence through the meadow a more formal and enclosed feel.

RIPARIAN BUFFERS - THE STREAMS

Vegetative buffers along the streams and Jackson River are densely planted with native plants that give the buffers texture, color, and seasonal interest while also improving wildlife habitats.

MEADOW STRUCTURING

The edges and composition of the meadow native plant palette can be structured so as to reveal views, buffer water bodies, and add seasonal color, interest, and texture.

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

INTERVENTION
MEADOWN PRECEDENTS
The individual components of the meadow design offer a great deal of opportunity for customizing the entry experience. It is in these details that an overall feel for the space is created. The details are a mixture of plantings and materials that seek to augment and improve the existing palette found in the meadow. This page illustrates examples of design elements and materials.

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ENTRANCE GATES

WEIR WALLS

MEADOWS

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INTERVENTION
HOME SITE
Linking the meadow to the home site is a bridge that spans the Jackson River. Departing the bridge, the entry drive penetrates the forest evoking a realm of privacy and seclusion. As you approache the home, the drive enters an orchard that recalls the historic settlement patterns of early homesteaders. Leaving the orchard, the drive terminates at an entrance court dened by a series of formal plantings of native species. These plantings begin to dene the outdoor spaces around the home and signal the transition from nature to human inhabitance. This progression of spaces to the front door is a conscious reduction of scale allowing the home to act as the mediator between the oodplain meadow and the oak-hickory-maple forest of Little Mountain. The home is oriented along a ridge taking advantage of the attest topography, opening the home to the most expansive views, and maximizing its passive solar aspect. This orientation is further emphasized by extending garden spaces along the ridge which provides an elevated promenade along this topographic condition. Terrace retaining walls form the edge between outdoor living space and meadow. The views here are expansive from the oodplain meadow to the Jackson River, and the surrounding Allegheny Mountains. The design of the home site provides the type of outdoor rooms that expand the living space of the home into the landscape and provide, in concert with the home, a retreat unlike any other.

SPRING IMPOUNDMENT

Spring-fed impoundment captures stream water in the drainage during high water periods while also providing a place for rest and reection.

ORCHARD

As part of the entry sequence, the orchard signals the arrival to the home site while recalling historical settlement patterns.

ROAD ALIGNMENT HOME ORIENTATION

Utilizing the existing road bed, the entry drive navigates the oak-hickory-maple forest and orchard, which together connect the entrance meadow with the home site. The home is sited along a ridge that squares it and the auxillary structures to the predominant views of the valley and surrounding mountain rainges. Gardens, terraces, decks, and pavilions can all contribute to outdoor spaces that capture the grandeur of the valley views.

STRUCTURED PLANTING

Plantings of native trees and shrubs frame views of the valley, form outdoor rooms, and protect the home from chilling winter winds.

RIPARIAN BUFFER - RIVER

Native tree and shrub plantings along the river improve the trout habitat, repair the bank erosion, and frame the meadow.

NATIVE GRASSES

Native warm season grasses provide color and texture to the meadow and improve wildlife habitat.

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INTERVENTION
HOME SITE PRECEDENTS
As with the meadow, individual components and materials of the home site design offer a great deal of opportunity for tailoring your living experience. There is a unique opportunity to tie these materials into the larger landscape that helps identify the home as your personal mountain retreat. This page illustrates examples of these design elements and materials.

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INTERVENTION
HOME SITE PRECEDENTS

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INTERVENTION
CABIN OR CAMP SITES:
The following sites have been selected based on a certain set of criteria: they require minimal clearing to begin construction; they take advantage of distant views; they are located at the convergence of several habitats; and they are relatively accessible. These places may initially serve as camp sites providing the opportunity to experience them yearly and seasonally. Favorites may arise as each place becomes more familiar to the family. Once these favorite spots are identied, the family may then move towards developing the camp sites into cabins. This, too, could be a gradual process by building more elaborate outdoor replaces or shelters before nally constructing them into cabins. Through this process, a hierarchy of sites can be established providing a range of experiences from gracious private cabins to rustic outdoor experiences. Whatever the case, these elements, in keeping with the design language generated thus far, should take advantage of existing on-site materials and the ecological context.

A FOREST CLEARING CABIN OR CAMPSITE

FORESTED CABIN OR CAMPSITE

MEADOW EDGE CABIN OR CAMPSITE

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GRILL NOTCH

PLAN VIEW

STONE EDGE SECTION VIEW STEEL PIPE STONE BASE 1 - 6

FIREPLACE EXAMPLE

FIRE PIT DETIAL EXAMPLE

PLAN VIEW

SECTION VIEW COUNCIL RING EXAMPLE LOG BENCH DETAIL EXAMPLE

CAMPFIRE OVERLOOK ON MOUNTAIN TOP

FIRE RING EXAMPLE

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LITTLE MOUNTAIN RANCH, a H i g h l a n d R e t r e a t

INTERVENTION
OLD HOMESTEADS:
The old homesteads are a particularly intriguing piece of the propertys history. The use of these elements as picnic, camping, or cabin sites creates a unique location/destination on the ranch. Unfortunately, one of the relics found itself in the way of the power line and is therefore within the utility easement. However, with its proximity to Sinking Creek Cave it still provides an excellent place for a picnic/camping site. Clearing away vines and weeds from the homesteads help to further identify these spaces as a symbolic part of the propertys history. Proper care and maintenance of the remnants is vital to their longevity. It also may be of interest to seek out an archaeologist to analyze the homesteads and make recommendations for their preservation. This will also provide a better understanding of the propertys history.

CHIMNEY RUIN AT MEADOW HOMESITE

FOUNDATION STONES ON APPLE TREE AXIS

CHIMNEY RUIN IN POWERLINE CUT

DETAIL OF CHIMNEY CONSTRUCTION

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CHIMNEY AND ORCHARD REMNANTS

CAMPFIRE SEATING EXAMPLE

VIEW OF CHIMNEY RUIN AT OLD HOMESTEAD IN MEADOW CLEARING WITH FIRE PIT

FOREST AND MEADOW EDGE EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE OF MEADOW GRASSES IN OPEN FOREST

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DISCOVERY & CONTEMPLATION

VIEW OVERLOOKS:
There are numerous places on the property that fall under this category, and with some selective clearing the views from these points can be magnicent. These opportunities exist throughout the property, but certain locations merit extra attention. Of particular interest is the switchback located near the top of the northernmost black trail. A seat wall and picnic area could be included in this location so that the family can enjoy this view at a leisurely pace. It is important to note that selective clearing is a process that must be approached with care. It is not only important to remove trees which block views, but, just as important, is to leave trees which frame views. This principle applies throughout the property and should be employed at the home site and the entrance meadow, as framing and revealing views is essential in both. Any species selectively taken can be used as site furniture, site steps, or for trail erosion control measures.

ZONE OF SELECTIVE CLEARING

SECTION SHOWING SELECTIVE CLEARING ZONE AND OVERLOOK

OVERLOOK WALL AND PLATFORM

VIEW FROM HIGHEST POINT ON PROPERTY

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SINKING CREEK CAVE

Sinking Creek Cave is arguably one of the most unique and exciting elements found on the property. This cave is a form of karst topography which is created when limestone is dissolved from constant interactions with underground water. The water carves channels and caves that are susceptible to collapse from the surface. When enough limestone is eroded from underground, a sinkhole develops, such as the entrance to this cave. This effect of water on limestone is clearly visible near the mouth of the cave. Descending the sinkhole the air becomes inherently moist and cool. This microclimate has lead to the growth of a unique collection of plant species such as: Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema triphylum, a unique spring wildower; American hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana, that is identiable by its smooth, twisted trunk; and a host of ferns, mosses, and lichens. Beyond this entrance we can only imagine the network of channels and caverns that exist and are ripe for exploration. The cave itself should be explored and mapped by a professional, but could potentially offer the family a recreational opportunity like spelunking. Overall this is a unique location and will offer, even on the hottest day, a ne place to cool down.

DISAPPEARING SPRING

JACK IN THE PULPIT | ARISAEMA TRIPHYLUM

CAVE ENTRACE

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STEWARDSHIP
POWERLINE CUT + CLEAR CUT EDGE: FOREST AND MEADOW STEWARDSHIP
These disturbed areas of the property should not necessarily be viewed with disdain, as they offer many unique lessons and opportunities that are not found elsewhere on the property. The power lines, towers, and associated easement are a permanent xture on the property but offer some of the nest views to the Jackson River Valley. It also provides a rare opportunity for native warm season grasses to grow representing a meadow habitat. These rapidly vanishing landscapes offer excellent habitat for ground nesting game birds such as the Bobwhite Quail, (Colinus virginanus), and Rufed Grouse, (Bonasa umbellus). Quail Unlimited, a conservation organization dedicated to quail recovery, recognizes the potential that utility easements offer for meadow species. They have worked with the power companies to generate a program through which landowners can create warm season meadows in easements on their properties. The family may want to consider taking advantage of this opportunity to increase the diversity of habitat on the property. This could supplement any meadow restoration work performed in the oodplain of the property. The second area of disturbance is the clear cut which borders the northern boundary of the property. Although the family has no control over this section, the visual impact of the clear cut is hard to ignore. There is an opportunity here not only to see the devastating effects of clear cutting, but also to view and learn, over time, the restorative effects of nature and the cyclical process of succession. FOREST STEWARDSHIP Proper forest management can provide many long-term benets to the ranch by producing yields of timber for prot and attracting an abundance of wildlife. Specically, sustainable forestry integrates the regeneration, growing, nurturing, and harvesting of trees for useful products while conserving soil, air, and water quality, wildlife and sh habitat, and landscape aesthetic quality. Consulting with the Virginia Department of Forestry, a local forester, or a forest ecologist would be essential and benecial in implementing this stewardship objective. The DOF offers nancial assistance to landowners willing to practice sustainable forestry management. Below is a link to their website: http://www.dof.virginia.gov/info/indexnance-assist.shtml The American Chestnut Foundation helps to restore the American chestnut to its native woodlands. Below is a link to their website: http://acf.org/ MEADOW STEWARDSHIP Burning and mowing your meadow on a regular basis is a necessity for success. Burning and mowing are usually conducted in mid-spring. Burning removes the accumulated plant litter from the previous years growth and exposes the soil surface to the warming rays of the sun. Burning encourages earlier soil warming, and typically increases growth, owering, and seed production of the native owers and grasses. A midspring re also sets back undesirable cool season weeds. Timing of the burning is critical, and mid-spring is recommended over early spring. In the event that burning your meadow is not an option, mowing can be substituted. Mowing should also be done in mid-spring and raking off the mowed material to expose the soil surface is recommended. Do not mow or burn after new plant growth has reached one foot or taller, as this could damage some of your desirable plants. Burning can usually be instituted at the beginning of the third growing season. Rotational burning of one-half or one-third of your meadow on an annual basis generally recommended. Once your prairie has become well established, it will return year after year with just a minimum of maintenance.

BOBWHITE QUAIL | COLINUS VIRGINIANUS

WARM SEASON GRASSES AND VALLEY VIEW FROM POWERLINE EASEMENT

CLEAR CUT BORDERING PROPERTY

PRESCRIBED BURN

CONTROLLED MEADOW BURN

NATIVE WILDFLOWER MEADOW FOLLOWING PRESCRIBED BURN

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RIVERS, PONDS, AND SPRINGS: RIPARIAN BUFFER STEWARDSHIP

The Jackson River, as mentioned in previous sections, is the main body of water on the ranch. We also identied three small ponds on the property; one of which is an Eastern vernal pool, a depression that is lled by rainwater, while the other two are spring-fed. The ponds are limited in size due to their topography and well drained soils, making enlarging them potentially difcult. However, slight enlargement coupled with select planting can make them a spectacular place to view wildlife and look for tracks. The springs at these locations could also serve as watering stations along the ATV trails and for the campsites. RIPARIAN BUFFER STEWARDSHIP Improving the riparian buffers along the Jackson River and its oodplain streams help prevent erosion improve water quality. This will have a more specic impact on the improvement of the trout population in the Jackson River. Typically, planting a 100 foot wide strip of forest and/or native grasses can reduce sediment by 97 percent, nitrogen by 80 percent, and phosphorus by 77 percent. The state offers cost-share incentives to aide in the restoration and implementation of these buffers. Below is a link to their website: http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/sw//crep.htm Other websites of interest:

JACKSON RIVER

SPRING FED POND

EASTERN VERNAL POOL

http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/dnh/ karsthome1.htm http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/dnh/steward. htm

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ATV TRAILS
There are a myriad of logging roads that criss-cross the property making ideal ATV trails. Several trails have a well compacted sub-base and are clearly identiable, while others are more obscure and rough in nature. This variation allows for a wide range of experiences and skill as they lead through old meadows, up rocky slopes down bucolic hollows, past small springs, wildlife ponds, and old homesteads. We suggest: - Trails should stay out of easily damaged natural areas such as meadows, wetlands and streams. - When necessary, stream crossings should be designed to prevent bank erosion and any adverse impact to downstream water quality. - Given the complex range of trails on the property, both a trail map and onsite navigation aids are recommended. - There could be loop trails for day rides, and destination trails which lead to camp sites, overlooks, and picnic spots. The American Motorcycle Association (AMA) rates trails into three categories: Easiest, More Difcult and Most Difcult. The following is AMAs denition of these categories: EASIEST No areas that are steeper than 15% grade, and no long stretches of moderate steepness greater than 8%. The surface is relatively smooth and compact with minor obstacles only. Level ground for two to three feet on either side of the ATV. MORE DIFFICULT Steeper, with long stretches up to 12% grade and no areas steeper than 30%. Some areas of relatively rough terrain, loose or muddy soil, and/or obstacles. Trail is narrower, may drop off on downhill side or have more frequent tight curves. MOST DIFFICULT Maximum sustained slopes of 15%, with some areas at or past the limits of ATV use. Surface is relatively rough with areas that are very rough, including loose soil and large obstacles. Narrowest width of trail, with level ground only one-and-a-half to two-anda-half feet on either side of the ATV. These are more suited to motorbikes than ATVs. Most of the trails on the property fall into the Easiest or More Difcult range because they were designed for logging trucks. Additional trails could be designed as More Difcult to work with the existing trail network.

TRAIL EROSION AT STREAM CROSSING

EASY TRAIL ON PROPERTY

STREAM ARMORING

MORE DIFFICULT TRAIL ON PROPERTY

EROSION AND DRAINAGE CONTROL EXAMPLES

MOST DIFFICULT TRAIL ON PROPERTY

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TRAIL AMENITIES
Trail amenities help express the qualities and characteristics of the place where they occur. The materials and furnishings recommended for Little Mountain Ranch should evoke a rustic mountain retreat vernacular with the simplicity of modern design. It is important that future design decisions stay in keeping with the vision of the proposed master plan. We have provided examples of precedent images and custom ideas. Possible amenities include, but are not limited to: - Trail waynding; these signs can be simple arrows or more elaborate rock etchings, as suggested in the graphic, but ideally they would clearly identify the trails without disturbing the natural feel of them. - Drinking source; spring basins provide an accessible and clean source of water. Custom built hand pumps or simple stone enclosures help to capture the water for ease of drinking. - Shelters and pavilions; these may occur on distant sections of the trail and may be as simple as a lean-to rain shelter or more structured places to spend the night, and enjoy a re. This could be especially nice for winter rides!

TRAIL SHELTER

EXAMPLE OF AN ETCHED ROCK TRIAL MARKER LOCATED ALONG A CURRENT ATV TRAIL.

SPRING-FED BASIN

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SITE AMENITY PRECEDENTS

ATV STREAM CROSSINGS

WOODEN BENCHES

CISTERN & PUMP

FOOT BRIDGES

FENCES

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SUMMARY
The purpose of this study is to provide a master plan for the family of their Highland County property, establishing an overall design vision and planning recommendations for future use. The proposed recommendations are programmed to function for the enhancement, preservation, and introduction of rural recreation pursuits. Interweaving the programmatic elements with the dynamic patterns of the sites ecological processes recognizes Little Mountain Ranch as a unique, meaningful, multi-functional family retreat. There are numerous projects that can be executed on Little Mountain Ranch. The phasing and subsequent implementation of these projects will depend on the familys priorities. It is important that future participating parties work together and utilize the recommendations and design vocabulary outlined in this book. This, coupled with the continued stewardship of the sites ecology, will help achieve the goals of the familys envisioned program. Speaking for the entire team, we have seen few properties as unique and distinctly Virginian as Little Mountain Ranch. We are extremely pleased to provide you with this master plan and would be honored to have the opportunity to continue our involvement in realizing the vision for your ranch.

DISCLAIMER: The images in this document were printed without the permission of their owners. This document is intended for the sole use of the client and the ofces of McKee Carson and Field Sport Concepts, Ltd. It is to be used for internal design discussions only and therefore should not be reproduced for anyone other than the client, McKee Carson, or Field Sport Concepts, Ltd.

McKeeCarson and Field Sport Concepts, Ltd 301 East High Street Charlottesville, VA 22902 p: 434 . 977 . 7522 f: 434 . 979 . 1194 w: www.mckeecarson.com
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