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LFP-spike coherence in monkey dorsal premotor and parietal cortex during a dissociated reaching task.
P. Sayegh , K. L Hawkins , A. M. Bartlett
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1,4

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2,3,4

, K. Hoffman
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2,3,4

& L. E. Sergio

1,2,4

.
The input-output relationships between parietal & premotor areas change when decoupling the eye from the hand
Standard Condition Plane Dissociated Condition
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0.20 0.18 0.16

School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Centre for Vision Research, Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

INTRODUCTION
We are interested in how different brain areas contribute to reaching tasks with increasing disociation between the visual stimulus and the motor output.
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Raw LFP and spike activity within Pmd:

Standard Condition
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Plane Dissociated Condition

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Rotated Condition
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Voltage

Trials

Trials

We perform non-standard tasks (e.g. using a computer mouse) effortlessly, yet this ability is not innate and can be compromised under 2 neuropathological conditions . Previous human imaging work has demonstrated that activity in a network of brain regions that includes premotor and superior parietal lobule (SPL) can vary as a visually-guided 3 reaching task becomes progressively non-standard . We examine the contribution of the dorsal premotor cortex and the SPL under these same conditions, by analysing spike - field coherency in awake behaving primates.

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A
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PMd LFP / Pmd spike

PMd LFP / Pmd spike

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PMd LFP / PMd spike

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PPC LFP / PMd spike

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METHODS
We examined eye and hand-movement-related LFP and spike activity in the dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex and SPL in a standard and non-standard situation (Figure 1). Monkeys (macaca mulatta, female) were trained to displace a cursor from a central to a cued peripheral target under a direct (standard), a plane dissociated and a rotated condition. The animals were trained to fixate on the central target throughout the cue period, then move their eyes and hand to the cued peripheral target and hold them there throughout the target hold period. The full trajectory of the hand and eye are recorded to ensure that the motor task is similar between conditions. Standard condition, the animal moved its finger along a customized touch screen placed waist height in a horizontal plane so that the cursor was under its finger. Plane dissociated condition, the cursor and targets were displayed on a vertical monitor in front of the animal. The animal moved along the horizontal touch screen to displace the vertically displayed cursor. Rotated condition, the cursor and targets were displayed on a vertical monitor in front of the animal. The animal moved along the horizontal touch screen to displace the vertically displayed cursor.

Figure 3: Example raw LFP waveform and single neuron spike activity: The following LFP-spike coherograms quantify the relationship between these two measures of neural activity. Thick vertical bar at time 0 denotes CUE onset.

There is an Increase in low power within PMd when the eye and the hand are decoupled
Standard Condition
Frequency (Hz)
100 8 75 50 25 0 230 486 742 998 4 0 -4 -8 75 50 25 0 230 486 742 998

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C
Frequency (Hz)
25 15 5

PMd LFP / PPC spike

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Plane Dissociated Condition

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Figure 4: Population time-frequency spectrograms of Pmd activity during early CUE: Mean spectrograms are aligned to cue onset and show an increase in oscillatory activity during the plan dissociated condition when compared to the standard condition (N = 66 recording sites).

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PMd LFP / PPC spike

0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14

PMd LFP / PPC spike

25 15 5
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Plane dissociated Condition

Rotated Condition

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Figure 6: LFP-spike coherograms for the three task conditions: Note the coherency between parietal outputs and premotor inputs between standard and rotated conditions. This coherency is not seen between standard and plane dissociated reach conditions (C ).

SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS
Single-unit spike activity is thought to reflect the output signal of a cortical area. Local field potentials are thought to reflect synaptic potentials near the recording electrode, which may be related to the input signal for a cortical area. LFP-spike coherency may reflect information exchange within and between areas. We observed changes in the coherency between local field potentials and single unit spikes recorded both within dorsal premotor cortex and between superior parietal cortex and dorsal premotor cortex. The nature of this coherency differed depending on type of the eye-hand decoupling. These data suggest that the nature of the communication between parietal and premotor cortices changes as a function of the type of visuomotor transformation required in planning dissociated reaching tasks.
REFERENCES
1. Boussaoud D and Wise SP (1993) Exper Brain Res, 95: 15-27. 2. Tippett et.al. (2007) Eur. Neurology. May; 58:1-11. 3. Gorbet et al (2004) Neuroimage 23:1100-1111. 4. Pesaran et al (2008) Nature 453: 406-409.

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Decoupling the eye and hand changes the coherency between electrodes within PMd
Standard Condition Plane Dissociated Condition
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Eye fixation, central target

Frequency (Hz)

z-scores

Figure 2: Chamber placement: Red circles depicts placement of chamber in dorsal premotor cortex and superior parietal lobule.
Figure adapted from Geyer et al., (2000) Anat Ebryol 202:443474.

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z-scores

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Figure 1: Experimental setup and trial timing. Eight peripheral equally spaced (45 ) visual targets are presented on either a touch-sensitive screen placed over the animal's lap or on a monitor positioned vertically 40 cm from the animal's frontal plane. Arm movements were always made over the horizontally placed touch screen.(A) Schematic of the three conditions. (B) Center-out reaching task. Light grey circles: target locations (not illuminated before cue). Epochs - CHT: center hold time, IDP: instructed delay period, RT: reaction time, MT: movement time, THT: target hold time.

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Eye movements were monitored using the ISCAN-ETL 200 Eye Tracking System (ISCAN Inc, Burlington MA) at a sampling rate of 1KHz. Hand paths were monitored using a touch sensitive screen (100 Hz,Touch Controls Inc, San Diego CA). A four electrode microdrive (FHC Inc.) was used in conjunction with a multiunit recording system (Alpha-Omega Engineering, Israel) to collect single unit (12.5 kHz) and waveform (1562.5 Hz) activity. Data were analyzed in Matlab (Mathworks, USA) using both custom written and open source (Chronux.org) programmes.

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Figure 5: Field-field coherence of a PMd recording during early CUE: A) Coherograms are aligned to cue onset and show an increase in coherency in the plane dissociated condition when compared to the standard condition. White bar shows analysis window in B and C. B) Z-transform scores of recording shown in (A). Non-standard is in red. Standard is in black, (*) denote significance. C) Population field-field coherency show an increase in coherency during the plane dissociated condition, (*) denotes significant difference. ( * p < 0.05, bonferroni corrected).

References

This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.