BiH - LAND OF DIVERSITY (1. National Report of BiH For The Convention On Biological Diversity and Landscape)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Land of Diversity, First national Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the
Convention on Biodiversity, Sarajevo, 2008

PUBLISHER
Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism
FOR PUBLISHER
dr. sc. Nevenko Herceg, Minister
EDITORIAL BOARD
dr. sc. Nevenko Herceg, President
Tomislav Luki, Consultant
dr. sc. Sulejman Redi, Member
dr. sc. Senka Barudanovi, Member
dr. sc. Milenko Radevi, Member
EDITORS
dr. sc. Sulejman Redi, dr. sc. Senka Barudanovi,
dr. sc. Milenko Radevi
TECHNIAL ASSISTANCE
Dejan Kulijer
EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER
Buybook
REVIEWERS
Prof. dr. Jasenka Topi
Prof. dr. Paula Durbei
Prof. dr. Ivica Radovi
Dr. Viktor Simoni
AUTHOR OF PHOTOS
dr. sc. Dubravka oljan, dr. sc. edomil ili,
dr. sc. Sulejman Redi, dr. sc. Midhat Usupli, Dejan Kulijer, Marinko Dalmatin
COVER DESIGN
Tomislav Luki
PHOTOS ON COVER:
Chapter Diversity of species: Lilium bosniacum, chapter Diversity of Fauna: Tetrao urogallus, chapter
Diversity of Fungi and Lichens: Geastrum lageniforme; chapter Diversity of Ecosystems: Magli, chapter:
Specifc Landscapes of B&H: Fatniko polje; chapter: Genetic Resources: Punica granatum; chapter: Alien
species: Reynoutria japonica, chapter: Management of Biodiversity: Wool Socks, traditional bosnian
product
TRANSLATION IN ENGLISH
Sabina Traki
COMPUTER EDITING AND FOLDING
Almir Salki
PRINT
Bemust, Sarajevo
EDITION
500
Pregled i stanje bioloke i krajobrazne raznolikosti Bosne i Hercegovine
Prvo izvjee Bosne i Hercegovine za Konvenciju o biolokoj raznolikosti
Studija Bosna i Hercegovina Zemlja raznolikosti je uraena kroz Global Environment Facility (GEF)
projekat IMIS: GFL-2328-2716-4850; PMS: GF/3010-05-06, fnansiran kroz United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), u cilju pripreme Strategije i akcionog plana za zatitu bioloke i krajobrazne
raznolikosti Bosne i Hercegovine (NBSAP BiH). Izvrna agencija projekta u Bosni i Hercgovini je
Federalno ministrstvo okolia i turizma.
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND TOURISM
Overview and state of biological and landscapes diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
LAND OF DIVERSITY
First national Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Convention on biological Diversity
Te study Bosnia and Herzegovina Land of Diversity has been accomplished through the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) project IMIS: GFL-2328-2716-4850; PMS: GF/3010-05-06, fnancially
supported by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in order to prepare the Strategy and
Action Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Biodiversity and Landscapes Protection (NBSAP BiH).
Te executive Agency of the project in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the Federal Ministry of Environment
and Tourism.

Sarajevo, 2009.
UVOD
Smjetena na Balkanskom poluotoku, Bosna i Hercegovina je zemlja koja u sebi
oduvijek nosi visoki stupanj diverziteta kultura, tijesno povezan s diverzitetom svih
komponenti naeg ivotnog okolia.
Biodiverzitet i pejzana raznolikost BiH karakteriziraju se izrazito visokom razinom
jedinstvenosti, endemizma i neponovljivosti, to ovom prostoru daje znaaj na
regionalnoj i globalnoj razini. Floristiko, faunistiko i bogatstvo gljiva nae zemlje ne
ogleda se samo u visokom broju ovdje zastupljenih oblika, nego prije svega u visokom
stupnju diferenciranosti od srodnika, to zasigurno svjedoi o vrlo specifinim
procesima geneze ivota na ovom prostoru.
Raznolikost ekosustava smjetenih u mediteranskim, submediteranskim,
mediteransko-montanim, gorskim, visokoplaninskim, brdskim, peripanonskim i
panonskim pejzaima, stvara ivopisnu sliku Bosne i Hercegovine kao zemlje koja je
roena i opstaje upravo na raznovrsnosti i koja je, kao takva, nadaleko prepoznatljiva.
Potujui sve bogatstvo ivota i heterogenost njegovih formi na naem podruju, kroz
dokument Strategija BiH sa akcionim planom za ouvanje bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti
(2008-2015), zasnovan na studiji BiH Zemlja raznolikosti, nastojimo utvrditi odrive
pravce razvoja drutva koji e nama i buduim generacijama osigurati kvalitetu
ivljenja u ouvanom okoliu.
Kao potpisnica Konvencije o biolokoj raznolikosti, Bosna i Hercegovina od 2002.
godine slijedi svjetske trendove u ouvanju i odrivom koritenju biodiverziteta.
Pridruujui svoje snage akcijama koje se poduzimaju u okviru Ciljeva 2010, nastojali
smo uoiti, istaknuti i preusmjeriti pritiske na biodiverzitet i pejzae BiH, kako bi
utvrene i potencijalne opasnosti od gubitka biodiverziteta sveli na mjeru odrivosti.
Uspostava Strategije i akcionog plana za ouvanje pejzane raznolikosti, zasnovana na
znanstvenim rezultatima veeg broja strunjaka iz cijele zemlje, dio je ukupnih
aktivnosti i nastojanja Bosne i Hercegovine da, svojim promijenjenim odnosom prema
okoliu, zauzme odgovarajue mjesto u procesu europskih integracija.
lanovi ekspertnog tima projekta, potpuno svjesni vanosti i znaaja projektiranja
Strategije, pripremili su obuhvatnu studiju, kojom se po prvi put daje cjelovit pregled
bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti BiH. Studija je posluila kao kvalitetna osnova za
uspostavu ciljeva, ijim e dostizanjem naa zajednica imati vee mogunosti razvoja, a
prirodne vrijednosti biti ouvane na sadanjoj razini.
Studijom istaknute tradicionalne vrijednosti, sadrane u starim znanjima i praksama, a
iji je gubitak evidentan i na globalnoj razini, danas predstavljaju potencijal kojim Bosna
i Hercegovina moe otvoriti potpuno nove pravce razvoja i nai svoje mjesto na
svjetskim tritima zdrave hrane, fitofarmacije i ekoturizma.
INTRODUCTION
Bosnia and Herzegovina, the land that is situated on the Balkan Peninsula, has been carrying
high diversity of culture strongly attached to diversity of all environmental components since
ever.
Biodiversity and landscapes diversity of B&H are characterized by high level of uniqueness,
endemism and singularity, making our territory important at regional and global scale.
Richness of our country in terms of its fora, fauna and fungia is refected not only in great
number of occuring forms, but also in high level of diferentiation from kindred species,
which witnesses for sure on very specifc genesis of life in the area. Diversity of ecosystems
placed within mediterranean, supra-mediterranean, mediterraneo-montane, upland, high-
mountainous, montane, peripannonian and pannonian landscapes creates vivid image of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, as a country that was born in diversity. Moreover, as a country that fulflls its
existance right through the diversity, and as such is being recognizable in a wide range.
Respecting the richness of life as whole, and heterogeneity of its forms on our territory, through
the document Strategy of B&H with Action Plan for protection of biological and landscapes diversity
(2008-2015), based upon the study B&H Land of diversity, we endeavour to determine the
sustainable development direction for our society, which shall ensure high quality of life in the
preserved environment for both us and generations to come.
For it has been a signatory of the Convention on biological Diversity since 2002, Bosnia and
Herzegovina follows the world trend regarding protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.
Assigning our forces to the activities undertaken as a contribution to Targets 2010, we
endeavoured to recognize, emphasize and re-direct all pressures araising upon biodiveristy and
landscapes in B&H, in order to minimize the identifed and possible threats of biodiversity loss
to sustainable level.
Te establishment of Strategy and Action Plan for protection of biological and landscapes
diversity was based on scientifc results obtained by a large team of experts from all over the
country. Tis shall be considered as a deal in actions and attempts of Bosnia and Herzegovina
to take an appropriate position within the process of the European integration, enforced by its
changed attitude toward the environment.
Members of the Projects expert team, fully aware of signifcance and importance that designing
of the Strategy posseses, have prepared encompassing study, which has, for the frst time,
brought a complete overview of biological and landscapes diversity in B&H. Te study was
applied as a qualitative base for projection of targets, whose accomplishment would provide
more developmental options for a local community, leaving natural values preserved in their
current state.
Traditional values contained in old knowledge and practices which were underlined in the
study, and whose loss became obvious on global scale, represent today a potential that could
open completely new development direction for Bosnia and Herzegovina and help it to fnd
Danim dokumentima, Bosna i Hercegovina uspostavlja jasne pravce djelovanja u
oblasti upravljanja prirodom, koji su s jedne strane neovisni o kratkoronim drutveno-
politikim dogaanjima, a s druge strane vrsto povezani s odrivim napretkom
postojeih gospodarskih sektora naeg drutva.
S aspekta ouvanja prirode, odgovornost sadanjeg trenutka prema kvaliteti
budunosti BiH, nosi Federalno ministarstvo okolia i turizma kao kljuna toka za
implementaciju Konvencije o biodiverzitetu u Bosni i Hercegovini. Tijekom realizacije
projekta studije i uspostave Strategije, resorno federalno ministarstvo doivjelo je niz
promjena u strukturi i organizaciji. Ipak, niti u jednom trenutku realizacije projekta,
njegova vanost nije dozvoljavala zastoje uslijed promjena, to jasno govori o naoj
namjeri da preuzmemo odgovornost i u provoenju utvrene strategije.
Svjesni smo istine kako je budunost ove zemlje usko povezana s njenim kvalitetama i
bogatstvima. Najvei dio tih bogatstava sadran je u prirodnim ljepotama i rijetkostima,
iji je znaaj daleko vei od lokalnoga.
Stoga, kao zemlja, prihvaamo odgovornost za njihovo ouvanje i odrivost.
dr.sc. Nevenko Herceg
its place on the world market of healthy food, phytopharmaceutics and ecotourism. By afore
mentioned documents, Bosnia and Herzegovina sets a clear route for actions in the feld of
nature management which is, on one hand, independent on short-termed socio-political events,
while on the other, it is frmly attached to sustainable progress in existing economic sectors of
our society.
Te Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism bears the responsibility of present moment
toward the B&Hs future quality, in terms of nature protection, for it is a focal point for the
implementation of the Convention on biological Diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the
course of projects realization, preparation of study and set up of the strategy, the department of
Federal Ministry has undergone number of changes in its structure and organization. However,
the signifcance of project hasnt allowed a single delays in the projects realization to occur
because of these changes. Tis speaks for our commitment to undertake responsibility for the
implementation of Strategy, too.
We are aware of the fact that future of this country is tightly attached to its quality and wealth.
Major proportion of that wealth is contained within natural beauties and rarities, whose
signifcance on global scale is much greater than the one on local scale. Hence, as a country, we
accept to be responsible for their protection and sustainabilty.
Nevenko Herceg, PhD.
CIanovi radnih grua i aulori izv|ela|a:
Koordinalor ro|ekla:
Dr. Senka arudanovic, docenl Irirodno-malemaliki
fakuIlel Univerzilela u
Sara|evu

Rukovodioci ekserlnog lima:
DrSuIe|manRedic, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu

Dr. MiIenko Radevic, vanredni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci

Ikserlni lim:

Radna grua: Diverzilel fIore
osne i Hercegovine

RukovodiIac radne grue:
Dr. Dubravka oI|an, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
IIora viih biI|aka

CIanovi radne grue:

rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
IIora viih biI|aka
Dr. CedomiI iIic, nauni sav|elnik
u enzi|i
ZemaI|ski muze| iH IIora viih biI|aka
Dr. Dubravka Hafner, docenl Iedagoki fakuIlel
SveuiIila u Moslaru
Diverzilel ci|anobakleri|a i
aIgi
Dr. ranisIav Nedovic, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel araln|aa
Dr. Nada umalic, vanredni
rofesor
umarski fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
IIora viih biI|aka

Saradnici radne grue:

Dr. Ielar Grgic, redovni rofesor Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel mahovina
DrZeI|ka|eIic, nauni sav|elnik
u enzi|i
In the projects realization participated:
Projects coordinator:
Senka Barudanovi, PhD.
assistant professor
Faculty of Science at Sarajevo
University
Expert team leaders:
Sulejman Redi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Milenko Radevi, PhD.
part-time professor
Faculty of Science at Banja Luka
University
Expert Team
Working Group (WG): Diversity of
Flora in Bosnia and Herzegovina
WGs leader:
Dubravka oljan, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Diversity of vascular fora
WGs members:
Sulejman Redi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
edomil ili, PhD.
Scientifc adviser, retired
National Museum of B&H Diversity of vascular fora
Dubravka Hafner, PhD.
assistant professor
Faculty of Pedagogics at Mostar
University
Diversity of cyanobacteria and
alges
Branislav Nedovi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Diversity of ferns
Nada umati, PhD.
part-time professor
Faculty of Forestry at Banja Luka
University
WGs associates:
Petar Grgi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Diversity of mooses
eljka Bjeli, PhD.
Scientifc adviser, retired
Lijerka Kutlea, M.Sci.
assistant professor, retired
University
Mr. Li|erka KulIea, docenl u
enzi|i
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
IIora viih biI|aka
DrNikn!aJan|ic, rofesor
emerilus
umarski fakuIlel u
Sara|evu
IIora viih biI|aka
Dr. L|ubomir Miic , vanredni
rofesor u enzi|i
IoI|orivredni fakuIlel
Univerzilela u Sara|evu
IIora viih biI|aka
Dr. Idina Muralovic, vii asislenl Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
IIora viih biI|aka
SabahelaAbadic, muze|ski
sav|elnik

Radna grua: Diverzilel faune iH

rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel kimen|aka

CIanovi radne grue:

Dr. oro IavIovic, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel beskimen|aka
Dr. Rifal kri|eI|, vanredni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Diverzilel beskimen|aka i
kimen|aka (ribe)
Dr. Suvad LeIo, docenl Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
DrSadberaTroic- orovac,
docenl
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu


MrDraenKolrosankuslos ZemaI|ski muze| iH Diverzilel kimen|aka (lice,
sisari)
Dr. Samir Dug, docenl Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Diverzilel kimen|aka
Mr. efki|a Muzaferovic, vii
asislenl
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Diverzilel kimen|aka (sisari)

Radna grua: Diverzilel gI|iva i
Nikola Janji, PhD.
professor emeritus
Faculty of Forestry at Sarajevo
University
Ljubomir Mii, PhD.
part-time professor, retired
Faculty of Agriculture at Sarajevo
University
Edina Muratovi, PhD.
higher assistant
University
Sabaheta Abadi,
adviser in the Museum
fauna in B&H
WGs leader:
part-time professor
University
Diversity of vertebrates
WGs members:
Boro Pavlovi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Diversity of invertebrates
Rifat krijelj, PhD.
part-time professor
University
Diversity of invertebrates and
vertebrates (fshes)
Suvad Lelo, PhD.
assistant professor
University
Sadbera Troi-Borovac, PhD.
assistant professor
University
WGs associates:
Draen Kotroan, M.Sci.
custos
National Museum of B&H
Diversity of vertebrates (birds,
mammals)
Samir ug, PhD.
assistant professor
University
efija Muzaferovi, M.Sci.
Higher assistant
University
(mammals)
fungi and lichens
WGs leader:
Mithat Usupli, PhD.
professor emeritus, corresponding
member of ANU B&H
ANU B&H Diversity of fungi
Iia|eva

Dr. Milhal UsuIic, rofesor
emerilus, doisni Ian ANU iH
ANU iH Diverzilel gI|iva

CIanovi radne grue:

rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Diverzilel Iia|eva

Radna grua: Diverzilel
ekosislemaie|zaaosnei
Hercegovine

rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Diverzilel i roc|ena slan|a
ekosislema uma, movarnih
i sunih slanila, refugi|aInih
i reIiklnih ekosislema,
Ianinskih ekosislema

CIanovi radne grue:

Dr. oro IavIovic, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
ZooIoka komonenla
refugi|aInih ekosislema,
zoocenoze |adranskog i
crnomorskog sIiva
Dr. }akov Iehar, rofesor emerilus Agronomski fakuIlel
SveuiIila u Moslaru
Diverzilel agrofilocenoze
Dr. Duro Maric, redovni rofesor Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Demografi|a i ekonomika
roslora
Dr. Zoran Maunaga, redovni
rofesor
umarski fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
Slruklure i roc|ena slan|a
mezofiInih i higrofiInih
umskih ekosislema
Dr. Nevenka IavIovic, vanredni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel sunih szlanila sa
slan|em zoocenoza,
aIeozooIoki naIazi u iH
Dr. Nada umalic umarski fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
Diverzilel obradivih slanila
Dr. Miha|Io Markovic, vanredni
rofesor
IoI|orivredni fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
RaznoIikosl zemI|ila iH
Dr. Dubravka Hafner, docenl Iedagoki fakuIlel Iilobenlos lekucica
WGs members:
Sulejman Redi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Diversity of lichens
Working Group (WG): Diversity
of ecosystems and landscapes in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
WGsleader:
Sulejman Redi, PhD.
Full-time professor
University
Diversity and assessment of
ecosystems state of woods,
wetlands and dry habitats;
refugio-relict ecosystems,
alpine ecosystems
WGs members:
Boro Pavlovi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Zoological component
in refugial ecosystems,
zoocoenoses in Adriatic and
Black Sea basin
Jakov Pehar, PhD.
professor emeritus
Faculty of Agronomy at Mostar
University
Diversity of agro-
phytocoenoses
uro Mari, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Demography and Space
Economy
Zoran Maunaga, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Strucutre and states
assessment of mesophilous
and hygrophilous wooded
ecosystems
Nevenka Pavlovi, PhD.
part-time professor
University
Diversity of dry habitats
with state of zoocoenoses,
paleozooloki nalazi u BiH
Nada umati, PhD.
University
Diversity of arable land
Mihajlo Markovi, PhD.
part-time professor
Faculty of Agriculture at Banja
Luka University
Diversity of soil in B&H
Dubravka Hafner, PhD.
assistant professor
Faculty of Pedagogigcs at Mostar
University
Phytobenthos in streams
part-time professor
University
Diversity of zoocoenoses in
wetlands
Branislav Nedovi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Diversity of hydrophilous
meadows in B&H
Muris Spahi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Geosystems in B&H
assistant professor
University
Diversity of beech woods in
B&H
SveuiIila u Moslaru
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel zoocenoza
movarnih slanila
Dr. ranisIav Nedovic, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Diverzilel hidrofiInih Iivada
iH
Dr. Muris Sahic, redovni rofesor Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Geosislemi iH
Sara|evu
Diverzilel bukovih uma
iH
Dr. L|iI|ana ToaIic- Trivunovic,
docenl
TehnoIoki fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
Diverzilel mezofiInih Iivada i
ruderaIne vegelaci|e
DrSadberaTroic orovac,
docenl
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Zoobenlos


Mr. Davorin a|ic, vii asislenl Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Demografi|a

Radna grua: Diverzilel
genelikih resursa i biolehnoIogi|a

DrRifalHadiseIimovic, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Genelika raznoIikosl i
biolehnoIogi|a

CIanovi radne grue:

Dr. MiIan Malaruga, docenl umarski fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
Genelika raznoIikosl i
biolehnoIogi|a

Radna grua: Invazivne vrsle

Dr. }akov Iehar, redovni rofesor Agronomski fakuIlel
SveuiIila u Moslaru
Invazivne vrsle biI|aka

CIanovi radne grue:
Ljiljana Topali-Trivunovi, PhD.
assistant professor
Faculty of Technology at Banja
Luka University
Diversity of mesophilous
meadows and ruderal
vegetation
Sadbera Troi-Borovac, PhD.
assistant professor
University
Zoobenthos
WGs associates:
Davorin Baji, M.Sci.
higher assistant
University
Demography
Working Group (WG): Diversity
of genetic resources and
biotechnology
WGs leader:
Rifat Hadiselimovi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Genetic diversity and
biotechnology
WGs members:
Milan Mataruga, PhD.
assistant professor
University
Genetic diversity and
biotechnology
Working Group (WG): Invasive
species
WGs leader:
Jakov Pehar, PhD.
full-time professor
Faculty of Agronomy at Mostar
University
Invasive plants
WGs members:
Dubravka oljan, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Invasive plants
Mihajlo Markovi, PhD.
Faculty of Agriculture at Banja
Luka University
Invasive plants
Dragan Mikavica, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Invasive fshes
Ljiljana Topali-Trivunovi, PhD.
assistant professor
Faculty of Technology at Banja
Luka University
Invasive plants
Vojislav Trkulja, PhD.
assistant professor
Agricultural Institute of RS Invasive fungi

Dr. Dubravka oI|an, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
Dr. Miha|Io Markovic IoI|orivredni fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
Dr. Dragan Mikavica, redovni
rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
an|a Luci
Invazivne vrsle riba
Dr. L|iI|ana ToaIic Trivunovic,
docenl
TehnoIoki fakuIlel
Univerzilela u an|a
Luci
Dr. Vo|isIav TrkuI|a, docenl IoI|orivredni inslilul
RS
Invazivne vrsle gI|iva


Dani|eIa Ielrovic Agronomski fakuIlel,
Moslar
Dr. Idina Muralovic, vii asislenl Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
SabahelaAbadic, muze|ski
sav|elnik
ZemaI|ski muze| iH Invazivne vrsle biI|aka

Radna grua: Inlegrisano
uravI|an|e okoIiem

Rukovodioci radne grue:
Dr. Iroko DragosavI|evic Minislarslvo za
roslorno ureden|e,
urbanizam,
gradevinarslvo i
ekoIogi|u RS
Koncel ekoIokog
obrazovan|a
Zdravko egovic Minislarslvo za
roslorno ureden|e,
urbanizam,
gradevinarslvo i
ekoIogi|u RS

CIanovi radne grue:

rofesor
Irirodno-malemaliki
Sara|evu
UravI|an|e ekoIoki
vri|ednim odru|ima
Dr. MiIenko Radevic, vanredni Irirodno-malemaliki Mogucnosli usoslave
WGs associates:
Danijela Petrovi Faculty of Agronomy at Mostar Invasive plants
Edina Muratovi, PhD.
higher assistant
University
Invasive plants
Sabaheta Abadi, adviser in the
Museum
National Museum of B&H Invasive plants
Working Group (WG): Integrated
environmental management
WGs leaders:
Proko Dragosavljevi, PhD.
Ministry for physical planning,
urbanism, construction and
ecology of RS
Concept of ecological
education
Zdravko Begovi
Ministry for physical planning,
urbanism, construction and
ecology of RS
WGs members:
Sulejman Redi, PhD.
full-time professor
University
Management of ecologically
valuable areas
part-time professor
University
Eestablishment possibilities
for ecological network in B&H
assistant professor
University
Models of nature management
Mehmed Cero, M.Sci.
Ministry of environment and
tourism FB&H
International documents of
importance for biodiversity
management in B&H
Alojz Duner
Ministry of agriculture, water
management and forestry FB&H
Position and role of
biodiversity within
institutional framework;
current modes of managment
in protected areas in B&H
Azra Kora-Mehmedovi
Ministry of environment and
tourism FB&H
Traditional knowledge
and public awareness;
protected areas; cross-sector
implementation of CBD
Rada Maunaga JP, Srpske ume, Banja Luka Protected forest areas
Suada atovi Government of Brko District
Protection of biodiversity in
Brko District
rofesor fakuIlel Univerzilela u
an|a Luci
ekoIoskamreauiH
Sara|evu
ModeIi uravI|an|a rirodom
Mr. Mehmed Cero Minislarslvo okoIia i
lurizmaIiH
Medunarodne dokumenli
znaa|ni za uravI|an|e
biodiverzilelomiH
AIo|z Dunder Minislarslvo
oI|orivrede,
vodorivrede i
sumarslvaIiH
M|eslo i uIoga biodiverzilela
uinslilucionaInomokviru
oslo|eci naini uravI|an|a
zalicenim odru|imauiH
Azra Korac-Mehmedovic Minislarslvo okoIia i
lurizmaIiH
TradicionaIna znan|a i |avna
svi|eslzaslicena odru|a
Inlerseklorska
imIemenlaci|a CD
Rada Maunaga }I, Srske ume, an|a
Luka
Zalicena umska odru|a
Suada Calovic VIada rko Dislrikla Zalila biodiverzilela u rko
Dislriklu

IZVRNI REZIME
Na osnovu lana 6a Konvencije o biolokoj raznolikosti, Bosna i Hercegovina je
realizirala projekat pripreme Strategije BiH sa akcionim planom za ouvanje bioloke i
pejzane raznolikosti (2008-2015). Osnova za donoenje Strategije je studija bioloke i
pejzane raznolikosti pod nazivom Bosna i Hercegovina Zemlja raznolikosti, koja
ujedno predstavlja i Prvi nacionalni izvjetaj nae zemlje prema CBD-u.
Realizacija projekta je poela u januaru 2006. godine, od strane Federalnog ministarstva
prostornog ureenja i okolia, a kasnije nastavljena kroz Federalno ministarstvo okolia
i turizma. Odlukom Nacionalnog podkomiteta za biodiverzitet, odabran je ekspertni
tim strunjaka iz cijele zemlje, koji su, tokom projekta, formirali sedam radnih grupa.
Radom u tri izvjetajna perioda, kroz 4 radionice, brojne radne sastanke i stalnu
komunikaciju, lanovi ekspertnog tima su pripremili impozantan sadraj o biolokoj i
pejzanoj raznolikosti BiH, stanju biodiverziteta na genetikom, specijskom i
ekosistemskom nivou, izvorima i stepenu pritisaka, te sadanjim i buduim nainima i
kvalitetu upravljanja prirodom.
Projekat je rezultirao sljedeim podacima:
1. Floru cijanobakterija i algi u Bosni i Hercegovini ini 1.859 vrsta, diferenciranih u
217 rodova u okviru odjela Cyanobacteria, Rodophyta, Heterokontophyta,
Dinophyta, Euglenophyta i Chlorophyta. U okviru ovog dijela flore BiH istie se
izrazito visok diverzitet vrsta klase Bacillariophyceae.
2. Floru vaskularnih biljaka BiH ini 565 vrsta mahovina, 71 papratnjaa i 4498
vrsta sjemenjaa. U okviru svih odjela konstatovan je visok stepen endemizma, a
porodice sa najviim stepenom specijskog diverziteta su : glavoike, leptirnjae,
trave, ruovke, kupusnjae, titare, usnatice, aevi, zijevalice, karanfili, ljiljani i
ljutii.
3. Faunu kimenjaka u Bosni i Hercegovini ini 119 vrsta riba, 20 vrsta
vodozemaca, 38 vrsta gmizavaca, 326 vrsta ptica i 85 (+2?) vrsta sisara. Meu
navedenim oblicima 39 vrsta su endemi, a najvii stepen endemizma utvren je
meu ribama i gmizavcima.
4. Fauna beskimenjaka je izuzetno raznovrsna, ali jo nedovoljno istraena na
podruju Bosne i Hercegovine. Meu najraznovrsnijim je grupa insekata, unutar
koje se istie visok stepen diverziteta Colembolla, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera i
Hymenoptera. Posebno visok endemizam se konstatuje u okviru limnofaune
BiH.
5. Da fungia Bosne i Hercegovine predstavlja raznovrsnu, ali takoe nedovoljno
istraenu grupu, svjedoi podatak da su samo u okviru Ascomycota i
Basidiomycota konstatovane 552 vrste. Pretpostavljeni broj vrsta gljiva je daleko
vei, a mnoge od prisutnih su ugroene kroz gubitak stanita i ostale vrste
pritisaka. Nedovoljno poznatu, a takoe raznovrsnu i ugroenu grupu
predstavljaju liajevi, od kojih je do danas u BiH zabiljeeno oko 300 vrsta.
6. Ekosistemski pristup istraivanjima ima dugu tradiciju u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Stoga je dobro poznata visoka raznolikost ekosistema od Jadranskog mora do
Save, ukomponovanih u mediteranske, submediteranske, mediteransko-

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Based on the Article 6a of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Bosnia and Herzegovina has
realized a project which is to be considered as preparation for the Strategy and Action Plan for
Protection of biological and landscapes Diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2008-2015). Te
Strategy was built upon study of biological and landscapes diversity under name Bosnia and
Herzegovina the land of diversity, which is in the same time the First national Report of our
country toward the Convention.
Te project was initialized by the Federal Ministry of physical Planning and Environment
in January 2006, and continued later on through the Federal Ministry of Environment and
Tourism. Te national sub-comettee for biodiversity has made decision on experts from all
over the country which should have participated in the project as an expert team members,
separated in seven working groups. Te activities of expert team members were realized in three
reporting periods, through attendance at four workshops, numerous meetings and continuous
communication. Te fnal output was an imposing text on biological and landscapes diversity
of B&H, its state at level of genes, species and ecosystems, causes and degree of pressures upon
biodiversity, in the text was also elaborated nature management both today and in future.
Te project has resulted in following facts:
1. Flora of cyanobacteria and alges in Bosnia and Herzegovina is comprised of 1457
species, diferentiated in 217 genera within divisions of Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta,
Heterokontophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta. Tis is a part of B&Hs
fora that is characterized by extremely high diversity of species belonging to class
Bacillariophyceae.
2. Flora of vascular plants in B&H contains 565 mooses, 71 ferns and 4498 spermatophytes.
Tere has been recognized high level of endemism in each vascular plant division, whereas
the highest diversity of species is reached within the families: compositae, leguminosae,
grasses, rose family, mustard family, carrot family, mint family, sedges, fgwort family,
pink family, lily family and family of buttercups.
3. Fauna of vertebrates in Bosnia and Herzegovina includes 119 fsh species, 20 amphibians,
38 reptiles, 326 birds and 85 (+2?) mammals, of which 39 species are endemic ones, with
highest level of endemism reached among fshes and amphibians.
4. Fauna of avertebrates is highly diverse, but still poorly investigated in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Most diverse is the group of insects, with high diversity of Colembolla,
Heteroptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Te underlined endemism characterizes
limnofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina, too.
5. Realm of fungi in Bosnia and Herzegovina is diverse, but also unsufciently explored,
which is to be confrmed by fact that within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota detected
were only 552 species. Te expected number of fungi is far greater than that, whereby
many of the occuring species are threatened through habitat loss and other kinds of
pressures. Unsufciently explored, as well as both diverse and threatened group of
organisms represent lichens, of which were recorded 300 in B&H till now.
montane, gorske, pretplaninske, planinske, brdske, peripanonske i panonske
pejzae Bosne i Hercegovine. Grupu specifinih pejzaa, komponovanih od
senzitivnih, vrlo esto endeminih tipova ekosistema, ine: visokoplaninski,
reliktno-refugijalni, movarni i pejzai krakih polja. Identifikovani su brojni
pritisci na ekosistemsku raznolikost, a kroz pejzae je istaknuta raznolikost
kultura i tradicija naroda BiH.
7. Visok stepen raznolikost gena i genetikih resursa Bosne i Hercegovine zasluuje
daleko veu panju bosanskohercegovakog drutva od postojee. Istaknute
tradicionalne biotehnologije je potrebno postaviti u funkciju razvoja zemlje i na
taj nain ouvati kako stara znanja i prakse, tako i autohtoni genofond BiH.
8. Identifikovane invazivne biljne i ivotinjske vrste predstavljaju jedan od
znaajnih izvora pritisaka na autohtoni biodiverzitet BiH. Kroz uspostavu prve
baze podataka invazivnih vrsta identifikovana je jasna potreba za sistemskim
rjeenjima u daljim pravcima djelovanja.
9. Upravljanje visokom biolokom i vrijednom pejzanom raznolikou Bosne i
Hercegovine je proces, koji zahtijeva jasan i djelotvoran institucionalni okvir.
Analizirani su postojei unutar i meusektorski kapaciteti upravljanja i kori-
tenja prirodnih vrijednosti. Istaknuto je da postojei nain upravljanja
prirodom nije u skladu sa poznatim i ponovo identifikovanim atributima
bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti BiH.
10. S ciljem postizanja odgovarajueg odnosa prema raznolikosti ivog svijeta BiH,
uspostavljeni su strateki pravci i ciljevi koji odraavaju potrebu za ouvanjem i
odrivom upotrebom biodiverziteta. Od strane ekspertnog tima ciljevi su
razraeni do nivoa zadataka koje je potrebno implementirati prema uvrenom
akcionom planu.
6. Tere is a long tradition of ecosystem approach being applied in the investigation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hence, diversity of ecosystems in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
from Adriatic Sea to Sava river, composed of mediterranean, supramediterranean,
mediterraneo-montane, upland, subalpine, alpine, peri-pannonian and pannonian
landscapes, has been well known. Group of specifc landscapes, which are sensitive, mainly
endemic ecosystem types, includes: high-mountainous and refugio-relict ecosystems,
wetlands and karst felds. Tere have been identifed numerous pressures on ecosystem
diversity so far. Besides, landscapes refect the diversity of culture and tradition of people
in B&H.
7. To the diversity of genes and genetic resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina should be
payed more attention than it was the case till now. Traditional biotechnologies should be
placed in service of the countrys development in the way that both old knowledge and
practice and autochtonous gen pool of B&H remain preserved.
8. Te indigenous biodiversity of B&H is under sever pressure arising from the identifed
invasive plants and animals. Trough the establishment of frst database on invasive
species became obvious that it is needed to fnd out systematic solutions for further
actions in that respect.
9. In order to ensure the management of highly complex biological and landscapes diversity
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is required to defne clear and efcient institutional
framework. Terefore, analized were intra- and cross-sector capacities for management
and use of natural values that already exist. It was stressed that current mode of nature
management doesnt suit to known and re-identifed attributes of biological and
landscapes diversity in B&H.
10. In order to establish an appropriate relationship with diversity of life in B&H, determined
were strategic directions and targets that should refect our need afer maintenance and
sustainable use of biodiversity. Targets were elaborated all the way down to task level by
expert team, and are to be implemented according to the forseen action plan.
Bosna i Hercegovina se nalazi na jugo-
istoku Evrope, u centralnom dijelu
Balkanskog poluostrva. Njena ukupna
2
povrina je 51.129 km. Duina granice
iznosi 1.537 km, od ega kopnena 762,5
km, rijena 751 km i morska 23,5 km.
Bosna i Hercegovi na grani i sa
Republikom Hrvatskom (931 km),
Srbijom (375 km) i Crnom Gorom (249
km). Sj everni m di j el om Bosna i
Hercegovina izlazi na rijeku Savu, a
junim na Jadransko more kod Neuma.
OSNOVNI PODACI O BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Reljef Bosne i Hercegovine je izrazito
brdsko-planinski, sa prosjenom nad-
morskom visinom od 500 m. Od ukupne
povrine BiH, 5% se odnosi na ravnice,
24% na breuljke, 42% na planine, a 29%
zauzima kr (NEAP, 2003)
Bosna i Hercegovina je administrativno
ureena Dejtonskim sporazumom, prema
kojem se sastoji od Federacije BiH (10
kantona), Republike Srpske i Distrikta
Brko.

Prijedor

Banja Luka

Zenica

Sarajevo

Brko

Biha

Doboj

Bijeljina

Tuzla

Mostar

25.000-100.000 st.

Preko 250.000 st.

100.000-250.000 st.

Slika 1. Bosna i Hercegovina: optinski centri sa vie od 25.000 stanovnika (Prema popisu
stanovnitva iz 1991. godine)
Opti podaci
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25.000-100.000
Over 250.000
100.000-250.000
General facts
Bosnia and Herzegovina is situated in the
southeastern Europe taking a central posi-
tion of the Balkan peninsula. Its total surface
is 51.129 km
2
. Border length amounts 1.537
km, of which land border is 762,5 km, river
751 km and sea 23,5 km. Bosnia and Herze-
govina shares its border with the Republic of
Croatia (931 km), Serbia (375 km) and Mon-
tenegro (249 km). Northern parts of Bosnia
and Herzegovina face the Sava river, while
its southern parts reach the Adriatic Sea at
Neum city. Land of Bosnia and Herzegovina
is extremely hilly-mountainous, with aver-
age altitude of 500 m. From countrys total
5% is lowland, 24% are hills, 42% mountains,
and 29% is covered with karst (NEAP, 2003).
Forests and forest type of soils in Bosnia and
Herzegovina cover 2.709.769 ha (which is
about 53% of its territory), of which woods
cover 2.209.732 ha (about 43%), while bar-
ren land covers 500.037 ha (about 10%). Bos-
nia and Herzegovina has been arranged by
Dayton Agreement, according to whome it
is constituted of Federation of B&H (10 can-
tons), Republic of Srpska and Brko District.
Fig. 1. Bosnia and Herzegovina: Municipalities with more than 25.000 inhabitans (according to po-
pulation cenzus in 1991)
MAIN FACTS ABOUT BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
M
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0
Bosna i Hercegovina nalazi se izmeu 42
0
26 i 45 15 sjeverne geografske irine, te
0 0
15 45 i 19 41 istone geografske duine.
Pripada zapadnom dijelu jugoistone Ev-
rope, na kojem se smjenjuju uticaji junih
dijelova sjevernog umjerenog i sjevernih
dijelova sjevernog suptropskog pojasa.
Na prostoru nae drave se nalazi najvei
dio zapadne zone mlaih vjenanih pla-
nina Dinarida. Dinarski planinski pojas
postepeno se sputa na sjever prema Savi,
dok se prema jugu sputa naglo, u prostor
niske Hercegovine i Jadranskog primorja.
Osnovni, preteno planinski karakter,
prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine daje
zapadni dio sredozemne zone mlaih
vjenanih planina.
U hidrografskom smislu Bosna i Her-
cegovina pripada crnomorskom i
jadranskom slivu. Vododjelnica izmeu
slivova je orografsko razvoe koje prolazi
preko planina: Pljeevica, ator, Cincar,
Radua, Bitovnja, Bjelanica, Treskavica,
Zelengora i Volujak.
Crnomorski sliv zahvata oko 70% od
ukupnog prostora Bosne i Hercegovine,
Jadranski sliv zahvata 24%, a sa 6%
teritorije povrinske vode se gube u kra-
ko podzemlje.
U pedolokom pogledu, zemljita Bosne i
Hercegovine su tipovi automorfnog i
hidromorfnog odjela.
Fiziko-geografski poloaj Bosne i Hercegovine
Reljefna struktura Bosne i Hercegovine u
geolokom i tektonskom pogledu je dale-
ko sloenija od onoga to pokazuje vizu-
elna slika njenog teritorija. Stijene koje
grade teritorij zemlje istaloene su u
razliitim geolokim razdobljima na dnu
nekadanjeg Tetis mora. Istaloena masa
je orogenim pokretima naborana u
planinske vijence, a kotline su nastale
rasijedanjem.
Metamorfne stijene potiu iz paleozoika,
a izgrauju centralne planine bosansko-
hercegovakih Dinarida (Vranica,
Bitovnja, Zec-planina, Pogorjelica i Ko-
mar). Paleozojske naslage su mozaino
rasporeene i u drugim dijelovima Bosne.
Sedimentne stijene su uglavnom me-
zozojske starosti, izdignute su u Alpskoj
orogenoj fazi, a bonim potiscima nabo-
rane u Dinarsku planinsku oblast. Sjeve-
rne i june zone centralnih Dinarida izgra-
ene su od kenozojskih naslaga. Nakon
nemirnih geolokih razdoblja u keno-
Geoloke i tektonske odlike Bosne i Hercegovine
zoiku, Tetis more se povlai i Bosna i Her-
cegovina postaje kopno sa manjim zao-
stalim vodenim povrinama u obliku
jezera (Paratetis). Na kraju kenozojske ere
Panonsko more, koje je plavilo Panonsku
niziju, se povlai i na njegovom mjestu
zaostaju plitka jezera i movare, nakon
ega se formira rijeka Sava. Gornji tokovi
Sane, Une, Vrbasa, Bosne i Drine pred-
stavljali su pritoke Panonskog mora to-
kom njegovog postojanja. Kako se more
povlailo na sjever i istok, rijeke su ga pra-
tile poveavajui svoje duine.
Istovremeno sa postojanjem Panonskog
mora, postojalo je i Jadransko more. U
pleistocenu je nivo Svjetskog, pa i Jad-
ranskog mora bio nii. Rijeka Neretva je
bila dua i zavravala se na dananjem
dnu Jadrana. Nakon pleistocena nivo Jad-
ranskog mora se podigao zbog otapanja
leda, te je potopljena i donja dolina
Neretve.
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Physical-geographic position of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina is positioned be-
tween coordinates N 420 26 and 450 15 and
E 150 45 and 190 41. It is placed in western
part of the southeastern Europe, exposed to
exchanging infuences from southern part of
the North temperate belt and northern part
of the North suptropic belt. Most of young
mountain chains (western part), the Dinaric
Alps, is situated on our territory. Chains of
the Dinaric Alps descend gradually in the
northern direction toward Sava river, while
in the southern direction they descend sud-
denly, directly into the lowland of Herzegov-
ina and Adriatic coastline.
Bosnia and Herzegovina ows its mainly
mountainous character to the western part
of mediterranean mountain chains.
In terms of hydrology, Bosnia and Herze-
govina belongs to the Black and Adriatic Sea
basins. A watershed of these two confuences
runs across mountains Pljeevica, ator, Cin-
car, Radua, Bitovnja, Bjelanica, Treskavica,
Zelengora and Volujak.
Te Black Sea basin takes in 70% of Bosnia
and Herzegovinas total, the Adriatic Sea ba-
sin takes in 24%, while 6% of overground wa-
ter dissolves into the karst underground.
In terms of pedology, in Bosnia and Herze-
govina prevail soil types from automorphous
and hydromorphous division.
Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina is from ge-
ologic and tectonic standpoint much more
complex than it seems at frst glance. Rocks
that make a countrys foundation have been
deposited over geologic times at the bottom
of former Tetis Sea. Deposited material was
then folded by tectonic movements into the
mountain chains, while valleys were created
by deep faulting.
Metamorphous rocks, of which mountains
in central Bosnia and Herzegovina are made
of (Vranica, Bitovnja, Zec-planina, Pogorje-
lica and Komar), date back from Palaeozoic.
Palaeozoic layers occur also in other parts of
Bosnia in mosaic like manner. Sedimentary
rocks originating mainly from Mezozoic,
were upraised during Alpine orogenesis,
and folded into Dinaric mountains by late-
ral stress. Northern and southern zones of
the mid Dinaric Alps are built of Kenozoic
layers. Afer dynamic geological events that
took place in Kenozoic, Tetis Sea has been
withdrawn leaving Bosnia and Herzegovina
as a dry land with smaller remnant waterbo-
dies in form of lakes (Paratetis). At the end
of Kenozoic, the Pannonian Sea, which pain-
ted the Pannonian lowland in blue, fnally
withdrew leaving shallow lakes and marshes
behind. Aferwards, the Sava river emerged.
Upper fows of Sana, Una, Vrbas, Bosna and
Drina river were tributaries of the Pannonian
Sea in course of its existence. As the Sea was
withdrawing to the East and to the North,
rivers followed it by increasing their lengths.
In the same time with the Pannonian, existed
also the Adriatic Sea. Levels of both World
and the Adriatic Sea were lower during Pleis-
tocen. Neretva river was much longer at that
time and ended where it is today adriatic
bottom. Afer Pleistocen, level of the Adriatic
Sea elevated due to ice melting, which sunk
the lower valley of Neretva river.
Geologic and tectonic characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Klimu Bosne i Hercegovine odreuje vie
geografskih faktora. Veliki uticaj imaju:
Atlanski okean na zapadu, Sredozemno i
Jadransko more na jugu, te prostrane
kontinentalne mase Evrope na sjeveru,
Azije na sjeveroistoku i istoku, te Afrika
na jugu.
Sa Atlantskog okeana i Sredozemnog
mora vjetrovi nanose tople i vlane vaz-
dune mase preko nae zemlje. Nai-
laskom na Dinarske vjenane planine,
vazdune mase se uzdiu uz planinske
padine, rashlauju se, kondenzuju i izlu-
uju padavine.
Strujanje toplog i suhog zraka iz Afrike,
tokom ljeta, uzrokuje visoke temperature
u sluaju niskog zranog pritiska iznad
Evrope.
U hladnijem periodu godine, kad se iznad
sjeveroistone Evrope obrazuje visoki
vazduni pritisak, preko nae zemlje esto
cirkulie hladni arktiki zrak. Iako je kli-
ma Bosne i Hercegovine umjerena, ipak je
otrija, nego to bi odgovaralo njenom
geografskom poloaju. Sredozemni
klimatski uticaji su znaajno umanjeni, pa
samo primorje i niska Hercegovina imaju
mediteransku klimu.
Klima Bosne i Hercegovine
Dinarska planinska oblast modifikuje sre-
dozemne zrane mase s juga, a titi
Mediteran od prodora hladnih vazdunih
masa sa sjevera. Znaajan prodor medite-
ranskih klimatskih uticaja osjea se doli-
nom Neretve. Klima Bosne i Hercegovine
pokazuje znaajnu raznolikost. Izmeu
predjela umjerenokontinentalne i izmije-
njene mediteranske (jadranske) klime
postoje predjeli sa kontinentalnom, pret-
planinskom, planinskom i alpskom kli-
mom.
Najnie temperature se biljee na naim
najviim planinama. Prosjena januarska
O
temperatura na Bjelanici iznosi -7,2 C, a
O
u Neumu, u istom mjesecu, +6,5 C.
Godinja koliina padavina u Bosni i
Hercegovini je nejednako rasporeena.
Poveava se od juga prema Dinarskom
gorju, a zatim ponovo opada prema
Peripanonskom obodu. Snijeg je redovita
zimska pojava, a na planinskim vrhovima
se odrava i po 6 mjeseci godinje.
Bosna i Hercegovina ima sloena kli-
matska obiljeja. Na junim prostorima,
osjea se izmijenjena jadranska klima. Na
sjeveru preovlauju uticaji umjereno
toplog i vlanog klimata sa toplim ljetnim
Lanac Dinarskih planina se prua izmeu
ravniarskog i blago zatalasanog pobra
Posavine, na sjeveru i Jadranske zavale, na
jugu. Pravac pruanja Dinarskih planina
je od sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku.
Unutar Dinarskog planinskog sistema
osim orogenih nabora, dominiraju i viso-
ravni. Tektonskim procesima i razlomima
nastale su kotline, doline i kraka polja.
Vee kotline se nalaze u rijenim dolinama
(Sarajevsko-Zenika u dolini rijeke Bosne,
Uskopaljska i Banjaluka u dolini Vrbasa,
Bihaka u dolini Une, Tuzlanska u dolini
Spree, Mostarska u dolini Neretve i dr.).
Krka polja su nastala djelovanjem vie
faktora. Njihovo dno je prekriveno
Osnovni oblici reljefa
kvartarnim sedimentima, a strane su uok-
virene karstifikovanim karbonatnim
masama. Po obodu polja nalaze se izvori i
vrela, a u najniim poloajima ponori, ko-
jima voda otie u krako podzemlje.
Reljef Bosne i Hercegovine ine i pod-
zemni kraki oblici u karbonatnim sti-
jenama, to nau zemlju svrstava u bogata
holokarstna podruja svijeta. Bosna i
Hercegovina je prostor sa velikim brojem
istraenih i neistraenih peina i jama, a
najpoznatije meu njima su: Vjetrenica u
Popovu polju, Glavianska kod Foe,
Mrana peina u dolini Prae, Bijamba-
rska peina na Niiima i Orlovaa kod
Sumbulovca.
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Dinaric Alps chains extend between plain and
hills of Posavina in the North, and Adriatic
bay in the South. Dinaric mountain chains
extend from NW to SE. Beside orogenous
folders, in the Dinaric mountain system dom-
inate also plateaus. By tectonic movements
and splits evolved valleys, lowlands and karst
felds. Especially large valleys occur along
river basins (Sarajevsko-Zenika valley along
basin of the Bosna river, Uskopaljska valley
and Banjaluka valley along basin of the Vr-
bas river, Bihaka valley along basin of the
Una river, Tuzlanska valley along basin of the
Sprea river, Mostarska valley along basin of
Neretva river etc.).
Several factors were crucial for a creation of
karst felds. Te felds bottom is usually cov-
ered by quarternary depositions, and sides are
encircled by karstifed carboniferous rocks.
On the felds margin are to be found many
springs and wells, while felds deepest places
hide abysses, places where water drains into
the karst underground.
Te relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina includes
also underground karst phenomena in car-
boniferous rocks, which makes our country
one of the richest holokarst area in the world.
On the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina
exist great number of both explored and un-
explored caves and holes, of which the most
famous are: Vjetrenica in Popovo polje,
Glavianska near Foa, Mrana peina in the
valley of Praa river, Bijambarska peina at
Niii plateau and Orlovaa by Sumbulovac.
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina is deter-
mined by several geographic factors, whereas
great importance comes to following, the At-
lantic ocean in the West, the Mediterranean
and the Adriatic Sea in the South, and vast
space of continental masses of Europe in the
North, Asia in the northeast and East, and Af-
rica in the South.
Winds coming from the Atlantic ocean and
the Mediterranean Sea bring warm and moist
air. When this air reaches the Dinaric masifs,
it lifs up toward peaks, slowly cooling down,
condense and fnally precipitate.
If there is a feld of low pressure over Europe
in summer, fux of warm and dry air coming
from Africa causes high temperatures.
In the course of cold periods, when there is a
feld of high pressure over northeastern Eu-
rope, over our country circulates cold arctic air.
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina is temper-
ate, but more extreme than one could expect
sole from its geographic position. Te mediter-
ranean impact here is substantially reduced.
Hence, mediterranean climate occurs only on
the adriatic coastline and in low Herzegovina.
Dinaric alpine region strongly modify medi-
terranean currents coming from the South,
whereas it prevents the penetration of cold air
from an inland to the coast. But, mediterra-
nean infuences still protrude deep in the in-
land by Neretva river valley. Climate of Bosnia
and Herzegovina shows high diversity level.
Between areas of temperate continental and
modifed mediterranean (adriatic) climate,
there are areas with continental, pre-alpine and
alpine climate.
Te lowest temperature characterize high-
est mountain peaks. An average temperature
in January on Bjelanica Mt. amounts -7,2
0
C,
while in Neum city it is +6,5
0
C.
Annual precipitation in Bosnia and Herzegovi-
na is unevenly distributed, whereas it increases
from the South towards Dinaric masifs, and
declines again towards peri-pannonian mar-
gin. Snow occurs regulary in winter, covering
mountain peaks over 6 months a year.
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina is highly
complex. Its southern region is characterized
Main forms of relief
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna i Hercegovina raspolae slatkim i
slanim vodama. Prema svj etskim
standardi ma naa zeml j a obi l uj e
kopnenim vodama visokog kvaliteta.
Hi drograf sku mreu i ne broj ni
povrinski i podzemni kraki tokovi.
U Dinarskim planinskim masivima se na-
lazi izvorite najveeg broja naih vodo-
toka. Od veih rijenih slivova prostoru
Bosne i Hercegovine u cjelosti pripadaju
slivovi Bosne i Vrbasa. Nakupljanje pod-
zemnih voda, kojima je naa zemlja
bogata, odvija se u rastresitim sedime-
ntima (ljunci i pijesak), oko veih rijenih
tokova, te u krakim pukotinama,
kanalima i peinama.
Termalne i mineralne vode, koje se javljaju
u podruju vulkanskih stijena i tektonskih
razloma, predstavljaju jedno od znaajnih
prirodnih bogatstava Bosne i Hercego-
vine. Najpoznatiji izvori mineralne vode
se nalaze u Kiseljaku, Kaknju, Srednjem,
Busovai, Srebrenici, epi, Tenju, Ma-
glaju, epu itd.
Najtopliji termalni izvor je banja Ilida,
0
gdje temperatura iznosi 58 C. Po sastavu,
Vode Bosne i Hercegovine
termalna voda ove banje je sumporovita i
koristi se za lijeenje mnogih bolesti.
Termalni izvori se nalaze i u: Fojnici,
Olovu, Tuzli, Gradacu, Tesliu, Banjoj
Luci i dr.
Bosna i Hercegovina obiluje prirodnim
planinskim jezerima, koja zbog iste i
plave vode s pravom nose naziv gorske
oi.
Nae primorje se nalazi juno od delte
Neretve, gdje u ukupnoj duini od 22 km,
Bosna i Hercegovina izlazi na Jadransko
2
more i ima povrinu od 8 km. Od
Mljetskog kanala i morske puine
razdvaja ga poluotok Peljeac.
Povrina mora kod Neuma ima prosjenu
0
godinju temperaturu od 9,6 C. Najtoplije
je u julu, kada povrinska temperatura vo-
0
de prosjeno iznosi oko 20 C. Salinitet
morske vode se kree od 29 do 35 promila.
Boja morske vode je zeleno-plava, a pro-
vidnost iznosi do 10 m.
Zbog zatvorenosti poluotocima Peljecem
i Klekom, Neumski zaliv ima mirno more,
na ijoj povrini se obrazuju valovi visine
do jednog metra.
razdobljem. Centralni prostori Bosne i
Hercegovine su pod uticajem izmijenjene
umjereno tople i vlane klime, koja se sa
visinskom pojasnou mijenja u klimat sa
svjeim ljetima. Hipsometrijski nivoi
preko 700 m odlikuju se planinskom, a
najvie orografske cjeline, alpskom
klimom.
Klima Bosne i Hercegovine je ugodna za
ljudski ivot i zdravlje, te se moe ubrojiti
u vana prirodna bogatstva kojima
raspolae naa zemlja.
ume i umska zemljita u Bosni i
Hercegovini zauzimaju 2.709.769 ha (oko
53% teritorije), od ega su ume 2.209.732
ha (oko 43%), a goleti 500.037 ha (oko
10%). to se vlasnitva tie dravne ume
zauzimaju 2,186.332 ha (81%), a privatne
523.437 ha (19%). Kvalitet i struktura ovih
uma nisu u skladu sa potencijalima
stanita. Visoke ili tzv. ekonomske ume,
Karakteristike uma Bosne i Hercegovine
u kojim je mogue racionalnije gos-
podarenje, zauzimaju 1.291.924 ha, to je
tek oko 25% povrine BiH. Ostale ume,
ak 917.808 ha ili oko 18% povrine BiH,
su niske ume (panjae) i degradirane
ume, sa vrlo malom zalihom drveta i
slabim prirastom. Ukupna zaliha
krupnog drveta (drvo iznad 5 cm
promjera) u svim umama je 1986. godine
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by modifed adriatic climate, while northern
part of the country has got climate that is tem-
perate-warm and moist, with hot summers.
Space in the mid of Bosnia and Herzegovina is
infuenced by modifed temperate-warm and
moist climate, changing in diferent height
zones to climate with fresh summers. Moun-
tain climate characterize hypsometric levels
above 700 m, whereby the highest orographic
units have got alpine climate.
Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina is comfort-
able for human life and health, being therefore
an important natural wealth of our country.
Water of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tere are fresh and salt waterbodies in Bosnia
and Herzegovina. Our country has got large
quantity of, afer worlds standard, high qual-
ity fresh water. Overground and underground
karst currents create complex hydrographic
network.
Most of our watercourses emerges under the
Dinaric masifs. Te basins of Bosna and Vrbas
river represent larger watersheds that entirely
belong to the territory of Bosnia and Herzegov-
ina. Te underground water collection, which
our country has got plenty of, occurs in lose
depositions (of gravel sand and sand), around
large river beds, karst fssures, trenches and
caves.
Termal and mineral springs occur around
ingenous bedrocks and tectonic clevages, rep-
resenting the important natural wealth of Bos-
nia and Herzegovina. Te best known springs
of mineral water are to be found in Kiseljak,
Kakanj, Srednje, Busovaa, Srebrenica, epa,
Teanj, Maglaj, epe etc.
Te hotest thermal spring, with water temper-
ature of +58
0
C, is Ilidas spa. Tose thermal
water contain sulphur being therefore used in
medicinal treatment of many diseases. Other
thermal springs are to be found in: Fojnica,
Olovo, Tuzla, Gradaac, Tesli, Banja Luka etc.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina exist great num-
ber of natural mountain lakes, so called
mountain eyes named afer its clear blue
water.
Our coastline, which is 22 km long, streches
southwards from the delta of Neretva river.
Tus, Bosnia and Herzegovina has an ac-
cess to the Adriatic Sea and covers 8 km
2
of
the area. Te peninsula of Peljeac divides it
from the chanel of Mljet and an open sea.
Average annual temperature of sea water at
Neum city is +9,6
0
C. It is the warmest in July,
when water temperature at surface reaches
in average +20
0
C. Sea waters salinity varies
between 29 and 35. Colour is blue-green,
with 10 m transparency.
Tanks to the fact that it is surrounded by
the peninsula Peljeac and Klek, sea in the
bay of Neum is quite, with no more than 1 m
high waves.
According to the assessment made by UNHCR
in 1999, total number of inhabitans in Bosnia
and Herzegovina was around 3.894.000. Of
that 2.381.496 (61%) people lived in Federation
of B&H, 1.432.020 (37%) in Republic of Srpska
and 80.324 (2%) lived in Brko District.
According to the population register from
1991, inhabitans density in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina was uneven (between 40 and 200 in-
habitans per square km).
Population
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7
U 1990. godini GDP za Bosnu i Herce-
govinu je procijenjen na 10,6 milijardi US
$, odnosno preko 2.400 US $ po stano-
vniku. Prihodi su pristizali iz razliitih
privrednih grana, a bazna industrija je
bila meu najvie razvijenim u regionu sa
visoko educiranom baznom snagom i
visokim udjelom izvoza na zapadno
trite (Environmental Performance
Reviews, UNECE, 2004).
Ratna deavanja (1992-1995.g.) su
devastirala zemlju i ekonomiju. Oporavak
poinje nakon Dejtonskog mirovnog
Makroekonomski pokazatelji
sporazuma, nakon ega u periodu 1996-
2001. godine, godinji ekonomski rast
iznosi 25%. Poslijeratni oporavak je u
ovom peri odu pokri ven i roki m
donacijskim programima. Struktura
ekonomije je znaajno promijenjena, od
dominantno industrijske, na privredu u
kojoj preovlauju uslune djelatnosti.
U 2002. godini GDP dostie priblino po-
l ovi nu predratnog ni voa. Proces
tranzicije, koji je u fazi privatizacije
najveih preduzea ima vodei uticaj na
promjene, strukture ekonomije.
Pokazatelj novih drutvenih pravaca koji
podrazumijevaju simultano rjeavanje so-
cijalnih problema i brige o okoliu je raz-
voj stratekih dokumenata. Vodei doku-
ment, usvojen od oba entiteta i Distrikta
Brko, je Nacionalni akcioni plan za okoli
(NEAP, 2003). NEAP identificira pro-
bleme, pritiske i potrebu uspostave rav-
notee izmeu brige o okoliu i razvoja
privrede. Prema NEAP-u, prioritet je
ekonomski razvoj sa okolinski prihvatlji-
vom strategijom.
Srednjorona razvojna strategija za Bosnu
Strateki dokumenti
i Hercegovinu za period 2003-2007.
godine ukljuuje prioritete iz NEAP-a i
propisuje mjere za upravljanje okoliem,
posebno u oblasima legislative, kvaliteta
zraka i klimatskih promjena, upravljanja
vodnim i zemljinim resursom, umama,
otpadom, bi ol oki m i geol oki m
diverzitetom, kulturnim i prirodnim
nasljeem i javnim zdravljem. Strategija
istie vanost razvoja i usvajanja
zakonskih akata, koji e uspostaviti
operativnost okolinske legislative, ali i
podvlai potrebu njenog harmoniziranja
sa relevantnim sektorskim politikama.
3
iznosila oko 290 miliona m, od ega
3 3
238.600.000 m u dravnim i 51.700.000 m
u privatnim umama. Prosjena zaliha
krupnog drveta u dravnim umama bila
3
je 216,5 m/ha, dok je u privatnim bila tek
3
102,5 m/ha. Prosjean godini prirast
krupnog drveta u visokim dravnim u-
3
mama iznosio je 5,48 m/ha, a u privatnim
3
4,07 m/ha. U panjaama je ovaj prirast bio
3
nii i iznosio je svega 1,11 m/ha. Nova
inventura uma ija je priprema u toku
aktualizirae ove podatke.
to se tie goleti, jedan dio (108.500 ha) je
na degradiranim zemljitima nespo-
sobnim za poumljavanje, to znai da je
taj dio trajno izgubljen za rekultivaciju.
Prema procjenama UNHCR-a za 1999.
godinu ukupan broj stanovnika Bosne i
Hercegovine iznosi oko 3.894.000. Od
toga 2.381.496 (61%) stanovnika ivi u
Federaciji BiH, 1.432.020 (37%) u Re-
publici Srpskoj, a 80.324 (2%) ivi u Brko
Distriktu.
Prema popisu stanovnitva iz 1991.
godine, gustina naseljenosti Bosne i
Hercegovine je neravnomjerna (40 do 200
2
stanovnika po km).
Stanovnitvo
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GNP in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1990 was
estimated to amount 10,6 bilions US dollars,
which made over 2.400 US dollars per capi-
ta. An income was achieved through many
economy branches, while the basic industry
was one of the best developed among coun-
tries in the region, with highly educated man-
power and extremely high export rate to the
western market (Environmental Performance
Reviews, UNECE, 2004).
Te war (from 1992 to 1995) has lef the coun-
try and its economy devastated. A recovery
process has started afer the Dayton Agree-
ment was signed. Tereafer, in the period
from 1996 to 2001, annual economic growth
was 25%. Te post-war recovery was achieved
thanks to many broad donation programmes.
Economic structure has been substantially
changed, from mainly industrial economy to
economy in which prevail service industry.
In year 2002, GNP has reached almost the
half of its pre-war value. A transition process
that is currently going through a privatisation
phase exercise crucial efects onto transfor-
mation of economys structure.
Millestones for new social movements are
strategic documents, which simultaneously
ofer solutions for both social and environ-
mental issues. A leading document, which
was adopted by both entities and Brko
District, is the National Environmental Ac-
tion Plan (NEAP, 2003). NEAP was created
in way to identify problems, pressures and
needs necessary to achieve balance between
environment protection and economic de-
velopment. Afer NEAP, main priority is to
achieve economic development by environ-
mental friendly strategy.
Midle-termed development Strategy for Bos-
nia and Herzegovina, from 2003 to 2007, in-
cludes priorities recognized by NEAP and
forsees measures for environmental man-
agement, especially in terms of legislative,
air quality, climate changes, management
of aquatic and terrestrial resources, forests,
waste, biological and geological diversity,
cultural and natural inheritance, and pub-
lic health. Te Strategy underlines the im-
portance of creation and adoption of laws
that would establish efective environmental
legislative, but it also emphasizes need afer
inter-sectoral policy harmonization.
Macroeconomic indicators
Strategic documents
Slika 2. Biogeografske karakteristike Bosne i Hercegovine
BIOGEOGRAFSKE KARAKTERISTIKE
BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Vrhovi Maglia
Poluotok Klek
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8
Klekpeninsula
PeaksoIMaglicMt
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Fig. 2. Bosnia and Herzegovina: biogeographic overview
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF
Slika 3. Paleozooloki nalazi u Bosni i Hercegovini

Lastva:

Ptycholepis, Lithiotis
problematica, Megalodus pumilus,
Terebratula rasoana, Vola atava,
Nerinea atava, Schemnitzia,
Carelinia hibrida
Ljubija:

Amplexocarinia
smithi, Astartella, Platyceras,
Pterinopecten
Vranica:

Amphipora ramose

Okolina Sarajeva:
Trachiceras aonoides

Glamo:

Tropites
subullatus

evljanovii
Rhynchonela decurtata
Majevica:
Cerithium bosniacum,, Antracotherium,
Congeria romboidea, Limnocardium mayer
Han Bulog:

Anagymnites,
Metasturia, Monophyllites, Ptychites,
Sturia, Flexoptychites, Ceratites
trinodosus, Ptychites oppeli, Ptychites
acutus, Ptychites flexsuosus, Ceratites
trinodosus, Ceratites bosnensis,

Ceratites
elegans, Norites gondola, Pinacoceras
dames Sturia sansovinii, Monophylites
sphaerophylum, Gimnites, Arcestes,
Balatonites, Megaphzllites,
Acrochordiceras, Orthoceras, Nautilus
Aristoptychites, Bulogites, Gymnites,
Kozara: Clypeaster
Han Orahovica:

Bellorophon
vasulites, Worthenia, Loxonema
tortile, Naticopsis, Oxytoma
torquata, Pleurophoeus jacobii,
Sanguinolites bellerophontium,
Schizodus

Planina Klek:

Acanthophyllum,
Actinostroma clathratum,
Idiostroma, Clathrodictyon
variolare, Clathrodictyon
amygdaloides, Orthonychia
spoliatus, Parallelopora,
Syringostroma,
Stromatopora concentrica,
Stromatoporella laminata,
Favosites

Donja Tuzla:

Clavulinoides
szaboi, Bathysiphon eocenica

Morone,

Gacko:

Pleydellia aalense, Amalteus
margaritatus, Amalteus spinatus,
Hildoceras (Harpoceras) bifrons

Romanija: Hildoceras
bifrons, Hildoceras
laevinianum, Rhynchonella
geyeri

: Lycodus cor,

Praa:

Amygdalophyllum etheridgei,
Auloclisia concentrica, Bothrophyllum,
Gangamophyllum, Gastrioceras
beyrichi, Dibunophyllum bipartitum,,
Carcinophyllum patellum,
Conocardium, Meniscophyllum
kansuense, Matacanites,
Muensteroceras truncatus,
Nomismoceras spirorbis, Palaeosmilia
murchisoni, Platyceras, Pronorites,
Streblopteria pracaensis,
Trachypsamia, Cyathaxonia cornu,
Cyathocarinia rushiana, Cyathocrinites,
Glyphioceras crenistria, Prolecanites
henslowi; Phillipsia bittneri i Productus,
Bellerophon suhnsis, . Protrites,
Halilucites, Bosnites. Brachiopoda,
Nathica vulcani, Lucina saxorum,
PALEOZOOLOKI NALAZI U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Glavonoac iz donje jure
(Gacko)
Fosilna zmija iz gornje
krede (Bilea)
Peraja morskog psa iz srednjeg
trijasa (Pale)
O
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9
Han Orahovica: Bellorophon
vasulites, Worthenia, Loxonema
tortile, Naticopsis, Oxytoma
torquata, Pleurophoeus jacobii,
Sanguinolites bellerophontium,
Schizodus Planina Klek:
Acanthophyllum,
Actinostroma clathratum,
Idiostroma, Clathrodictyon
variolare, Clathrodictyon
amygdaloides, Orthonychia
spoliatus, Parallelopora,
Syringostroma,
Stromatopora concentrica,
Stromatoporella laminata,
Favosites
Han Bulog: Anagymnites,
Aristoptychites, Bulogites, Gymnites,
Metasturia, Monophyllites, Ptychites,
Sturia, Flexoptychites, Ceratites
trinodosus, Ptychites oppeli, Ptychites
acutus, Ptychites flexsuosus, Ceratites
trinodosus, Ceratites bosnensis, Ceratites
elegans, Norites gondola, Pinacoceras
dames Sturia sansovinii, Monophylites
sphaerophylum, Gimnites, Arcestes,
Balatonites, Megaphzllites,
Acrochordiceras, Orthoceras, Nautilus
Lastva: Ptycholepis, Lithiotis
problematica, Megalodus pumilus,
Terebratula rasoana, Vola atava,
Nerinea atava, Schemnitzia,
Carelinia hibrida
Ljubija: Amplexocarinia
smithi, Astartella, Platyceras,
Pterinopecten
Vranica: Amphipora ramose
Donja Tuzla: Clavulinoides
szaboi, Bathysiphon eocenica
Okolina Sarajeva: Morone,
Trachiceras aonoides
Kozara: Clypeaster
Gacko: Pleydellia aalense, Amalteus
margaritatus, Amalteus spinatus,
Hildoceras (Harpoceras) bifrons
Romanija: Hildoceras
bifrons, Hildoceras
laevinianum, Rhynchonella
i
Glamo: Tropites
subullatus
evljanovii: Lycodus cor,
Rhynchonela decurtata
Majevica: Nathica vulcani, Lucina saxorum,
Cerithium bosniacum, Antracotherium,
Congeria romboidea, Limnocardium mayer
Praa: Amygdalophyllum etheridgei,
Auloclisia concentrica, Bothrophyllum,
Gangamophyllum, Gastrioceras
beyrichi, Dibunophyllum bipartitum,
Carcinophyllum patellum,
Conocardium, Meniscophyllum
kansuense, Matacanites,
Muensteroceras truncatus,
Nomismoceras spirorbis, Palaeosmilia
murchisoni, Platyceras, Pronorites,
Streblopteria pracaensis,
Trachypsamia, Cyathaxonia cornu,
Cyathocarinia rushiana, Cyathocrinites,
Glyphioceras crenistria, Prolecanites
henslowi; Phillipsia bittneri i Productus,
Bellerophon suhnsis, Protrites,
Halilucites, Bosnites, Brachiopoda

SharkfnsIrommidTriassic
FossilsnakeIromlate
Cretaceous
CephalopodsIromearly
Jurrasic
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Fig. 3. Bosnia and Herzegovina: palaeontological fndings
PALAEONTOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
DIVERSITY OF SPECIES
DIVERSITY OF FLORA
Ekoloka heterogenost prostora Bosne i
Hercegovine, geomorfoloka i hidroloka
raznolikost, specifina geoloka prolost,
te diverzitet ekoklime uslovili su i
posebno bogat ivi svijet na naem
teritoriju. Flora, fauna i fungia Bosne i
Hercegovine ubraja se u najraznovrsnije u
i t avoj Evr opi , a vi s ok s t epen
endeminosti i reliktnosti daje im znaaj
na nivou globalne bioloke raznolikosti.
Na geografski malom prostoru, kao
rijetko gdje u Evropi, egzistiraju vie-
razvojni endemni centri u kojima se i
danas odvijaju procesi nastajanja novih
vrsta. Posebnu specifinost predstavljaju
brojni kanjoni i klisure bosansko-
hercegovakih rijeka (kanjoni Une,
Neretve, Drine, kanjoni i klisure pritoka u
izvorinom dijelu i gornjem toku Bosne, te
u sredinjem dijelu Vrbasa sa posebno
interesantnim kanjonom rijeke Ugar
izmeu Vlaia, emernice i Manjae).
Ispod naj viih vrhova bosansko-
hercegovakih planina, u podruju
cirkova, nalaze se i centri razvoja gla-
cijalne flore i faune, kao posebni dokazi
procesa nakon l edenog doba na
Balkanskom poluostrvu. Preko 450 vrsta i
podvrsta vaskularnih biljaka karakterie
se odreenim stepenom endeminosti, to
floru Bosne i Hercegovine ini jednom od
posebnih i jedinstvenih u Evropi.
Izraen diverzitet insekata (naroito hi-
drofilnih), predstavnika ihtiofaune i
sisara ini faunu BiH prepoznatljivom u
evropskim razmjerama, a prema nekim
grupama (peinski organizmi i ribe u
krakim ponornicama) posebnim i za
itav svijet.
Kao osnovni faktori diverziteta Bosne i
Hercegovine mogu se navesti:
DIVERZITET VRSTA
ldiverzitet terestrinih stanita kroz: prisustvo stijena razliite geoloke starosti,
raznolikost matinog supstrata, tipova zemljita, unikatnih i raznovrsnih formi
reljefa, te diverzitet klimatskih uslova;
ldiverzitet vodenih stanita kroz: bogatu i raznovrsnu hidroloku mreu
(planinska jezera, izvori, planinski potoci, rjeice, rijeke, ponornice, bare, movare,
podzemne vode, termalni izvori, boatne vode i more);
ldugotrajni procesi antropogeneze;
lraznoliki procesi etnogeneze.
ivi svijet na razliitim stanitima Bosne i
Hercegovine danas tvori brojne zajednice
i ekosisteme specifine samo za ovaj pro-
stor, prostor Balkana te i Evrope. Tako
moemo govoriti o visokom stepenu
endeminosti unutar biolokog, odnosno
ekolokog diverziteta.
Biodiverzitet BiH oduvijek se smatrao vrlo
zanimljivim i izazovnim za brojne istraivae,
to je bilo i glavni razlog da se, iz tada udaljene
zapadne i srednje Evrope, upute u bosanske
vrleti i bespua. Tako je i znameniti francuski
prirodoslovac Ami Boue, ponesen znatieljom
o arima prirode bosanskog vilajeta o kojem je
sluao od uenih ljudi tokom svog boravka u
pojedinim dijelovima Osmanske imperije, pa
je na svom pohodu od Stambola 1863. godine
pohodio i tadanju evropsku Tursku, kako se
zvala Bosna i Hercegovina. Proavi dolinom
Rzava, Viegrad, Romaniju, te kroz klanac
Miljacke i dalje prema zapadu, ovaj zanesenjak
je bio toliko ushien ljepotama i divljinom
prirode bosanske da je, iako geolog, skupio i og-
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Te extreme richness of living world that ex-
ist on our territory is the result of ecological
heterogeneity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, its
geomorphological and hydrological diversity,
specifc geological past and its ecoclimate di-
versity. Flora, fauna and fungia of Bosnia and
Herzegovina are considered to be among the
most diverse in Europe, being especially im-
portant in terms of global biodiversity due to
its high level of endemism and relictness.
Like in no other place in Europe, here, on such
small space, occur countless endemic centres
in which, even at present-day, continue to un-
fold process by which new species evolve. Spe-
cial characteristics of this area represent many
canyons and clifs of bosnia-herzegovinas riv-
ers (canyons of the Una, Neretva, Drina river,
canyons and clifs of tributaries in upper fow
of the Bosna river, and a midle part of fow
of the Vrbas river with the highly interesting
canyon of the Ugar river running between
mountains Vlai, emernica and Manjaa).
Bellow the highest peaks of bosnia-herzegovi-
nas mountains, in an area of cirques, are to be
found development centres of glacial fora and
fauna, which wittness about the afer Ice Age
time on the Balkan peninsula. Tere are over
450 species and sub-species of vascular plants
that are recognized to be endemic, which
makes bosnia-herzegovinas fora one of the
most unique in Europe.
High diversity of insects (especially hydrophi-
lous), then fsh and mammals makes fauna
of Bosnia and Herzegovina recognizable on
the European scale, whereas some of ani-
mals groups (organisms that inhabit caves or
fsh that live in karst sinking streams) make
it remarkable on global scale. Main factors
responsible for high diversity of Bosnia and
Herzegovina are as follows:
Biodiversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been
considered to be very interesting and challen-
ging one for researchers since ever, which was the
main reason for them to come, at that time from
far away western and central Europe, into bosni-
an wilderness and pathless area. Tus, even well
known french scientist Ami Boue was overjoyed
by curiosity that was awaken by tales he heard
from scholars in diferent parts of the Otoman
Empire, while he was travelling across. Tose tales
were telling a story about magic nature of bosnian
vilaet. So, on his journey from Stambol in 1863,
he visited what was at that time known to be the
European Turkey, which is at present-day Bosnia
and Herzegovina. He passed through the valley of
the Rzav river, Viegrad city, over Romanija Mt.,
canyon of the Miljacka river and continued furt-
her to the West. Tis dreamer got so excited by the
DIVERSITY OF SPECIES
t Diversity of terrestrial habitats caused by: occurence of rocks of diferent age, diversity of
bedrocks, soil types, unique and diverse forms of relief, and diversity of climate conditions;
t Diversity of aquatic habitats refected by: rich and diverse hydrological network (mountain
lakes, springs, mountain torrents, brooks, rivers, sinking streams, ponds, marshes, under-
ground water, thermal sources, brakish water and sea);
t Long-lasting process of anthropogenesis;
t Diversity of ethnogenesis.
Living world that inhabit diferent places of
Bosnia and Herzegovina compose countless
communities and ecosystems at present-day,
which are specifc for this area, the Balkan
peninsula and entire Europe. Tus, it is pos-
sible to speak in terms of high level of ende-
mism within biological and ecological diver-
sity.
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roman herbarski materijal zajedno sa brojnim
mineralima i stijenama, te ih odnio tadanjoj
evropskoj naunoj eliti da im se dive, prou-
avaju ih i opisuju nove vrste. To blago danas
je pohranjeno u najuvenijim evropskim mu-
zejima prirode i njihovim herbarijumima. Isto-
riari istraivanja prirode smatraju da je do-
lazak ekspedicije Ami Boue-a i poetak stva-
rnog naunog istraivanja prirode na ovim
prostorima. uvi za raznovrsnost ivog
svijeta, a posebno vaskularne flore, u bosanske
vrleti uputi se i znameniti evropski botaniar
Otto Sendtner (prvi oficijelni naunik, biolog,
koji je pohodio zemlju Bosnu). Ovaj istraiva
pr-ikupi bogat floristiki materijal na
razliitim dijelovima Bosne i u najveem jeku
svog interesa i istraivanja bosanskih vrleti,
onako, na bosanski nain, isto iz varoke
znatielje, na put mu stade nekoliko vlaikih
gortaka. Napadoe karavan, unitie dio
skupljenog materijala, te razbie naoale ovog
velikog um-nika. Uplaen do smrti, istog asa,
a nakon to ga spasie sluge njegove, Sendtner
pokupi svu grau i im prije pobjee iz zemlje
ove, te tadanjoj evropskoj eliti uli strah od
bosanskog temperamenta, da se zadugo nakon
toga niko ne usudi kroiti na ovo tlo. Tek
uspostavom austro-ugarske uprave, zajedno
sa vojskom, inovnicima, poee stizati i
prirodnjaci-nau-nici. Iako ih je bilo mnogo,
jedan zasigurno ima najvee potovanje ove
zemlje. Karlo Ma-ly, jedan od najstrastvenijih
botaniara i naj-veih zaljubljenika u bilje
raznovrsno, njemu najdrae zemlje Bosne,
kojeg u brojnim poho-dima nisu zaustavljale
nikakve prirodne, a ni ljudske sile. Ovaj
Aust ri j anac, srca bosanskog, due
hercegovake, obie ovu zemlju, prikupi
izuzetno bogat herbarski materijal, opisa bro-
jne endeme i relikte i sve to pohrani u Herba-
rijumu Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Herce-
govine, te tako pronese naunu slavu o unika-
tnosti biljnog svijeta BiH irom zemaljske
kugle. (Navod iz TV emisije Prirodna ba-
tina BiH)
DIVERZITET FLORE
Visok specijski diverzitet biljnog svijeta bazira se na diverzitetu grupa cijanobakterija,
algi i vaskularnih biljaka.
Diverzitet cijanobakterija i algi
Takson Rod Vrsta Pod-
vrsta
Varijetet Forma
Cyanobacteria 36 303 - 1 4
Rhodophyta 7 20 - 1
Chlorophyta

Charophyceae 33 319 - 31 5
Chlorophyceae 65 242 - 25 2
Euglenophyta 4 21 - - -
Dinophyta 5 20 - - 2
Heterokontophyta

Bacillariophyceae 57 881 1 222 15
Xanthophyceae 4 21 - - -
Chrysophyceae 12 32 - 4 -
U k u p n o 217 1859 1 284 28
U dosadanjim istraivanjima na ovoj grupi biljnih oblika utvreno je 1859 vrsta iz
217 rodova (ukupno 2389 oblika).
Preliminarni rezultati ukazuju da je razred Bacillariophyceae najbogatiji vrstama (881),
Tabela 1. Diverzitet cijanobakterija i algi
varijetetima (222) i formama
(15), a vrlo bogati oblicima su i
razredi zelenih algi sa ukupno
98 rodova, 561 vrste, 56
varijeteta i 7 formi.
Rodovi najbogatiji vrstama su:
Cosmarium, Navicula, Eunotia,
Cymbella itd.
Imajui u vidu heterogenost
vodenih i vlanih stanita, te
postojanje razvojnih centara,
moe se smatrati da je najma-
nje jedna treina ove grupe or-
ganizama slabo ili potpuno
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beauties and wilderness of bosnian nature that,
despite being geologist himself, he collected a lot
of herbal material along with specimens of dife-
rent minerals and rocks. He brought it all to the
attention of the European scientifc elite to admire
it, study and describe new species. Tat treasure
is now being stored in the most famous Europe-
an museums of natural science and their herba-
ria. Historians believe that the expedition of Ami
Boue has marked the beginning of true scientifc
research in the area. Otto Sendtner, well known
European botanist, has come into Bosnian wilder-
ness afer he heard the word about its diversity of
life, especially of vascular fora (he was frst ofcial
scientist, biologist, which came into Bosnia). Tis
researcher has gathered large quantities of fori-
stic material in diferent parts of Bosnia. But once,
while he was completely devoted to the cause of
his research, several highlanders from Vlasic Mt.
came in his way, just like that, in bosnian manner,
motivated by pure small town curiosity. Tey
attacked Ottos caravan, destroyed some of his ma-
terial and broke the glasses of this great scientist.
Scared to death, immediately afer he got saved by
his servants, Sendtner collected all of his material
and as fast as he could lef the country. Tat event
intimidated the European scientifc elite before the
bosnian temper. Long time afer that no one has
dared to come into this land. Not earlier than the
austrio-hungarian government was established,
scientist arrived again along with the military and
ofcials. Although there were many of them, one
deserves full respect of this country. Karlo Maly
was one of the most passionate botanist and the
greatest admirer of plant diversity of Bosnia, his
favorite country. On his journey he was never sto-
pped by neither natural or human force. Tis Au-
strian, with bosnian heart and herzegovinan soul,
went around the country, gathered exceptionally
rich herbal material, described many endemic
and relict species, stored it in Herbarium of Lands
Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and took
scientifc glory of B&H plant uniqueness all over
the globe. (quoted from the TV show Prirodna
batina BiH)
DIVERSITY OF FLORA
Diversity of cyanophytes and alges
By till now undertaken investigations of this
foristic group, identifed was 1.457 species
from 217 genera (all together 1987 forms).
Preliminary result indicates that class Baci-
llariophyceae is the richest regarding species
(719), varieties (222) and forms (15), where-
as class of green alges is also extremely rich
regarding forms, with 98 genera,
461 species, 56 varieties and 7
forms. Te most numerous ge-
nera are: Cosmarium, Navicula,
Eunotia, Cymbella etc.
Considering the heterogeneity of
aquatic and moist habitats, and
existing centres of endemism, it
is to expect that at least one third
of these organisms is either po-
orly or completely unknown to
the science. Tis relates especi-
ally to the alges inhabiting mountains raised
and blanket bogs, mountain springs and we-
lls, wells and upper fows of sinking rivers,
watercourses within refugia of tertiary fora.
Table 1. Diversity of cyanophytes and alges
Taxon genus species
subspe-
cies
variety form
Cyanobacteria 36 193 - 1 4
Rodophyta 7 15 - 1 -
Charophyceae 33 275 - 31 5
Chlorophyceae 65 186 - 25 2
Euglenophyta 3 16 - - -
Dinophyta 5 15 - - 2
Bacillariophyceae 55 719 1 222 15
Xanthophyceae 3 13 - - -
Chrysophyceae 10 25 - 4 -
Total 217 1457 1 284 28
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Tabela 2. Diverzitet cijanobakterija i
algi na sedrenim naslagama

Posebnost diverzitetu algi daju i
oblici u boatnim, te slanim
vodama bosanskohercego-
vakog dijela Jadranskog mora.
Tu su posebno znaajni pred-
stavnici smeih, crvenih i zelenih
al gi , koj e post i u vi soku
produkciju korisne biomase.
Uz recentne oblike Cyanobacteria i algi
utvreno je i bogatstvo paleoblika u nasla-
gama razliite geoloke starosti. Istie se,
kako brojnost, tako i endeminost siliko-
flagelata (Dictiocha slavnicii, D. mucibabici,
D. soljani, D. krekii, Deflandriocha sp.) i
fosilnih jednoelijskih algi sa karbo-
natnim ljuskama (Coccolitophorales).
Visok diverzitet viih biljaka Bosne i Hercegovine bazira se na diverzitetu mahovina
(Bryophyta), papratnjaa (Pteridophyta) i sjemenjaa (Spermatophyta).
Diverzitet viih biljaka
Tabela 3. Taksonomski diverzitet viih biljaka

Porodica Rod Vrsta Podvrsta Hibrid
Ukupno vrsta,
podvrsta i hibrida
Bryophyta 52 187 565 0 0 565
Pteridophyta 14 26 61 8 2 71
Spermatophyta 161 858 3256 1078 164 4498
Ukupno

227 1071 3882 1086 166 5134
Ukupan broj evidentiranih taxa (vrste,
podvrste, hibridi) iznosi 5.134. Ovaj
podatak ukazuje da je floristiko
bogatstvo viih biljaka Bosne i Herce-
govine zaista vrlo veliko i da se po tome
naa drava u Evropi nalazi na ljestvice,
zajedno s Hrvatskom, Italijom, Grkom i
jo nekim zemljama.
Najvei broj vrsta su terestrini i semite-
restrini oblici, a samo mali broj je vezan
za razliite tipove vodenih stanita.
nepoznata naunoj javnosti. To se
posebno odnosi na svijet algi u podruju
planinskih niskih i visokih tresetita,
brojnih planinskih i gorskih izvora, izvora
i gornjih tokova krakih ponornica, te
vodotoka u refugijumima tercijerne flore.
Evidentna je potreba intenziviranja
sistemskih istraivanja u oblasti inventa-
rizacije, klasifikacije, identifikacije utvr-
ivanja stepena ugroenosti i procjene
stanja, s ciljem objektivizacije slike ivog
svijeta algi Bosne i Hercegovine.
Posebnu vrijednost u diverzitetu cija-
nobakterija i algi imaju oblici karakte-
ristini za termalne i mineralne izvore, se-
drene alge, alge peina i polupeina itd.
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Tere is a strong need for more intensive re-
search in terms of making an inventory, cla-
ssifcation, identifcation and determination
of threats level and states evaluation, in or-
der to obtain an objective view into the living
world of alges of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Within the diversity of alges and cyanop-
hytes special signifcance comes to species
that characterize thermal and mineral sprin-
gs, turfs, caves and half-caves etc.
Table 2. Diversity of cyanophytes and alges wi-
thin turf deposition
Diversity of alges is so special be-
cause of species that inhabit brak-
ish and sea water of bosnia-herze-
govinan part of the Adriatic Sea.
Here should be mentioned repre-
sentatives of brown, red and green
alges, with high biomass yield.
Apart from contemporary species
of Cyanobacteria and alges, it was
also recognized an extreme rich-
ness in ancient species (paleo-species) in dif-
ferent aged depositions. Especially numerous
and endemic are silicofagelates (Dictiocha
slavnicii, D. mucibabici, D. soljani, D. krekii,
Defandriocha sp.) and fossils of one cell alg-
es with carboniferous shields (Coccolitopho-
rales).
High level of vascular fora diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina is based upon diversity of
mosses (Bryophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta) and spermatophytes (Spermatophyta).
Identifed was 5.134 taxa. Tis fact under-
lines the foristic richness of Bosnia and Her-
zegovina and places our country among the
richest ones in Europe, along with the Re-
public of Croatia, Italy, Greece and others.
Major part of these species is terrestrial or
semi-terrestrial, while a limited number of
them is bounded to the aquatic environ-
ment.
Table 3. Taxonomic diversity of higher plants
Family Genus Species
Sub-spe-
cies
Hybrid
Total number of spe-
cies, sub-species and
hybrids
Bryophyta 52 187 565 0 0 565
Pteridophyta 14 26 61 8 2 71
Spermatophyta 161 858 3256 1078 164 4498
Total 227 1071 3882 1086 166 5134
Taxon
Total
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Prema dananjem stepenu poznavanja, na
prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine je usta-
novljen relativno visok diverzitet maho-
vina. Prema nepotpunim podacima, ova
grupa biljaka broji 565 vrsta iz 187 rodova,
koji pripadaju dvjema klasama.

Porodica Rod broj
vrsta
1. Ricciaceae 6
2. Marchantiaceae 7
3. Aneureae 5
4. Metzgerieae 3
5. Haplolaeneae 2
6. Codoniaceae 1
7. Epigonantheae 32
8. Trigonantheae 14
9. Ptilidioideae 3
10. Scapanioideae 10
11. Raduloideae 2
12. Madothecoideae 2
13. Jubileae
2
7
1
1
1
1
12
6
2
2
1
1
3
4
Ukupno 40 91
Tabela 4. Diverzitet Bryophyta (razred:
Hepaticae)
Grafikon 1. - Diverzitet Bryophyta
porodica
r
o
d

v
r
s
t
a

V
a
r
.

f
o
r
m
a

Sphagnaceae 1 22 0 0
Fissidentaceae 1 9 0 0
Archidiaceae 1 1 0 0
Ditrichaceae 5 11 0 0
Seligeriaceae 3 5 0 0
Dicranaceae 14 31 0 0
Leucobryaceae 1 1 0 0
Encalyptaceae 1 4 0 0
Pottiaceae 20 71 0 0
Grimmiaceae 2 24 0 0
Funariaceae 3 5 0 0
Georgiaceae 1 1 0 0
Bryaceae 7 55 17 0
Aulacomniaceae 1 2 0 0
Meeseaceae 1 3 2 0
Bartramiaceae 3 11 3 3
Timmiaceae 1 3 0 0
Ptychomitriaceae 1 1 0 0
Orthotrichaceae 4 28 5 0
Fontinalaceae 1 5 3 0
Climaciaceae 1 1 0 0
Hedwigiaceae 1 1 3 0
Leucodontaceae 3 3 0 0
Neckeraceae 4 8 6 0
Lembophyllaceae 2 4 3 0
Hookeriaceae 1 1 0 0
Theliaceae 1 3 1 0
Leskeaceae 5 6 2 0
Thuidiaceae 6 14 1 0
Amblystegiaceae 13 39 18 3
Brachytheciaceae 11 42 8 3
Entodontaceae 5 6 2 0
Plagiotheciaceae 1 4 2 0
Hypnaceae 9 21 6 0
Rhytidiaceae 4 7 0 0
Hylocomiaceae 2 2 0 0
Buxbaumiaceae 1 2 0 0
Diphysciaceae 1 1 0 0
Polytrichaceae 4 16 2 0
ukupno 147 474 85 9
Tabela 5. Diverzitet Bryophyta (razred: Musci)
Mahovine moemo nai na skoro svim ti-
povima stanita. Oko stotinu vrsta je veza-
no za stanita izvora, potoka, sedrenih ba-
rijera, kamenitog rijenog dna. Ostalih 460
raste na zemljitu, kori drvea, raspad-
nutom lignohumusu u umskim i
Diverzitet Bryophyta
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Diversity of Bryophytes
According to the existing knowledge level,
there is relatively high diversity of mosses
in the Bosnia and Herzegovina. Afer some
partial records, this plant group counts 565
species from 187 genera, divided in two clas-
ses.
Table 4. Diversity of Bryophytes (class: Hepa-
ticae)
Obitelj
Obitelj
Graph 1. Diversity of Bryophytes
obitelji: 52
obitelji: 13
obitelji: 39
Table 5. Diversity of Bryophytes (class: Musci)
Family Genus
Number of
species
1. Ricciaceae 2 6
2. Marchantiaceae 7 7
3. Aneureae 1 5
4. Metzgerieae 1 3
5. Haplolaeneae 1 2
6. Codoniaceae 1 1
7. Epigonantheae 12 32
8. Trigonantheae 6 14
9. Ptilidioideae 2 3
10. Scapanioideae 2 10
11. Raduloideae 1 2
12. Madothecoideae 1 2
13. Jubileae 3 4
Total 40 91
Leucodontaceae 3 3 0 0
Neckeraceae 4 8 6 0
Lembophyllaceae 2 4 3 0
Hookeriaceae 1 1 0 0
Teliaceae 1 3 1 0
Leskeaceae 5 6 2 0
Tuidiaceae 6 14 1 0
Amblystegiaceae 13 39 18 3
Brachytheciaceae 11 42 8 3
Entodontaceae 5 6 2 0
Plagiotheciaceae 1 4 2 0
Hypnaceae 9 21 6 0
Rhytidiaceae 4 7 0 0
Hylocomiaceae 2 2 0 0
Buxbaumiaceae 1 2 0 0
Diphysciaceae 1 1 0 0
Polytrichaceae 4 16 2 0
total 147 474 85 9
Family
g
e
n
u
s
s
p
e
c
i
e
s
v
a
r
.
f
o
r
m
Sphagnaceae 1 22 0 0
Fissidentaceae 1 9 0 0
Archidiaceae 1 1 0 0
Ditrichaceae 5 11 0 0
Seligeriaceae 3 5 0 0
Dicranaceae 14 31 0 0
Leucobryaceae 1 1 0 0
Encalyptaceae 1 4 0 0
Pottiaceae 20 71 0 0
Grimmiaceae 2 24 0 0
Funariaceae 3 5 0 0
Georgiaceae 1 1 0 0
Bryaceae 7 55 17 0
Aulacomniaceae 1 2 0 0
Meeseaceae 1 3 2 0
Bartramiaceae 3 11 3 3
Timmiaceae 1 3 0 0
Ptychomitriaceae 1 1 0 0
Orthotrichaceae 4 28 5 0
Fontinalaceae 1 5 3 0
Climaciaceae 1 1 0 0
Hedwigiaceae 1 1 3 0
Hepaticae
families: 13
genera: 40
species: 91
Musci
families: 39
genera: 147
species: 474
BRYOPHYTA
families: 52
genera: 187
species: 565
varietas: 84
forms: 9
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livadskim ekosistemima dok znaajan
broj nastanjuju i goli matini supstrat
krenjakih, ultrabazinih i silikatnih
stijena.
Neke vrste (Cratoneuron sp.) direktno
uestvuju u procesima travertinizacije i
nastanku ive organske stijene (sedre), a
time i u formiranju rijetkih i znaajnih sta-
nita na ovom dijelu Dinarida.
Na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine nala-
zimo i mahovine koje su graditelji visokih
tresetnih tala (akrohistosola), te edifi-
katori reliktnih borealnih zajednica trese-
tarki, gdje ine dio diverziteta movarnih
podruja nae zemlje.
U umskim ekosistemima mahovine
izgrauju posebno organizovane, struktu-
rno-funkcionalne cjeline (sinuzije), koje su
stanita brojnim ivotinjskim organi-
zmima.
U flori mahovina Bosne i Hercegovine
posebnu panju zasluuju endemine
(Tabela 6), te rijetke i ugroene (Tabela 7)
vrste .
Takson
lokalitet

Drepanocladus

sendtneri (Schimp.) Wstf.
f. gracilis Sanis
Tresetne livade i vlana
mjesta
Kupreko polje
D. aduncus (Hedw.) Moenkm.
var. capillifrons (Wstf.) Mkm.
Mocvarne livade, tresetita Livanjsko polje
D. r evolvens (S. W.) Wstf.
var. intermedius (Lindb.) Grout
Mocvare
Livansko polje
Racomitrium

microcarpum (Hedw.) Brid. Epilit vlanih stijena Livanjsko polje,
dralovac
Polytrichum

strictum Smith. Tresetita, mocvarne umske
livade
Livanjsko polje
Sajkovici
Hygrohypnum

eugyrium (B. S. G.) Broth.
var. mackayi (Hedw.) B. S. G.
Vlana stanita u niem
brdskom pojasu
Livanjsko polje -
Buko blato,
Glamocko polje
Hygroamblystegium fluviatile (Hedw.)
Loeske f . spinifolium Mkm.
Hidrofit, na kamenju i drvenoj
gradi
Livanjsko polje
Dialytrichia

mucronata (Brid.) Broth.. Epilit, higrofit Izvor Plive

Stanite
Takson Stanite lokalitet
Pseudoleskea illyrica Glow Epifit pojasa bukovih uma
Ravna planina, Plaa,
Orijen
Trichostomum brevifolium

Sendt.
Epilit na kre cnjaku brdskog pojasa
i primorja
Konjic, Ljuta, Doljanka
Ctenidium distiguendum Glow.
Epilit na kre cnjaku u brdskom i
planinskom podru cju
Foca, Stamboli-
Hoda, Trebevic
Antitrichia

curtipendula (L.)
Brid.f. pristoides (Glow.) Horvat
Epifit i epilit od primorja i nizija do
gornje granice ume
Jahorina, Ravna
planina
Eucladium

angustifolium (Jur.)
Glow.
Higrofit na stijenama u primorju i
dolinama bosanskih rijeka
Brod kod Foe, Ljuta i
Bijela kod Konjica,
Doljanka
Eucladium

verticillatum (L.) B.
S. G. subsp. commutatum

Glow.
Higrofit na stijenama uz rijeke,
potoke, vodopade u primorskom i
kontinentalnom podru cju
Plivini vodopadi kod
Jajca, klisura Miljacke,
Ljuta kod Konjica
Didymodon

bosniacus Glow. Sedreni slapovi Plivini vodopadi
Bryum

schleicheri Schwgr.
var. bosniacus Wstf.
Higrofit na plavljenom tlu
Kod Travnika
Tabela 6. Pregled nekih endeminih vrsta mahovina
Tabela 7. Pregled nekih ugroenih vrsta mahovina
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Taxon Habitat Locality
Drepanocladus sendtneri (Schimp.) Wstf.
f. gracilis Sanis
Bogs meadows and moist plac-
es
Kupreko polje
D. aduncus (Hedw.) Moenkm.
var. capillifrons (Wstf.) Mkm.
Swamp meadows, bogs Livanjsko polje
D. revolvens (S. W.) Wstf.
var. intermedius (Lindb.) Grout
Marshes Livanjsko polje
Racomitrium microcarpum (Hedw.) Brid. Epilithe on moist rocks
Livanjsko polje,
dralovac
Polytrichum strictum Smith. Bogs, swamp forests meadows
Livanjsko polje
Sajkovii
Hygrohypnum eugyrium (B. S. G.) Broth.
var. mackayi (Hedw.) B. S. G.
Moist habitats in lower moun-
tain belt
Livanjsko polje
Buko blato,
Glamoko polje
Hygroamblystegium fuviatile (Hedw.)
Loeske f. spinifolium Mkm.
Hydrophyte, on stones and
wood construction
Livanjsko polje
Dialytrichia mucronata (Brid.) Broth. Epilithe, hygrophyte Sources of the Pliva river
Mosses are to be found in almost any kind of
the environment. Around 100 species inhab-
it springs, torrents, turf barriers, rocky river
beds. Te remaining 460 grows on soil, tree
bark, decomposed ligno-humus in forests
and meadows, whereas many inhabit lime-
stone, silicate and ultrabasic bedrock.
Some species (Cratoneuron sp.) are directly
involved into creation of travertine and liv-
ing organic rocks (tuf), which means that
they are involved into creation of rare and
important habitats in the Dinaric region.
In the Bosnia and Herzegovina occur mosses
that build raised bogs soils (acrohystosol)
and relict boreal communities of peatmoss,
as a part of wetlands diversity in our coun-
try.
In woods ecosystem mosses build well orga-
nized, structure-functional units (synusia)
that represent habitats for many animals.
Within fora of mosses in the Bosnia and Her-
zegovina special care deserve endemic (Table
6), rare and threatened species (Table 7).
Table 6. Overview of some endemic mosses in B&H
Table 7. Overview of some threatened mosses in B&H
Taxon Habitat Locality
Pseudoleskea illyrica Glow Epiphyte of beech woods
Ravna planina Mt., Plaa
Mt., Orijen Mt.
Trichostomum brevifolium Sendt.
Epilithe on limestone in mountain belt
and along coast
Konjic, Ljuta and Doljanka
river
Ctenidium distiguendum Glow.
Epilithe on limestone in hills and moun-
tain area
Foa, Stamboli-Hoda,
Trebevi Mt.
Antitrichia curtipendula (L.) Brid.f.
pristoides (Glow.) Horvat
Epiphyte and epilithe from coast and low-
land to upper line of woods
Jahorina and Ravna planina
Mt.
Eucladium angustifolium (Jur.) Glow.
Hygrophyte on rocks along coast and bos-
nian river valleys
Brod near Foa, Ljuta and
Bijela river at Konjic, Dol-
janka river
Eucladium verticillatum (L.) B. S. G.
subsp. commutatum Glow.
Hygrophyte on rocks along rivers, brooks
and waterfalls in coastal and inland areas
Waterfalls of Pliva river
at Jajce, Clifs of Miljacka
river, Ljuta river at Konjic
Didymodon bosniacus Glow. Tuf cascades Waterfalls of Pliva river
Bryum schleicheri Schwgr.
var. bosniacus Wstf.
Hygrophyte on fooded soil near Travnik
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Navedeni ugroeni taksoni su ireg
rasprostranjenja (evroazijskog, bore-
alnog), a na naem prostoru se sreu
veoma rijetko. Ove vrste ulaze u sastav
reliktnih zajednica koje su ostaci
vegetacije iz glacijalnih perioda. U Bosni i
Hercegovini se, dakle, javljaju na
relativno malom prostoru koji predstavlja
junu granicu nekih tipova vegetacije sa
normalnom distribucijom u borealnom
pojasu.
Danas je prisutno mnogo faktora koji
ugroavaju populacije i vrste mahovina
na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine. Mnoge
od higrofilnih vrsta se nalaze u sastavu re-
liktnih kanjonskih zajednica ija su st-
anita pretrpjela ili se danas nalaze u pro-
cesu izgradnje vjetakih akumulacija za
potrebe hidroelektrana (na rijekama Dri-
na, Neretva, Pliva). Prvobitna stanita
Pritisci na floru mahovina
mnogih vrsta su pretrpjela bitne promjene
ekolokih uslova (npr. sedreni slapovi
Plive kod Jajca). Epifitske vrste su
ugroene optim procesom degradacije
umskih ekosistema do pretplaninskog
pojasa (sjeom, suenjem, poarima,
izgradnjom rekreacionih objekata i
povrina).
U flori papratnjaa do sada je utvrena 61
vrsta iz 26 rodova koji pripadaju odjelima
Equi setophyta, Lycopodi ophyta i
Polypodiophyta.
Osim izraene filogenetike diferenci-
jacije, papratnjae su i ekoloki veoma
razdijeljene, tako da mnoge slue kao
veoma dobri indikatori kvaliteta
ekosistema, te ivotne sredine. Predsta-
vnici Equisetophyta su vezani za
movarna stanita, na kojima dominiraju
vrste iz roda preslice (Equisetum sp.).
Movarna st ani t a, t e vodenj are
nastanjuju i izuzetno rijetke paprati, kao
to su Salvinia natans i Marsillea quadrifolia,
koje danas ine izuzetne elemente
raznovrsnosti i stabilnosti sve ugroenijih
movarnih ekosistema. Posebno vrijedni
elementi naih umskih ekosistema su
crvotoine (vrste rodova Lycopodium i
Hupersia), koje nastanjuju humozna
zemljita tamnih etinarskih uma, dok
vrste roda Selaginella nastanjuju pukotine
ultrabazinih stijena.
Porodica Rod vrsta Podvrsta hibrid
Lycopodiaceae 4 5 0 0
Selaginellaceae 1 3 0 0
Equisetaceae 1 8 0 1
Adiantaceae 3 4 0 0
Aspleniaceae 1 7 0
Blechnaceae 1 0 0
Dryopterideaceae 2 9 1 1
Pteridaceae 1 1 0 0
Marsileaceae 1 1 0 0
Ophioglossaceae 2 4 0 0
Polypodiaceae 1 2 0 0
Salviniaceae 1 1 0 0
Thelypteridaceae 3 3 0 0
Woodsiaceae 4 8 0 0
UKUPNO 26 61 8 2
0
0
1 1
Tabela 8. - Diverzitet Pteridophyta
Najviim stepenom diverziteta odlikuju
se rodovi vezani za razliita umska
stanita (Dryopteris, Blechnum, Thelypteris,
Athyrium, Polystichum, Gymnocarpium). U
pukotinama otvorenih i zasjenjenih
stijena zastupljene su vrste rodova:
Polypodium, Asplenium, Ceterach, na
stanitima brdskih vritina Pteridium, u
zasjenjenim vlanim umama Phyllitis, a
na travertinskim naslagama uz slatke i
termalne vode Adianthum. Za serpe-
ntinsko-peridotitske stijene vezane su
vrste Notholaena marantae i Asplenium
cuneifolium.
Diverzitet Pteridophyta
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Tose threatened taxa have wider distribu-
tion (euroasian, boreal), being quite rare on
our territory. Tose are species that con-
stitute relict communities, which are rem-
nants from the period of glaciation. Tus, in
the Bosnia and Herzegovina they occur on
relatively small territory, which is southern
distribution range for some vegetation types
that are normally distributed in the boreal
belt.
Populations and species of mosses in Bosnia
and Herzegovina are threatened by many
factors. Many hygrophilous species consti-
tute relict canyon communities that have
changed in the past, or have been changing,
because of artifcial lakes made to energize
the power-plants (on Drina, Neretva and
Pliva river). Many species have their genuine
habitats conditions changed substantially
(for instance, tuf cascades of Pliva river at
Jajce). Epiphytes are under threat due to gen-
eral degradation of woodland up to the sub-
mountain belt (by cutting, drying, fres or
construction with recreation purposes).
Pressures onto fora of mosses
Diversity of Pteridophytes
It has been confrmed that fora of Pterido-
phytes includes 61 species from 26 genera
divided into divisions Equisetophyta, Lyco-
podiophyta and Polypodiophyta.
Apart from the phylogenetic diferentiation,
Pteridophytes are also clearly divided by
their ecological needs. Tus, many of them
indicate ecosystem and environment qual-
ity. Representatives of Equisetophyta are
attached to swamp like habitats, with clear
dominance of horsetail (genus Equisetum).
Marshes and foating vegetation include
some rare ferns, such as Salvinia and Mar-
sillea, which are required for maintaining
the balance and diversity of swamp ecosys-
tems that become more threatened every day.
In our woods special signifcance comes to
clubmosses (species of genera Lycopodium
and Huperzia), which grow on humous soil
of conifer woods, while genus Selaginella in-
habit crevices of ultrabasic rocks.
Te highest diversity level characterize gen-
era that are attached to diverse woods habi-
tats (Dryopteris, Blechnum, Telypteris, Athy-
rium, Polystichum, Gymnocarpium). In rock
crevices of sunny and shaded places, occur
species of genera Polypodium, Asplenium,
Ceterach, on mountain heaths Pteridium, in
shaded humid woods Phyllitis, on travertine
depositions of fresh and thermal water Adi-
antum. Notholaena marantae and Asplenium
cuneifolium are attached to serpentine-peri-
dote bedrock.
Table 8. Diversity of Pteridophytes
Family Genus species Sub-species hybrid
Lycopodiaceae 4 5 0 0
Selaginellaceae 1 3 0 0
Equisetaceae 1 8 0 1
Adiantaceae 3 4 0 0
Aspleniaceae 1 11 7 0
Blechnaceae 1 1 0 0
Dryopterideaceae 2 9 1 1
Pteridaceae 1 1 0 0
Marsileaceae 1 1 0 0
Ophioglossaceae 2 4 0 0
Polypodiaceae 1 2 0 0
Salviniaceae 1 1 0 0
Telypteridaceae 3 3 0 0
Woodsiaceae 4 8 0 0
TOTAL 26 61 8 2
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Pritisci na floru papratnjaa
Zbog razliitih pritisaka na stanita
paprat nj aa ( sj ea, kamenol omi ,
zagaenje voda, globalne klimatske
promjene praene kiselim kiama) danas
je evidentna ugroenost pojedinih vrsta,
pa i itavih rodova. U ovu grupu spadaju
Not hol ae na mar ant he , As pl e ni um
cuneifolium i Selaginella helvetica na starim
Tip stanita Vrsta
hidrofilna stanita Salvinia natans, Marsillea quadrifolia
mo c vare i agroekosistemi Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. sylvaticum, E.
telmateia
zasjenjene vlane ume Phylitis scolopendrium
hrastove ume Gymnocarpium dryopteris
bukove ume Thelypteris phegopteris, Polystichum aculeatum,
Dryopteris filix-mas, Athyrium filix-femina,
c etinarske ume Hupersia selago, Lycopodium clavatum, Blechnum
spicant
vegetacija pukotina stijena Ceterach officinarum
Kamenjari Asplenium trichomanes, A. viride
Tabela 9. - Vrste Pteridophyta kao indikatori tipova stanita
Pteridophyta imaju vanu ulogu u
ouvanju stabilnosti ekosistema i mnoge
od njih predstavljaju dobre resurse. Neke
vrste se koriste u ishrani, a druge su od
davnina poznate u tradicionalnoj
medicini. Pojedine vrste paprati se koriste
u kulturama naih naroda u razliite
svrhe, pa su neke poznate ak i kao
sredstvo za tjeranje zlih duhova.
Posebna j e vanost ovih vrsta u
savremenoj etnoterapiji. Crvotoine
(Lycopodium) se koriste kod tekih
oboljenja jetre; podrebnica (Phyllitis) u
lijeenju suice; vilina vlas, sleznica
(Asplenium) i zlatna paprat (Ceterach) u
lijeenju oboljenja bubrega i mokranih
puteva; slatka paprat u lijeenju eerne
bolesti, a mladi ovrci bujadi (Pteridium)
oduvijek su bili sona proljetna hrana
brdskom i gorskom stanovnitvu.
vulkanskim stijenama, Ceterach javorke,
Aspl eni um l epi dum u pukotinama
karbonatnih stijena, Asplenium fissum u
pukotinama stijena planinskog pojasa,
sve vrste roda Lycopodium, te vrste Salvinia
natans, Marsillea quadrifolia, i vilina vlas
Adiantum capillus-veneris.
Diverzitet Spermatophyta
U okviru vaskularne flore Bosne i
Hercegovine, sjemenjae su najbrojnije i
najraznovrsnije. To su biljke kopnenih
st ani t a, a samo nekol i ko i h j e
prilagoeno na uslove vodene sredine.
Ova grupa organizama ini okosnicu
ivog svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine, te
djeluje kao osnovni faktor u oblikovanju
pejzane raznolikosti. U bogatom
diverzitetu vaskularne flore su i
najznaajniji bioloki resursi (privredno
vane vrste umskog drvea, ljekovitih,
jestivih, aromatinih biljaka, biljni
genetiki resursi i ukrasna flora).
Sjemenjae su bile i pokretaki faktor
etnogeneze, naseljavanja, opstanka i
egzistencije bosanskohercegovakog
stanovnitva.
Na temelju pomenutih biolokih resursa,
danas egzistiraju dominantne privredne
grane Bosne i Hercegovi ne. Od
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Table 9. Pteridophytes used as habitats indicator
Pteridophytes play an important role in
maintainance of ecosystems stability. Many
of them are resources that have been ever
since used in human diet, or in traditional
medicine. Some ferns have even been used in
the culture of our people with diferent pur-
poses, for instance as a mean for expulsion
of evil spirits.
Tose species are irreplaceable in modern
ethnotherapy. Clubmosses (Lycopodium)
are being used to fght lever diseases; hartss
tongue fern (Phyllitis) against tuberculosis;
maidenhair fern (Adiantum), fern (Asple-
nium) and rustyback (Ceterach) for kidney
diseases and urinary infections, polypody
to treat diabetes, whereas young leaf tips of
bracken fern (Pteridium) used to be juicy
spring food for highlanders.
Because of impacts onto habitats of ferns
(clear cutting, quarries, water pollution,
global climate changes followed by acid
rain), some species and entire genera are un-
der severe threat. Into these group of ferns
belong Notholaena maranthe, Asplenium
cuneifolium and Selaginella helvetica grow-
ing on old volcanic rocks, Ceterach javorkae
and Asplenium lepidum living in limestone
rock crevices, Asplenium fssum in rock
crevices of mountain belt, all species of ge-
nus Lycopodium, then Salvinia natans, Mar-
sillea quadrifolia and Asplenium adianthum
nigrum.
Pressures onto fora of Pteridophytes
Diversity of Spermatophytes
Spermatophytes represent the most numer-
ous and diverse group of plants within vas-
cular fora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Tose
are plants that grow in terrestrial habitats,
while only few of them are adapted to the
aquatic environment. Tis is the group of
organisms that makes the framework of life
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, being respon-
sible for shaping of landscapes diversity. Te
diversity of vascular fora includes also the
most important biological resources (eco-
nomically important trees, medicinal, edible
and aromatic herbs, genetic herbal resources
and ornamental fora). Spermatophytes were
the propulsive factor of ethnogenesis, settle-
ment, survival and existance of people in
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Afore mentioned biological resources are
carrying pillar of todays dominant economic
branches in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Te
forestry and wood industry are essential to
the development and progress of both local
Habitat type Species
Hydrophilous habitats Salvinia natans, Marsillea quadrifolia
Marshes and arable land Equisetum arvense, E. hyemale, E. sylvaticum, E. telmateia
Shaded humid woods Phylitis scolopendrium
Oak woods Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Beech woods
Telypteris phegopteris, Polystichum aculeatum, Dryopteris flix mas,
Athyrium flix femina
Coniferous woods Huperzia selago, Lycopodium clavatum, Blechnum spicant
Vegetation of rock crevices Ceterach ofcinarum
Rocky grassland Asplenium trichomanes, A. viride
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esencijalne vanosti za razvoj i prosperitet
lokalne, odnosno nacionalne zajednice, su
umarstvo i drvna industrija, farmace-
utsko-prehrambena industrija, savre-
mena dijetetika, kozmetologija, proizvo-
dnja voa, povra i vlakana, te druge
privredne djelatnosti koje osnovu nalaze
u iskoritavanju biolokih resursa.
Zahvaljujui istraivaima flore Bosne i
Hercegovine (Beck, Hayek i Karlo Maly)
napravljena je solidna osnova za kasnija
floristika istraivanja, koja danas
rezul t i raj u sl j edeom procj enom
diverziteta sjemenjaa:

Coniferophytina

porodica: 5
rodova: 15
vrsta: 40
Cycadophytina

porodica: 1
rodova: 1
vrsta: 2

Magnoliophytina
Liliatae

porodica: 26
rodova: 178
vrsta: 648
Magnoliatae

porodica: 129
rodova: 680
vrsta: 2608
SPERMATOPHYTA

porodica: 161
rodova: 874
vrsta: 3298
podvrsta: 1083

260 260
236
196
172
166
162
125
122 120 118
96
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300
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Grafikon 2. - Diverzitet Spermatophyta
Grafikon 3. Porodice sa najviim specijskim diverzitetom
Najvii stepen diverziteta izraen je u
razredu Magnoliatae (2.608 vrsta, 943
podvrste i 148 hibrida), te u razredu
Liliatae sa 648 vrsta, 135 podvrsta i 16
hibrida. Pododjeljak Coniferophytina
sadri relativno mali broj vrsta (40) i
podvrsta (4) kao i hibrida (4).
Porodi ce sa naj vi i m speci j ski m
diverzitetom su: glavoike, leptirnjae,
trave, ruovke, kupusnjae, titare,
usnatice, aevi, zijevalice, karanfili,
ljiljani i ljutii. U okviru ovih porodica je
65 % od ukupnog broja sjemenjaa. Bitna
karakteristika diverziteta ove grupe
ogleda se i u velikom broju porodica
predstavljenih sa samo jednim rodom i
jednom vrstom (priblino 30 % od
ukupnog broja vrsta).
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18
Families:
genera:
species:
Families:
genera:
species:
Families:
genera:
species:
Families:
genera:
species:
Families:
genera:
species:
varieties:
and national community, then pharmacolog-
ical and food industry, modern dietics, cos-
metics, production of fruits, vegetables and
fbres, and other economy branches based on
the exploitation of biological resources.
Tanks to explorers of Bosnia and Herze-
govinas fora (Beck, Hayek and Karlo Maly),
it was created frm base for next foristic re-
search resulting in following assessment of
spermatophytes diversity:
Graph. 2. Diversity of Spermatophytes in B&H
Te highest diversity level is reached within
the class of Magnoliatae (2.608 species, 943
sub-species and 148 hybrids), then the class of
Liliatae with 648 species, 135 sub-species and
16 hybrids. Te sub-division of Coniferophy-
tina encompass a relatively small number of
species (40), sub-species (4) and hybrids (4).
Families with the highest species diversity
are: composits, pea family, grasses, roses,
crucifers, parsley family, mint family, sedges,
fgworts, pinks, lilies and buttercups. Within
these families are 65% of all Spermatophytes.
A special diversity character of this group is
refected through a great number of families
with only one genus and species (approxi-
mately 30% of total number).
Graph. 3. Families with the highest species diversity in B&H
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Tabela 10. - Taksonomski diverzitet Spermatophyta

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Coniferophytina
Cupressaceae 4 15 4 3
Ginkgoaceae 1 1 0 0
Pinaceae 7 21 0 1
Taxaceae 1 1 0 0
Taxodiaceae 2 2 0 0
Ukupno 15 40 4 0
Cycadophytina
Ephedraceae 1 2 1 0
Ukupno 1 2 1 0
Magnoliophytina
Magnoliatae
Acanthaceae 1 3 0 0
Aceraceae 1 12 3 2
Acoraceae 1 1 0 0
Actinidiaceae 1 1 0 0
Adoxaceae 1 1 0 0
Aizoaceae 2 4 0 0
Amaranthaceae 1 7 0 0
Anacardiaceae 3 5 0 0
Apiaceae
(=Umbelliferae)
60 162 2 0
Apocinaceae 2 3 0 0
Aquifoliaceae 1 1 0 0
Araliaceae 1 1 0 0
Aristolochiaceae 2 4 0 0
Asclepiadaceae 3 5 4 0
Asteraceae ( =
Compositae)
72 260 37 11
Balsaminaceae 1 5 0 0
Berberidaceae 3 4 0 0
Betulaceae 2 5 0 2
Bignoniaceae 2 3 0 0
Boraginaceae 21 49 15 0
Brassicaceae
(=Cruciferae)
56 172 59 2
Buddlejaceae 1 1 0 0
Buxaceae 1 1 0 0
Cactaceae 1 3 0 0
Callitrichaceae 1 1 3 0
Campanulaceae 8 51 11 1
Cannabaceae 2 2 0 0
Capparidaceae 1 1 0 0
Caprifoliaceae 5 23 2 2
Caryophyllaceae 26 118 67 0
Celastraceae 1 5 0 0
Ceratophyllaceae 1 1 0 0
Cesalpiniaceae 3 3 0 0
Chenopodiaceae 8 21 0 0
Cichoriaceae
(= Compositae)
23 166 401 1
Cistaceae 4 11 12 0
Convolvulaceae 4 8 4 0
Cornaceae 1 3 0 0
Corylaceae 3 6 0 1
Crassulaceae 4 19 2 0
Cucurbitaceae 7 10 0 0
Dipsacaceae 7 33 0 0
Droseraceae 1 1 0 0
Ebenaceae 1 2 0 0
Elaeagnaceae 2 2 0 0
Empetraceae 1 1 0 0
Ericaceae 8 13 0 0
Euphorbiaceae 5 41 1 0
Fabaceae
(=Leguminosae)
47 260 68 0
Fagaceae 3 11 4 8
Gentianaceae 4 24 3 0
Geraniaceae 3 24 3 0
Globulariaceae 1 3 2 0
Grossulariaceae 1 8 0 0
Haloragaceae 1 2 0 0
Hamamelidaceae 2 2 0 0
Hippocastanaceae 1 2 0 0
Hippuridaceae 1 1 0 0
Hydrangaceae 3 4 0 0
Hydrophyllaceae 1 1 0 0
Hypericaceae
(=Guttiferae )
1 9 0 0
Juglandaceae 1 2 0 0
Lamiaceae
(= Labiatae)
31 125 72 10
Lauraceae 1 1 0 0
Lentibulariaceae 1 7 0 0
Linaceae 2 13 2 0
Lobeliaceae 1 3 0 0
Loranthaceae 3 3 3 0
Lythraceae 1 4 2 0
Magnoliaceae 2 4 0 1
Malvaceae 7 17 2 0
Meliaceae 1 1 0 0
Menyanthaceae 2 2 0 0
Mimosaceae 1 1 0 0
Molluginaceae 1 1 0 0
Moraceae 4 5 0 0
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Coniferophytina
Cupressaceae 4 15 4 3
Ginkgoaceae 1 1 0 0
Pinaceae 7 21 0 1
Taxaceae 1 1 0 0
Taxodiaceae 2 2 0 0
Total 15 40 4 0
Cycadophytina
Ephedraceae 1 2 1 0
Total 1 2 1 0
Magnoliophytina
Magnoliatae
Acanthaceae 1 3 0 0
Aceraceae 1 12 3 2
Acoraceae 1 1 0 0
Actinidiaceae 1 1 0 0
Adoxaceae 1 1 0 0
Aizoaceae 2 4 0 0
Amaranthaceae 1 7 0 0
Anacardiaceae 3 5 0 0
Apiaceae
(=Umbelliferae)
60 162 2 0
Apocinaceae 2 3 0 0
Aquifoliaceae 1 1 0 0
Araliaceae 1 1 0 0
Aristolochiaceae 2 4 0 0
Asclepiadaceae 3 5 4 0
Asteraceae
(=Compositae)
72 260 37 11
Balsaminaceae 1 5 0 0
Berberidaceae 3 4 0 0
Betulaceae 2 5 0 2
Bignoniaceae 2 3 0 0
Boraginaceae 21 49 15 0
Brassicaceae
(=Cruciferae)
56 172 59 2
Buddlejaceae 1 1 0 0
Buxaceae 1 1 0 0
Cactaceae 1 3 0 0
Callitrichaceae 1 1 3 0
Campanulaceae 8 51 11 1
Cannabaceae 2 2 0 0
Capparidaceae 1 1 0 0
Caprifoliaceae 5 23 2 2
Celastraceae 1 5 0 0
Ceratophyllaceae 1 1 0 0
Cesalpiniaceae 3 3 0 0
Chenopodiaceae 8 21 0 0
Cichoriaceae
(=Compositae)
23 166 401 1
Cistaceae 4 11 12 0
Convolvulaceae 4 8 4 0
Cornaceae 1 3 0 0
Corylaceae 3 6 0 1
Crassulaceae 4 19 2 0
Cucurbitaceae 7 10 0 0
Dipsacaceae 7 33 0 0
Droseraceae 1 1 0 0
Ebenaceae 1 2 0 0
Elaeagnaceae 2 2 0 0
Empetraceae 1 1 0 0
Ericaceae 8 13 0 0
Euphorbiaceae 5 41 1 0
Fabaceae
(=Leguminosae)
47 260 68 0
Fagaceae 3 11 4 8
Gentianaceae 4 24 3 0
Geraniaceae 3 24 3 0
Globulariaceae 1 3 2 0
Grossulariaceae 1 8 0 0
Haloragaceae 1 2 0 0
Hamamelidaceae 2 2 0 0
Hippocastanaceae 1 2 0 0
Hippuridaceae 1 1 0 0
Hydrangaceae 3 4 0 0
Hydrophyllaceae 1 1 0 0
Hypericaceae
(=Guttiferae )
1 9 0 0
Juglandaceae 1 2 0 0
Lamiaceae
(=Labiatae)
31 125 72 10
Lauraceae 1 1 0 0
Lentibulariaceae 1 7 0 0
Linaceae 2 13 2 0
Lobeliaceae 1 3 0 0
Loranthaceae 3 3 3 0
Lythraceae 1 4 2 0
Magnoliaceae 2 4 0 1
Malvaceae 7 17 2 0
Meliaceae 1 1 0 0
Menyanthaceae 2 2 0 0
Mimosaceae 1 1 0 0
Molluginaceae 1 1 0 0
Moraceae 4 5 0 0
Table 10. Taxonomic diversity of Spermatophytes in B&H
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Myrtaceae 1 1 0 0
Nyctaginaceae 2 2 0 0
Nymphaeaceae 2 2 0 0
Oleaceae 6 11 3 2
Oenotheraceae
(=Onagraceae)
4 18 2 0
Orobanchaceae 1 20 4 2
Oxalidaceae 1 6 0 0
Paeoniaceae 1 2 0 0
Papaveraceae 7 24 5 0
Parnassiaceae 1 1 1 0
Passifloraceae 1 1 0 0
Phytolacaceae 1 1 0 0
Pittosporaceae 1 1 0 0
Plantaginaceae 1 10 0 0
Platanaceae 1 1 0 1
Plumbaginaceae 3 4 0 0
Polemoniaceae 2 3 0 0
Polygalaceae 1 7 4 0
Polygonaceae 6 37 0 0
Portulacaceae 2 2 0 0
Primulaceae 9 22 2 0
Punicaceae 1 1 0 0
Pyrolaceae 4 6 0 0
Ranunculaceae 19 95 18 0
Resedaceae 1 4 0 0
Rhamnaceae 4 12 3 0
Rosaceae 27 196 30 70
Rubiaceae 5 35 1 0
Rutaceae 4 6 2 0
Salicaceae 2 28 10 8
Santalaceae 2 10 0 0
Sapindaceae 1 1 0 0
Saxifragaceae 2 22 2 1
Scrophulariaceae 24 120 52 19
Simaroubaceae 1 1 0 0
Solanaceae 10 18 2 0
Staphyleaceae 1 1 0 0
Styracaceae 1 1 0 0
Tamaricaceae 1 4 0 0
Tetragoniaceae 1 1 0 0
Thelygonaceae 1 1 0 0
Tiliaceae 1 4 3 2
Thymelaeaceae 2 7 0 0
Trapaceae 1 1 0 0
Tropaeolaceae 1 3 0 0
Ulmaceae 2 7 2 1
Urticaceae 2 5 0 0
Valerianaceae 3 12 3 0
Verbenaceae 2 2 0 0
Violaceae 1 25 8 1
Vitaceae 2 6 2 0
Zannichelliaceae 1 1 0 0
Zygophyllaceae 1 1 0 0
Liliatae
Agavaceae 1 1 0 0
Alismataceae 2 4 0 0
Amaryllidaceae 4 9 1 0
Araceae 4 6 0 0
Arecaceae (=Palmae) 2 2 0 0
Butomaceae 1 1 0 0
Cannaceae 1 1 0 0
Commeliniaceae 2 2 0 0
Cyperaceae 10 122 10 0
Dioscoreaceae 1 1 0 0
Hydrocharitaceae 4 4 0 0
Iridaceae 6 22 3 ++
Juncaceae 2 34 14 0
Juncaginaceae 1 3 0 0
Lemnaceae 3 4 0 0
Liliaceae 26 96 2 0
Najadaceae 1 2 0 0
Orchidaceae 23 69 35 7
Potamogetonaceae 2 16 0 3
Poaceae (=
Gramineae)
76 236 67 6
Posidoniaceae 1 1 0 0
Ruppiaceae 1 2 0 0
Scheuchzeriaceae 1 1 0 0
Sparganiaceae 1 4 3 0
Typhaceae 1 3 0 0
Zosteraceae 1 2 0 0
Jedinstveni procesi formiranja geoloke
podloge, tipova zemljita, reljefa,
ekoklime, te vodnog reima u prolosti
vodili su razvoju jedinstvenog svijeta
bi l j aka na pr os t or u bos ans ko-
hercegovakih Dinarida. Naglaene
izolovanosti pojedinih stanita, kao to su
klisure i kanjoni veih rijeka, te najvii
vrhovi planina rezultirala je razvojem
posebnih oblika u flori specifinih za ue
ENDEMINA FLORA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
ili ire podruje. Sa podruja Bosne i
Hercegovine neki oblici flore su irili areal
prema drugim dijelovima Balkanskog
poluostrva. Pojava istovrsnih oblika na
Al pama, Kar pat i ma, a posebno
Apeninima nesumnjivo potvruje tezu o
nekadanjoj povezanosti ovih geografski
izolovanih cjelina.
Najvea specifinost BiH flore su brojni
paleo i neoendemi, te tercijerni i glacijalni
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20
ENDEMIC FLORA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Tere are several reasons that have led to the
development of the unique plant world on
the territory of the Dinaric Alps in Bosnia
and Herzegovina. Tose are: unique process
of bedrocks formation, types of soil, relief,
ecoclimate, water regime etc. An insulation
of distinct habitats, such as clifs, canyons
and the highest mountain peaks, resulted
in the development of special forms that
are specifc for a smaller or larger area. Te
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a
dispersal centre of some foristic forms that
expanded over other parts of the Balkan pen-
insula. Te hypothesis of former connection
between the Alps, the Carpathians and the
Apennines is confrmed by the occurence of
kindred forms in these insulated geographic
units.
Te most specifc characteristic of B&Hs fo-
ra is a great deal of paleo- and neo- endemic
Myrtaceae 1 1 0 0
Nyctaginaceae 2 2 0 0
Nymphaeaceae 2 2 0 0
Oleaceae 6 11 3 2
Oenotheraceae
(=Onagraceae)
4 18 2 0
Orobanchaceae 1 20 4 2
Oxalidaceae 1 6 0 0
Paeoniaceae 1 2 0 0
Papaveraceae 7 24 5 0
Parnassiaceae 1 1 1 0
Passiforaceae 1 1 0 0
Phytolacaceae 1 1 0 0
Pittosporaceae 1 1 0 0
Plantaginaceae 1 10 0 0
Platanaceae 1 1 0 1
Plumbaginaceae 3 4 0 0
Polemoniaceae 2 3 0 0
Polygalaceae 1 7 4 0
Polygonaceae 6 37 0 0
Portulacaceae 2 2 0 0
Primulaceae 9 22 2 0
Punicaceae 1 1 0 0
Pyrolaceae 4 6 0 0
Ranunculaceae 19 95 18 0
Resedaceae 1 4 0 0
Rhamnaceae 4 12 3 0
Rosaceae 27 196 30 70
Rubiaceae 5 35 1 0
Rutaceae 4 6 2 0
Salicaceae 2 28 10 8
Santalaceae 2 10 0 0
Sapindaceae 1 1 0 0
Saxifragaceae 2 22 2 1
Simaroubaceae 1 1 0 0
Solanaceae 10 18 2 0
Staphyleaceae 1 1 0 0
Styracaceae 1 1 0 0
Tamaricaceae 1 4 0 0
Tetragoniaceae 1 1 0 0
Telygonaceae 1 1 0 0
Tiliaceae 1 4 3 2
Tymelaeaceae 2 7 0 0
Trapaceae 1 1 0 0
Tropaeolaceae 1 3 0 0
Ulmaceae 2 7 2 1
Urticaceae 2 5 0 0
Valerianaceae 3 12 3 0
Verbenaceae 2 2 0 0
Violaceae 1 25 8 1
Vitaceae 2 6 2 0
Zannichelliaceae 1 1 0 0
Zygophyllaceae 1 1 0 0
Liliatae
Agavaceae 1 1 0 0
Alismataceae 2 4 0 0
Amaryllidaceae 4 9 1 0
Araceae 4 6 0 0
Arecaceae (=Palmae) 2 2 0 0
Butomaceae 1 1 0 0
Cannaceae 1 1 0 0
Commeliniaceae 2 2 0 0
Cyperaceae 10 122 10 0
Dioscoreaceae 1 1 0 0
Hydrocharitaceae 4 4 0 0
Iridaceae 6 22 3 ++
Juncaceae 2 34 14 0
Juncaginaceae 1 3 0 0
Lemnaceae 3 4 0 0
Liliaceae 26 96 2 0
Najadaceae 1 2 0 0
Orchidaceae 23 69 35 7
Potamogetonaceae 2 16 0 3
Poaceae
(=Gramineae)
76 236 67 6
Posidoniaceae 1 1 0 0
Ruppiaceae 1 2 0 0
Scheuchzeriaceae 1 1 0 0
Sparganiaceae 1 4 3 0
Typhaceae 1 3 0 0
Zosteraceae 1 2 0 0
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relikti koji su se zadrali u refugijumima,
kao to su klisure, kanjoni i planinski
cirkovi.
Zbog organske osjetljivosti biljnog
materijala relativno mali je broj ouvanih
paleoendema. U ovoj skupini naroito su
poznati predstavni ci si l i katni h i
karbonatnih algi, a iz skupine viih biljaka
razliiti predstavnici etinara, te
drvenastih oblika kao to su breze, lijeska,
hrastovi i bukve.
Zanimljivo je da u grupi cijanobakterija i
algi nisu zabiljeeni i do sada opisani
endemini oblici na prostoru BiH. To
nikako ne znai da u ovom svijetu istinske
divljine ne postoje brojne floristike
unikatnosti, vezane, prije svega, za
ekoloki specifina stanita (planinski
izvori, kraka vrela, polupeine, sedrene
naslage, termalni izvori, te refugijumi,
posebno u podruju starih vulkanskih
stijena), koje inae odlikuje endeminost
mahovina, papratnjaa, a naroito
sjemenjaa.
Dananje spoznaje iniciraju potrebu hitne
revizije i detaljne inventarizacije algi i
cijanobakterija.
Najvei broj endeminih oblika (rodova,
vrsta, podvrsta i niih taksonomskih
kategorija) utvren je u flori viih biljaka,
gdje dosadanje procjene ukazuju na
postojanje 450 endeminih taxa. Novija
istraivanja nesumnjivo indiciraju znatno
vei broj endema, posebno u okviru
rodova koji su jo nedovoljno istraeni
kao to su Alchemilla, Potentilla, Rosa,
Rubus, Hieracium, Centaurea, Carex i
Festuca.
Naroitu posebnost flori viih biljaka BiH
daju brojni stenoendemi (tabela 11).
Naziv taksona

Rasprostranjenost
Prijedlog
kategorije
ugroenosti
Acinos orontius (K. Maly) ili
Izmeu Konjica i Glavatieva, oko Glavatieva, u
kanjonu Rakitnice, epa kod Konjica, dolina
Treetnice, Vrtaljica, Suhi do, Zlatar, kod Vrbljana,
Piria u okolini Podoraca, kod piljana, Bigolja
V
Alyssum moellendorfianum
Aschers. ex G. Beck
Dolomitne padine Prenja: dolina Treanice,
izmeu Konjica i piljana, Koznik kod Konjica, kod
Vrabca, Borak, Galat, Orlov Kuk kod Glavatieva,
pri uu Rakitnice u Neretvu, Borako jezero
Glavatievo
E
Asperula hercegovina Degen Prenj, vrsnica, abulja, Vele R
Barbarea bosniaca Murb. Bosna; endem centralnih Dinarida R
Campanula hercegovina Degen
& Fiala
vrsnica, Prenj, abulja, Vele, Plasa
R
Centaurea bosniaca (Murb.)
Hayek
Vranica, Vitrua, Zec pl., Vukua pl., Vis kod
Kalesije, Tatinica, Ravna pl.
V
C. murbeckii Hayek
Igman, Plazenica pl., Kupres, Bjelanica pl. kod
Gacka, Vele, Lukomir, Obalj
V
Dianthus freynii Vandas Prenj, vrsnica Plasa V
Edraianthus hercegovinus K.
Maly
vrsnica
R
E. niveus G. Beck Vranica, Zec pl., Vitreua pl. R
Euphorbia gregersenii K. Maly
Dolina Gostovi potoka (Kamenica) i njegovih
pritoka: Kamenica i Suha, Vele, Borik kod
Borovnice, na Tajanu
R
Tabela 11. - Stenoendemi Bosne i Hercegovine
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Taxon name Distribution
Proposal of
threats cat-
egory
Acinos orontius (K. Maly) ili
Between Konjic and Glavatievo, around Glavatievo,
in the canyon of Rakitnica, epa at Konjic, valley of
Treetnica, Vrtaljica, Suhi do, Zlatar, near Vrbljani, Piria
in the surrounding of Podoraac, at piljani, Bigolje
V
Alyssum moellendorfanum
Aschers. ex G. Beck
Dolomite slopes of Prenj Mt.: valley of Treanica,
between Konjic and piljani, Koznik at Konjic, by
Vrabac, Borak, Galat, Orlov Kuk at Glavatievo,
near watermouth of the Rakitnice river, Borako
jezero Glavatievo
E
Asperula hercegovina Degen Prenj Mt., vrsnica Mt., abulja Mt., Vele Mt. R
Barbarea bosniaca Murb. Bosnia; endem of the mid Dinaric Alps R
Campanula hercegovina Degen
& Fiala
vrsnica Mt., Prenj Mt., abulja Mt., Vele Mt.,
Plasa
R
Centaurea bosniaca (Murb.)
Hayek
Vranica Mt., Vitrua, Zec Mt., Vukua Mt., Vis at
Kalesija, Tatinica, Ravna Mt.
V
C. murbeckii Hayek
Igman Mt., Plazenica Mt., Kupres, Bjelanica Mt.,
at Gacko, Vele Mt., Lukomir, Obalj
V
Dianthus freynii Vandas Prenj Mt., vrsnica Mt., Plasa Mt. V
Edraianthus hercegovinus K.
Maly
vrsnica Mt. R
E. niveus G. Beck Vranica Mt., Zec Mt., Vitreua Mt. R
Euphorbia gregersenii K. Maly
Valley of the Gostovi brook (Kamenica) and its
tributaries: Kamenica and Suha, Vele, Borik at
Borovnica, on Tajan hills
R
species, tertiary and glacial relicts main-
tained in refugial habitats, such as clifs, can-
yons and mountain cirques.
Because of sensitivity of their organic struc-
ture, there is only few preserved paleoen-
demic species. Tis group includes famous
representatives of silicate and carboniferous
alges, higher plants with conifers and trees,
such as birch, haselnut, oak and beech.
It is very interesting that among cyanophytes
and alges havent been recorded endemic
forms in B&H till now, which doesnt mean
that in this world of true wilderness miss fo-
ristic uniquenesses bound to, frst of all, spe-
cifc habitats (mountain springs, karst wells,
half-caves, tuf depositions, thermal sources,
and refugia, especially around old volcanic
rocks) characterized by endemisms of moss-
es, ferns and spermatophytes.
Current information confrm the need afer
review and establishment of detailed inven-
tory of alges and cyanophytes.
Most of endemic forms (genera, species, sub-
species and lower taxonomic categories) is
recognized within the fora of higher plants,
which at current state of knowledge is es-
timated to have 450 endemic taxa. Newly
undertaken investigations indicate that this
number is much bigger, especially as far as
poorly investigated genera are concerned,
such as: Alchemilla, Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus,
Hieracium, Centaurea, Carex, Festuca.
Flora of higher plants in B&H is also charac-
terized by stenoendemic species (Table 11.).
Table 11. Stenoendemic plants of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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E. hercegovina Beck
Zvekua, padine Zlatara, izmeu Podoraca i
Konjica, Suhi do, dolina Ljute kod Bigolja i Priepe
R
Melampyrum trichocalicinum
Vandas
Glogovo pl., klanac Risovca Aleksin Han kod
Jablanice, Pribilje u dolini Rakitnice, u dolini
Doljanke kod Doljana, Skok na Prenj pl.,
Orahovica kod Nemile, Brasina pl., iznad Bijelog
polja, klanac Risovca, kod Jablanice, u dolini
Rakitnice kod Blaca
V
Minuartia handelii Mattf. vrsnica Veliki Vilinac E
Oxytropis prenja (G. Beck) G.
Beck in Reichenb. & Reichenb.
Fil.
Prenj, vrsnica, Vran, Plasa,
V
Potentilla heptaphylla L. subsp.
velezensis (Beck) Bjeli
Prenj, vrsnica, abulja, Vele, Preslica
K
Seseli hercegovinum K. Maly
Karaula, Aleksin han, Prenj, vrsnica, Grabovica,
Neretva, ue Dive Grabovice, iznad ua
Drenice u Neretvu, Glogovo
V
Symphyandra hofmannii
Pantocsek
Centralna Bosna: oblast srednjeg toka rijeke
Bosne i Vrbasa, Vranica dolina rijeke Kozice, u
blizini Brkog
-
Viola beckiana Fiala
Smolin kod epa, Stolovac izmeu Donjeg
Vakufa i Jajca, Izmeu Bugojna i Kupresa, Han
Koprivnica, Stoer Plazenica
K
V. prenja G. Beck Prenj K
Prema rasprostranjenosti navedenih
stenoendema moe se zakljuiti da se vie
od polovine nalazi u Hercegovini i to na
planinskom kompleksu Prenj-vrsnica-
Vele i u kanjonu Neretve, kao i
kanjonima njenih pritoka. Ovi podaci idu
u prilog tvrdnji da se upravo tu nalazi
naj vei endemski centar Bosne i
Hercegovine (Bjeli & ili, 1971).
Osim endema iskljuivo vezanih za
bosanskohercegovaki teritorij, znatno
vei broj je onih iji areal obuhvata i druga
podruja Dinarida, te Balkanskog
poluotoka. Ipak, za veinu njih razvojni
centar je neki od refugijuma u Bosni i
Hercegovini.
Onosma stellulata
Waldst. & Kit.
Asch. ex Beck
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Te distribution range of above given stenoen-
demic species leads us to the conclusion that
more than one half of them occur in Herze-
govina, within the area of mountain complex
Prenj-vrsnica-Vele and canyon of the Neretva
river, as well as canyons of its tributaries. Tese
data confrm the statement that it is the centre of
endemism in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Beside endemic species that are exclusively
bound to the territory of Bosnia and Herze-
govina, here occur plants whose distribution
range extend on other areas of the Dinaric
Alps and Balkan peninsula. However, disper-
sal centres for most of them are to be found
within refugia of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E. hercegovina Beck
Zvekua, slopes of Zlatar, between Podoraac and
Konjic, Suhi do, valley of Ljuta at Bigolje and Priepa
R
Melampyrum trichocalicinum
Vandas
Glogovo Mt., gorge of Risovac Aleksin Han at
Jablanica, Pribilje in the valley of Rakitnica, in
the valley of Doljanka at Doljani, Skok on Prenj
Mt., Orahovica at Nemila, Brasina Mt., above Bi-
jelo polje, at Jablanica, in the valley of Rakitnica
at Blaca
V
Minuartia handelii Mattf. vrsnica Mt. Veliki Vilinac E
Oxytropis prenja (G. Beck) G.
Beck in Reichenb. & Reichenb.
Fil.
Prenj Mt., vrsnica Mt., Vran Mt., Plasa V
Potentilla heptaphylla L. subsp.
velezensis (Beck) Bjeli
Prenj Mt., vrsnica Mt., abulja Mt., Vele Mt.,
Preslica
K
Seseli hercegovinum K. Maly
Karaula, Aleksin han, Prenj Mt., vrsnica Mt.,
Grabovica, Neretva river, Diva Grabovica, upstream
from watermouth of Drenica river, Glogovo
V
Symphyandra hofmannii Pan-
tocsek
central Bosnia: around mid fow of the Bosna and
Vrbas river, Vranica Mt. valley of the Kozica
river, surrounding of Brko
-
Viola beckiana Fiala
Smolin at epe, Stolovac between Donji Vakuf
and Jajce, between Bugojno and Kupres, Han Ko-
privnica, Stoer Plazenica
K
V. prenja G. Beck Prenj Mt. K
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Slika 4. Rasprostranjenost nekih endeminih i rijetkih vrsta na prostoru BiH
Campanula cochlearifolia Lam.
Campanula hercegovina Degen & Fiala

Campanula hercegovina
Campanula waldsteiniana
Campanula moesiaca
Campanula portenschlagiana
Campanula velebitica
Campanulacochlearifolia
Campanula latifolia
Campanula sibirica
Campanula pyramidalis
Campanula thyrsoides
Acinos orontius
Minuartia hendelii
Halacsya sendtneri
Saxifraga prenja
Lilium bosniacum
Symphyandra hofmannii
Gentiana dinarica
Campanula pyramidalis
Picea omorika
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Fig. 4. Distribution range of some endemic plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Pritisci na floru sjemenjaa
Zbog svoje bioloke senzitivnosti, te razliitih
tipova pritisaka koji traju i vijekovima
(intenzivno obeumljavanje, erozija zemljita,
poremeaji vodnog reima, isuivanje, te
ekploatacija mineralnih i biolokih resursa)
evidentan je i ozbiljan stepen ugroenosti
vaskularne flore BiH.
Prema procjenama preliminarne liste biljaka
za Crvenu knjigu (ili, 1996), a cijenei
kriterije Internacionalne unije za konzervaciju
biodiverziteta, procijenjeno je da preko 600
taxa (vrsta, podrvrsta, varijeteta i formi ) ima
odreeni stepen ugroenosti ivotnog
statusa.
Ukoliko se uzmu u obzir faktori koji openito
u sadanjosti ugroavaju raznolikost ivog
svijeta, pa tako i komponentu biljnog svijeta,
onda se oni mogu svesti na najrazliitije
oblike negativnog djelovanja ovjeka na
prirodu tj. uticaja antropogenog faktora. Ovaj
uticaj se ogleda kroz:
lefekte globalnih klimatskih promjena praenih kiselim kiama i prekomjernim
zagrijavanjem;
lkonverziju prirodnih stanita u antropogena;
lprekomjernu deforestaciju;
lisuivanju movarnih stanita;
lkonverziju umskih stanita;
lprekomjernu ispau i eroziju zemljita u visokoplaninskim podrujima;
lneuravnoteenu eksploataciju mineralnih resursa;
linvazivne vrste koje zauzimaju ekoloke nie autohtonih vrsta;
lprekomjernu eksplotaciju privredno vanih vrsta.
Alohtona flora
Pod alohtonom florom podrazumijevaju se
vrste koje su u ekosisteme BiH dospjele na
razliite naine iz drugih geografskih
podruja, a odravaju se u kulturama, i
dijelom, u slobodnoj prirodi.
Visok stepen heterogenosti bosansko-
hercegovakih stanita otvara ivotni prostor
i za mnoge alohtone vrste. Na osnovu
raspoloivih podataka procjenjuje se da se na
teritoriju Bosne i Hercegovine nalazi i vie od
500 razliitih alohtonih vrsta, od kojih su se
mnoge adaptirale na prirodna stanita.
Znaajan broj vrsta egzistira samo u kulturi i
nj ihov opstanak zavisi od razliitih
intervencija i brige ovjeka (mnoge ukrasne
vrste, te veina biljnih genetikih resursa).
Dianthus freynii Vandas
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Because of its sensitivity in biological respect,
and diferent kind of pressures that have been
ongoing for centuries (intensive deforesta-
tion, soil erosion, disturbances of water re-
gime, drainage, exploitation of mineral and
biological resources), vascular fora of Bosnia
and Herzegovina is severly threatened.
According to the assessment based on the
preliminary plants list that was compiled
for the Red Book (ili, 1992-1995), and fol-
lowing criteria of the International Union for
Conservation of Nature, there are over 600
taxa under certain threat (species, sub-spe-
cies, varietes and forms).
If we take into account factors that currently
endanger biodiversity in general, and by that
also its herbal component, we can classify
them into diferent forms of negative human
impacts, so called anthropogenous impacts.
Tese are refected through:
Pressures on fora of spermatophytes
t Efects of global climate changes followed by acid rain and over-heating;
t Conversion of natural habitats into anthropogenic ones;
t Over-deforestation;
t Drainage of wetlands;
t Conversion of woods habitats;
t Over-grazing and soil erosion in highmountain areas;
t Unbalanced exploitation of mineral resources;
t Invasive species that take ecological niches of autochtonous ones;
t Over-exploitation of economically important species.
An alien fora addresses species that have
come into ecosystems of B&H by diferent
means from diferent geographical regions,
and exercise their efects on crops and par-
tially in free nature.
High heterogeneity level of habitats in B&H
provides living space for numerous alien
species. Based on available records, it is es-
timated that on the territory of Bosnia and
Herzegovina occur more than 500 alien spe-
cies, of which many got adapted in natural
habitats. Signifcant number of them lives
only in crops, for their survival depends on
human intervention and care (many orna-
mental species, majority of herbal genetic
resources).
Alien fora
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DIVERSITY OF
FAUNA
Pokuaji inventarizacije i sistematizacije
recentnog ivotinjskog svijeta suoavaju
se sa dva osnovna i velika problema :
lrazliit pristup u taksonomskom
razvrstavanju;
lprocjena stvarnog, odnosno potencij
alnog broja vrsta, unutarvrstnih
kategorija i rodova.
Slijedei pristup savremenih autora,
carstvo ivotinja se diferencira na
izuzetno veliki broj filuma. Prema Miller-
u i Harley-u (1999), Protozoa se difere-
ncira na 7, a Metazoa na 36 filuma. Prema
Pechenik-u (1996) meutim, carstvo
ivotinja se diferencira na 16 filuma
Protozoa i 32 filuma Metazoa.
Slijedei najnoviju EUNIS klasifikaciju,
ovo carstvo se danas diferencira na 43
filuma. Upravo je ovaj pokuaj dosljednog
klasificiranja rezultirao suprotstavljenim
shvatanjima po pitanju obuhvatnosti
pojedinih filuma.
Procjena stvarnog i potencijalnog broja
ivotinjskih vrsta u BiH predstavlja jedan
od najozbiljnih problema. Unato
injenici da ivimo u 21. vijeku, veliki broj
vrsta, pa i itavih filuma, naroito
beskimenjaka, i dalje predstavlja veliku
nepoznanicu za nauku. Najsupro-
tstavljeniji stavovi, kada je u pitanju
procjena stvarnog specijskog diverziteta,
odnose se upravo na grupu beski-
menjaka. Stoga, postoji ozbiljna opasnost
da mnoge od ovih vrsta i nestanu pod
razliitim pritiscima savremenog ovjeka,
a da nikada nisu ni bile poznate naunoj
javnosti. Kolike su stvarne tete usljed
nepoznavanj a i nei skori t avanj a
unikatnog genofonda, sadranog u
svijetu divljine, izuzetno je teko
pr oc i j eni t i danas r as pol oi vi m
metodologijama, ali je sasvim sigurno da
su one velike i dugorone.
GLOBALNI DIVERZITET FAUNE
Unato brojnosti pojedinih ivotinjskih
grupa, te vi sokom stepenu nj i hove
neistraenosti, do sada u Bosni i Hercegovini
nisu uinjeni obimniji poduhvati u
inventarizaciji i objedinjavanju znanja. I
pored izraenog entuzijazma zoologa u
sistematiziranju znanja, fauna Bosne i
Hercegovine ni izbliza nije kompletirana.
Nivoi istraenosti pojedinih ivotinjskih vrsta
su razliiti. Meu bolje istraenim su fauna
sisara, ptica, riba i leptira.
U okviru grupe beskimenjaka postoje podaci o
procjeni broja vrsta i ukupnom taksonomskom
diverzitetu, za pojedine grupe kao to su:
Annelida (maloekinjai), Hirudinea
(pijavice), Oribatidae (krpelji), Crustacea
(rakovi), i neke grupe Insecta (insekti), a meu
posljednjim su naroito dobro istraene:
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera,
Ropalocera, te predstavnici pedofaune
(Colembolla, Protura i Myriapoda).
DIVERZITET FAUNE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Bosna i Hercegovina, na osnovu broja
pojedinih ivotinjskih grupa, te njihove
raznosvrsnosti kao i diverziteta faune
uope, spada u sami vrh evropskog
biodiverziteta, to se manifestuje i kroz
visok udio endeminih i reliktnih vrsta,
naroi t o u poj edi ni m odj el j ci ma
beskimenjaka. Posebnu specifinost
fauni BiH daje prisustvo refugijuma i
razvojnih centara unikatne faune u
mnogobroj nim krakim izvorima,
planinskim potocima, te kanjonima.
Pokuaji sistematizacije raspoloivih
podataka o fauni Bosne i Hercegovine
pokazuj u neuj ednaena znanj a o
pojedinim grupama. Za carstvo Protozoa
Istraenost
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GLOBAL DIVERSITY OF FAUNA
An attempt to make an inventory and sys-
tematic overview of recent animal world has
been facing two major obstacles:
t Diferences in taxonomic approach;
t Assessment of actual, or potential, num-
ber of species, intraspecies categories and
genera.
Respecting the approach of modern authors,
animal kingdom is divided into numerous
phyla. Afer Miller and Harley (1999), Pro-
tozoa is divided into 7, and Metazoa into 36
phyla. Afer Pechenik (1996), however, ani-
mal kingdom consists of 16 phyla of Proto-
zoa and 32 phyla of Metazoa.
According to the most recent EUNIS clas-
sifcation, this kingdom today consists of 43
phyla. Tis is a classifcation attempt, which
resulted in contrary opinions regarding phy-
lums extent.
To assess the actual and potential number of
animal species in B&H is the most sever prob-
lem of all. Despite the fact that we are living
in the 21st century, there are many species
or even entire phyla, especially invertebrates,
that are considered to be a mistery to modern
science. Te assessment of real species diver-
sity within invertebrates causes the most op-
posite standpoints. Hence, there is a serious
threat that some of these species could be-
come extinct due to impacts of a modern hu-
man society before they even get discovered.
It is hard to quantify, by currently available
methodology, a damage caused by ignorance
and neglection of this unique gen pool, but it
is for sure that the damage would have severe
and long-termed consequences.
Despite of the abundance of distinct animal
groups and the fact that they are being unex-
plored, in Bosnia and Herzegovina hasnt been
undertaken any action to make an inventory
and compile existing knowledge. Although some
zoologist confrm their enormous enthusiasm
by attempts to organize the knowledge in more
systematic manner, the fauna of Bosnia and
Herzegovina is far from being full.
Tere are diferences among distinct animal
groups regarding the achieved investigation lev-
el. Te fauna of fsh, birds and butterfies is the
best investigated.
As far as invertebrates are concerned, there are
some assessments done on the species number
and taxonomic diversity of several groups, such
as: Annelida (segmented worms), Hirudinea
(leeches), Oribatidae (ticks), Crustacea (crabs),
Insecta (insects). Te latter includes some well
investigated groups: Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,
Trichoptera, Ropalocera, and representatives of
pedofauna Colembolla, Protura and Myriapoda.
Investigation level
DIVERSITY OF FAUNA IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Tanks to the abundance and diversity of
certain animal groups, as well as diversity
of fauna in general, Bosnia and Herzegovina
belongs to the top of European biodiversity.
Tis is also confrmed by great deal of en-
demic and relict species, especially among
the invertebrates. B&Hs fauna is character-
ized by the occurence of refugia and develop-
ment centres, and by the most unique fauna
of karst sources, mountain torrents and can-
yons.
Te attempt to compile records on fauna of
Bosnia and Herzegovina has recognized un-
even knowledge level by groups. For the reg-
num of Protozoa, there are missing data on
species and phylla that have been identifed
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Filum (tip, koljeno, razred)
Broj
porodica
Broj
rodova
Predpost.
br. vrsta
Broj
vrsta (?)
Endemi
Protozoa: Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliophora ? ? ??
Porifera: Demospongiae 1 3 ?4
Placozoa 1 1 ?1
Cnidaria: Hydrozoa,Scyphozoa i Anthozoa ? ? 50 ??
Ctenophora ? 3 3 ?
Plathelminthes:Turbellaria, Trematodes i Cestodes ? ? 98
Gnathostomulida, Mesozoa, Rhynchocoela ? ? ?
Nematoda: Nemata ? ? 103
Nematomorpha: Nectonematoidea, Gordioidea 4 ? 20
Acanthocephala ? ? 30 ? ?
Priapulida, Rotifera ? ? ?
Gastrotricha 13 ? 50
Kinorhyncha: Echinoderida ? 3 -3
Loriciphera ? ? ?
Mollusca: Polyplacophora 13 ?
Mollusca: Aplacophora 24
Mollusca: Monoplacophora 1
Mollusca: Gastropoda 330
Mollusca: Bivalvia 90
Mollusca: Scaphopoda 8
Mollusca: Cephalopoda 44
uglavnom nedostaju podaci o prisutnim
vrstama i filumima na podruju Bosne i
Hercegovine. Filumi Metazoa, kao to su
Platihelminthes, Nemertina, Nematoda,
Rotatoria, Pogonophora su grupe koje su
malo ili nikako istraivane u Bosni i
Hercegovini.
Na aktuelnom nivou saznanja o carstvu
ivotinja moe se govoriti o procjeni
stanja biodiverziteta po filogenetikim
grupama, kako je prikazano u tabeli 12:
Tabela 12. Procjena biodiverziteta ivotinja Bosne i Hercegovine
Diverzitet beskimenjaka
Beskimenjaci predstavljaju najbrojniju i
najraznovrsniju grupu unutar ivog
svijeta, kako na globalnom, regionalnom,
tako i na lokalnom nivou. Razliite vrste
beskimenjaka ine okosnicu biodive-
rziteta bosansko-hercegovake faune, dok
sa druge strane, upravo beskimenjaci
predstavljaju i najslabije istraene
organizme.
Tabela 13. Prikaz biodiverziteta faune po filogenetskim grupama
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Phyllum (typ, division, class)
Number
of fami-
lies
Number of
genera
Presumed
number
of species
Number
of spe-
cies(?)
Endemic
species
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in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Phylla of Meta-
zoa, such as Platihelminthes, Nemertina,
Nematoda, Rotatoria, Pogonophora happen
to be the least, or not at all investigated in
Based on the actual knowledge of animal
kingdom we can make the assessment of bio-
diversity by phylogenetic groups, as shown
in Table 12:
Table 12. Assessment of animal diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Te invertebrates are both the most numer-
ous and the most diverse group of living
world on global, regional and local scale. Te
framework of B&Hs fauna diversity is made
by diferent invertebrates groups, while they,
at the same time, represent the least investi-
gated group of organisms.
Table 13. Overview of invertebrates diversity in B&H by phylogenetic groups
Animal group
Number of
families
Number of
genera
Total number
of species
Number of threat-
ened species in
B&H
Number of threat-
ened species in
Europe
Number of endemic
species
Fish 27 69 119 ? 110 12
Amphibians 7 8 20 3 6 6
Reptiles 12 26 38 11 10 12
Birds 60 165 326 97 78 -
Mammals 19 51 (2?) 85 (+2?) 24 52 9
Total 125 319 (2?) 588 (2?) 135 256 39
Pentastomida 1 1 2 ? -
Annelida:Polychaeta
Annelida: Oligocheta 5 19 50
Annelida: Hirudinea 3 7 8
Annelida: Branchiobdellida
Echiura, Sipuncula, Pogonophora
Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Arachnida:Acarina 48 84 208
Arthropoda: Chelicerata: Merostomata, Pycnogonida
Arthropoda: Crustacea: Malacostraca: Amphipoda 1 8 31
Arthropoda: Crustacea: Malacostraca: Decapoda 1 2 5
Arthropoda: Crustacea: Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda,
Ostracoda, Mystacocarida, Copepoda, Branchiura,
Pentastomida, Tantulocarida, Remipedia, Cirripedia

Arthropoda: Chilopoda ? ? 60 9 ?
Arthropoda: Diplopoda ? ? 80 55 ?
Arthropoda: Pauropoda 4 9 25 23 ?
Arthropoda: Symphila 2 7 15 12 ?
Arthropoda: Insecta ? ? 30.000
Arthropoda: Insecta: Colembola ? ? 255 224
Arthropoda: Insecta: Ephemeroptera 9 20 60 58
Arthropoda: Insecta: Plecoptera 7 15 80 74
Arthropoda: Insecta: Trichoptera 19 78 220 215
Arthropoda: Insecta: Protura ? ? 25 18
Arthropoda: Insecta: Diplura ? ? 20 15
Arthropoda: Insecta: Zygentoma ? 2 2 2
Arthropoda: Insecta: Mantodea 2 3 4 4
Arthropoda: Insecta: Blattodea 3 5 20 17
Arthropoda: Insecta: Heteroptera ? ? 1.000 705
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Adephaga 5 ? 1.000 701
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga ? ? 10.000 6.000
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Lymexylidae 1 1 1
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Buprestidae ? 150 129
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Hydrophilidae
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Sphaeridiidae
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Sphaeritiidae 1 1 1
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Dascillidae 1 1 1
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Trogidae 1 3 3
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Geotrupidae 3 9 9
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Scarabaeidae 45 160 159
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Lucanidae 6 7 7
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Chrysomelidae ? 350 322
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Cerambicidae ? 220 218
Arthropoda: Ins.: Col., Polyphaga: Scolytidae
Arthropoda: Insecta: Lepidoptera 58 785 3.000 1.622
Arthropoda: Insecta: Caelifera ? ? 70 70
Arthropoda: Insecta: Ensifera ? ? 85 85
Arthropoda: Ins., Hymenoptera 21 ? 5.000 353
Tardigrad: Heterotardigrada 31
Tardigrad: Mesotardigrada, Eutardigrada
Onychophora 0 0 0 0 0
Phoronida 1 1 1 -
Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Entoprocta
Echinodermata: Crinoidea ? 2 3
Echinodermata: Holothurioidea ? 3 2 (3)
Echinodermata: Echinoidea ? 5 5
Echinodermata: Asteroidea ? 5 6
Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea ? 3 4
Chaetognatha: Sagittoidea ? ? 13
55 55 ?
47 ? 60
30 ? 30
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Karakteristike biodiverziteta limnofaune
Diverzitet stanita, kako vodenih tako i
kopnenih ekosistema, na horizontalnom i
vertikalnom profilu Bosne i Hercegovine,
uslovio je razvoj diverziteta brojnih vrsta
beskimenjaka.
U okviru faune Metazoa Bosne i
Hercegovine se procj enj uj e visok
diverzitet, mada veina ovih ivotinjskih
grupa jo nije dovoljno istraena.
Tabela 13 daje pregled pretpostavljenog
broja vrsta odreenih grupa beski-
menj aka, a naroito Arthropoda
(zglavkara). U zavisnosti od nivoa
prouenosti, te stvarne brojnosti, cijeni se
da meu najbrojnije grupa spadaju neke
vrste insekata: Coleoptera (tvrdokrilaca),
Lepidoptera (leptira) i Hymenoptera
(opnokrilaca).
Usljed raznolikosti vodenih stanita, kao i
prisustva razliitih oblika vodotoka,
limnofauna beskimenjaka Bosne i Herce-
govine je veoma raznovrsna. Samo u
grupi mal oeki nj aa utvreno j e
postojanje 50 vrsta koje se svrstavaju u 19
Grafikon 4. Diverzitet maloekinjaa (a) i pijavica (b) u BiH
Grafikon 5. Diverzitet vodenih cvjetova (a) i kamenjarki (b) u BiH
Pijavice (Hirudinea) su djelimino
istraene. Prema trenutno raspoloivim
podacima, vodene ekosisteme naseljava 8
vrsta iz 7 rodova.
Rijeni rakovi (Amphipoda) zastupljeni
su 31 vrstom, od kojih su ak 16
endeminog karaktera. U slivu gornjeg
toka rijeke Neretve zabiljeeno je
znaajno prisustvo rijenih rakova iz
skupine desetonoaca. U Borakom
jezeru je 2002. godine zapaena brojna
populacija vrste Astacus astacus, a u slivu
r i j e ke Bos ne popul a c i j a vr s t e
Austropotamobius torentium.
Za bosanskohercegovake slatkovodne
ekosisteme, veoma je karakteristina
fauna vodenih insekata, koja se odlikuje
visokim diverzitetom i endeminou.
Tako faunu vodenih cvjetova ini 58 vrsta
iz 20 rodova od kojih su pet oblika
dinarski, balkanski ili dinarsko-alpski
endemi.
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Te diversity of habitats both aquatic and ter-
restrial ones, on horizontal and vertical pro-
fle of Bosnia and Herzegovina, has promoted
a diversifcation of many invertebrates.
Tough majority of those species hasnt been
enough explored so far, there are numerous
animal groups because of which fauna of
Metazoa of Bosnia and Herzegovina is con-
sidered to be highly diverse.
Table 13 gives an overview of the forseen
species number for some groups of inverte-
brates, this comes especially to Arthropoda.
In correlation with the achieved investiga-
tion level and realized abundance, it is as-
sessed that groups with greatest abundancy
are some of insects: Coleoptera (beetles),
Lepidoptera (butterfies) and Hymenoptera
(sawfies).
Characteristics of limnofaunas diversity
Due to the diversity of aquatic habitats, and
the occurence of diferent kind of watercours-
es, limnofauna of invertebrates of Bosnia and
Herzegovina ought to be very diverse. Tere
are 50 species among annelids that belong to
19 genera.
Graph. 4. Diversity of annelids (a) and leaches (b) in B&H
Graph. 5. Diversity of mayfies (a) and stonefies (b) in B&H
Leaches (Hirudinea) have been only partially
investigated. According to currently obtain-
able records, in water ecosystems live 8 spe-
cies belonging to 7 genera.
River crustaceans (Amphipoda) encompass
31 species, of which 16 are endemic ones.
In upper fow of Neretva river it was noted
signifcante abundance of river crustaceans
belonging to decapods.In 2002, inBorako
lake was recognized large population of Asta-
cus astacus, while in the confuence of Bosna
river the same kind of observation was made
for Austropotamobius torentium.
For freshwater ecosystems in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the most characteristic is fauna
of aquatic insects, with high level of the di-
versity and endemism. Tus, fauna of may-
fies comprises 58 species belonging to 20
genera, of which fve are dinaric, balkan or
dinaric-alpine endemic species.
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U fauni kamenjarki (Plecoptera) do sada
su zabiljeene 74 vrste iz 15 rodova. ak
13 taksona su endemi koji pripadaju
rodovima: Brachyptera (3), Leuctra (4),
Isoperla (3), Perla (1), Siphonoperla (1) i
Chloroperla (1). Vrste Leuctra aptera i
Leuctra jahorinensis su svojim arealom
ograniene na prostor Bosne i Herce-
govine.
Grafikon 6. Diverzitet vodenih moljaca u BiH
Tabela 14. - Endemine vrste reda Ephemeroptera opisane na prostoru Bosne i
Hercegovine
U vodenoj fauni insekata brojnu grupu
ine vodeni moljci (tulari), unutar kojih je
utvreno prisustvo ak 215 vrsta iz 78
rodova. Od ovog broja ak 50 vrsta imaju
karaktere endema, a 24 vrste meu njima
su dinarski endemi. Najinteresantniji je
rod Drusus koji nastanjuje izvorine vode
Bosne i Hercegovine.
Stanita sa visokim diverzitetom
vodenih insekata (Duman, Livno)
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Endemic species of Dinaric Alps Endemic species of Balkan peninsula Dinaric-alpine endemic species
Table 14. Endemic species of Ephemeroptera described in Bosnia and Herzegovina
In the fauna of stonefies (Plecoptera), it has
been described 74 species from 15 genera.
Tere are 13 endemic taxa belonging to genera:
Brachyptera (3), Leuctra (4), Isoperla (3), Perla
(1), Siphonoperla (1) and Chloroperla (1). Dis-
tribution range of Leuctra aptera and Leuctra
jahorinensis is limited and relates exclusively to
the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the aquatic fauna of insects, water moths
(caddisfies) ought to be numerous group with
215 detected species from 78 genera. From that
number, 50 species possess endemic character
and 24 of them are endemic ones with the di-
naric distribution range. Te most interesting
is genus Drusus inhabiting water of Bosnia
and Herzegovina at sources itselfs.
Graph. 6. Diversity of water moths in B&H
Habitat of high diversity of
aquatic insects (Duman, Livno)
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I pored obimnijeg istraivanja grupe
krpelja (Oribatida) njihova sistematizacija
jo nije kompletna. Posebno interesantne
meu njima su vrste koje naseljavaju
hercegovake peine, od kojih su
endemine: Eremulus simplex Willmann,
1940, Autognata willmanni Willmann,
1941, Chamobates petrinjensis Willmann,
1940 i Carabodes bosniae Frank, 1965. U
umskim, livadskim i ekosistemima
kamenjara na planini Ozren kod Sarajeva
utvrene su jo 63 vrste krpelja. Do danas
je poznato 208 vrsta iz 84 roda, koje ive
na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine.
Slika 5. Distribucija vrsta roda Drusus
u BiH
Pritisci na faunu beskimenjaka
Zbog rastueg antropogenog pritiska,
slika svijeta beskimenjaka u Bosni i
Hercegovini je sigurno pretrpjela prom-
jene. Djelovanju razliitih formi pritisaka
su posebno podloni pripadnici higro-
filnih i hidrofilnih grupa, kao to su
rakovi, vodeni insekti, pijavice i mekuci.
Dominantni pritisci na faunu beskime-
njaka u vodenoj sredini su:
lIntenzivna eutrofikacija tekuica razliitim polutantima organske i anorganske
prirode;
lIntenzivna eutrofikacija usljed podizanja vjetakih akumulacija;
lPromjene u osnovnim fizikalnim svojstvima tekuih voda (kao to je brzina protoka,
koliina vode, termiki i svjetlosni reim) usljed podizanja brana i stvaranja veoma
dubokih hidroakumulacija. Na ovaj nain unitena su prirodna stanita mnogim
organizmima dna (bentosa) u brojnim kanjonima (Neretva, Vrbas, Drina), u kojima
su bili razvojni centri i endemine faune ovih organizama;
lZnaajni poremeaji vodenog reima u izvorinom dijelu tekuica zbog sve
izraenije konverzije umskih stanita u sjeine i krevine, ime se poveavaju
procesi erozije i smanjuju opte rezerve vode u sistemu njenog prirodnog kruenja;
lDirektni zahvati u dno mnogih tekuica (eksploatacija pijeska i ljunka), praeni
odlaganjem komunalnog otpada;
lDeponovanje svih vrsta otpada, ukljuujui tetni i opasni otpad (farmaceutski
otpad, razna ulja, akumulatori, punjenja za rashladne ureaje) na obalama rijeka, pa i
u samim tekuicama;
lNekontrolisana introdukcija alohtonih vrsta ivotinja;
lKontaminacija voda pesticidima i fertilizatorima sa poljoprivrednih povrina;
lSve ea toksifikacija vodotoka hemijskim jedinjenjima (npr. difenili);
lSve intenzivnija konverzija priobalnog pojasa kroz neplansku izgradnju razliitih
objekata, puteva i sline infrastrukture;
lSve ee kaptiranje izvora (centara endeminosti), te preusmjeravanje vodotoka na
poljoprivredne povrine ili u druge slivove.
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Despite undertaken investigations, complete
systematic overview of ticks (Oribatida) hasnt
been done yet. As interesting forms of life it
should be mentioned species that inhabit her-
zegovinas caves. Among them endemic ones
are: Eremulus simplex Willmann, 1940, Autog-
nata willmanni Willmann, 1941, Chamobates
petrinjensis Willmann, 1940 and Carabodes
bosniae Frank, 1965. In forests, meadows and
rocky grassland of Ozren Mt. near Sarajevo
detected were 63 tick species. On the entire
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina exist 208
species belonging to 84 genera identifed up
to now.
Figure 5. Distribution range of the genus Drusus in B&H
Due to increasing human pressures, inver-
tebrates picture in Bosnia and Herzegovina
has undergone major changes. Those pres-
sures specially affect hygrophilous and hy-
drophilous organisms, such as crabs, water
insects, leaches and molluscs. Pressures
onto aquatic invertebrates that prevail are:
t Intensive eutrophication of streams by
diverse both organic and inorganic pollut-
ants;
t Intensive eutrophication due to creation
of artificial lakes;
t Changes of main physical parameters of
streams, such as outf low rate, water quanti-
ties, thermic and light regime due to raising
of dams and creation of very deep hydro-
accumulations. In this way, destroyed are
natural habitats of many benthic organisms
of canyons (Neretva, Vrbas and Drina river)
where used to be development centres of en-
demic fauna;
t Substantial distrubance of water regime
around source area due to conversion of
wood habitats into logged or burned sur-
faces, which promotes erosion process and
decrease of water supplies in the natural
water cycle;
t Direct activities affecting a f luents bot-
tom (sand and gravel extraction), followed
by a disposal of comunal waste;
t Disposal of different sorts of waste mate-
rial, including the toxic and dangerous ones
(pharmaceutical waste, oils, accumulators,
charges of cooling devices), on riverbanks
and even in streams itselfs;
t Uncontrolled introduction of alien ani-
mal species;
t Water pollution by pesticides and fertil-
izers draining from arable land;
t Toxification of watercourses by chemical
compounds (for instance, diphenols);
t Increased conversion of coastal belt areas
by infrastructure for the facilities, which
disagree with physical plan;
t Catchement of springs (which are cen-
tres of endemism), and re-direction of wa-
tercourses into arable land or other conf lu-
ences.
Pressures on fauna of invertebrates
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Kao rezultat djelovanja globalnih i
lokalnih faktora, nastaje i ugroenost
kopnenih beskimenjaka, kao to su
skakavci, zrikavci, mravi, leptiri, tvrdo-
krilci, krpelji, stonoge, mekuci.
Najznaajniji pritisci koji djeluju na
lokalnom nivou su:
lKonverzija stanita, te degradacija zemljita i unitavanje ekolokih nia velikog
broja organizama;
lGubitak prirodnih stanita kroz proces prirodne progradacije brojnih livada i
kamenjara, te drugih otvorenih stanita;
lNitrifikacija humusno-akumulativnih horizonata zemljita kroz razliite
poljoprivredne aktivnosti, ime se direktno ugroavaju organizmi pedofaune;
lPrekomjerna ispaa na pojedinim prostorima (visokoplaninsko podruje Vranice,
Vlaia, vrsnice, Zelengore), koja dovodi do smanjenja produkcije biljnih vrsta za
koje su ivotinje vezane kroz ivotne procese (ishrana, odlaganje jaja, mikrostanita);
lPoari, bujice, poplave;
lIntrodukcija invazivnih vrsta biljaka, a naroito ivotinja koje znaajno mijenjaju
strukturu i funkcionalno ustrojstvo ekolokih nia u datim ekosistemima;
lUpotreba pesticida, te raznih ekostimulcida;
lUrbanizacija, zagaenje vazduha, kisela depozicija (promjena pH vrijednosti
stanita);
lUsmjerena upotreba pesticida za masovno unitavanje, koja djeluje na sve
organizme (insekticidi, moluscidi, herbicidi, fungicidi, rodenticidi).
Kao posljedica navedenih pritisaka,
mnoge ivotinjske vrste su postale
ugroene i nalaze se, naalost, na
Crvenim listama. O stvarnoj ugroenosti
pojedinih grupa beskimenjaka detaljnije
e se moi govoriti nakon izrade Crvene
knjige na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine.
Dananju osnovu za planske akcije ine
aneksi Habitat direktive na kojoj se nalaze
i sljedee vrste insekata sa naeg podruja,
koje zahtijevaju konzervaciju stanita:
Tabela 15. Vrste insekta iz Habitat Direktive koje zahtijevaju konzervaciju stanita
u BiH
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As a result of impacts of global and lo-
cal factors, terrestrial invertebrates, such
as grasshoopers, ants, butterf lies, beetles,
ticks, centipedes and molluscs, get threat-
ened, too.
The most important pressures acting on lo-
cal scale are:
t Conversion of habitats, soils degrada-
tion and destroying of ecological niches for
many organisms;
t Loss of natural habitats through the pro-
cess of progradation of meadows, rock de-
bris communities and other kind of open
habitats;
t Nitrification of humus-acumulative hori-
zon by diverse agricultural activities, which
directly endangers pedofauna;
t Overgrazing in some areas (high-
mountain area of Vranica Mt., Vlai Mt.,
vrsnica Mt., Zelengora Mt.), which leads
to dicrease in yield of plants that animals
are vitally bound to (nutrition, laying eggs,
microhabitats);
t Fires, f loods, currents;
t Introduction of alien species, especially
animals that substantially change the struc-
ture and functionality of niches in consid-
ered ecosystem;
t Usage of pesticides and different kind of
ecostimulus;
t Urbanisation, air pollution, acid deposi-
tion (change in pH value);
t Overuse of pesticides targeted at massive
eradication affecting all organisms (insec-
ticides, molluscides, herbicides, fungicides,
rodenticides).
As a consequence of above listed pressures,
many animals became endangered and got,
unfortunately, in the Red list. It will be pos-
sible to disscuss a real threat of distinct
avertebrates in details, after Red book of
Bosnia and Herzegovina gets done.
Today, our base for planned activities rep-
resent Annexes of Habitats Directive by
which are concerned following insects in-
habiting our territory and requiring habi-
tats conservation:
Table 15. Insects concerned by Habitats Directive, Annex I, in Bosnia & Herzegovina
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A
Slika 6. Distribucija nekih vrsta Lepidoptera iz Habitat direktive u BiH
Fauna kimenjaka u Bosni i Hercegovini je predstavljena sa sljedeim grupama
organizama: ribe (Pisces), vodozemci (Amphibia), gmizavci (Reptilia), ptice (Aves) i
sisari (Mammalia).
Diverzitet kimenjaka
Diverzitet riba (Pisces)
Fauna riba Bosne i Hercegovine je u biogeografskom i ekolokom pogledu
izdiferencirana na dvije grupe: marinsku i slatkovodnu.
Slatkovodne ribe
Zahvaljujui interesu velikog broja
i st rai vaa, f auna ri ba Bosne i
Hercegovine je relativno dobro istraena.
Zvanini podaci o slatkovodnim ribama u
Bosni i Hercegovini, datiraju jo iz 1882
(Steindachner). Neto intenzivnija
istraivanja datiraju iz 1928 godine
(Taler), te u kasnijem periodu Vukovi i
Sofradija istrauju slatkovodnu, a oljan
i Sofradija marinsku ihtiofaunu.
U okviru slatkovodne, uoene su bitne
razlike u strukturi i stepenu endeminosti
faune jadranskog i crnomorskog sliva.
Dok ihtiofauna jadranskog sliva sadri
i zr azi t o vi sok br oj endemi ni h
sistematskih kategorija, u ihtiofauni
crnomorskog sliva do sada nisu
registrovani endemini oblici. Biodive-
rzitet riba Bosne i Hercegovine se manife-
stuje kroz prisustvo 119 vrsta i podvrsta iz
69 rodova i 27 porodica. 19 porodica ima
samo jedan rod, a od toga 16 porodica
samo jednu vrstu.
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32
%XWWHULHV
Fish diversity (Pisces)
Figure 6. Distribution of some Lepidoptera concerned by Habitats Directive in B&H
Fauna of vertebrates in Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented by following organism groups: fsh
(Pisces), amphibians (Amphibia), reptiles (Reptilia), birds (Aves) and mammals (Mammalia).
Fish fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina is in biogeographical and ecological respect divided in
two: marine and freshwater.
Freshwater fshes
Because of high researchers interest, fsh
fauna in Bosnia and Herzegovina is rela-
tively well investigated. Ofcial records on
freshwater fsh species in Bosnia and Herze-
govina date back from 1882 (Steindachner).
Investigation has became more intensive
since 1928 (Taler). In later period, freshwa-
ter ichthyofauna got investigated by Vukovi
and Sofradija, while oljan and Sofradija
did the same for marine fauna. In freshwater
fauna recognized are signifcant diferences
in structure and level of endemism between
Adriatic and Black Sea confuences. Tere is
a high level of endemism in the Adriatic Sea
confuence, which isnt the case in the Black
Sea confuence that hasnt got endemic forms
described so far. Biodiversity of fsh in Bosnia
and Herzegovina is refected through the oc-
curence of 119 species and sub-species from
69 genera and 27 families. Tere are 19 fami-
lies comprising only one genus, of which 16
families have got only one species.
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Tabela 16. - Endemine vrste i podvrste riba i njihova rasprostranjenost u BiH
Najvii specijski diverzitet konstatovan je
u okviru porodice Cyprinidae (26 rodova i
51 vrsta), te Salmonidae (5; 8). Vie od
jedne vrste imaju porodice Acipenseridae
(2; 7), Mugilidae (1; 6), Percidae (4; 7),
Cobitidae (3; 6), Clupeidae (1; 3),
Gasterosteidae (2; 2), Gobiidae (5; 7) i
Cottidae (1; 2).
Od ukupnog broja porodica (27), njih 7
41%
23%
36%
Crnomorski sliv
Jadranski sliv
Crnomorski i
Jadranski sliv

naseljava iskljuivo crnomorski, 12
iskljuivo jadranski sliv, a predstavnici 8
porodica se mogu nai u oba sliva.
Analiza na nivou roda pokazuje da je od
ukupnog broja (69), 28 rodova zastupljeno
iskljuivo u crnomorskom, 16 iskljuivo u
jadranskom slivu, a vrste iz 25 rodova
naseljavaju oba sliva.
Relativno mali broj vrsta nalazimo u oba
sliva. Meu njima se nalazi i izvjestan broj
vrsta riba crnomorskog sliva, koje su
introducirane u jadranski sliv (aran,
smu, linjak i lipljen). Uz njih je i 11
alohtonih vrsta, koje potiu iz euro-
azijskih i amerikih voda.
Grafikon 7. Zastupljenost rodova riba po morskim slivovima
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LATIN NAME
CONFLUENCE
C
o
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f
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c
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o
f

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r
b
a
s
C
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e
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Adriatic Sea
FRQXHQFH
Balck Sea
Adriatic
FRQXHQFH
Black Sea
FRQXHQFH
Table 16. Endemic species and sub-species of fshes and their distribution in B&H
Te highest diversity is recognized within the
family Cyprinidae (26 genera and 51 species)
and Salmonidae (5; 8). More than one species
comprise families: Acipenseridae (2; 7), Mu-
gilidae (1; 6), Percidae (4; 7), Cobitidae (3; 6),
Clupeidae (1; 3), Gasterosteidae (2; 2), Gobi-
idae (5; 7) and Cottidae (1; 2).
From total number of familes (27), 7 of them live
exclusively in the Black Sea and 12 in the Adri-
atic Sea confuence. Representatives of 8 families
can be found within both confuences.
Analysis at the genus level shows that from
total number (69), 28 genera live exclusively
in the Black Sea and 16 in the Adriatic Sea
confuence, while 25 genera inhabit both of
them.
Graph. 7. Occurence of fsh genera by confuences in B&H
Relatively small number of species is to be
found in both these confuences. Among
them are some fsh belonging to Black Sea
confuence which have been introduced in
Adriatic Sea confuence (carp, pikeperch,
tench and grayling). Besides, there are 11
alien species originating from euroasian and
american water.
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Prema inventarizaciji riba bosanskohercegovakog dijela Jadranskog mora (dio zaliva
Neum-Klek), koju je napravio znameniti marinski biolog T. oljan, utvren je izrazito vi-
sok diverzitet vrsta.
Marinske ribe
Tabela 17. - Diverzitet morskih riba
Fauna riba openito, a naroito privredno
vanih vrsta, igrala je temeljnu ulogu u
procesima etnogeneze naroda u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Tako je i danas, kada se mno-
ge vrste slatkovodne i marinske ihtiofa-
une koriste kao zdrava hrana u ljudskoj
ishrani i kao hrana domaih ivotinja. Ple-
menita ihtiofauna oduvijek je bila oko-
snica ribarstva, kao vrlo znaajne privre-
dne grane koja osigurava dio prinosa u
optem drutvenom kapitalu Bosne i Her-
cegovine.
Pored izlova prirodnih populacija, u bro-
jnim ribogojilitima smjetenim u po-
drujima mora i velikih rijeka, razvijena je
proizvodnja i uzgoj plemenitih vrsta riba
(pastrmke, arana i lipljena).
Privredni znaaj
lNa diverzitet ihtiofaune djeluju brojni faktori:
lZagaenost i zagaivanje voda razliitim polutantima sadranim u komunalnim i
industrijskim otpadnim vodama, te u vodama iz poljoprivredne proizvodnje (farme,
upotreba pesticida, vjetakih fertilizatora, ekostimulcida);
lPromjena pravca i brzine protoka povrinskih vodotoka (brane, hidroakumulacije,
melioracioni kanali, vodozahvati);
lIntrodukcija vrsta riba, potencijalnih kompetitora autohtonoj ihtiofauni;
lSve vea zamuenost voda usljed intenzivne erozije zemljita, kao posljedica pre-
komjerne sjee uma;
lKisele kie usljed lokalne i prekogranine zagaenosti vazduha;
lPromjene u strukturi dna usljed eksploatacije pijeska i ljunka;
lDeponiranje enormnih koliina najrazliitijeg otpada u priobalnom pojasu rijeka;
lKonverzija prirodnih stanita u priobalnom pojasu usljed neplanske izgradnje obje-
kata;
lNeuravnoteeni izlov, a naroito u toku reproduktivne sezone;
lNeuravnoteen turizam (velik broj kupaa i drugih korisnika voda Jadranskog
mora, jezera i drugih atraktivnih vodotoka).
Pritisci na faunu riba
Zbog lokalnih i globalnih uticaja koji
uslovlj avaj u direktne promj ene u
kvalitetu i kvantitetu stanita, sve vie
vrsta ihtiofaune karakterie odreeni
stepen ugroenosti.
Treba istaknuti status potone pastrmke
(Salmo trutta m. fario), endeminih vrsta
bosansko-hercegovakih ponornica
(Paraphoxinus sp.), otrulja (Aulopyge
hgel i i ) , ml adi ce ( Hucho hucho) ,
neret vanske mekousne past rmke
(Salmotimus obtusirostris oxyrinchus) i
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order family
Number of
genera
Number
of species
Fish fauna in general, especially of economi-
cally important species, has played funda-
mental role in the process of ethnogenesis of
people in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the
case even today when many freshwater and
marine species are being used as a healthy
diet in human nutrition and as a domestic
animals food. Noble ichtyofauna has been
the framework for the fshing industry since
ever. Tis is the most important economic
branch making a share of general social in-
come in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Beside fshing of natural populations, it is
well developed the production and breeding
of noble fsh species (trout, carp and gray-
ling) in fshing farms placed in marine and
freshwater areas.
Economic importance
Marine fshes
Afer fsh inventory prepared by well known marine biologist T. oljan for the bosnia-herze-
govinas share of the Adriatic Sea (part of the Neum-Klek bay), it was established high species
diversity.
Table 17. Diversity of marine fshes
Diversity of ichtyofauna is afected by many
factors:
t Pollution and contamination of water
with diverse pollutants contained in comu-
nal and industrial waste water, and water run
of from arable land (farms, use of pesticides,
chemical fertilizers, ecostymulcides);
t Change in fow direction and speed of
underground water (dams, hydro-accumu-
lations, melioration trenches, water catch-
ment);
t Introduction of alien fsh species, which
are potential competitors for the indigenous
ichtyofauna;
t Increased blur of water due to intensive
soil erosion caused by over-logging;
t Acid rain due to local and trans-boundary
air pollution;
t Change in benthal structure due to gravel
and sand extraction;
t Waste disposal in enormous quantity
along riverbanks;
t Conversion of natural habitats in shore-
line area due to unplanned construction;
t Unbalanced fshery, especially in spawn
season;
t Unbalanced tourism (too many people
swimming and in other way using sea water,
lakes and other waterbodies).
Local and global infuences onto habitats
causing direct changes in its qualitative and
quantitive parameters makes some of fsh
species severly endangered.
Herein should be stressed status of brown
trout (Salmo trutta morfa fario), then en-
demic species of bosnia-herzegovinas sink-
ing rivers (Paraphoxinus sp.), Dalmatian
barbelgudgeon (Aulopyge hugelii), Danube
salmon (Hucho hucho), sof-muzzled trout
(Salmotimus obtusirostris oxyrinchus) and
many others. Tis indicates necessity afer
the assessment of threats level, defnition of
conservation priorities and Red book of fsh
species in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Pressures on fsh fauna
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mnogih drugih. To ukazuje na potrebu za procjenom stepena ugroenosti ihtiofaune,
definisanja konzervacijskih prioriteta i izradom Crvene knjige riba Bosne i
Grafikon 8. - Konzervacijski status
kolousta i slatkovodnih
riba
S obzirom na svoj jedinstveni ontoge-
netski razvoj, vodozemci ukazuju na
neraskidivu povezanost vodene i
vazdune sredine. Iako su uglavnom
kopneni organizmi, u svom reprodu-
ktivnom periodu su vezani za vodenu
sredinu.
Fauna vodozemaca je privlaila panju
mnogih zoologa, poev od kraja 19. vijeka
pa sve do danas. Prvi podaci u vezi su sa
istraivanjem Werner-a. Osnivanjem
Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu 1888.
godine, poinje sistematsko prikupljanje i
obrada podataka o ovoj grupi ivotinja.
Nakon ovog perioda znaajni podaci o
vodozemcima potiu od Reiser-a i
Bolkay-a, koji su dali prvu sistematizaciju
faune vodozemaca Bosne i Hercegovine.
Tek 1951. godine, poznati zoolog
Radovanovi je prezentirao cjelovitije
podatke o fauni ove grupe organizama,
koji su potvreni i dopunjeni od strane
Kreso-urovi i Vukovi. Tome treba
dodati i horoloke podatke o vrstama
Proteus anguinus, Salamandra atra i Triturus
alpestris, koje su dali ukovi, Pocrni,
Kosori i Sofija Miki.
Diverzitet vodozemaca Bosne i Herce-
govine se iskazuje kroz sedam rodova, 21
vrstu i 22 podvrste. U okviru bezrepih
vodozemaca najbrojniji je rod Rana sa
sedam vrsta, a u okviru repatih rod
Triturus sa pet vrsta.
Diverzitet vodozemaca
Tabela 18. - Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia)
Raritetnost faune vodozemaca u Bosni i
Hercegovini se ogleda kroz prisustvo
populacij a endeminog prenj skog
dadevnjaka (Salamandra atra prenjensis),
alpskog Reiserovog tritona (Triturus
alpestris reiserii), dunavskog tritona
(Triturus dobrogicus), mukaa (Bombina
variegata scabra), abe (Rana graeca),
ovjeije ribice (Proteus anguinus) iz
krakih peinskih voda.
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order family
Species in
total
Subspecies
in total
Threatened at
national level
Threatened in
Europe
Endemic spe-
cies in total
4%
4%
10%
24%
27%
10%
10%
11%
RE CR
EN VU
DD NT
LC NOT CLASSIFIED
Graph 8. Conservation status of lampreys
and freswater fsh
Diversity of amphibians
Considering its particular onthogenesis, am-
phibians confrm tight connection between
aquatic and terrestrial environment. Be-
ing mainly terrestrial organisms, in the re-
productive period of a year amphibians are
bound to the aquatic environment.
Since the end of 19th century amphibians
have drawn the attention of many zoologist.
First records came from the investigation
of Werner. In 1888, afer the National Mu-
seum in Sarajevo was founded, it have been
collected and analised refering records.
Aferwards, signifcant data came from Re-
iser and Bolkay which made a classifcation
of amphibians in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In 1951 famous zoologist Radovanovi pre-
sented complete records on amphibian fauna
confrmed and added later by Kreso-urovi
and Vukovi. To this should be added data
on chorology of species Proteus anguinus,
Salamandra atra and Triturus alpestris giv-
en by ukovi, Pocrni, Kosori and Sofja
Miki.
Diversity of amphibians in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina is bespoken in 7 genera, 21 species
and 22 subspecies. Among tail-less most
abundant is genus Rana with 7 species and
among caudate amphibians this is genus
Triturus with 5 species.
Table 18. Diversity of amphibians (Amphibia)
Rarity of amphibians in Bosnia and Herze-
govina is refected through the occurence
of endemic prenjs newt population (Sala-
mandra atra prenjensis), alpine Reisers newt
(Triturus alpestris reiserii), danube newt
(Triturus dobrogicus), yellow-bellied toad
(Bombina variegata scabra), frog (Rana
graeca), olm (Proteus anguinus) from karst
caves.
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Pritisci na faunu vodozemaca
Nekadanja slika faune vodozemaca se i u Bosni i Hercegovini u znaajnoj mjeri
promijenila. Danas se cijeni da u Evropi ima est ugroenih vrsta vodozemaca, a ak
etiri od njih se nalaze na prostorima Bosne i Hercegovine.
Grafikon 9. Konzervacijski status vodozemaca Bosne i Hercegovine.
lZagaenost voda organskim i neorganskim polutantima;
lKonverzija vlanih umskih stanita kroz sjeu uz naglaene promjene
hidrotermikog reima;
lKisele kie i efekti globalnih klimatskih promjena;
lEutrofikacija planinskih jezera, bara i movara;
lNeodrivi izlov nekih vrsta (uglavnom aba);
lTrgovina rijetkim i endeminim vrstama (tritoni, ovjeija ribica i dadevnjaci);
lIntrodukcija riba, prirodnih kompetitora vrstama tritona, u planinska jezera Bosne i
Hercegovine.
S druge strane procesi odrivog koritenja resursa ove gupe putem vjetake
propagacije s ciljem osiguravanja ekoloki profitabilne dobiti u Bosni i Hercegovini nisu
zapoeli.
Diverzitet gmizavaca
S obzirom na uslove hladnije klime kojom
je determiniran vei dio Bosne i
Hercegovine, diverzitet ove grupe nije
onog nivoa kakav je uobiajen u toplijim
predjelima planete. Ipak, iskoritavajui
raspoloive ekoloke nie, ova grupa se na
podruju Bosne i Hercegovine diferencira
na 40 vrsta (i 45 podvrsta) iz 12 porodica.
Kao grupa, gmizavci naseljavaju slatke
vode, bare, movare, skoro sve kopnene
ekosisteme (posebno ekstremna stanita
kao to su kamenjari, ime pokazuju
iroku ekolou valencu u odnosu na
tipove stanita).
Najvei diverzitet grupe gmizavaca u
Bosni i Hercegovini pokazuje u podruju
Mediterana i submediteranskog pojasa.
Meutim, neke vrste, pa i itavi rodovi,
rasprostranjeni su do vrhova najviih
planina (planinski guteri, sljepi, te
predstavnici ivorodnih zmija). Bosanski
i ursinijev argan nastanjuju stanita
planinskih rudina, sipara i pukotina
stijena svih planinskih vrhova BiH.
Osnovni antropogeni pritisci koji mijenjaju kvalitet stanita ovih osjetljivih ivotinja, a
time i njihovu brojnost, su:
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A previous image of amphibian fauna in Bos-
nia and Herzegovina has been changed sub-
stantially. It is estimated that in Europe exist
6 threatened amphibian species, of which 4
are to be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
t Proces isuivanja movara i bara, kao
Dry out of moorland and ponds, the
most important habitat types for this
animal group;
t Water pollution by organic and inor-
ganic pollutants;
t Conversion of humid woods through the
logging followed by change in hydro-
thermic regime;
t Acid rains and efects of global climate
changes;
t Eutrofcation of mountain lakes, ponds
and marshes;
t Unsustainable hunt of species (mainly
frogs);
t Trade in rare and endemic species
(newts, olms and salamanders);
t Introduction into mountain lakes of
Bosnia and Herzegovina of fsh species
which are natural competitor for newts.
On the other hand, the sustainable use of
amphibians as resource by its propagation
wasnt established yet in Bosnia and Herze-
govina.
Pressures on amphibian fauna
Graph 9. Conservation status of amphibians in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Diversity of reptiles
Considering cold climate conditions that
prevail in Bosnia and Herzegovina, diver-
sity of this animal group is not as high as it
is common in warmer places of Earth. But,
this group uses here all available ecologic
niches differentiating in 40 species (45 sub-
species) from 12 families.
Reptiles inhabit freshwater, ponds, marshes
and almost all terrestrial ecosystems (espe-
cially extreme habitats, such as rocky grass-
land) having hence broad tolerance range
regarding habitat types.
The highest reptiles diversity in Bosnia and
Herzegovina is evident in the mediterra-
nean region and supra-mediterranean belt.
However, some species and entire genera
even, are spread up to the highest moun-
tain peaks (mountain lizards, blind worm,
vipers). Bosnian and Orsinys viper live in
mountain swards, then on screes and rock
crevices all around B&H.
Main anthropogenic pressures that change habitats quality for this most sensitive animals,
and hereby its abundance, are:
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to zbog svog izgleda, to zbog uvrijeenog zelembae da su u stanju prilijepiti se uz kou
straha, mnogi predstavnici gmizavaca i u ovjeka, te za rjeenje sluaja potrebno je popiti
naoj zeml j i , oduvi j ek su smatrani mlijeka ak od 9 kobila. Duboko je uvrijeeno i
svojevrsnim neprijateljima ovjeka, domaih vjerovanje da svaka domainska kua ima svo-
ivotinja, te i na samu pomisao na neku od ju zmiju koju nipoto ne treba uznemiravati, a
njih, veina ljudi ima osjeaj velikog straha i kamoli je ubiti na kunom pragu ili unititi
gaenja. Postoje razne misterije o tome kako se njena poloena jaja, ime se zasigurno navlai
na primjer poskok, inae dosta troma zmija veliko zlo na kuu i kunu eljad. (Navod iz
otrovnica, zna smotati u klupe, pa za svojom TV emisije Prirodna batina BiH)
rtvom skakati i po nekoliko metara. Za neke se
vjeruje da sisaju mlijeko krava, a za neke
Tabela 19. Diverzitet gmizavaca (Reptilia)
Odreeni lokaliteti su poznati po toponimima koji su u vezi sa brojnou populacija gmi-
zavaca (Zmijanje na planini Manjai). I itavi geosistemi, serpentiniti, duguju svoje ime
zmijama.
Specifinosti bosansko-hercegovakih stanita i posebnih puteva evolucije na ovom pro-
storu u ovoj grupi se odraava kroz diverzitet na nivou podvrsta, kao to su:Vipera
ursinii macrops, Platyceps najadum dahlii, Podacris melisellensis fiumana.
Pritisci na faunu gmizavaca
Kao i veina predstavnika bosansko-hercegovake faune, tako su i reptili danas veoma
ugroena grupa organizama. Dominantne prijetnje ovoj grupi svijeta divljine u naim
uslovima su:
lKonverzija stanita; (isuivanjem, sjeom ume, iskravanjem, izgradnjom
infrastrukture, umskim poarima);
lumski poar, naroito u mediteranskom i submediteranskom pojasu;
lPrekomjerna eksploatacija, naroito viperida, u medicinske svrhe;
lBezrazlono ubijanje svih vrsta zmija i drugih zmijolikih ivotinja (naroito gutera);
lEutrofikacija bara i movara, rijeka, jezera;
lTrgovina kornjaama i drugim gmizavcima atraktivnog izgleda.
Iz ovih razloga mnoge vrste gmizavaca se danas ubrajaju meu ugroene (oko 40%), to
ukljuujuje i endemine oblike.
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order family
Total of
species
Total of sub-
species
Nationally
threatened
Threatened in
Europe
Total of en-
demic taxa
Table 19. Reptiles diversity (Reptilia)
Tere are also localities that are known by toponyms in relation with the abundance of reptile
populations (Zmijanje on Manjaa Mt.). Entire geosystem serpentine, ows its name to snakes.
Either for their look or deeply rooted fear
before them, many reptile representatives in
our country used to be considered as enemies
of men and domestic animals. Single thought
of them, makes people feel frightened and di-
gusted. Tere are many myths on them, for
instance it is being told that nose-horned vi-
per, which is usually quite inert venomous
snake, folds itself into ball and jumps afer
its victim for several meters. For some snakes
it is believed that they suck cows milk, and
that some green lizards can cling onto human
skin, whereby sole solution is to drink milk of
9 mares. It is deeply rooted belief that every
house has got its own snake which under no
circumstances should be disturbed, especial-
ly killed at the doorway or have its eggs de-
stroyed. All that could draw big evil upon the
house and its inhabitans. (quoted from TV
show Prirodna batina BiH)
Te specifc character of bosnia-herzegovinas habitats and unique evolution pattern is re-
fected in diversity of sub-species, such as: mountain viper (Vipera ursinii macrops), (Platyceps
najadum dahlii), (Podacris melisellensis fumana).
As it is the case with many other groups of
B&Hs fauna, so the reptiles too are endan-
gered group of organisms. Dominant threats
posed upon them under our conditions are:
t Conversion of habitats (by drainage, fell-
ing, clearing, infrastructure construction,
forest fres);
t Forest fres, especially in the mediterra-
nean and supra-mediterranean belt;
t Over-exploitation, especially of vipers, for
medicinal purposes;
t Killing for no particular reason of all kind
of snakes and snake-like animals (especially
lizards);
t Eutrofcation of ponds, marshes, rivers
and lakes;
t Trade with turtles and other attractive
looking reptiles.
For all afore given reasons, many reptile
species are tought to be endangered today.
About 40% of reptiles in Bosnia and Herze-
govina is in some extent endangered, includ-
ing also endemic forms.
Pressures on reptiles
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Vrste ovog svijeta divljine su odvajkada bile pilii). Neke od njih su uvrijeene u narodu
metafora kojom se iskazivala najvea ljepota kao simboli moi reprodukcije i radosti novoga
ivota, ljubav (slavuj, golub, sojka), zlokobne dana i kukurikanje pijetlova u cik zore rumene,
slutnje ljudskim sudbinama (gavran), snaga kao izraz zadovoljstva u mrkim bosanskim
junaka (soko), grabeljivost (orao, jastreb, noima. (Navod iz TV emisije Prirodna
kobac) i prve djeije radosti (guske, patke, batina BiH)
S obzirom da veina predstavnika nastanjuje ista stanita, gmizavci se smatraju
dobrim indikatorima za procjenu stanja i kvaliteta ivotne sredine.
Grafikon 10. Konzervacijski status gmizavaca Bosne i Hercegovine.
Diverzitet ptica
Rijetko koja grupa ivotinja je privlaila panju, kako ljubitelja prirode, tako i zvaninih
prirodnjaka, kao to su ptice.
Raznovrsnost stanita i ekosistema Bosne Prema podacima Bird life u Bosni i
i Hercegovine razlog je visokog stepena Hercegovini se gnijezdi pet ugroenih
diverziteta ptica. vrsta: mali vranac (Phal acrocorax
pygmaeus), patka njorka (Aythya nyroca),
U dosadanjim istraivanjima koja
stepski soko (Falco cherrug), orao
datiraju od 1939. godine do danas (Reiser,
bjelorepan (Haliaetus albicilla), kosac (Crex
Matvejev, Vasi, Obratil), zabiljeeno je
crex), dok se tri globalno ugroene vrste,
326 vrsta iz 60 porodica i 18 redova.
crni strvinar (Aegypius monachus),
U ovoj skupini do sada nisu registrovani
dalmatinski pelikan (Pelecanus crispus),
endemini oblici za Bosnu i Hercegovinu.
orao klikta (Aquila clanga), kod nas vode
Najvei broj vrsta su stacionarne
kao isezle gnjezdarice.
(gnjezdarice), a migratorne vrste se
Posebno indikativna je injenica da se 16
sezonski zadravaju u ekosistemima
vrsta autohtone faune ptica kod nas
Bosne i Hercegovine (movarna podruja:
smatra izumrlim gnjezdaricama. Krajem
Buko blato, Hutovo blato, Bardaa, donji
prolog vijeka sa naih prostora je u
tok Drine itd.).
potpunosti nestao i bjeloglavi sup (Gyps
Ptice spadaju u najugroeniju grupu
fulvus) nakon masovnog trovanja na
ivotinja. Prema prijedlogu za nacionalnu
ribnjaku Blagaj kod Mostara, na rijeci
Crvenu listu ptica (Obratil i Matvejev) ak
Buni.
97 vrsta je pod odreenim stepenom
ugroenosti.
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For most of reptiles live in clean habitats,
they are considered as reliable indicators for
the assessment of state and quality of the en-
vironment.
Graph 10. Conservation status of reptiles in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Diversity of birds
Birds like no other animal group have been drawing attention of both nature fanciers and
scientist.
Species belonging to this part of wildlife used to be a metaphor for greatest beauty of life, love
(nightingale, dove, jay), human faiths misgiving (raven), heros strength (hawk), greed (eagle,
sparrow-hawk) and frst childrens joy (goose, duck, chickens) Some of them are rooted among
common people as a symbol for reproductive power and new days joy roosters crowing in the
early reddish dawn, and as a pleasure expression in the dark bosnias nights.
(quoted from TV show Prirodna batina BiH)
High birds diversity is the result of habitats
diversity encompassed by landscapes and
ecosystems of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the investigations that have been under-
taken since 1939 till now (Reiser, Matvejev,
Vasi, Obratil), recorded are 326 species be-
longing to 60 families and 18 orders.
This group doesnt contain any species that
is endemic for Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Most of them are stationary (nesting), while
migratory ones spend some time in ecosys-
tems of Bosnia and Herzegovina only by
seasons (wetlands: Buko blato, Hutovo bla-
to, Bardaa, lower f low of Drina river etc.).
Birds in general are most endangered ani-
mal group. After the proposal for national
Red list of birds (Obratil and Matvejev), 97
species are considered to be endangered in
some level.
After Bird lifes data in Bosnia and Herze-
govina nest five endangered species pygmy
cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), fer-
ruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), saker falcon
(Falco cherrug), white-tailed eagle (Haliae-
tus albicilla), corncrake (Crex crex), while
three globally endangered species, crni
strvinar (Aegypius monachus), dalmatin-
ski pelikan (Pelecanus crispus), orao klikta
(Aquila clanga), are listed in our country
as extinct nesting birds. Hereby should be
stressed that 16 indigenous bird species in
our country are considered to be extinct
nesting birds. At the end of 20th century,
from our territory has completely vanished
griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) after massive
poisoning at fishing farm Blagaj near Mo-
star city, on Buna river.
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Tabela 20. Diverzitet ornitofaune u Bosni i Hercegovini
Grafikon 11.- Konzervacijski status ptica Bosne i Hercegovine.
Ekoloki kuriozitet predstavlja injenica blato i Bardaa), koja su oznaena kao
je da je najvei broj izumrlih ptica podruja znaajna za ptice (Important
zabiljeen meu grabljivicama, to Bird Areas). Pored navedenih lokaliteta,
rezultira promjenom strukture hrani- znaajni centri diverziteta ptica se nalaze
dbenih lanaca i trajnog naruavanja na podruju Livanjskog polja (dralovac,
ekoloke ravnotee. Buko Blato), Bilekog jezera, te jezera na
rijeci Drini (Peruac).
U Bosni i Hercegovini su do danas
identifikovana dva podruja (Hutovo
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Family Genus Species Family Genus Species
ENDANGERED / NOT CLASSIFIED
Table 20. Diversity of ornithofauna in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Graph 11. Conservation status of birds in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ecologic curiosity represents the fact that
largest proportion of extinct birds are kites,
which results in changed structure of food
web and enduring disruption of an ecologic
balance.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina have been iden-
tified two areas so far (Hutovo blato and
Bardaa) designated as Important Bird Ar-
eas. In addition to afore named localities,
important centres of birds diversity are
to be found in Livanjsko polje (dralovac,
Buko Blato), Bileko jezero and lakes on
Drina river (Peruac).
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Pritisci na faunu ptica
Na ornitofaunu BiH danas djeluju kako globaln,i tako i lokalni faktori:
lIntenzivna konverzija movarnih stanita kroz procese isuivanja (posebno u
podrju krakih polja);
lEksploatacija treseta (dralovac);
lUnitavanje makrofitske vodene vegetacije i higrofilne vegetacije u vodenom pojasu
(Bardaa);
lFragmentacija prirodnih stanita i presijecanje koridora migratornih vrsta;
lPodizanje hidroakumulacija na movarnim podrujima (Buko blato);
lKonverzija umskih stanita kroz intenzivnu i neselektivnu sjeu;
lEksploatacija mineralnih resursa u refugijumima ptica (kanjon Tinje);
lSve ea trovanja zagaenom hranom (trovanja klaonikim otpadom u podrujima
rijeke Bune, piljana u gornjoj Neretvi, Paklareva na junim padinama Vlaia; i
trovanja otpadom sa divljih deponija);
lBuka i vibracije;
lPesticidi i vjetaki fertilizatori (poveavaju smrtnost ili onemoguavaju proces
embriogeneze);
lNeodrivi lov u divljini, kao i u odabranim rezervatima (Hutovo blato);
lNeuravnoteeni turizam;
lIlegalna trgovina pticama;
lNedovoljna znanja i svijest o pticama kao prenosnicima zaraznih bolesti.
Unato znatno izmjenjenoj slici ptiijeg Posmatranje i praenje ptica je oblik
svijeta na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine u turizma koji ima visok potencijal u Bosni i
posljednjih 100 godina, a naroito u Hercegovini.
ornitolokim rezervatima kao to su
Neke vrste domestificiranih ptica na
Hutovo blato, Bardaa i Livanjsko polje,
prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine imaju
jo postoji jedinstveni diverzitet ovog
razvijene posebne pasmine i predstavljaju
svijeta divljine koji moe privui panju
znaajne, ali neiskoritene resurse u
javnosti za razvoj posebnog oblika
proizvodnji zdrave hrane.
edukaciono-rekreacij skog turizma.
Diverzitet sisara
Iako fauna sisara (Mammalia) obuhvata U fauni sisara zabiljeeno je 85 vrsta iz 51
uglavnom najkrupnije ivotinjske vrste, roda i 19 porodica. Najvei broj vrsta ivi
kod nas se jo smatra nedovoljno na stanitima razliitih kopnenih
istraenom. Oslanjajui se na istraivanja ekosistema, dok neznatan broj seku-
iz prve polovine XX vijeka koje je uinio S. ndarno i povremeno nastanjuje vodene
Bolkay, te kasnijih inventarizacija u vezi sa ekosisteme.
prostorom bive Jugoslavije (Krytufek,
Naroitom brojnou i raznovrsnou
Tvrtkovi, uli, Miri, Paunovi) i
oblika odlikuju se Vespertiolinidae sa 20
najnovije katalogizacije sisara u Bosni i
vrsta i 8 rodova.
Hercegovini (Sofradija et al.), data je
procjena diverziteta.
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Pressures on birds fauna
Ornithofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina is afected today by both global and local factors:
t Intensive conversion of swamp habitats through drainage (especially in karst felds);
t Peats exploitation (dralovac);
t Destruction of aquatic macrophytes and hygrophilous vegetation along waterbodies
(Bardaa);
t Fragmentation of natural habitats and cutting through birds migratory routes;
t Construction of dam accumulations in wetlands area(Buko blato);
t Conversion of forest habitats through intensive and unselected feeling;
t Exploitation of mineral resources within birds refugia (canyon of Tinja river);
t More frequent food poisoning (poisoning by waste disposed from slaughter houses in the
area of Buna river, piljani in upper Neretvas fow, Paklarevo at southern slopes of Vlai Mt.;
and poisoning with waste on illegal dump sites);
t Noise and vibrations;
t Pesticides and chemical fertilisers (increasing a death rate or disabling embriogenesis);
t Unsustainable hunt in the wilderness and designated reserves (Hutovo blato);
t Unbalanced tourism;
t Illegal birds trade;
t Lack of knowledge and awareness on birds as possible vectors for diseases.
Although the image of birds world in Bos-
nia and Herzegovina has been changed sub-
stantially over the last 100 years, especial-
ly in birds reserves such as Hutovo blato,
Bardaa and Livanjsko polje, the unique di-
versity of birds is still there. Thus, it can at-
tract public attention for special educational
and recreational touristic purposes. There is
a high potential in Bosnia and Herzegovina
for observing and following the birds which
is a form of tourism.
Some domesticated bird species in Bosnia
and Herzegovina have got special breeds
and represent significant but unexploited
resource for healthy food production.
Diversity of mammals
Although fauna of mammals (Mammalia)
comprises mainly large animal species, it is
considered to be poorly investigated in our
country. Based on investigation dating back
from frst half of 20th century conducted
by S. Bolkay, and later undertaken inven-
tories in relation to ex-Yugoslavias terri-
tory (Krytufek, Tvrtkovi, uli, Miri,
Paunovi), as well as the most recent pub-
lication on mammals in Bosnia and Herze-
govina (Sofradija et al.), it has been assessed
hereafer presented diversity.
Te fauna of mammals encompasses 85 iden-
tifed species from 51 genera and 19 families.
Most of the species lives in terrestric habitats,
while small number of them inhabits aquatic
ecosystems on secondary basis or only occa-
sionally.
High abundance and diversity characterize
the family Vespertiolinidae with 20 identi-
fed species from 8 genera.
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Tabela 21. - Procjena diverziteta sisara BiH
Grafikon 12. Konzervacijski status sisara
Bosne i Hercegovine.
Grupa sisara obuhvata i vrste krupne godina prolog vijeka poprimila neo-
divljai, koje su od prvih poetaka drive trendove i pravce.
antropogeneze igrale znaajnu ulogu kao
Unato nastojanjima pojedinih lovakih
izvor kvalitetne proteinske hrane,
drutava, svijet divljih sisara u Bosni i
zatitnih materijala i kao objekti lova.
Hercegovini je veoma ugroen. Meutim,
Vrste ove grupe na prostoru Bosne i
jo ne postoje nauni podaci o intenzitetu i
Hercegovine ine osnovu za razvoj
kategorijama ugroenosti pojedinih vrsta.
odrivog lovstva i ekolokog turizma.
Preuzimajui procjenu ugroenosti na
Tradicija turistikog lova na prostoru nae
evropskom nivou, moe se tvrditi da se 30
zemlje razvija se jo od doba austro-
vrsta sisara Bosne i Hercegovine nalazi u
ugarske vladavine, da bi u posljednjih 50
opasnosti od potpunog isezavanja.
Pritisci na faunu sisara
Fauna sisara danas trpi brojne pritiske meu kojima su najjai:
lIntenzivna konverzija umskih stanita kroz vjekovno krenje, poare i sjeu uma;
lIntenzivan lov (naroito trofejne divljai);
lFragmentacija ekosistema i stanita te presijecanje koridora;
lNizak i neefikasan nivo uspostave ekolokih koridora;
lIzraen nedostatak prirodne hrane zbog ugroavanja biljnih vrsta;
lGlobalne klimatske promjene i kisele kie;
lEutrofikacija i toksifikacija povrinskih voda;
lZagaenost biljne hrane pesticidima i vjetakim fertilizatorima;
lTrovanja hranom sa otvorenih deponija otpada;
lMiniranost terena, to je tokom posljednjih 15 godina dovelo do velikog stradanja
ivotinja;
lNeodrivi turizam.
Brojni pritisci na lokalnom i globalnom nivou uslovili su konverziju prirodnih stanita
sisara, tako da su mnoge vrste okarakterisane odreenim stepenom i oblikom
ugroenosti.
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Family Genus Species Table 21. Assessed diversity of mammals in B&H
Graph 12. Conservation status of mammals in Bos-
nia and Herzegovina
Mammals include species treated as large
game species that have played an important
role as a source of protein rich food, covering
material and hunting objects since the very
frst beginning of anthropogenesis. Tose
species are foundation for sustainable hunt
and eco-tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Since the austrio-hungarian rule, it has been
developing a tradition of touristic hunt in
our country, which unfortunately in last 50
years has become unsustainable.
Inspite of eforts done by some hunting so-
cieties, wildlife of mammals in Bosnia and
Herzegovina is severly threatened. However,
scientifc data on intensity and threats cat-
egories for some species are still missing. Re-
specting the assessment of threats level on
european scale, we can claim that 30 mam-
mal species in Bosnia and Herzegovina are
threatened to become extinct.
Pressures on fauna of mammals
Te fauna of mammals is afected by line of pressures of which the strongest are:
t Intensive conversion of forest habitats through clearing, fres and felling;
t Intensive hunt (especially of trophy games);
t Fragmentation of ecosystems and habitats and interception of corridors;
t Poor and inefcient establishment of ecologic corridors;
t Lack of natural food due to threatening of plant species;
t Global climate changes and acid precipitation;
t Eutrophication and toxifcation of surface water;
t Pollution of herbal food by pesticides and chemical fertilisers;
t Food poisoning on open dump sites;
t Mines causing death of many animals over the last 15 years;
t Unsustainable tourism.
Numerous pressures both on local and global scale have caused the conversion of natural
mammals habitats. Tus, many species are characterized by certain threats level.
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Grafikon 13. Odnos endeminih i ugroenih vrsta prema ukupnom broju u pojedinim
grupama kimenjaka BiH
Uz svijet divljine sisara, izuzetno vanu krava bua, ovca pramenka, bosanski
ulogu u ukupnom biodiverzitetu BiH brdski konj, hercegovaka koza i pas
igraju i ivotinjski resursi sadrani u tornjak. Naroiti genofond predstavljaju
bogatom genofondu i autohtonim podivljali rasni konji, na padinama Cincar
pasminama pripitomljenih vrsta (konj, planine, Glamoa i Livna.
govee, ovca, koza, magarac, pas, maka,
Danas se na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine
kuni).
vri i ciljana introdukcija i reintrodukcija
Posebnu vrij ednost imaj u tipine nekih vrsta, kao to su dabar, muflon i
bosanske pasmine, kao to su: bosanska jelen lopatar.
Resursne vrijednosti faune
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Graph 13. Relationship between endemic and endangered species in relation to total
number by vertebrate groups in B&H
Along with wildlife of mammals, for the
entire B&Hs biodiversity extremly important
are animal resources contained in the rich gen
pool and indigenous breeds of domesticated
species (horse, cattle, sheep, goat, ass, dog, cat,
rabbit).
A special value posses typical bosnias
breeds, such as: bosnias cow called bua,
sheep pramenka, bosnias mountain horse,
herzegovinas goat and dog tornjak. Special
gen pool is contained within studs grown
wild, living on slopes of Cincar Mt., Glamo
and Livno city.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina have been
selectively introduced or re-introduced some
species, such as beaver, moufon and fallow
deer.
Value of fauna as a resource
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DIVERSITY OF
FUNGI AND LICHENS
Rijetko je koja grupa organizama na
planeti Zemlji tako brojna i zastupljena, a
jo malo poznata, kao to je tajanstveni
svijet gljiva. Slina je situacija i sa
liajevima, naroitim oblikom bioloke
organizacij e ivota, kod koj eg u
mutualistikoj simbiozi ive razliite
vrste gljiva, modrozelenih algi i ostalih
algi. Za razliku od biljaka, gljive su
heterotrofni organizmi kod koj ih
fotosintetski pigmenti u potpunosti
odsustvuju, a to ih pribliava carstvu
ivotinja. I druge osobine gljiva, kao to su
graa staninog zida i sastav rezervne
materije, gljive uvrtava u posebno
carstvo ivog svijeta.
Gljive nastanjuju i kopnenu i vodenu
ivotnu sredinu. Imaju izuzetno znaajnu
ulogu u kruenju materije u prirodi, kroz
proces razlaganja (dekompozicije). Gljive
sadre enzi me koj i ma razl au i
najkompleksnije organske materije, kao
to je lignin i pretvaraju ih u humus, te na
kraju u mineralne komponente.
Veliki broj gljiva parazitira na biljnim i
ivotinjskim vrstama, ali i na ovjeku,
gdje neke od njih izazivaju patoloka
stanja (mikoze), spreavajui normalan
rast, razvoj i ivot domaina. Veliki broj
oblika su i klasini patogeni, koji izazivaju
iroki spektar mikoza kod ovjeka.
Zbog sadraja razliitih (fiziolokih i
farmakolokih) aktivnih materija, gljive
su odavno upotrebljavane u ishrani,
lijeenju, ali i u kulturnoj tradiciji. Danas
su predstavnici gljiva (Penicillium i
Aspergilus) nezamjenjivi u dobijanju
antibiotika, jo od vremena Alexandra
Fleminga koji je 1919. godine utvrdio
baktericidno djelovanje vrste Penicillium
notatum. Kvasci (posebno iz roda
DIVERZITET GLJIVA I LIAJEVA
Izuzetno je malo podataka koji govore o
prisustvu i rasprostranjenosti vrsta gljiva na
prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine. Prve spoznaje
potiu od znamenitog istraivaa Karla
Istraenost
Saccharomyces) su nezamj enj ivi u
proizvodnji kruha, vina, piva, razliitim
biotehnolokim procesima i proizvodnji
farmaceutika.
Skupina viih gljiva (peurki) obuhvata i
vrste koj e imaj u poznata visoka
nutriciona svojstva i upotrebljavaju se u
ishrani, ali i lijeenju. Meu najpoznatijim
su ampinjon (Agaricus bisporus), prirodni
antikancerogen shiitake (Lentinula
edodes), tartuf (Tuber magnum), smrak
(Morchella sp.), vrganj (Boletus sp.),
mlijenica (Lactarius sp.), lisiarka
( Cant are l l us s p. ) , t e druge koj e
predstavljaju i znaajne izvore dobiti za
lokalnu zajednicu. Meu peurkama su i
smrtonosno otrovne gljive kao to su:
zelena pupavka (Amanita verna), bijela
pupavka (Amanita virosa), neke vrste
rodova Inocybe i Clytocybe, te niz drugih
vrsta sa razliitim toksinim efektima.
Neke vrste gljiva (najee predstavnici
rodova Amani t a i Cl avi ceps) , su
upotrebljavani kao halucinogen.
Jednom rijeju, svijet gljiva nije samo
raznovrstan po svojim oblicima i unikatan
po organizaciji tijela, nego ima i
jedinstvena biohemijska i fizioloko-
farmakoloka svojstva.
Za carstvo gljiva se danas veu i visoki
ekonomski potencijali jer za mnoge vrste
postoji razvijeno trite. Vrste rodova
Morchella, Boletus i Cantarelus su dugo bile
glavni umski proizvod na evropskom
tritu.
Kvalitet stanita, te istoa i kvalitet
biomase, ine da i danas mnoge lokalne
zaj edni ce os t var uj u dobi t kr oz
sakupljanje i plasman razliitih vrsta
gljiva sa stanitima u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Malya, iji se dugogodinji rad na mjestu
kustosa u Zemaljskom muzeju BiH odnosio
kako na vie biljke, tako i na gljive i liajeve. Na
osnovu njegovih podataka napisan je i jedan od
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DIVERSITY OF FUNGI AND LICHENS
Tere are few groups of organisms on the
Earth that occur as frequent as representa-
tives from a misterious world of fungi do, yet
they are poorly known to the science. It is
also the case with lichens, special life form of
biological organisation, where in mutualistic
relationship live fungi and cyanophytes and
other alges. In diference to plants, fungi are
heterotroph organisms with no photosyn-
thetic pigments, which place them close to
the animal kingdom. Tere are several oth-
er characteristics of fungi, such as cell wall
composition and storage substances, which
was the reason why fungi are separated into
their own kingdom.
Fungi inhabit both terrestrial and aquatic en-
vironment. Teir role in the material circula-
tion, through the process of decomposition,
is immense. Fungi contain enzimes neces-
sary to decompose even the most complex
organic compounds, such as lignin, turning
them into humus and, at the end into their
mineral components.
Many fungi live as parasites on plants and
animals, but also on human beings, where
some of them cause pathological conditions
(mycosis) by inhibition of the normal growth,
development and life cycle of the host. Many
of them are recognized to be common patho-
gens, which cause wide spectrum of mycosis
in humans.
Due to diversity of active principles they
contain (physiological and pharmacologi-
cal), fungi had been used in human nutri-
tion and medicinal treatments, but also in
cultural tradition, since ever. Nowadays
several mushrooms representatives (Penicil-
lium and Aspergilus) have become irreplace-
able in the process of antibiotics production,
since Alexander Fleming in 1919 proved the
bactericide efects of Penicillium notatum.
Yeats (especially from genus Saccharomyces)
are irreplaceable in the production of bread,
vine, beer and pharmaceutics.
Higher fungi (actual fungi) include species
with proven nutritive characteristics be-
ing therefore used in human nutrition and
for medicinal purposes. Among these the
most common are: ampinjon (Agaricus
bisporus), natural anti-cancerogen shiitake
(Lentinula edodes), tartuf (Tuber magnum),
smrak (Morchella sp.), vrganj (Boletus sp.),
mlijenica (Lactarius sp.), lisiarka (Cantar-
ellus sp.), and others that represent substan-
tial income source for a local community.
Among fungi some are lethal, such as: zelena
pupavka (Amanita verna), bijela pupavka
(Amanita virosa), species from genera Ino-
cybe and Clytocybe, and many others toxic
ones.
Some species (representatives from genera
Amanita and Claviceps the most frequently),
are used as halucinogens.
In one word, the mushrooms world isnt only
diverse and unique in the respect of its liv-
ing forms, but it has got special biochemical
and pharmaco-physiological characteristics.
Te kingdom of fungi is at present-day con-
nected to a high economic potential, because
many of its species posses their own market.
Species of genera Morchella, Boletus and
Cantharelus have been main forests product
at the European market for a long time.
Te habitats quality, including the cleanness
and quality of biomass, makes possible that
many local communities in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina make their income by collection
and sale of fungi.
Investigation level
Tere are only few records that describe oc-
curence and distribution of fungi on the terri-
tory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. First informa-
tion came from the famous researcher Karlo
Maly, whose long employement history at the
position of custos at the Lands Museum of
B&H was devoted to higher plants, fungi and
lichenes. Based on his records, it were written
Pretpostavlja se da u Bosni i Hercegovini ivi oko 15 20 hiljada vrsta gljiva. Meutim,
poznato je svega 549 vrsta.
prvih mikolokih radova u BiH (Picbauer, R.
1927., GZM, BiH, 39 (1) 163-173). (GZM) i
evropskim asopisima tog doba, od kojih je
najznaajniji Additamenta ad flora
Balcanica mycologicam (GZM 1941.).
Maly-eva kolekcija zoocecidija posluila je
ekom mikologu Baudyu kao osnova radova
objavljenih u GZM. Nakon ovog perioda tek u
60-tim godinama 20. vijeka poinju nova
interesovanja u Zemaljskom muzeju i za ovu
grupu organizama (Marijana Klinger, Prilog
flori gljiva okoline Sarajeva, GZM). Ovim
radom poinje inventarizacija viih gljiva, te
istraivanja distribucije, ekologije i fenologije
u umskim zajednicama Trebevia, Jahorine,
Igmana i Bjelanice. Sadeta Mehanovi,
djelatnik Zemaljskog muzeja BiH, uspjeno
istrauje parazitsku mikofloru irom BiH u
periodu od 60-tih do 90-tih godina. U
istraivanju viih gljiva Bosne i Hercegovine
istiu se radovi Milice Torti, S. Ronevia i
Fohta i posebno monografski prikaz Svijet
gljiva (Usupli, M. ANUBiH, 2004). Nisu
zanemarljivi ni podaci o prisustvu i
distribuciji makromiceta ostvareni kroz
kolekcije gljivara amatera.
DIVERZITET GLJIVA
Tabela 22. Diverzitet poznatih vrsta gljiva u BiH
Tabela 23. - Procjena diverziteta gljiva u BiH
Mnoge vrste makromiceta Bosne i
Hercegovine imaju visoke ekonomske
potencijale i vrijednosti, pa su od davnina
bile izvor dobiti lokalne zajednice.
Najznaajnije meu njima su smrak
(Morchella sp.), vrganji (Boletus sp.),
lisiarka (Cantarelus cybarius), sunanica
(Macrolepiota sp.) mlijenica (Lactarius
deliciosus), peurka (Psaliota procera) i
druge.
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TOTAL
TOTAL
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some of the frst mycological papers in B&H
(Picbauer, R. 1927., GZM, BiH, 39 (1) 163-173.
(GZM) and European magazines, of which at
that time the most important was Addita-
menta ad fora Balcanica mycologicam (GZM
1941.).
Malys collection of zoocecidies was the base
for papers that chezch mycologist Baudy pub-
lished in GZM. Afer that period, new interest
in these group of organisms in Lands Museum
has been awaken in the 60s of the 20th century
(Marijana Klinger, Prilog fori gljiva okoline
Sarajeva, GZM). Since this paper began the in-
ventory of higher fungi, research of its distribu-
tion, ecology and phenology within forest com-
munities of Trebevi Mt., Jahorina Mt., Igman
Mt. and Bjelanica Mt. Sadeta Mehanovi,
employee of Lands Museum of B&H, has
investigated parasitic mycofora all around
B&H in the period from the 60s to the 90s.
For the investigation of higher fungi of B&H
a great importance comes to papers of Milica
Torti, S. Ronevi and Foht, and especially to
the monography Svijet gljiva (Usupli, M.
ANUBiH, 2004). One shouldnt neglect records
on occurence and distribution of macromycetes
provided by amateurs and mushrooms collec-
tors.
DIVERSITY OF FUNGI
It is being estimated that in Bosnia and Herzegovina live between 15.000 20.000 mushroom
species. However, identifed are only 552 species.
Table 23. Estimated diversity of fungi in B&H
Table 22. Diversity of identifed fungi in B&H
Tere are many macromycetes in Bosnia
and Herzegovina that posses high eco-
nomic potential and value being therefore
an important income source for a local
community since ever. Te most important
among them are: smrak (Morchella sp.),
vrganji (Boletus sp.), lisiarka (Cantarelus
cybarius), sunanica (Macrolepiota sp.)
mlijenica (Lactarius deliciosus), peurka
(Psaliota procera) and others.
DIVISION CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
MUSHROOMs
GROUP
ESTIMATED SUPPOSED NUMBER IDENTIFIED IN
EUROPE
Zbog razliitih pritisaka, globalnog i
lokalnog karaktera, mnoge vrste gljiva su
pod odreenim stepenom ugroenosti.
Nekim vrstama prij eti i potpuno
istrebljenje (Mycenatrsum corium sa
tresetita u okolini Bosanskog Grahova -
dralovac, gdje je ova vrsta kod nas jedino
i konstatovana). Slino je i sa vrstama
Pritisci na diverzitet gljiva
ivotno vezanim za endeme, kao to su
munika (Pinus heldreichii), ilirski bor (P.
nigra ssp. illyrica), grki javor (Acer
helderichii), Panieva omorika (Picea
omorica) itd. , to se posebno odnosi na
lignikolne i mikorizne vrste gljiva.
Pritiske na biodiverzitet gljiva ine:
lKonverzija prirodnih stanita, te njihova trajna fragmentacija;
lPrekomjerna sjea uma;
lZagaivanje prirodnih ekosistema uz promjenu pH vrijednosti i sastava zemljita;
lUgroavanje ili nestajanje biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta sa kojima su gljive u mikoriznim
i drugim biotikim odnosima;
lPrekomjerno iskoritavanje makromiceta;
lInvazija stranih vrsta gljiva, biljaka i ivotinja;
lGlobalne promjene;
lPrekomjerno zagaenje atmosfere, kisele kie itd.
Tabela 24. Ugroene vrste gljiva u BiH
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Due to diverse pressures, of both global and lo-
cal character, many fungi sufer under certain
threat. Some of them are even threatened to
become extinct (Mycenastrum corium from
bogs around Bosansko Grahovo dralovac,
where it is a sole fnding place of this species
in our country). It is the also the case with
species whose existence is attached to some
endemits, such as white barked pine (Pinus
heldreichii), black pine (P. nigra ssp. illyrica),
greek maple (Acer heldereichii), Paniis
spruce (Picea omorica) etc., which relates es-
pecially to lignicole and mycorrhizal fungi.
Pressures onto mushrooms biodiversity are:
Pressures onto diversity of fungi
t Coversion of natural habitats, and their permanent fragmentation;
t Over-exploitation of forests;
t Pollution of natural ecosystems followed by change in pH and soil composition;
t Endangering or dissapearing of plants and animals with whome fungi are in mycor-
rhizal or other kind of relationship;
t Over-exploitation of macromycetes;
t Invasive expansion of alien species of fungi, plants and animals;
t Changes on global scale;
t Over-pollution of the atmosphere, acid precipitation etc.
Table 24. Treatened fungi of B&H
DIVERZITET LIAJEVA
Liajevi Bosne i Hercegovine su izuzetno slabo
istraivana skupina organizama. Prvi podaci
potiu od Frana Kuana iz 1931. godine, koji je
radio na osnovu nalaza Karla Malya. U
kasnijem periodu, osim sporadinih rezultata
Istraenost
Liajevi su jedinstvena grupa orga-
nizama. U toku duge evolucije ivih
sistema liajevi su svojom organizacijom
udruili interese filogenetiki veoma
udaljenih skupina organizama, i to gljiva
(carstvo Mycota), modrozelenih algi
(carstvo Mychota), i zelenih algi (carstvo
Plantae).
Zbog toga to sadre osobine i algi i gljiva,
liajevi su tokom filogenije razvili visoku
adaptibilnost. Danas su rasprostranjeni
irom svijeta, zauzimajui irok spektar
ekolokih nia u svim biomima, odnosno
ekosistemima. Iako su, tokom razvoja
nauke, postojala poimanja liajeva kao
svojevrsnih biocenoza, danas preovla-
dava stav da su liajevi zasebni orga-
nizmi. Takvom stavu doprinosi injenica
da je intenzitet simbiontskih odnosa u
liaju tako visok da se uticaji i priroda
pojedinanih simbionata gube. Stoga se
liajevi, u naunom svijetu, tretiraju kao
zasebna filogenetika grupa ukupnog
biodiverziteta planete, a pitanja njihove
nomenklature i taksonomije su regulisana
Meunarodnim kodeksom botanike
nomenklature.
Liajevi su odigrali jednu od najzna-
ajnijih uloga u oblikovanju geobiosfere, a
naroito u formiranju prvih tala. Stoga je
njihova funkcija u procesima singeneze i
pedogeneze nezamjenjiva. U prirodnom
sistemu liajevi obrazuju inicijalne faze u
razvoju zajednica (fitocenoza) koje su
oznaene kao Lichenetea i ine osnovu za
dalji proces singeneze ka sloenijim
zajednicama.
Liajevi su veoma osjetljivi bioloki
sistemi na promjene u ivotnoj sredini, te
slue kao bioindikatori u procjeni stanja i
kapaciteta prihvata ivotne sredine,
prvenstveno u procjeni kvaliteta vazduha,
te imaju vanu ulogu u odrivom
upravljanju i sistemskom biomonitoringu
okolia.
Mnoge vrste liajeva sadre ugljine
hidrate, minerale, organske kiseline,
vitamine i druge materije, te se danas
upotrebljavaju kao zdrava hrana ili izvor
za dobijanje fitofarmaka, specijalno
antimikrobika, za lijeenje irokog
spektra bolesti. Posebno poznati liajevi
ove grupe su: Cetraria islandica, vrste roda
Lobaria, Parmelia, Usenea, Evernia i druge.
o parcijalnoj horologiji pojedinih vrsta gljiva i
podataka ostvarenih kroz floristika i
fitocenoloka istraivanja biljnog pokrova
Bosne i Hercegovine, ureenije baze podataka
o ovoj skupini nisu jo uspostavljene.
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DIVERSITY OF LICHENS
Lichens make very unique group of organ-
isms. In the course of evolution of living
systems, lichens have brought together in-
terest of, in respect of phylogeny, diferent
organism groups: fungi (Mycota kingdom),
cyanophytes (Mychota kingdom) and green
alges (Plantae kingdom).
Tanks to the fact that they have character-
istics of both alges and fungi, lichens have
evolved high adaptibility. Tey are today
spread all over the world, taking wide spec-
trum of niches within all biomes, or ecosys-
tems. Although lichens have been in the past
of science development considered as a cer-
tain kind of biocoenoses, today prevails the
opinion that they represent separate organ-
isms. Tis opinion was supported by the fact
that mutualistic relationships within lichens
are so intense that genuine nature of its con-
stituents is being lost completely. Terefore,
lichens are among scientists treated as a
separate phylogenetic group within Earths
biodiversity. Nomenclature and taxonomy
issues are defnied by the International Co-
dex of Botany Nomenclature.
Lichens have played one of the most signif-
cant roles in the shaping up of geobiosphere,
especially of the soil development. Tere-
fore, in the process of syngenesis and pedo-
genesis lichens have irreplaceable function.
In the natural system they represent initial
stage of communitys development (phyto-
coenoses) known as Lichenetea, being the
foundation for further syngenesis toward
more complex communites.
Lichens are very sensitive biological systems
in terms of the environmental changes,
which makes them an excellent bioindica-
tors for the evaluation of ecosystems state
and acceptance capacity, especially for the
assessment of air quality. Tus, they play
an important role in the sustainable man-
agement and biomonitoring of the environ-
ment.
Many lichens contain carbohydrates, min-
erals, organic acids, vitamins and other
substances, which is the reason for them to
be used as a source of healthy food or phy-
topharmacs, especially antimicrobics. Tis
lichens group includes: Cetraria islandica,
species of genera Lobaria, Parmelia, Usnea,
Evernia and others.
Investigation level
Lichens of Bosnia and Herzegovina are poorly
investigated group of organisms. First records
date back in 1931 from Fran Kuan who based
his work on Karlo Malys fndings. In later pe-
riod, beside occasionally occuring results on
horology of some fungi and facts obtained
through the investigation of foristic and phy-
tocoenological cover of Bosnia and Herzegov-
ina, frm data base for this organisms hasnt
been established yet. But, fora/fungia of li-
chens in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in the
scope of lichenologic investigation in ex-Yugo-
Meutim flora/fungia liajeva Bosne i
Hercegovine obraivana je i u sklopu lihe-
nolokih istraivanja ex Jugoslavije (F. Kuan,
M. Murati). Katalogizacija i inventarizacija
liajeva u BiH poela je uspostavom check-
liste liajeva Mediterana (Nims).
Na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine do sada
je zabiljeeno preko 300 vrsta liajeva, a
njihov biodiverzitet kod nas se procjenjuje
na oko 1.000, od ukupno 20 hiljada
poznatih vrsta u svijetu.
Meu liajevima Bosne i Hercegovine
najprisutniji i najbrojniji su rodovi:
Acarospora Massal. (4), Aspicilia Assal. (8),
Caloplaca Th.Fr. (25), Cetraria Ach. (4),
Cladonia Hill. ex Browne (14), Collema
Wigg. (10), Lecanora Ach. (26), Lecidea Ach.
(8), Melanelia Ach. (8), Parmelia Ach. (8),
Peltigera Willd. (7), Pertusaria DC. (10),
Physcia (Schr.) Mich. (8), Physconia Poelt
(6), Polyblastia Massal. (5), Problastenia
(Zahlbr.) Steiner (5), Ramalina Ch. (8),
Rhizocarpon DC. (10), Rinodina (Ach.) Gray
(11), Usnea Adans. (10), Verrucaria
Schrader (12).
Populacije i vrste liajeva ulaze u sastav
svih biogeografskih regija, provincija,
sekt ora, bi oma i ekosi st ema na
horizontalnom i vertikalnom profilu
Dinarida. Epilitski liajevi ulaze u sastav
vegetacijskih klasa Lichenetea i Asplenietea
trichomanis, siparita klase Thlaspietea
rotundfolii, mediteransko-montane
kamenjare klase Thero-Brachypodietea,
kserotermne mediteranske ume reda
Qurcetalia ilicis, termofilne ume reda
Quercetalia pubescentis, mezofilne ume
reda Fagetalia, higrofilne ume redova
Quercetalia robori-petraeae, Alnetalia
glutinosae i Populetalia albae. Posebnim
bogatstvom vrsta liajeva se istiu
tercijarno-reliktne ume crnog bora i
crnjue Orno-Ericion, ume endeminog
bora munike Pinion heldreichi, klekovina
bora Pinion mugi, planinske rudine na
karbonatima klase Elyno-Seslerietea i
planinske rudine na silikatima klase
Caricetea curvulae.
Imajui u vidu podatke koji se navode u
literaturi, te osnovanu hipotezu da jo ima
dosta vrsta liajeva koji nisu poznati,
moe se pretpostaviti da Bosnu i
Hercegovi nu karakteri e i vi sok
diverzitet ove skupine, naroito u
razvojnim centrima (kanjon Une, Vrbasa,
Neretve, Drine i vrhovi visokih planina).
Imajui u vidu globalno stanje ivotne
sredine, kapaciteta prihvata pojedinih
ekosistema na prostoru BiH, senzitivnost
lihenoflore/fungij e, te postoj ee i
Pritisci na diverzitet liajeva
oekivane trendove promjena, neo-
phodno je istaknuti sljedee tipove
pritisaka na ovu skupinu organizama:
lGlobalne klimatske promjene praene kiselim kiama i prekomjernim
zagrijavanjem;
lZagaenost atmobiosfere neorganskim i organskim polutantima;
lGubitak diverziteta biljaka, a naroito drvea za koje su ivotno vezane mnoge
vrste epifitskih liajeva;
lKonverzije umskih stanita;
lPrekomjerna ispaa i erozija zemljita u visokoplaninskim podrujima;
lNeuravnoteena eksploatacija mineralnih resursa;
lInvazivne vrste gljiva, algi i modrozelenih bakterija.
Zbog navedenih pritisaka sve je vei broj
ugroenih vrsta liajeva (preko 200 vrsta
na Evropskoj crvenoj listi ugroenih vrsta
biljaka i liajeva). Meutim za prostor BiH
jo nije izvrena procjena stepena ugro-
enosti u skladu sa kriterijima IUCN-a.
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slavia (F. Kuan, M. Murati). Establishment
of the catalogue and inventory of lichens in
B&H has begun afer the check-list of Medi-
terranean lichens was created (Nims).
In Bosnia and Herzegovina has been re-
corded over 300 lichens by now, while the
expected lichens biodiversity is about 1.000
from total 20.000 identifed species in the
world.
Among lichens in Bosnia and Herzegovina
the most frequently occuring and abundant
are those from genera: Acarospora Mas-
sal. (4), Aspicilia Assal. (8), Caloplaca T.Fr.
(25), Cetraria Ach. (4), Cladonia Hill. ex
Browne (14), Collema Wigg. (10), Lecanora
Ach. (26), Lecidea Ach. (8), Melanelia Ach.
(8), Parmelia Ach. (8), Peltigera Willd. (7),
Pertusaria DC. (10), Physcia (Schr.)Mich.
(8), Physconia Poelt (6), Polyblastia Massal.
(5), Problastenia (Zahlbr.)Steiner (5), Ra-
malina Ch. (8), Rhizocarpon DC. (10), Ri-
nodina (Ach.)Gray (11), Usnea Adans. (10),
Verrucaria Schrader (12).
Diferent lichen populations and species are
to be found within all geographic regions,
provinces, sectors, biomes and ecosystems
on both horizontal and vertical profle of
Dinaric Alps. Epilithic lichens are constitu-
ents of classes: Lichenetea and Asplenietea
trichomanis, screes Tlaspietea rotundfolii,
Mediterraneo-mountain rocky grassland
Tero-Brachypodietea, and orders of: xeric
Mediterranean woods Quercetalia ilicis,
thermophilous woods Quercetalia pubes-
centis, mesic woods Fagetalia, hygrophilous
woods Quercetalia robori-petraeae, Alneta-
lia glutinosae and Populetalia albae. Te ex-
treme richness of lichens characterize tertia-
ry-relict forests with black pine and heaths
Orno-Ericion, forests with endemic white-
bark pine Pinion heldreichi and mountain
pine Pinion mugi, mountain grassland on
limestone belonging to the class Elyno-Ses-
leriteta and on siliceous rocks the class Cari-
cetea curvulae.
Having in mind the records addressed in
literature, and the hypothesis that many of
lichens are still unknown to the science, we
can suppose high diversity of them in Bos-
nia and Herzegovina, especially in endemic
centres (the canyons of Una, Vrbas, Neretva
and Drina river, and high mountain peaks).
Pressures on lichens diversity
By taking into account state of the environment on global scale, acceptance capacity of some
ecosystems in Bosnia and Herzegovina, sensitivity of licheno-fora/fungia, and the expected
trends of changes, we should emphasize following pressures:
t Global climate changes followed by acid rains and over-heating;
t Pollution of atmobiospheres by the inorganic and organic pollutants;
t Loss of plants diversity, especially trees that epiphytic lichens are bound to;
t Conversion of forest habitats;
t Over-grazing and soil erosion in high-mountain areas;
t Unbalanced exploitation of mineral resources;
t Invasive species of fungi, alges and cyanophytes.
Due to above stated pressures, the number of threatened lichens grows on daily basis (over 200
species on the European Red List of threatened plants and lichenes). However, the assessment
of their threats level in B&H, according to the IUCN criteria, hasnt been completed yet.

DIVERSITY OF
LANDSCAPES
Geol oku podl ogu na stani ti ma
ekosistema ovog pejzaa ine jedri
mezozojski krenjaci. Zemljita su
mediteranske crvenice (terra rossa),
me di t e r a ns ka s me a z e ml j i t a
(kalkokambisol), a na izraenim nagibima
terena prema vrhovima dominiraju
organomineralne crnice i rendzine. Zbog
izraene eolske erozije usljed otvorenosti
stanita prema moru, zemljita su sa
pl i t ki m humusno- akumul at i vni m
horizontom i najee su predstavljena
razliitim razvojnim fazama organo-
mineralnih crnica i rendzina. Na
zaravnjenim terenima u depresijama
razvijena su duboka ilimerizovana tla,
najee na fliu, a nastanjuju ih ostaci
MEDITERANSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
lEkosistemi makije i uvijek zelenih uma i ikara (Quercion ilicis adriaticum);
lEkosistemi mjeovitih uvijek zelenih uma i ikara (Orno-Quercion ilicis);
lEkosistemi uma lovora (Laurion nobilis);
lEkosistemi primorskih uma medunca (Quercion pubescentis adriaticum);
lEkosistemi primorskih niskih ikara i ibljaka bjelograbia i kotrike (Rusco-
Carpinion orientalis);
lEkosistemi primorskih ibljaka drae (Paliurion aculeati);
lEkosistemi alepskog bora (Pinion halepensis).
Ekosistemi uma, ikara i ibljaka
uma lovora.
Klima je tipino eumediteranska sa
srednjom godinjom temperaturom
0
izmeu 16 i 18 C. Apsolutne minimalne
0
temperature se ne sputaju ispod -5 C, a
apsolutne maksimalne dostiu vrijednost
0
i do 40 C u sklopljenim sastojinama.
Godinja insolacija je vie od 1.800 sati.
Oblanost je niska, zime su blage, te klima
pogoduje razvoju, kako tradicionalnog,
tako i zdravstvenog ekoturizma.
Iako godinje padne vie od 1.500 mm
vodenog taloga, zbog vodopropusnosti
geoloke podloge, povrinske vode ili
odsustvuju ili se pojavljuju u vrijeme
ranog proljea i kasne jeseni.
DIVERZITET EKOSISTEMA MEDITERANSKIH PEJZAA
ibljaci su trajni oblik u sukcesiji
vegetacije kojoj fizionomiju odreuju
ibolike drvenaste vrste (lijeska Coryllus
avellana, draa Paliurus aculeatus i druge).
Nastaju kao posljedica degradacije
umskih zajednica.
Makije su zajednice u zoni medite-
ranskog pojasa u kojima dominira nisko
drvee, a nastale kao posljedica degrada-
cije klimatogene vegetacije uvijek zelenih
uma esvine (Quercus ilex). Danas su
najei oblik umolikih zajednica u
mediteranskom pojasu Bosne i Herce-
govine.
Pseudomakije su umolike zajednice
uvijek zelenih i liarsko-listopadnih
elemenata, a koje se razvijaju izvan zone
uma esvine, najee u pojasu uma
trojanskog hrasta (Quercus trojana).
Garizi su gromolika vegetacija medite-
ranskog pojasa nastala degradacijom
makije. Mnoge biljne vrste koje izgrauju
garige imaju bodlje i reducirane listove
kao prilagodbu na aridnu i toplu
ekoklimu. Garizi mogu nastati i kao
progradacijski stadij vegetacije medite-
ranskih kamenjara.
Mediteranski pejza ine:
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MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Te geological foundation of ecosystems be-
longing to this landscape is frm mezozic lime-
stone. Soils are mediterranean red earth (terra
rosa), brown mediterranean earth (calcocam-
bisol) and on steep slopes prevail organomin-
eral black earth and rendsine. Because of
underlined wind erosion and open position
toward the Sea, soils posses only shallow hu-
mus-accumulative horizon. It is mostly difer-
ent development stage of organomineral black
earth and rendsine. On fattened depressions
bottom occur deep ilimerised soils, mainly on
fish, covered by remnants of laurel woods.
Te climate is typical eu-mediterranean with
mean annual temperature between 18 and
16C. Absolute minimum doesnt fall below
-5C, while absolute maximum reaches up
to +40C within closed stands. Insolation
amounts more than 1.800 hours a year. Cloud-
ness is low, while winters are milde. Terefore,
the climate suits for the development of tradi-
tional, medicinal and eco-tourism.
Although annual precipitation is more than
1.500 mm, due to leakage proof geologi-
cal foundation, there is either a lack of over-
ground water or it occurs only in early spring
and late autumn.
DIVERSITY OF ECOSYSTEMS IN MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPES
Shrubs are persistent vegetation form that
emerges by natural succession and whose
physiognomy is determined by shrub-like trees
(European flbert Coryllus avellana, jerusa-
lem thorn Paliurus spina chrysti and others).
Shrubs emerge afer natural forest community
get degraded.
Maquis are plant communities occuring in the
mediterranean belt in which prevail small trees.
Tey represent a succession stage that emerges
afer climax vegetation, which is evergreen oak
wood (Quercus ilex), get degraded. Tis is the
most common forest type in the mediterranean
belt of Bosnia and Herzegovina today.
Pseudo-maquis is composed of evergreen and
broadleaved decidous elements developing
outside the zone of evergreen oak woods, ofen
in the belt of macedonian oak woods (Quercus
trojana).
Garrigues represent scrub-like vegetation of
the mediterranean belt which emerges afer
maquis get degraded. Many of garrigue build-
ing species have got spines and reduced scle-
rophyllous leaves as an adaptation to arid and
warm eco-climate. Garrigues may also be a
progradation stage of the mediterranean rock
debris communities.
Mediterranean landscapes are:
Ecosystems of woods, shrubs and scrubs
t Ecosystems of maquis and evergreen woods and shrubs (Quercion ilicis adriaticum);
t Ecosystems of mixed evergreen woods and shrubs (Orno-Quercion ilicis);
t Ecosystems of laurel woods (Laurion nobilis);
t Ecosystems of coastal pubescent oak woods (Quercion pubescentis adriaticum);
t Ecosystems of coastal small shrubs and scrubs with oriental hornbeam and butchers
broom (Rusco-Carpinion orientalis);
t Ecosystems of coastal jerusalem thorn shrubs (Paliurion aculeati);
t Ecosystems with aleppo pine (Pinion halepensis).
Ekosistemi uma, ikara i ibljaka, iako
zauzimaju male povrine, predstavljaju
vaan segment biodiverziteta koji se
odl i kuj e s pec i f i ni m bi ol o ki m
obiljejima. Zbog njihove unikatnosti,
i zdi f erenci rani su od susj edni h
ekosistema i ine jadransku provinciju
mediteranske regije.
Na junim i zapadnim ekspozicijama ovi
ekosistemi dostiu i 300 m.n.v., a na
sjevernoj ekspoziciji ne idu iznad 50
m.n.v.
Ova vegetacija predstavlja ostatke
primarne vegetacije nekad bujnih uma
esvine. Danas su predstavljene u obliku
razliitih razvojnih stadija makije.
Najrazvijenije sastojine ovih zajednica
prisutne su na poluostrvu Kleku, gdje na
pojedinim mjestima obrazuju gusto
sklopljene i neprohodne zajednice sa
dominacijom mediteranskih lijana, kao
to su veprina, broika i kotrika.
Sastojine na poluotoku Kleku su jo
izuzetno dobro ouvane. Jo 1950. godine
ovo podruje je proglaeno rezervatom
mediteranske flore i faune. I danas ima
izuzetan udio u ouvanju ukupnog
circummediteranskog ivog svijeta, zbog
ega j e oznaeno medi teranski m
arboretumom (mediteranetumom).
Mediteranski pejzai BiH predstavljaju
vaan segment u ukupnom diverzitetu
Jadrana, kao i itavog Mediterana i
zasl uuj u panj u Medi t eranskog
akcionog plana.
Idui prema submediteranu, pored uvijek
zelenih biljnih vrsta (zelenika, pistacija,
esvina i dr.) sve ee se pojavljuju
lisarsko-listopadni elementi (bjelo-
garbi, draa, crni jasen, medunac).
Posebne pejzane vrijednosti imaju
zaj edni ce sa pl ani kom, mi rt om,
pistacijama. Ova stanita nastanjuje i
unikatna fauna. Naroitim diverzitetom
se istie fauna ptica, gmizavaca,
vodozemaca (planina aba), te razliitih
skupina insekata (zrikavaca, skakavaca,
leptira, bogomoljki), korpija, itd.
lEkosistemi gariga sa buinima (Cisto-Ericion);
lEkosistemi primorske kleke (Juniperion oxycedri);
lEkosistemi brnistre (Spartion juncei);
lEkosistemi sa Calycotome infesta.
Ekosistemi gariga (mediteranskih bunova)
Ekosistemima gariga obiljeje daju niski
ibovi buina iz roda Cystus i meditera-
nskih crnjua iz roda Erica, koji posebnu
pejzanu vrijednosti imaju u vrijeme
cvjetanja. Garizi predstavljaju dugotrajne
stadije u razvoju klimatogene vegetacije.
Garizi vjerno prate nekadanja stanita
makija, njihove geoloko-pedoloke
prilike su dosta sline. Osnovna
ekoklimatska razlika izmeu ova dva tipa
ekosistema je u znatno veem variranju
temperatura i nioj relativnoj vlanosti na
stanitima gariga.
Idui prema submediteranskom pojasu,
garizi ostvaruju ekoloki kontinuitet sa
zajednicama mediteranske kleke, a na
samo nekoliko lokaliteta sa stanitima
ugroene mediteranske vrste Calycotome
infesta.
lEkosistemi kamenjara (Cymbopogo Brachypodion ramosi);
lEkosistemi livada (Vulpio-Lotion).
Ekosistemi mediteranskih kamenjara i livada
Kako je u prolosti antropogeni faktor na
ovom prostoru bio intenzivan, najveu
povrinu ovog pojasa danas nastanjuju
mediteranske kamenjare. Kamenjare su u
cjelosti otvorena stanita sa izraenim
temperaturnim ekstremima, plitkim
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Ecosystems of woods, shrubs and scrubs, al-
though covering small space, represent an im-
portant biodiversity component characterized
by specifc biological features. In their high
uniqueness, they clearly deviate from adjecent
ecosystems. Tey build the Adriatic province
of the Mediterranean region.
On southern and western slopes these ecosys-
tems climb up to 300 m above sea level, while
on northern slopes they dont exceed 50 m.
It is the rest of primary vegetation, which is
evergreen oak woodland. At present it occurs
as diferent stages of maquis. Tese commu-
nities are best developed on the Klek penin-
sula, where it makes in some places tightly
closed cover which is hard to pass. Here pre-
vail mediterranean lianas, such as butchers
broom, madder and smilax. Stands on the
Klek peninsula are still in excellent condition.
In 1950 this area was designated as reserve of
mediterranen fora and fauna. It is even today
very important in terms of preservation of the
circum-mediterranean wildlife. Hence it has
been designated as a mediterranean arbore-
tum (mediterranetum). Mediterranean land-
scapes of B&H are an important segment of
both Adriatic and Mediterranean biodiversity
deserving full attention of the Mediterranean
Action Plan.
Going toward supra-mediterranean belt, along
with evergreen plants (phyllirea, pistache,
evergreen oak and others) more ofen occur
broadleaved elements (oriental hornbeam, je-
rusalem thorn, fowering ash, pubescent oak).
As a special landscapes value we should men-
tion plant communities with strawberry tree,
myrtle, pistache. Tese places are inhabited
by unique fauna, too. Fauna of butterfies,
birds and amphibians (so called, Frog Mt.),
then diferent insect groups (crickets, grass-
hoppers, butterfies, mantis) and scorpions is
characterized by high diversity.
Ecosystems of garrigues (mediterranean bushes)
t Ecosystems of garrigues with rock-roses (Cisto-Ericion);
t Ecosystems of prickly juniper (Juniperion oxycedri);
t Ecosystems of spanish broom (Spartion juncei);
t Ecosystems with Calycotome infesta.
Ecosystems of garrigues are recognizable in
low bushes with dominance of rock-roses
of genus Cystus and mediterranean heaths
belonging to genus Erica. Te latter one,
in bloosom season, provides a special look
to the landscape. Garrigues are longlasting
stage in the climax vegetation development,
occuring always on places previously covered
by maquis, for they both have similar geo-
pedological demands. Te basic diference
between these two ecosystem types in terms
of eco-climate is greater temperature variance
and lower relative humidity in garrigues.
In the supra-mediterranean belt, in eco-
logical sense, garrigues are continued by
mediterranean juniper communities. There
are only few localities with endangered
mediterranean species Calycotome infesta.
Ecosystems of mediterranean rocky grassland and meadows
t Ecosystems of rocky grassland (Cymbopogo-Brachypodion ramosi);
t Ecosystems of meadows (Vulpio-Lotion).
Because of intensive anthropogenous impacts
in the past, most of this territory is now
covered by mediterranean rocky grassland.
Rocky grassland is entirely open kind
of habitat where temperature reaches its
extreme values. Soils are shallow humus-
humusno akumulativnim tlom i obino
veim nagibima terena. Stepen diverziteta
mediteranskih kamenjara najoitiji je u
proljee i rano ljeto, te tokom rane jeseni.
Tokom ljeta, zbog visokih temperatura i
naglaene aridnosti, ovi ekosistemi ulaze
u period mirovanja. Najvei broj vrsta u
vegetaciji kamenjara ima ljekovita,
aromatina i medonosna svoj stva
(kadulja, smilje, vrisi i dr.)
Mediteranske kamenjare su stanita
velikog broja razliitih ivotinjskih vrsta.
Visok stepen diverziteta, posebno
oigledan u vrijeme cvjetanja biljaka,
imaju razliite vrste leptirova, pela,
bumbara, skakavaca i zrikavaca, iji zvuk
ini neodvojivi dio mediteranskog
pejzaa.
lEkosistemi u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena (Centaureo-Campanulion);
lEkosistemi mediteranskih sipara (Peltarion aliaceae).
Ekosistemi pukotina stijena i sipara
Na izraenim nagibima u pukotinama
tvrdih krenjakih stijena, na plitkim
zemljitima, tipa regosola i sirozema,
rastu mnoge hazmofite. Najvei broj ovih
vrsta j e uglavnom endeminog i
t er ci j ar nog r el i kt nog kar akt er a.
Naroitom ljepotom svojih cvjetova istiu
se modro lasinje i mediteranske zvonike.
esto im se pridruuje i dalmatinski
buha, koji bjelinom svojih jeziastih
cvjetova u glaviastim cvatima dinamizira
mediteranski pejza.
Ispod okomitih stijena, gdje je dolo do
nakupl j anj a supstrata usi tnj enog
djelovanjem temperaturnih ekstrema,
mjestimino su formirana mediteranska
toila (sipari). Uprkos ekstremnim
ivotnim prilikama na siparima se
razvijaju specifine zajednice koje
izgrauje vei broj endeminih i reliktnih
biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta. Na njima
stanite nalaze npr. mekinjak, peltaria,
medi teranska zvoni ka, zdravac,
gladiole, perunike, te razliite vrste
lEkosistemi hridina (Crythmo-Staticion cancelatae);
lEkosistemi pjeanih stanita (Amophylion maritimae);
lEkosistemi brakinih voda (Ulvion lactucae);
lEkosistemi u litoralnom pojasu mora (Cystoseirion).
Ekosistemi u priobalnom pojasu mora
U priobalnom pojasu, u zoni plime i
oseke, razvijeni su zasebni ekosistemi
hridina. Supstrat na stanitima ovih
ekosistema su mezozojski krenjaci sa
raznovrsnom povrinskom orname-
ntikom nastalom radljivou morske
vode. U pukotinama stijena su razvijena
plitka zaslanjena tla (slanjae), na koja je
adaptiran relativno mali broj vrsta i
zajednica. Najee su ovdje tipine
halofite (matar, primorski oman i
mriica). Tokom turistike sezone stanita
ovog tipa ekosistema trpe izuzetno visok
antropogeni pritisak, te su mnoge biljne i
ivotinjske vrste (npr. prstac), kao i
niijhove zajednice, veoma ugroene. Na
morskim alovima, na zemljitima tipa
arenosola razvij ene su halofitske
zajednice sa dominacijom vrsta iz rodova
Amophilla, Inula, Sueda, itd. Iako ovi
ekosistemi zauzimaju male povrine,
igraj u vanu ulogu u stabilnosti
ekosistema mediteranskog pejzaa. U
priobalnom pojasu mora razvijene su
zajednice makrofitskih algi. Najee su
smee i zelene alge iz rodova Cistoseira,
Padina i Ulva, od kojih su neke i
endeminog karaktera. Bogatstvo
marinske faune ine morske zvijezde,
jeevi, rakuci, koljke, morski krastavci,
te unikatan svijet riba. Unato visokom
kvalitetu morske vode, u BiH nije
zabiljeena Posidonia oceanica, a razlog
tome moe biti nedovoljna koliina
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accumulative ones with steep slopes. Te
diversity of mediterranean rocky grassland is
obvious in spring, early summer and autumn.
In summer, due to high temperatures and
arid climate, this ecosystems stagnate. Most
of its plants posses medicinal, aromatic and
honey-producing features (common sage,
strawfower, savory and others).
Mediterranean rocky grassland is a habitat of
many animal species. A high diversity level
is being reached by butterfies, bees, humble
bees, grasshoopers and crickets, especially in
bloosom season. Te sound of the latter ones
is a component part of the mediterranean
landscape.
Ecosystems of rock crevices and screes
t Ecosystems of limestone rock fssures (Centaureo-Campanulion);
t Ecosystems of mediterranean screes (Peltarion aliaceae).
On more inclinated slopes where prevail shallow type of soils, such as regosol and sirozem, and
in the fssures of hard limestone rocks, grow many chasmophytes. Most of them are endemic
and considered to be tertiary relicts. Especially beautiful are Moltkea petraea and mediterranean
bellfowers. Quite ofen they are accompanied by Dalmation pyrethrum, whose white and
radially composed fowers put the mediterranean landscape in motion.
Beneath clifs on accumulated matter of weathered rocks, evolve in some place mediterranean
screes. Inspite of harsh environment, screes are inhabited by very specifc communities composed
of numerous endemic and relict both plants and animals. It is habitat of, for instance, Drypis,
garlic cress, mediterranean bellfower, robert geranium, gladiola, iris and diverse kind of snails.
Ecosystems in littoral sea belt
t Ecosystems of sea clifs (Crythmo-Staticion cancelatae);
t Ecosystems of marine sands (Amophylion maritimae);
t Ecosystems of brakish water (Ulvion lactucae);
t Ecosystems of littoral sea belt (Cystoseirion).
In the littoral belt, where the sea level rises
and falls, occur special ecosystems of sea
clifs. Geological foundation here is mezo-
zoic limestone with highly diverse ornaments
at the surface resulted by sea water activity.
In rock fssures develop very shallow salty
soil (salt marshes), to whome is adapted rela-
tively small number of species and commu-
nities. Most frequent are typical halophytes
(rock and golden samphire and sea lavender).
In touristic season these habitats are under
tremendous anthropogenous impact mak-
ing therefore many plant and animal species
(for instance date-shell) highly endangered.
On sandy beaches, where arenosol is com-
mon type of soil, developed are halophylous
communities in which prevail species of gen-
era Amophilla, Inula, Sueda etc. Tese are
ecosystems that cover small area, but, yet,
play an important role for the mediterranean
landscapes stability. In the littoral sea, grow
macrophyte alges within their communities.
Te most common are brown and green al-
ges of genera Cistoseira, Padina and Ulva, of
which some are endemic ones. Te richness of
marine fauna includes seastars, sea urchins,
crayfshes, molluscs, sea cucumbers and the
unique fsh world. Although B&Hs sea water
posses high quality, it hasnt been recorded the
occurence of Posidonia oceanica. Te reason
for that is probably low salinity of sea water as
a result of dilution by Neretva river.
For the mediterranean landscape character-
istic are sea ecosystems. Tere is 27 km long
rastvorenih soli usljed naglaenog
razblaenja morske vode od rijeke
Neretve.
Poseban znaaj u mediteranskom pejzau
imaju ekosistemi mora. U duini od oko
27 km, Bosna i Hercegovina ima direktan
izlaz na Jadransko more u predjelu
Malostonskog zaljeva.
Reljef morskog dna u dijelu bosansko-
hercegovakog mora je veoma dinamian.
Kvalitet vode, zaklonjenost od jakih bura
i specifina kombinacija otopljenih soli,
uslovili su razvoj izuzetno bogatog ivog
svijeta. Mikrofitske i makrofitske alge te
brojne vrste beskimenjaka ine vrlo
interesantnim planktonske, nektonske i
bentoske ivotne zajednice. U ovim
ekosistemima ivi oko 100 vrsta razliitih
kimenjaka, meu kojima je najvie riba
(97 vrsta), te veliki broj razliitih oblika
beskimenjaka - spuvi, rakova, koljki,
glavonoaca, korala, bodljokoaca, te
razliitih morskih crva.
Tabela 25. - Fauna Jadranskog mora na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine
U priobalnom pojasu su izraeni globalni
i lokalni antropogeni uticaji, zbog ega su
senzitivne vrste (prstac, morski je) sa
ozbiljnim stepenom ugroenosti.
Hidroloki koridor i direktnu vezu sa
otvorenim Jadranom Bosna i Hercegovina
postie u skladu sa meunarodnom
pomorskom regulativom. Kao malo koji
dio Jadranskog mora, bosanskoherce-
govako more je jo veoma isto, sa
razuenom obalom i pogodno je za
podizanje pomorske infrastrukture u
junom dijelu. Kapacitet naih morskih
ekosistema prua mogunosti za
izgradnju moderne luke za putnike i
lake teretne brodove s ciljem razvoja
odrivog pomorstva.
lEkosistemi nitrificiranih stanita (Inulion viscosae);
lEkosistemi obradivih povrina (Panico-Setarion);
lEkosistemi naputenih stanita (Psoraleion bituminosae);
Ekosistemi urbanih i ruralnih stanita
Danas su mnoge povrine, naroito u
priobalnom pojasu, pretvorene u urbana i
ruralna naselja. Osim za gradnju sve
potrebne turistike infrastrukture,
zemljite se u mediteranskom pojasu
koristi i za odrivu poljoprivredu.
Posebno su pogodno za uzgoj povrtla-
rskih kultura (paprika, paradajz, patl.,
pinat, repa, ratika, blitva, salata, luk), te
uzgoj tipinih mediteranskih kultura
(maslina, naranda, mandarina, smokva,
vinova loza, aktinidija, nar, itd.).
Na zbijenim zemljitima uz puteve
razvijene su zajednice sa ljepljivim
omanom, djetelnjakom, bijelim bunom,
prskavac itd. Prirodni mediteranski
pej za upot punj uj u hort i kul t ure
neobinih formi i raskonih cvati meu
kojima su Bougenvilia, Passiflora, Acaccia,
Wisteria, Thuja i razne vrste palmi i
empresa.
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shoreline that allows B&H direct approach to
the Adriatic Sea, in the area of Malostonski
zaljev.
Te relief of B&Hs sea bottom is very din-
amic. Because of water quality, hidden pos-
tion relating to strong winds coming from
the sea and specifc mixture of in water dis-
soluted salts, the living world is highly diverse
and rich. Tere are micro- and macrophyte
alges along with numerous inverebrates that
create many interesting communities belong-
ing to plankton, necton and benthos. Within
these ecosystems live 100 vertebrate species,
of which majority make fshes (97 species) and
diferent invertebrate forms of life sponges,
crabs, molluscs, cephalopods, corals, spiny-
skinned animals, sea worms.
Table 25. Fauna of the Adriatic Sea on B&Hs territory
Te coastal area is afected by global and local
anthropogenic impacts, which is why sensi-
tive species (prstac, morski je) are seriously
endangered.
Te hydrographic corridor and direct con-
nection with an open sea, Bosnia and Herze-
govina achieves in accordance with the inter-
national sea regulations. Like no other area in
Adriatic sea, bosnia-herzegovinas sea is still
very clean with streched coastline, hence, be-
ing suitable for the construction of marine
infrastructure in its southern part. Te capac-
ity of our marine ecosystems enables the con-
struction of modern harbor for passanger and
lighter cargo ships, which will support devel-
opment of the sustainable shipping.
Ecosystems of urban and rural habitats
t Ecosystems of nitrifed habitats (Inulion viscosae);
t Ecosystems of arable land (Panico-Setarion);
t Ecosystems of abandoned places (Psoraleion bituminosae).
Today, most of the area, especially in the
coastal belt, is transformed into urban and
rural settlements. Apart from being used for
the construction of needed touristic infra-
structure, land in mediterranean belt is also
used for the sustainable agriculture. It suits
for growing vegetables (paprika, tomato, au-
bergine, spinach, beet, borecole, mangel, sal-
ad, onion) and typical mediterranean crops
(olives, oranges, tangerins, fgs, grapes, ac-
tinidies, pomegranates etc.).
Along side of the roads, on trampled soil,
occur communities with elecampane, pitch
trefoil, white henbane, etc. Te natural look
of mediterranean landscapes is completed by
ornamental plants with unusual shapes and
fourishing bloosom. Tose are Bougenvilia,
Passifora, Acaccia, Vistaria, Tuja and dif-
ferent kind of palms and cypreses.
Romulea bulbocodium
(L.) Sebast. & Mauri
Kako su saobraajnice dugo vremena za-
obilazile bosanskohercegovaki dio prim-
orja, dugo se odravala izvorna slika tipi-
nih mediteranskih pejzaa. U posljednjih
50 godina, izgradnjom saobraajnica, do-
lazi do razvoja rekreacijskog, otvorenog i
posebno konferencijskog turizma. Danas
je glavnina bosanskohercegovake obale
pretvorena u urbano naselje iji centar ini
grad Neum.
Uvijek zelene makije esvine su dosta do-
bro ouvane na naem podruju. Intenz-
ivan antropogeni faktor kroz prekomj-
Stanje mediteranskih pejzaa
ernu sjeu nekada visokih uma uvjeto-
vao je znaajnu degradaciju zemljita, to
je rezultiralo pojavom niskoproduktivnih
ekosistema gariga i kamenjara. Do znaaj-
ne je promjene dolo u strukturi priobaln-
ih ekosistema to namee potrebu njihove
hitne ekoloke restauracije (naroito na di-
jelu Hotel Zenit-Surdup).
Stvarna slika procjene ekolokog stanja
proizilazi iz najnovijih studija, iji su re-
zultati prikazani na slici 7.
Slika 7. Kapacitet prihvata ekosistema u mediteranskim pejzaima BiH
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State
Tanks to the fact that main roads have
avoided bosnia-herzegovinas shore for a
long time, the original image of mediter-
ranean landscapes has been preserved for a
same long period of time. In last 50 years, the
construction of roads has enabled develop-
ment of recreational, open and conference
tourism. Main share of bosnia-herzegovinas
shoreline is today transformed into urban
settlement with centre in Neum city.
Te evergreen oak woods are quite well pre-
served in our territory. Te massive anthro-
pogenic pressure through over-logging of
formerly tall forest has led to sever soil degra-
dation and the occurnece of low-productive
ecosystems of garrigues and rocky grassland.
Te structure of littoral ecosystems has been
changed substantially entailing the need af-
ter their ecological restoration (especially in
the area Hotel Zenit-Surdup).
Te more realistic picture of the ecosystem
states assessment emerges from the recent
studies, the results of which are shown in
Figure 7.
Figure 7. Carrying capacity of mediterranean landscapes ecosystems in B&H
submediteranskih ekosistema Bosne i
Hercegovine ine karbonatne stijene
(krenjaci i dolomiti) razliite starosti. Na
njima je razvijena karbonatna serija tla, pa
su prisutni sirozem, krenjake crnice,
rendzine, smea krenjaka tla i samo na
ravnijim terenima suhlji luvisoli. Na
plitkim karbonatnim tlima optimum
nalaze submediteranske kamenjare i
livade, dok se ume i ikare razvijaju
najee na kambinim tlima. U pogledu
termike stanita srednje godinje tempe-
SUBMEDITERANSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
0
rature se kreu oko 16 C. Variranje tempe-
ratura i ostalih ekoklimatskih faktora
daleko je izraenije na stanitima
kamenjara i livada nego na stanitima
uma i ikara ovog pojasa. Srednja
godinja relativna vlanost vazduha je
niska u odnosu na humidna bosanska
stanita, a tokom vegetacijske sezone
izraen je period aridnosti. U odnosu na
svjetlost, zajednice ovog pojasa su
heliofilne, a samo u nekim sinuzijama
stanita nalaze i skiofitne vrste.
Idui od mediteranskog pojasa (50 m n.v.
na sjevernim i do 300 m n.v. na junim
ekspozicijama), prema sjeveru se protee
orografski blago zatalasan prostor u
kojem se formirala posebna varijanta
submediteranske klime. U hidrolokom
smislu ovaj prostor je uvezan u jedinstven
sistem preko bogate mree povrinskih i
podzemnih vodotoka od kojih veina
zavrava u rijeci Neretvi.
Termofilne vrste hrastova, kao najbolji
bioindikatori submediteranskog tipa
ekoklime, pokazuju da se ovaj prostor
DIVERZITET EKOSISTEMA U SUBMEDITERANSKIM PEJZAIMA
protee dolinom Neretve sve do
Jablanikog jezera, a obuhvata i doline
Litice i Tihaljine i zonu donjih krakih
polja, te sve do Bilee na istoku i Trebinja
na jugu.
Ovaj prostor, pored povoljne klime i dosta
bogate hidroloke mree karakterie i
visok diverzitet zemljita. Dominiraju
crnice, rendzine, smea krenjaka
zemljita, a na ravnim terenima su
razvijene posebne varijante ilimerizo-
vanih tala i fluvisola.
Ostaci nekada visokih uma, a danas ikare i
ibljaci, kamenjari, siparita, pukotine stijena,
vrtae, kamene kue, posjedi sa kamenim
ogradama su slika tipinog hercegovakog
submediteranskog pejzaa. U njima se itavu
godinu istie bjelina ljutog kra, behar
rascvalih treanja, breskvi i kajsija, a u rano
proljee i jesen rumenilo narova. Mediteranski
empres ovdje razvija visoka stabla koja samo
to ne dotiu bistro hercegovako nebo. Ruke
vjetih neimara sazidale su kule, gradove,
mostove, ije zidine i graciozni lukovi priaju
svoje prie o, stasitim Humljanima i
Huml j ankama, l i j epoj Emi ni , Di vi
Grabovevoj, antievim jasminima,
Duievim jablanima, smirajima duama
ljudskim na hladnom izvoru Bune i
prostranstvima irokog Brijega.
I danas u predveerja i u cik zore odjekuje eho
sa Hadibegove kule u Hutovu, odzvanjaju
zvona manastira u Zavali, uje se tihi apat na
izvoru Bune i meu zvonicima Poitelj-grada,
begovine na Bregavi. Preko mosta bijeloga i
danas prolaze Humljani da u rumene veeri
priaju prie o nekadanjim junatvima,
vjetim neimarima, bistroj Radobolji, lijepoj
Emini. (Navod iz TV emisije Prirodna
batina BiH)
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SUPRA-MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Geologic foundation in habitats of the supra-
mediterranean landscapes is made of car-
bonate rocks (limestone and dolomites) of
diferent age. On top of them occurs series
of carbonate soil, sirozem, limestone black
earth, rendsine, limestone brown earth and
on fattened ground dry luvisol. Shallow car-
bonate soils provide optimal conditions for
a supra-mediterranean rocky grassland and
meadows with woods and shrubs occuring
on cambisols. As far as thermal conditions
are concerned, mean annual temperature is
around 16
0
C. Variation of temperature and
other ecoclimate conditions is more pro-
nounced in the rocky grassland and mead-
ows than in the woods and shrubs. Average
relative air humidity is low comparing to
humid bosnian habitats with arid charac-
teristics in vegetation season. Considering
light demands, communities of this belt are
heliophyte. Sciophytes are to be found only
in some sinusia.
ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY OF SUPRA-MEDITERRANEAN LANDSCAPES IN B&H
Going from the mediterranean belt (50 m
above sea level on northern and up to 300 m on
southern slopes) in northern direction extends,
in orographic sense mildly waved area, in which
has evolved special variant of supra-mediterra-
nean climate. Regarding its hydrology this area
is bound into unique system through branched
network of overground and underground wa-
tercourses ending mostly in Neretva river.
Termophilous oak species, being best bioin-
dicator of supra-mediterranean climate, show
that this territory streches along Neretva river
up to Jablaniko lake, encompassing valleys of
Litica and Tihaljina and lower karst felds, go-
ing all the way to Bilea in East and Trebinje in
South.
Beside suitable climate and well developed
hydrologic network this area is characterized
by high diversity of soils. Prevailing are black
earth, rendsine, brown limestone earth and
some variants of ilimerized soils and fuvisols
on fat land.
What once used to be fourishing woodland
with mazedonian, italian and pubescent oak
has in the meanwhile changed completely due
to many civilizations that have come to pass.
Remnants of previously tall woods, which are
shrubs and scrubs today, then rocky grassland,
screes, rock crevices, sink holes, stone cottages
and possesions surrounded by stone fences are
typical image of herzegovinas supra-medi-
terranean landscape. Herein highligthened is
the white colour of karst, bloosom of fowering
cherries, peaches and apricots over entire year,
and in early spring and fall the redish of pome-
granates. Mediterranean cypresses here are al-
most as tall as clear herzegovinas sky. By hands
of skilful builders constructed were towers, cit-
ies, bridges whose walls and graceful arches tell
the story on noble people from Hum, beautiful
Emina, Diva Graboveva, antis jasmines,
Duis poplars, peaceful rest of human souls,
cold source of Buna river and vast space of
iroki Brijeg.
Even today, in dusk and early dawn, one can
hear an echo from Hadibegs tower in Hutovo,
monastery bells from Zavala, silent whisper at
Bunas source foating between the bell-towers
of Poitelj-town that once used to be begs pos-
sesion on Bregava rivers shore. Over the white
bridge still cross people from Hum to tell the
stories on heroic deeds, skilful builders, clear
Radoblja river, beautiful Emina. (quoted from
TV show Prirodna batina BiH)
Submediteranski pejzai se diferenciraju na sljedee ekosisteme:
lEkosistemi uma i ikara medunca;
lEkosistemi uma i ikara trojanskog
hrasta;
lEkosistemi uma i ikara hrasta
sladuna;
lEkosistemi uma i ikara bjelograbia;
lEkosistemi uma i ikara crnog graba;
lEkoistemi submediteranskih
kamenjara sa bijelim vrijeskom i
kaduljom;
Uz vodotoke i na ravnim terenima u uslovima visokog nivoa podzemne vode razvijene
su i razliite movarne zajednice koje izgrauju ekosisteme:
lEkosistemi vrba, topola i platana;
lEkosistemi ibljaka rakite, konopljike i periploke;
lEkosistemi sive vrbe;
lEkosistemi bara i movara u podruju krakih polja;
lEkosistemi submediteranskih higrofilnih livada;
lEkosistemi slatkih voda.
Sve toploljubive livade i kamenjare u BiH
imaju sekundarni karakter. Nastale su u
procesima razliitih oblika egzogenih
sukcesija, veoma esto antropogenog
karaktera, krenjem uma, paljenjem,
pretjeranom ispaom kozama u prolosti i
na sline naine.
Ekosistemi kamenjara i kserotermnih
l i vada danas nastanj uj u stani ta
klimatogene vegetacije uma trojanskog
hrasta, medunca i sladuna. Na podruju
BiH ovi ekosistemi su optimalno razvijeni
upravo na podruju Hercegovine.
Submediteranske kamenj are sveze
Satureion montanae danas najee
nalazimo u zoni bjelograbia. Vegetacija
kamenj ar a pr i pada kl asi The ro-
Brachypodietea. Kserotermne livade sub-
mediteranskih pejzaa BiH pripadaju
klasi Festuco-Brometea.
Ekosistemi toplolj ubivih livada i
kamenjara se diferenciraju na veliki broj
vegetacijskih jedinica u iji sastav ulazi
preko 1.000 vrsta vaskularnih biljaka. O
broju ivotinjskih organizama ne postoje
ni priblino tani podaci.
Najrasprostranjenije ivotne zajednice u
ekosistemima submediteranskih kame-
njara na podruju Hercegovine su:
Ekosistemi submediteranskih kamenjara i kserotermnih livada
lzajednica kadulje i kovilja;
lzajednica ubra i zvonaca;
lzajednica vlasulje i kelerije;
lzajednica apljana i krina;
lzajednica aa i zeine.
Stanje submediteranskih pejzaa
Znaajan broj biljaka koje nastanjuju ova
stanita su rijetke, endemine i reliktne
vrste, a druga grupa su one sa izraenim
ekonomskim vrijednostima. U subme-
diteranskim kamenjarama i livadama je
veliki broj ljekovitih, jestivih, aromatinih
i vitaminskih vrsta koje su se od davnina
koristile u tradicionalnoj medicini i
alternativnoj ishrani. I danas mnoge
imaju neprevazienu ulogu u farmaciji.
Ovi ekosistermi imaju veliki ekonomski
znaaj kao panjaci za zdravu stonu
ishranu.
lEkosistemi submediteranskih
kamenjara sa smiljem;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama stijena sa
modrim lasinjem i bjeluinom;
lEkosistemi sipara sa peltariom i
zdravcem;
lEkosistemi obradivih povrina;
lRuralni i urbani ekosistemi;
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Supra-mediterranean ecosystems are divided into following ones:
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with pubes-
cent oak;
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with maze-
donian oak;
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with italian
oak;
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with oriental
hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with fower-
ing ash;
t Ecosystems of supra-mediterranean rocky
grassland with savory and common sage;
t Ecosystems of supra-mediterranean rocky
grassland with everlasting;
t Ecosystems of rock crevices with moltkea and
Tanacetum cinerariifolium;
t Ecosystems of screes with garlic cress and
robert geranium;
t Ecosystems of arable land;
t Rural and urban ecosystems.
Along streams and on the fat land, where the level of underground water is high, occur
swamp communities building following ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of willows, poplars and oriental plane;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with purpule willow, chaste tree andsilk vine;
t Ecosystems with grey willow;
t Ecosystems of ponds and marshes in karst felds;
t Ecosystems of supra-mediterranean hygrophilous meadows;
t Ecosystems of freshwater.
Ecosystems of supra-mediterranean rocky grassland and xeric meadows
t community of common sage and needlegrass;
t community of thyme and bellfower;
t community of fescue and quaking grass;
t community of asphodel and krin;
t community of sedge and knapweed.
State
Many plants living in these habitats are rare, endemic and relict, while, on the other hand, there is
a large group of plants possesing high economic value. Supra-mediterranean rocky grassland and
meadows comprise medicinal, edible, aromatic and vitaminous plants that are being used since
ever for traditional healing and alimentary purposes. Yet, there are many species being irreplace-
able in modern pharmacy, too.
Tese ecosystems have got enormous economic importance as pastures providing healthy live
stocks diet.
All thermophilous meadows and rocky grassland
in B&H have got secondary character. Tey emerge
in diferent kind of egzogenic successions that are
quite ofen anthropogenic triggered, such as clear-
ing and burning down of forests, over-grazing and
other similar ways.
At present these ecosystems are spread over habi-
tats whose climax vegetation is composed of maze-
donian, italian and pubescent oak. In B&H these
ecosystems achieve their optimal development in
Herzegovina.
Supra-mediterranean rocky grassland of alliance
Satureion montanae occurs most frequently in ori-
ental hornbeams zone. Tis vegetation type belongs
to class Tero-Brachypodietea. Xeric meadows of
supra-mediterranean landscapes in B&H belong to
class Festuco-Brometea.
Ecosystems of thermophilous meadows and rocky
grassland are diferentiated into great number of
vegetational units encompassing over 1.000 species
of vascular plants. Data on animal diversity arent as
closely that reliable as data on plants. Most distrib-
uted plant communities of supra-mediterranean
rocky grasslands ecosystems in Herzegovina are:
Pritisci na ekosisteme submediteranskih kamenjara i kserotermnih livada
Ekosistemi termofilnih livada i kamenjara
u submediteranskom pojasu Bosne i Her-
cegovine danas se nalaze pod jakim i ra-
znovrsnim antropogenim uticajima, koji
potiu iz aktivnosti kao to su:
lNekontrolisana urbanizacija;
lUspostava novih saobraajnih i drugih infrastrukturnih objekata;
lKonverzija krakih stanita u poljoprivredne povrine;
lNeodrivo iskoritavanje biolokih resursa (alfija, smilje i mnoge druge vrste).
Ekosistemi krakih peina, jama i ponora
Specifina geoloka prolost subme-
diteranskog pejzaa uslovila je nastanak i
opstanak raritetnih stanita podzemne
faune. Veliki broj izuzetnih podzemnih
biotopa (peine, jame i ponori) se sree na
podruju Hercegovine.
Biotopi podzemnih kopnenih voda su
stanita starih taksona, a moe se
oekivati da na stanitima na manjoj
dubini, povezanim sa nadzemnim
ekosistemima, ive nj ihovi mlai
srodnici.
Pored paleoklimatskih i geomorfolokih
faktora uspostavljanja i odravanja ovog
tipa reliktnih ekosistema posebno su
vane karakteristike dinarskog kra,
koj eg i ne upl j i kavi mezozoj ski
krenjaci.
Evolucijska prednost ovakvih tipova
stanita je ne samo u sklanjanju od
nepovoljnih klimatskih uslova, nego i u
mogunos t i i zbj egavanj a o t r i h
konkurentskih odnosa kakvi vladaju u
nadzemnim biocenozama.
U podzemnim stalnim i povremenim
stanitima, u vodenoj i kopnenoj ivotnoj
sredini prisutni su: troglobionti (potpuno
prilagoeni na ivot u podzemnim
upljinama), troglofili (adaptirani na
podzemna stanita, ali se pojavljuju i u
nadzemnim biotopima) i troglokseni
(povremeni ili sluajni stanovnici peina).
l anovi bi ocenoza su ugl avnom
konzumenti i reducenti, saprobionti i
saprofagi, a u daleko manjoj mjeri
biofagni organizmi. Pored pripadnika
carstava Monera i Fungi, glavni dio
bi ocenoza sai nj avaj u pri padni ci
Protozoa i Animalia (Metazoa).
U vezi sa malim brojem ekolokih nia u
podzemnim stanitima j e i mala
raznovrsnost biocenoza. Gustina popu-
lacija prisutnih vrsta ograniena je malom
koliinom hrane, to uporedo sa ogranie-
nim prostorom podzemnih biotopa
dovodi do kritino niske brojnosti i
ekstinkcije populacija.
Kao adaptivne osobine organizama u
podzemnim stanitima istiu se: odsustvo
pigmenata koe, redukcija ili odsustvo
organa ula vida, znatan razvoj taktilnog i
ul a mi ri sa ( i zduene ant ene i
ekstremiteti), razvijeni organi ula sluha.
U vezi sa visokom relativnom vlanou
vazduha, reducirana je zatita od
isuivanja. Smanjena koncentracija kisika
i poveana koncentracija ugljendioksida u
podzemnim stanitima uslovila je takoe
i razvoj odgovarajuih fiziolokih
adaptacija.
Najpoznatije i najvie prouavano
stanite podzemne faune na podruju
Bosne i Hercegovine je peina Vjetrenica
pilja je izdubljena u vapnencima i dolomiti-
ma izmeu Popova polja i Jadranskog mora.-
...Na povrini su razvijeni brojni kraki oblici
reljefa: krape, vrtae, jame, peine, glavice,
grede itd. Povrina reljefa zacijelo ima vezu s
podzemnim kanalima Vjetrenice.
Vjetrenica je najdulja pilja u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Dosad je otkriveno i opisano
oko 5.700 m duine kanala.
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Pressures onto supra-mediterranean rocky grassland and xeric meadows
Ecosystems of thermophilous meadows and rocky grassland in supra-mediterranean belt
of Bosnia and Herzegovina are under tremendous and diverse anthropogenic impacts
arising from activities as follows:
t uncontrolled urbanisation;
t construction of trafc and other infrastructure facilities;
t conversion of karst habitats into agricultural land;
t unsustainable use of biological resources (sage, strawgrass and others).
Ecosystems of karst caves, holes and abysses
In highly specifc past of supra-mediterra-
nean landscapes were created and main-
tained rare habitats of underground fauna.
On Herzegovinas territory occurs great
number of outstanding biotopes (caves, holes
and abysses).
Deep under the surface water is inhabited by
ancient taxa, while younger kindred species
are expected to be found living close to the
surface in connection with overground eco-
systems.
Beside palaeo-climate and geomorphologic
features for these relict kind of ecosystems,
in order to get developed and maintained,
important are characteristics of dinaric
karst, whereby it is meant on porous meso-
soic limestone.
Evolutionary advantage of these habitat
types is in hiding from unfavourable climate
conditions and possibility to avoid harsh
competition which prevails in underground
biocoenoses.
In underground habitats both permanent
and temporary ones, in aquatic and terres-
trial environment, occur troglobionts (fully
adapeted to life in underground cavities),
troglophylls (adapted to underground habi-
tats, yet occuring in overground biotopes)
and trogloxens (occasionally or accidental
dwelling in caves).
Constituents of biocoenoses are mainly con-
sumers and reducers, saprobionts and saprof-
ags, in far less extent biofags. Along with rep-
resentatives from realms Monera and Fungi,
major proportion of biocoenoses is made of
representatives from realms Protozoa and
Animalia (Metazoa).
Small number of ecologic niches occuring
in underground habitats is related with low
diversity of biocoenoses. Population density
is limited by quantity of available food re-
sources, which together with limited space in
biotopes leads to critically small abundance
or even extinction of populations.
Adaptive features of organisms living un-
derground are: lack of pigmentation, reduc-
tion or absence of sight, emphasized tactile
and odorous senses (extended anntenas and
limbs), developed hearing sense. In relation
with high relative humidity of air, reduced is
dry protection. Decreased concentration of
oxygen and increased concentration of car-
bondioxid in underground habitats results
in development of appropriate physiologic
adaptations.
Te most famous and best studied under-
ground habitat in Bosnia and Herzegovina is
Vjetrenica cave:
Te cave is hollowed out in limestone and
dolomites between Popovo polje and Adri-
atic Sea... At surface developed are numerous
karst relief s forms: karrens, sink holes, holes,
caves, heads, beams etc. Tere must be con-
nection between the surface and underground
cavities of Vjetrenica cave.
Vjetrenica is the longest cave in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. It has been so far discovered
and described around 5.700 m of its length.
Vjetrenica je horizontalna pilja vrlo ra-
zgranatih kanala koji se pruaju na tri razine.
Gornju razinu ini skupina razdvojenih ver-
tikalnih kanala, veinom dimnjaka. Oni vode
iz Glavnog kanala prema povrini terena
iznad Vjetrenice, ali i iz nekih sporednih kanal-
a. U istu razinu ubraja se mrea galerijskih ka-
nala ispletenih iznad sredinjeg dijela pilje
tzv. Stara Vjeternica- najee s jedne i druge
strane Velikog jezera. Srednju razinu ini
Glavni kanal s odvojcima koji se vodoravno
ire ili blago podiu kroz slojeve karbonatnih
stijena. Najniu razinu ine Donja Vjetrenica
i Absolonov kanal s mreama bonih kanala.
Tabela 26. - Stenoendemine vrste peinske faune Vjetrenice
Naziv vrste Domaci naziv
Scutariella stammeri Matjasic 1958 Vjetreniki ili Stammerov rogonji*
Lanzaia vjetrenicae Kuscer 1933 Vjetrenika lancaja*
Zavalia vjetrenicae Radoman 1973 Zavalka*
Eukoenenia remyi Conde 1974 Remyjev bierepac*
Lepthyphantes vignai Brignoli 1971 Vignaijev sitni baldahinski pauk*
Neobisium (Blothrus) vjetrenicae Hadzi 1933 Vjetreniki laitipavac*
Dinaria vjetrenicae Hadzi 1933 Vjetrenika dinarija*
Troglomysis vjetrenicensis Stammer 1936 Vjetreniki raljonoac*
Armadillidium absoloni Strouhal 1939 Absolonova mramorirana babura*
Niphargus factor G. Karaman & Sket 1991 Sitni slijepi rakuac*
Niphargus zavalanus S. Karaman 1950 Zavalski slijepi rakuac*
Typhloiulus (Attemsotyphlus) edentulus Attems 1951 Glatka dvojenoga*
Coletinia sp. Koletinija*
Aphaenopsis (Adriaphaenops) pretneri Scheibel 1935 Pretnerov afenopsis*
Orientalina troglobia (Bole 1961) piljska orijentalina**
Vitrea spelaea (A.J.Wagner 1914) Popovska staklenka**
Phoxinellus ghetaldii (Steindachner 1882) Popovska gaovica**
Iglica absoloni (A.J. Wagner 1914) Absolonova iglica***
Aegopis spelaeus (A.J.Wagner 1914) piljski plonjak***
Cecilioides ???? spelaea A.J.Wagner 1914 piljski ikoliki pu***
Prostoma hercegovinense Tarman 1961 Hercegovaki vrpar***
Stalitella noseki Absolon & Kratochvil 1933 Stalitela ili runjavi piljski pauk***
Tegenaria annulata Kulczynski 1912 piljski ljevkar***
Proasellus hercegovinensis (Karaman 1933) Hercegovaka vodenbabura***
Alpioniscus (Illyrionethes) heroldi Verhoeff 1931 Heroldova slijepa babura***
Titanethes (Cyphonethes) hercegovinensis Verhoeff 1900 Hercegovaka piljska babura***
Niphargus balcanicus Absolon 1927 Bodljikavi slijepi rakuac***
Niphargus vjetrenicensis S. Karaman 1932 Vjetreniki slijepi rakuac***
Niphargus hercegovinensis S. Karaman 1950 Hercegovaki slijepi rakuac***
Lithobius (Troglolithobius) matulicii Verhoeff 1899 Matulieva kamenarka***
Antroherpon primitivum (Absolon 1913) Primitivni antroherpon***
Hadesia vasiceki (J. Muller 1911) Hadezija***
Speonesiotes (S.) narentinus L. Miller 1861 Neretvanski podzemljar***
Aphaenopsis (Scotoplanetus) arenstroffianus Absolon 1913 Vjetreniki afenopsis***
Troglamaurops ganglbaueri Winkler 1925 Ganglbauerov pselafid***
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Vjetrenica is horizontal cave with branched
channels that extend in three levels. Upper
level is made of vertical channels, mostly
chimneies. Tey lead from Main channel to-
ward the surface, which is above Vjetrenica,
but there are also routes going from some sec-
ondary channels. Into same level belong the
network of gallery-like channels stretching
over a mid part of cave-so called Old Vjeterni-
ca mostly on both sides of Great Lake. Mid-
dle level is composed of Main channel with
branches spreading horizontally or slowly el-
evating through a limestone layers. Te low-
est level are Lower Vjetrenica and Absolons
channel with lateral channels network.
Table 26. Stenoendemic species of Vjetrenica cave
Latin name Local name
* stenoendemi Vjetrenice, ** stenoendemi Popovog polja ***stenoendemi istone Her-
cegovine i dubrovakog primorja (Sket, B. u: Vjetrenica, pogled u duu zemlje, Lui, I.,
2003, Zagreb-Ravno)
Meu stanovnicima podzemnih stanita
este su vrste: Hadzia fragilis, Accubogam-
marus algor, Monolistra matjasici; Trichon-
iscus matulii, Tracheoniscus mostarensis; Ho-
locnemus absoloni, Anthroherpon ganglbaue-
ri, Anthroherpon leonhardi, Anthroherpon lo-
reki, Anophtalmus noesskei, Anophtalmus ka-
utianus, Anophtalmus maglajensis; Tro-
glophilus cavicola, Dolichopoda araneiformes.
Ostake starih faunistikih kompleksa na-
lazimo i meu pripadnicima reda Pseud-
oscorpiones, esto prisutnim u podzemn-
im tipovima ekosistema.
Pritisci na ekosisteme krakih peina, jama i ponora
Ekosistemi na podzemnim stanitima u Bosni i Hercegovini danas trpe mnogostruke
antropogene uticaje. Najznaajniji uticaji su:
lPreusmjeravanje podzemnih tokova s ciljem izgradnje hidroakumulacija;
lPresuivanje podzemnih tokova;
lZagaivanje vodotokova razliitim polutantima iz industrijskih i poljoprivrednih
izvora;
lGlobalne klimatske promjene i zakiseljavanje stanita;
lNenamjerna destrukcija ivotnih zajednica prilikom posjete peinama;
lNeodrivo i nedozvoljeno kolekcionarstvo.
Ekosistemi termofilnih uma i ikara submediteranskog pejzaa
u me me du n c a s u o p t i ma l n o
rasprostranjene na vertikalnom profilu na
nadmorskim visinama od oko 300 metara,
a razvijene su sve do 800 metara n. v. idui
uz vertikalni profil istone, srednje i
zapadne Hercegovine. Ove ume se
razvijaju i u kontinentalnom podruju, i to
istono od Kljua prema Bosanskom
Petrovcu i Gornjem Pounju, te u kanjo-
nima rijeka kao to su Una, Sana, Vrbas,
Bosna, Drina, a naroito Neretve i njenih
pritoka gdje imaju refugijalno-reliktni
karakter.
Isti karakter imaju ume sladuna u
Hercegovini. Razvijene su uz Neretvu
kod Donje Jablanice, i u dolini Trebiata u
zapadnoj Hercegovini.
ume cera u zapadnoj Hercegovini se
nadovezuju na ume sladuna i penju se uz
padine abulje i jugozapadne dijelove
vrsnice, te se nastavljaju na prostor
Duvanjskog i Livanjskog polja na
sjeverozapadu, idui sve do Gornjeg
Pounja gdje i danas obrazuju izuzetno
ouvane i raznolike zajednice.
Ekosisteme toploljubivih hrastovih uma
i njihovih degradacijskih i progra-
dacijskih stadija odlikuje visok stepen
biodiverziteta. Na prostoru Hercegovine,
odnosno submedite-ranskog pojasa BiH,
zauzimaju velike povrine, unutar kojih
uslove za ivot nalaze brojni endemi i
relikti.
Najvee povrine toploljubivih uma i
nj ihovih broj nih zaj ednica imaj u
tercijerno porijeklo. Cirkumediteranske
ume hrastova imaju tercijerno porijeklo.
U sastavu mnogih umskih zajednica
ulaze biljne i ivotinjske vrste tercijerne
starosti, to predstavlja genofond od
izuzetne vanosti. Prisustvo vrsta spe-
cifinog genofonda zajednicama daje
endemo-reliktni karakter.
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* stenoendemic in Vjetrenica, ** stenoendemic in Popovo polje, ***stenoendemic in eastern
Herzegovina and Dubrovniks coastline (Vjetrenica, pogled u duu zemlje, Lui, I., Sket, B.,
2003, Zagreb-Ravno)
Among underground dwellers frequently
occur: Hadzia fragilis, Accubogammarus
algor, Monolistra matjasici; Trichoniscus
matulii, Tracheoniscus mostarensis; Ho-
locnemus absoloni, Anthroherpon ganglbau-
eri, Anthroherpon leonhardi, Anthroherpon
loreki, Anophtalmus noesskei, Anophtal-
mus kautianus, Anophtalmus maglajensis;
Troglophilus cavicola, Dolichopoda arane-
iformes.
Remnants of ancient faunistic complexes are
to be found among species belonging to or-
der Pseudoscorpiones, frequently occuring
in underground ecosystem types.
Pressures onto ecosystems in karst caves, holes and abysses
Ecosystems of underground habitats in Bosnia and Herzegovina are afected today by
many anthropogenic infuences. Most important of those are:
t re-direction of underground streams for dam accumulation purposes;
t dry out of underground streams;
t pollution of watercourses by diferent pollutants coming from industrial and agricul-
tural sources;
t global climate changes and acidifcation of habitats;
t undeliberate destruction of biocoenoses by caves visits;
t unsustainable and forbiden collection activities.
Ecosystems of thermophilous woods and shrubs of supra-mediterranean landscapes
On vertical profile pubescent oak woods
are distributed about 300 m above sea level
reaching even 800 m in eastern, mid and
western Herzegovina. This kind of forests
occur in continental area, too, eastern from
town Klju toward Bosanski Petrovac and
Gornje Pounje, then in river canyons, such
as Una, Sana, Vrbas, Bosna, Drina, espe-
cially Neretva and its tributaries. Here they
posses refugio-tertiary character.
The same features have got italian oak woods
in Herzegovina which occur along Neretva
river at Donja Jablanica and in the valley of
Trebiat river in western Herzegovina.
In western Herzegovina latter ones are con-
tinued by forests of turkey oak that go up-
hills on abulja and southwestern vrsnica
Mt., going further to the southwest in the
region of Duvanjsko and Livanjsko polje all
the way down to Gornje Pounje where tur-
key oak builds diverse and well preserved
plant communities.
Thermophilous oak woods, including all
of its progressive and regressive stages, are
characterized by high biodiversity. They
cover large area in Herzegovina, respec-
tively supra-mediterranean belt of B&H, in
which an adequate life conditions are found
by many endemic and relict species.
Largest share of thermophilous forests orig-
inates in Tertiary. In general, all circum-
mediterranean oak woods date back from
Tertiary. Such is the case with animals liv-
ing within reffering plant communities, too.
Hence, they represent a gen pool of greatest
importance. The occurence of species be-
longing to specific gen pool makes the plant
communities endemic-relict.
U submediteranskom pejzau Hercegovine egzistiraju razliiti ekosistemi uma i
ikara. Nivo diferencijacije je visok:
lEkosistem ikara bjelograbia;
lEkosistem ikara klena i bjelograbia;
lEkosistem ikara kotrike i bjelograbia;
lEkosistem ikara medvjee lijeske i bjelograbia;
lEkosistem ikara jesenje aike i bjelograbia;
lEkosistem uma makedonskog hrasta;
lEkosistem uma sladuna;
Stanje submediteranskih pejzaa
Ekosistemi termofilnih uma i ikara u
submedi t eranskom poj asu i maj u
izuzetno veliki ekoloki znaaj u
odravanju cjelokupnih procesa kruenja
materije i protoka energije na ovom
osjetljivom prostoru.

Ekosistem
bjelograbia i
kotrike sa
narom (juna
Hercegovina)
Ekosistem
bjelograbia
i kotrike sa
draom (u
junoj
Hercegovini
veza sa
kamenja-
rama)

Ekosistem bjelograbia i
kotrike sa tilovinom
(dolina rijeke Neretve i
jugoistona Hercegovina)

Ekosistem bjelograbia i
kotrike sa zimzelenom
(veza sa ekosistemima
esvine na krajnjem jugu)

Grafikon 14. - Diferencijacija ikara
bjelograbia i kotrike
ume i ikare takoe predstavljaju pri-
rodnu sredinu brojnih ljekovitih, jestivih,
aromatinih i vitaminskih samoniklih bi-
ljaka.
Prema karti prirodne potencijalne veget-
acije ex Jugoslavije (Jovanovi et al., 1986)
hrastove toploljubive ume nekada su po-
krivale blizu 30% povrine BiH. Danas
predstavljaju tek 10-15% visokih uma
BiH.
Danas su termofilne ume i ikare Herceg-
ovine uglavnom svedene na razliite de-
gradacione forme nekada bujnih klimat-
ogenih hrastovih uma. Prema svom eko-
lokom i ekonomskom znaaju, zasluuju
najefikasniju zatitu, to se naroito od-
nosi na jo ouvane sastojine.
Pritisci na ekosisteme submediteranskih uma i ikara
Submediteranski ekosistemi na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine danas trpe iroki spektar
antropogenih dejstava. Meu njima treba istaknuti:
lumske poare, nastale usljed nepanje, nemara, nekvalitetnog odlaganja otpada;
lIzgradnju graevinske, saobraajne i industrijske infrastrukture;
lirenje poljoprivrednih povrina (prije svega razliitih tipova monokultura);
lZakiseljavanje stanita kao rezultat globalnih promjena;
lNeodrivu sjeu svih razvijenijih umskih sastojina;
lIzgradnju hidroakumulacija i drugih objekata vodovodne infrastrukture;
lNekontrolisanu eksploataciju mineralnih resursa na stanitima ovih ekosistema.
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In the supra-mediterranean Herzegovinas landscape exist various ecosystems of woods and
shrubs Diferentiation level is high:
t Ecosystems of shrubs with oriental hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with maple and orienatl hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with butchers broom and oriental hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of shrubs turkich hazel and oriental hornbeam;
t Ekosistem ikara jesenje aike i bjelograbia;
t Ecosystems of mazedonian oak woods;
t Ecosystems of italian oak woods;
t Ecosystems of pubescent oak and fowering ash woods;
t Ecosystems of common horsechestnut woods.
State
For the maintenance of matter circulation
and energy fow in this highly sensitive area,
great ecologic importance have got ecosys-
tems of thermophilous woods and shrubs in
supra-mediterranean belt.
Graph 14. Diferentiation of shrubs with
oriental hornbeam and butchers broom
Woods and shrubs are natural environment
for many medicinal, edible, aromatic and vi-
taminous self-grown plants.
Afer the Map of natural vegetation in ex-
-Yugoslavia (Jovanovi et al., 1986) ther-
mophilous oak woods used to cover about
30% of B&Hs surface. Now it is just 10-15%
of tall woods in B&H.
Termophilous woods and shrubs in Her-
zegovina today are mainly degraded into
diferent forms of previously fertile climax
oak woods. By their ecologic and economic
signifcance, they deserve full and efcient
protection, especially the stands that are still
well preserved.
Pressures on ecosystems of supra-mediterranean woods and shrubs
Supra-mediterranean ecosystems in Bosnia and Herzegovina at present are subdued to
wide spectrum of anthropogenic impacts, of which stressed should be following ones:
t Forest fres caused by carelessness, negligence, inadequate waste disposal etc.;
t Construction of infrastructure for trafc, building and industry purposes;
t Expansion of arable land (frst of all mono-cultures);
t Acidifcation of habitats as a result of global changes;
t Unsustainable logging of forest stands;
t Construction of dam accumulations and other water supply facilities;
t Uncontrolled exploitation of mineral resources.
Ecosystems of oriental hornbeam,
butchers broom and jerusalem
thorn (in southern Herzegovina
connected on rocky grassland)
Ecosystems of oriental hornbeam,
butchers broom and Buxus
(connected with evergreen oak
woods in the most distant South)
Ecosystems of
oriental hornbeam,
butchers broom
and pomengarate
(southeren Herze-
govina)
Ecosystems
of oriental
hornbeam,
butchers
broom and
Petteria (valley
of Neretva river
and southea-
stern Herzego-
vina)
MEDITERANSKOMONTANI PEJZAI BOSNE I
HERCEGOVINE
Na geografskom prelazu iz Hercegovine
sa juga i Bosne sa sjevera, gdje se sudaraju
uticaji toplog Mediterana sa juga i hladne
planinske klime sa sjevera, tokom
prolosti obrazovani su posebni ekoloki
usl ovi . Karakteri u i h nagl aeni
temperaturni i higriki ekstremi, te visoka
koliina i specifina distribucija padavina.
Ekosisteme razvijene u ovim uslovima
istovremeno naseljavaju termofilne
(toploljubive) i frigorifilne (hladno-
ljubive), odnosno planinske biljne i
ivotinjske vrste.
Nastavljajui se na ekosisteme medunca u
submediteranskom pojasu ovi pejzai
doseu visinu od 1.000 (1.100) metara na
vertikalnom profilu.
Osnovna fizionomska obiljeja ovom
pejzau daju ume cera i hrasta kitnjaka.
U geografskom smislu obuhvataju pojas
iznad donjih krakih polja (Fatniko,
Dabarsko), do krajnje granice cerovih i
kitnjakovih uma Gatakog i Neve-
sinjskog polja na istoku, te granice ovih
uma na Grudskom, Posukom, Duva-
njskom, Livanjskom, Grahovskom i
Drvarskom polju na sjeverozapadu.
Ovaj sloeni pejza diferencira se na niz
ekosistema:
DIVERZITET EKOSISTEMA MEDITERANSKO-
MONTANIH PEJZAA
ume kitnjaka i cera se razvijaju na kar-
bonatnoj geolokoj podlozi, smeim kre-
njakim zemljitima, te blaim nagibima
terena. One ostvaruju ekoloki kontinuit-
Ekosistemi mediteransko-montanih uma kitnjaka i cera
et izmeu submediteranskih uma me-
dunca sa bjelograbiem i istih uma cera.
Ekosistemi mediteransko-montanih u-
ma cera zauzimaju najvie poloaje u
ovom pejzau. Tokom ljeta temperature
zraka su visoke, to pogoduje razvoju
tipinih toploljubivih biljaka. U toku
proljea, jeseni i zime temperature su
izrazito niske (na to utiu snani i dugot-
Ekosistemi mediteransko-montanih frigorifilno-termofilnih uma cera
rajni vjetrovi), te postoje i uslovi za ivot
frigorifilnih biljaka. Ovaj tip ekosistema ra-
zvijen je u mediteransko-montanom po-
jasu istono od rijeke Neretve. U zapadnoj
Hercegovini, kao vikarni, razvijeni su
ekosistemi cera i crnog jasena.
Ovaj tip ekosistema daje unikatna biogeo-
grafska obiljeja obodu krakih polja. Ra-
zvijen je i u podruju prema sjeverozapa-
dnoj Bosni i dosee sve do slivnog podru-
ja rijeke Unac i gornje Une. U ekolokom
smislu ovaj ekosistem tercijernog porij-
Ekosistemi mediteransko-montanih termofilnih uma crnog jasena i cera.
ekla indiciraju snaan prodor i uticaj me-
diteranske klime. U njegovom sastavu su i
brojni tercijerni relikti i to posebno na do-
lomitnom supstratu i rendzinama koje na-
lazimo u podruju Unca.
Na toplijim stanitima uz obode krakih
polja zapadne Hercegovine esto su ra-
zvijene posebne varijante termofilnih u-
ma medunca i otrolisne paroge, koje
Ekosistemi termofilnih uma medunca
ostvaruju ekoloki kontinuitet sa frigo-
rifilnim varijanatama uma subme-
diteranskih pejzaa. Posebne pejzane i
floristike vrijednosti ovim umama daje
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MEDITERRANEO-MONTANE LANDSCAPES OF
Geographic passage between Herzegovina
from the South and Bosnia from the North,
where colide warm mediterranean and cold
mountain climate, is characterized by specifc
ecologic conditions evolved in the past. Pro-
nounced are extreme values in temperature
and hygric regime, then high precipitation and
its specifc distribution. Ecosystems develop-
ing under such conditions are inhabited at the
same time by thermophilous and frigophilous
species, respecitvely mountain plant and ani-
mal species.
Being continued on the pubescent oak ecosys-
tems of supra-mediterranean belt these land-
scapes climbe up to 1.000 (1.100) metres above
sea level.
Landscapes physiognomy is determined by
turkey and sessile oak forests. In geographic
sense, it encompasses belt stretching above
lower karst felds (Fatniko, Dabarsko) till ul-
timate borderline of turkey and sessile oak for-
ests in Gatako and Nevesinjsko polje in the
East and the northwestern borderline in Grud-
sko, Posuko, Duvanjsko, Livanjsko, Grahovs-
ko and Drvarsko polje. Tis complex landscape
is being diferentiated in following ecosystems:
ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY OF MEDITERRANEO-
MONTANE LANDSCAPES
Ecosystems of mediterraneo-montane sessile and turkey oak woods
Woods of sessile and turkey oak are being
developed on carbonate geologic foundation,
brown limestone earth and mild slopes. Tey
represent ecologic connection between supra-
mediterranean pubescent oak woods with
oriental hornbeam and straight turkey oak
woods.
Ecosystems of mediterraneo-montane frigophilous-thermophilous turkey oak woods
Ecosystems of mediterraneo-montane turkey
oak woods take highest positions within this
landscape. In summer, air temperature is very
high which is suitable for typical thermophi-
lous plants to occur. In spring, autumn and
winter air temperature falls extremely low
(caused by longlasting and strong winds) cre-
ating conditions for the existance of frigophi-
lous plants. Tese ecosystems occur in med-
iterraneo-montane belt extending eastern
from Neretva river. In western Herzegovina,
as vicarious, occur ecosystems with turkey
oak and fowering ash.
Ecosystems of mediterraneo-montane thermophilous fowering ash and turkey oak woods
Tis kind of ecosystems provide unique bio-
geographic features to the edge of karst felds.
It is being developed toward northwestern
Bosnia reaching all the way of Unac and up-
per Una rivers confuence. In ecologic sense,
this ecosystem dates back from Tertiary in-
dicating strong penetration and infuence of
the mediterranean climate. It is composed of
many tertiary relicts, especially on dolomites
and rendsine which are to be found in Unac
area.
Ecosystems of thermophilous pubescent oak woods
On warmer places, along the edges of karst
felds in western Herzegovina, ofen occur
special variants of thermophilous pubescent
oak woods with asparagus, making ecologic
continuity with frigophilous woods of supra-
mediterranean landscapes. Unique lans-
capes and foristic attributes these woods
owe to the special pubesent oak form, dif-
zasebna forma medunca, razliite vrste pe-
runike kao to su: travolika perunika (Iris
graminea) i uta perunika (Iris variegata),
urevak (Convallaria majalis) i vie vrsta
iz roda Solomonovog peata (Polygonatum
sp.)
Na pliim zemljitima, nekadanjim
stanitima visokih uma cera i medunca, u
uslovima viih temperatura, a niske
vlanosti zraka razvijaju se niske ume i
ikare sa bjelograbiem i javorima. Ove za-
jednice esto ine dugotrajne stadije u ra-
zvoju klimatogene vegetacije. Pored do-
Ekosistemi niskih uma i ikara javora i bjelograbia
minantne vrste (bjelograbi ili kukrika),
pejzane vrijednosti ovim ekosistemima
daju: bosanski javor gluha, maklen, klen,
prelazni javor, te crni jasen, ruj, kurika, ci-
klama, jago-revina, petoprsta, aika je-
senja, a, ptije mlijeko, ljubica i dr.
U zonama intenzivnih procesa degrad-
acije vegetacije i zemljita, na stanitima
sa ekstremnim termikim uslovima i pri-
sutnom djelovanju jakih vjetrova danas su
razvijeni ibljaci lijeske. Na obodu Gat-
akog, Nevesinjskog, Livanjskog polja i
Rahovskog polja ovi ekosistemi u kojima
ljekovita i hranjiva lijeska dostie visoku
produktivnost predstavljaju prirodne pla-
ntae. Veina vrsta koje ulaze u sastav
ovih zajednica je endeminog dinarskog i
balkanskog karaktera. Visoku pejzanu
Ekosistemi lijeske
vrijednost imaju zajednice lijeske i
hercegovakog kukurijeka, lijeske i
visibabe, lijeske i pasjeg zuba, lijeske i je-
senje aike, lijeske i gloga, lijeske i jagor-
evine. Ipak fizionomskom nepono-
vljivou i floristikom unikatnou se is-
tie zajednica lijeske i crvenog boura, en-
demno-reliktni ekosistem prisutan jedino
u zoni krapa oboda Kuprekog, Livanj-
skog i uikog polja.
Stanita na kojima je u prolosti dolo do
degradacije umskih ekosistema, a koja da-
nas karakterie najire variranje ekolokih
faktora uz dejstva jakih vjetrova zauzimaju
mediteransko-montane kame-njare, li-
vade, vegetacija u pukotinama stijena i si-
pari. Supstrat kao i u cijelom pejzau je ka-
rbonatni, a zemljita na stanitu kamenjara
su erodirane crnice i rendzine.
Dinamika ovih ekosistema je specifina, na-
glaeni su proljetno - rano ljetni i jesenji
aspekt u kojima se pojavljuje veliki broj
vrsta, te ljetni aspekt kada je veina vrsta u
fazi mirovanja.
Mediteransko-montane kamenjare Bosne i
Hercegovine imaju izuzetne pejzane vrij-
ednosti iju osnovu ine cvjetovi razliitih
boja. Mnoge vrste se ubrajaju u ljekovite,
aromatine i medonosne biljke (klasoliki ili
crveni vrijesak, kamenjarski razliak, trava
iva, razne vrste majine duice, livadske
kadulje, vrisi, istac, razne vrste ka-
menjarskih aeva, ovsika, vlasulje).
Ekosistemi mediteransko-montanih kamenjara
Veina zajednica mediteransko-montanih
kamenjara su endeminog, dinarskog i bal-
kanskog karaktera. U vrtaama, gdje su
zemljita dublja razvijene su medite-
ransko-montane toploljubive livade sa cr-
nim korijenom (Scorzonera villosa). Ove za-
jednice se odlikuju visokim stepenom
2
diverziteta (preko 20 vrsta na 1 m). Pored
ire rasprostranjenih, u ove zajednice ulaze
i brojne endemine vrste kao to je crni ko-
rijen (Scorzonera villosa), pjegavi ja-
strebnjak (Hypochoeris maculata), ilj (D-
antonia sp.), panonska djetelina, razliite
orhideje kao to je purpurni kaun, obini
kaun, kokice, vimenjaci, endemini kara-
nfil, udoviica balkanska, te znaajan broj
trava (ovsici, smilice, vlasulje, aevi).
Mnoge vrste iz njihovog sastava pred-
stavljaju krmne biljke visokih nutricionih
vrijednosti, to ini osnovu razvoja odr-
ivog ovarstva i kozarstva na ovom pro-
storu.
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ferent irises (grass-like iris Iris graminea,
yellow iris Iris variegata), lily of the valley
(Convallaria majalis) and several species of
Solomons seal (Polygonatum sp.).
Ecosystems of low forests and shrubs with maple and oriental hornbeam
On shallow type of soils, where once used to
be a tall turkey and pubescent oak wood, un-
der the conditions of high temperature and
low air humidity, develop low forests and
shrubs with oriental hornbeam and maples.
Tese are usually longlasting stages in climax
vegetation development. Beside prevailing
species (which is oriental hornbeam), land-
scape values to these ecosystems provide:
bosnian maple, balkan maple, feld maple,
transitional maple, fowering ash, smoketree,
oriental hornbeam, cyclamen, primerose,
cinquefoil, autumn moor grass, sedges, star
of bethlehem, violet and others.
Ecosystems of hazel
In the zone that is submitted to intensive
degradation of its vegetation and soil, in hab-
itats where thermic conditions are extreme
and where blow strong winds, developed are
hazel shrubs. Along the margins of Gatako,
Nevesinjsko, Livanjsko and Rahovsko polje
these ecosystems, in which hazel with its me-
dicinal and nutritional values achieves the
highest production, look like natural plan-
tages. Most of species composing these plant
communities are endemic, with dinaric and
balkan distribution range. Te communities
with high landscapes value are hazel and
hellebore, hazel and snowdrop, hazel and
dogs tooth violet, hazel and autumn moor
grass, hazel and hawthorn, hazel and prim-
erose. But, in its foristic and physiognomic
uniqueness outstanding is community of ha-
zel and balkan peony, which is endemo-relict
ecosystems occuring only in the zone of kar-
rens along the margins of Kupreko, Livan-
jsko and uiko polje.
Ecosystems of mediterraneo-montane roky grassland
Mediterraneo-montane rocky grassland and
meadows, then vegetation of rock crevices
and screes take habitats that used to be for-
est ecosystems in the past, but got degraded
and now are characterized by wide varia-
tion of all ecologic factors and strong winds.
Geologic foundation like in the entire land-
scapes zone is carbonate, with eroded black
earth and rendsine.
Tere is a very specifc dynamic of these eco-
systems, whereby outstanding aspects are in
spring early summer and autumn when
large number of species emerges. In summer,
most of them stagnates.
Mediterraneo-montane rocky grassland in
Bosnia and Herzegovina has got high land-
scapes value, due to fowers in many difer-
ent colours.
Tere are many medicinal, aromatic and
honey-producing plants (winter and illyr-
ian savory, rock knapweed, mountain gar-
mander, thyme, sage, Acinos orontius, wood
betony, rocky kind of sedges, brome, fescue).
Most of mediterraneo-montane rock debris
communities are considered to be endemic,
with dinaric and balkan distribution range.
In the sinkholes, where are being formed
deeper soils, develop mediterraneo-montane
thermophilous meadows with viper grass
(Scorzonera vilosa). Tese communities have
got high diversity level (over 20 species per
1 m

). Along with widely distributed species,
these communities include endemic ones,
too, such as viper grass (Scorzonera vilosa),
spotted hawkweed (Hypochoeris maculata),
oatgrass (Danthonia sp.), lathyrus pannoni-
cus, then various orchids, for instance lady
orchid, green-winged orchid, ophryses, en-
demic dianthus, balcans scabiosa and grass-
es (brome, junegrass, fescue, sedges).
Many of these plants are fooder plants pos-
sesing high nutritional values. Tis should be
a base for sustainable sheep and goat breed-
ing in the area.
Na blaim nagibima terena i dubljim ze-
mljitima, na stanitima zaklonjenim od vj-
etra, razvijene su mezofilne i umjereno vl-
ane livade, koje se odlikuju znatno ve-
om produktivnou.
Ove livade ostvaruju ekoloki kontinuitet
sa endeminim gorskim i pretplaninskim
Ekosistemi mezofilnih livada
livadama Dinarida sveze Pancicion. Na-
roita obiljeja im daju vrste: krestac, ro-
sulja, livadska vlasulja, crvena vlasulja,
mali sranik, oanica, celinica, razlici,
margarete, kraljica polja, lavlji zub, kozja
brada i druge.
Na stanitima sa izraenim nagibom te-
rena, najee u raspucaloj geolokoj po-
dlozi, na plitkim zemljitima tipa siroz-
ema i regosola, fragmentarno su razvijene
i ove zajednice. U njihov sastav velikim di-
Ekosistemi u pukotinama stijena i sipara
jelom ulaze i hazmofite endemoreliktnog
karaktera. Ovi eko-sistemi se odlikuju na-
roito visokim diverzitetom pueva, zm-
ija, gutera i sitnih glodara.
Planina abulja
Pejzai mediteransko-montanog pojasa
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Ecosystems of mesophilous meadows
Ecosystems of rock crevices and screes
On mild slopes and deeper soil variants, on
the from wind hidden places, occur meso-
philous and temperate humid meadows. Tey
are much more productive than previosly de-
scribed communties.
Tese meadows accomplish ecologic conti-
nuity with the endemic mountain and sub-
mountain meadows in Dinaric Alps of alli-
ance Pancicion. Special features are ensured
by rattle, bentgrass, meadow and red fescue,
small gentians, eyebright, selfeal, knap-
weed, daisy, dropwort, dogs tooth violet,
hard-heads and others.
Tese communities are distributed here as
fragments. Tey occur on steep slopes, in
the cracks of rocks and shallow soils, such
as sirozem and regosol. In the composition
of these communties included are chasmo-
phytes with endemo-relict character. A spe-
cial attributte here represents richness in
snails, snakes, lizards and small rodents.
U ekoklimatskom i geomorfolokom po-
gledu naroito dinamian dio Bosne i Her-
cegovine je sredinji prostor Bosne i Her-
cegovine. Sve geomorfoloke strukture
prelaze visinu od 900 (1.000) m pa se, u ve-
oj ili manjoj mjeri, uticaj tople kontinenta-
lne klime sa sjevera i jo toplije meditera-
nske klime gubi. Ovdje poinje jedan dru-
gi svijet, kojem osnovna fizionomska i bio-
loko-ekoloka svojstva daju mjeovite li-
arsko-listopadne i etinarske ume.
U narodu se prostor viih dijelova bos-
anskohercegovakih planina odvajkada
naziva gora, te je i itav ekoloki kom-
pleks ovog dijela vertikalnog profila, sve
do 1.500 (1.600) m, nazvan gorskim pojas-
om.
Gorski pejzai sadre i najproduktivnije te
ekonomski najvrednije umske eko-
sisteme (zeleno zlato Bosne i Herce-
GORSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
govine) u kojima se, jo od neolitskog do-
ba, traila korisna drvna biomasa, lovila
raznovrsna krupna divlja, te sakupljali
umski plodovi (razno ljekovito i jestivo
bilje i gljive).
U gorskim pejzaima sadrani su i najo-
uvaniji ekosistemi uma bukve i jele, u-
ma bukve i jele sa smrom, uma smre i je-
le, uma gorskog javora i gorskog jasena, a
mnogi od njih imaju sve atribute prau-
mskih rezervata (Peruica, Igman, Janj, Kl-
ekovaa, Vitorog, Kozara).
Diverzitet matinog supstrata, razliitih ti-
pova zemljita, reljefa i ekoklime, vremen-
om je uslovio razvoj ekosiste-mskog
diverziteta u gorskom pojasu, koji ovim
pejzaima daje prepoznatljive ambijenta-
lne vrijednosti.
DIVERZITET EKOSISTEMA GORSKOG POJASA
Pejzae gorskog pojasa na vertikalnim profilima bosanskohercegovakih planina ine:
lEkosistemi mjeovitih liarsko-etinarskih uma ilirske bukve i jele sa smrom;
lEkosistemi acidifilnih uma bukve i jele sa bekicom;
lEkosistemi mjeovitih liarsko-etinarskih uma mezijske bukve i dinarske jele;
lEkosistemi uma ilirske bukve i jesenje aike;
lEkosistemi uma mezijske bukve i jesenje aike;
lEkosistemi uma gorskog javora i gorskog jasena;
lEkosistemi etinarskih uma smre i jele;
lEkosistemi balkanske kruine i jele;
lEkosistemi etinarskih uma smre i bijelog bora;
lEkosistemi Panieve omorike;
lEkosistemi gorskih vritina sa borovnicama;
lEkosistemi gorskih vritina sa obinim vrijesom;
lEkosistemi uma breze i jasike;
lEkosistemi ibljaka lijeske i gloga;
lEkosistemi gorskih toploljubivih livada sa ovsikom;
lEkosistemi visokih zeleni;
lEkosistemi gorskih umjereno vlanih livada;
lEkosistemi higrofilnih livada ilirske beskoljenke;
lEkosistemi visokih i niskih cretova;
lEkosistemi vodenjara, manjih bara i movara;
lEkosistemi gorskih izvora i potoka;
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UPLAND LANDSCAPES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Regarding ecoclimate and geomorphology
mid part of Bosnia and Herzegovina repre-
sents highly dynamic area. All geomorpho-
logic structures exceed 900 (1.000) metres,
which is why the infuences of warm conti-
nental climate from the North and of even
warmer mediterranean climate from the
South get lost. Tis is the place where a new
world beginns. Te world whose physiogno-
mic and bio-ecologic features are determined
by mixed broadleaved deciduous and conifer
forests.
People have been calling this bosnia-herze-
govinas upland area gora for ages. Tere-
fore, the entire ecologic complex belonging to
this vertical profles belt was named gorski,
which is up to 1.500 (1.600) metres above sea
level.
Upland landscapes comprise the most produc-
tive and economically valuable forest ecosystems
(green gold of Bosnia and Herzegovina) where
it has been searched afer wood biomass, hunted
large game species and collected diverse forest
fruits since Neolith (medicinal, edible plants and
mushrooms).
Upland landscapes encompass best preserved eco-
systems with beech and fr, then forests of beech,
fr and spruce, forests of spruce and fr, forests of
sycomore and european ash, of which many pos-
ses all attributes of primeval reserves (Peruica,
Igman, Janj, Klekovaa, Vitorog, Kozara).
High diversity in geologic foundation, soil types,
relief and ecoclimate have in time resulted in di-
versity of ecosystems in the upland belt, which
ensures recognizable ambiental value to these
landscapes.
DIVERSITY OF ECOSYSTEMS IN UPLAND BELT
Landscapes of upland belt on vertical profile of bosnia-herzegovinas mountain is com-
posed of:
t Ecosystems of mixed broadleaved-conifer foersts with illyrian beech, fr and spruce;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous forests with beech, fr and melicgrass;
t Ecosystems of mixed broadleaved-conifer forests with moesian beech and dinarci fr;
t Ecosystems of forests with illyrian beech and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems of forests with moeasian beech and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems of sycomore and european ash;
t Ecosystems of conifer forests with spruce and fr;
t Ecosystems of balkan alder buckthorn and fr;
t Ecosystems of conifer woods with spruce and Scots pine;
t Ecosystems of Serbian spruce;
t Eocsystems of mountain heaths with blue berry;
t Ecosystems of mountain heaths with common heather;
t Ecosystems of forests with birch and european aspen;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with hazel and hawthorn;
t Ecosystems of mountain thermophilous meadows with brome;
t Ecosystems of tall herb communities;
t Ecosystems of mountain temperate humid meadows;
t Ecosystems of hygrophilous meadows with illyrian purple moorgrass;
t Ecosystems of raised and blanket bogs;
t Ecosystems of lakes, ponds and marshes;
t Ecosystems of mountain springs and rivulets;
lEkosistemi higrofilnih uma i ibljaka sive johe;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama stijena i sipara;
lEkosistemi nitrificiranih i ugaenih stanita;
lEkosistemi obradivih stanita.
Kao primjer dejstva kompleksa faktora
stanita na diferencijaciju ovog tipa
umski h ekosi st ema naveemo
ekosisteme gorskog pojasa planine
Vranice. Planina Vranica u geolokom
smislu predstavlja silikatno ostrvo meu
okolnim karbonatnim masivima Dina-
rida. Tu s jedne strane, jo prisutni jaki
Ekosistemi bukovo-jelovih uma
uticaji srednje i atlantske Evrope, a sa
druge strane, uticaji koji dopiru iz pravca
Sredozeml j a. Usl j ed raznol i kost i
geolokih i klimatskih prilika, evidentna
je jaka diferencijacija svih tipova
ekosistema, dok se bukovo-jelove ume
diferenciraju na sljedee tipove:
lhladne i vlane bukovo-jelove ume dubokih dolina na koluvijumu;
lhladne i suhe bukovo-jelove ume na dubokim kiselim tlima;
ltoplije i vlane bukovo-jelove ume na filitu;
lsuhe bukovo-jelove ume na slabo humoznim kiselim tlima;
lsuhe bukovo-jelove ume na karbonatu.
U sastav umskih ekosistema gorskog po-
jasa pored bukve i jele na prostoru Bosne i
Hercegovine ulazi veliki broj vrsta drvea,
iblja i zeljastih vrsta. Neizostavan elem-
ent bukovo-jelovih uma je smra, a u razl-
iitim varijantama se smjenjuju gorski
javor, mlije, klen i javor gluha.
Grafikon 15. Spektri flornih elemenata u
zajednicama bukve i jele u gorskom
pojasu planine Vranice
ume bukve i jele dinarskog podruja
spadaju po vrstama u najbogatije umske
zajednice, meu kojima je i znatan broj
reliktnih i endemskih vrsta flore Bosne i
Hercegovine.
Raznolikost ibolikih vrsta ovih sastojina
je velika. Tu su vrlo este kozokrvina,
kurika, likovac, kruina i druge. Pojedine
vrste su vezane za odreene varijante, kao
to su i neke zeljaste vrste. Ipak, izdvaja se
jedna velika grupa zeljastih vrsta
prilagoenih na specifine uslove koji
vladaju u prizemnom spratu gustog
sklopa, a koje ine skoro stalni sastav ovih
uma. Tu su: milogled, Petrov krst, muka
i enska paprat, reuha, bekica, mrtva
kopriva, srijemu, itd.
Od ivotinjskih organizama ovaj sloeni
ekosistem karakteriu: mrki medvjed,
divlja svinja, puh obini, divlja maka,
golub duplja, siva una, crvenda, miar,
sljepi, livadski guter, gatalinka i druge.
Kontinuitet gorskog i brdskog vegeta-
cijskog pojasa na podruju Bosne i Herce-
govine ostvaruje se preko montanih
bukovih uma u hladnijim i montanih
uma hrasta kitnjaka u toplijim uslovima.
Montane mezofilne bukove ume se
razvijaju u donjem dijelu gorskog pojasa,
uglavnom na hladnijim ekspozicijama, te
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t Ecosystems of hygrophilous woods and shrubs with grey alder;
t Ecosystems of rock crevices and screes;
t Ecosystems of nitrifed and trampled habitats;
t Ecosystems of arable land.
Ecosystems of beech-fr woods
As an example how the habitat factors af-
fect diferentiation of these forest ecosystem
types, we shall address here the high moun-
tainous ecosystems on Vranica Mt. Vranica
Mt. is in geologic respect silicate island sur-
rounded by carbonate masifs of Dinaric
Alps. On the one hand, the infuences from
central and atlantic Europe here are still
strong, but on the other, the infuences com-
ing from the Mediterranean are also evident.
Due to geologic and climate diversity, it ex-
ists underlined diferentiation of all ecosys-
tem types, while beech-fr forests diferenti-
ate as follows:
t Cold and moist beech-fr forests in deep valleys on colluvial ground;
t Cold and dry beech-fr forests on deep acid ground;
t Warmer and moist beech-fr forests on flits;
t Dry beech-fr forests on humus-poor acid ground;
t Dry beech-fr forests on carbonate rocks.
Graph 15. Floral elements spectra in beech-fr
communities of upland belt on Vranica Mt.
In the composition of forests ecosystems in
upland belt apart from beech and fr, in the
area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occur many
diferent trees, shrubs, scrubs and ground
foor herbs. Te inevitable element of beech-fr
forests is spruce.In diverse variants exchange
sycomore, norway maple, common maple and
Acer obtusatum.
Beech-fr forests from dinaric area are con-
sidered to be one of the richest forest com-
munities, encompassing large number of for
bosnia-herzegovinas fora relict and endemic
species.
Diversity of shrub like species in these stands
is enormous. Quite ofen here occurs wood-
bine, spindle tree, dwarf bay, alder buckthorn
and others.
Some species are exclusively bound to cer-
tain forest variants, such as some gound layer
herbs. However, it can be extracted one large
group of ground foor herbs which are adapted
to specifc conditions in refering stratum, and
which are regular component in these forests.
Tose are: wood sanicle, herb Paris, male and
lady fern, coral-wort, melicgrass, dead nettle,
broad-leaved garlic etc.
Tis complex ecosystem is characterized by
following animals: brown bear, wild boar,
dormouse, wild cat, stock dove, grey wood-
pecker, robin, buzzard, blind worm, meadow
lizard, tree frog and others.
Te continuity of hilly and upland vegetation
belt of Bosnia and Herzegovina is achieved over
montane beech woods in colder and montane
sessile oak woods in warmer conditions.
Montane mesophilous beech woods are de-
veloped in lower part of the upland belt,
mainly on colder slopes and deep brown
earth. Tese highly productive forest stands
regarding their diversity keep pace with up-
land beech forests. In relation with geologic
na dubokim smeim zemljitima. Ove
visokoproduktivne umske sastojine u
pogledu diverziteta slijede gorske bukove
ume. Postoji jasna diferencijacija u
odnosu na geol oku podl ogu i
ekoklimatske uslove, a diferencijacija u
odnosu na cjelokupan kompleks faktora
rezul t i ra pri padnou odreenoj
biogeografskoj cjelini.
U strukturi montanih bukovih zajednica
jela i smra imaju manje uee, a esto su
prisutne vrste iz niih vegetacijskih
pojaseva kao to je grab, hrast kitnjak,
divlja trenja itd.
Na kiselim zemljitima u ovim umskim
sastojinama su vrlo dobro razvijene
populacij e borovnice, dok se na
neutralnim zemljitima u sastavu sprata
zeljastih biljaka nalaze tipine fagofilne
vrste.
Praumski rezervati u Bosni i Hercegovini
Jo davne 1952. godine, zbog svoje
izuzetne ljepote i bogatstva ivog svijeta,
prauma Perui ca j e progl aena
prirodnim umskim rezervatom. Danas se
ona nalazi u sklopu Nacionalnog parka
Sutjeska, koji obuhvata veliko podruje
planina Magli (2.386 m), Volujak (1.978
m), Snjenica (1.804 m). Jednu od najveih
pejzanih vrijednosti praume ini
vodopad Skakavac, visok 75 m, koji je dio
Peruikog potoka. Praumu Peruicu,
koja obuhvata povrinu od 1.291 ha,
najveim dijelom ini upravo klimatogene
sastojine bukovo-jelovih uma, koje ovdje
uvaju najvea bogatstva biljnog i
ivotinjskog svijeta. Pojedina stabla bukve
su stara i po nekoliko vijekova, visoka
preko 50 m, sa dijametrom oko 150 cm. Na
vertikalnom profilu planina oko Sutjeske
naseljavaju prostor izmeu montanih i
subalpijskih bukovih uma, izgraujui
ekosisteme najsloenije po strukturi i
izraenoj sezonskoj dinamici. ivotinjski
svijet je bogat i ini ga veliki broj vrsta
sisara, ptica, gmizavaca, vodozemaca,
riba, te brojnih predstavnika iz grupe
beskimenjaka. Ovdje su esti: medvjed,
divojarac, srnda, vepar, kuna zlatica i
bjelica, divlja maka, lisica i druge; a od
ptica su tu: suri orao, orao krsta, tetrijeb-
gluhan, sivi soko, crvenorepi kos, jarebica
kamenjarka, ljetarka i druge.
Na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine se
nalazi jo nekoliko manjih praumskih
rezervata od koji su najpoznatiji Janj (295
ha), smjeten na nadmorskim visinama
izmeu 1.180 i 1.510 m na masivu
Stolova, te Lom (297, 8 ha) koji se nalazi
na istoimenoj planini, na nadmorskoj
visini od oko 1.250 m. U oba pomenuta
rezervata osnovnu ivotnu zajednicu ine
bukovo-jelove ume sa znaajnim
ueem smre. Osim ovih vrsta, ovdje su
zastupljene i ouvane populacije gorskog
javora, jarebike i brojnih drugih vrsta u
viim spratovima. U spratu iblja se
najee javljaju kozokrvine, likovac,
divlja rua, ribizla i borovnica. Fauna ova
dva umska rezervata je takoe bogata, a
ine je, izmeu ostalog: medvjed, vuk,
lisica, divlja svinja, zec, srna, te globalno
ugroene vrste: ris, hermelin i vjeverica.
Meu faunom ptica ovdje su, izmeu
ostalih konstatovane i tetrijeb, mali
tetrijeb, jastreb kokoar i sivi soko.
Temeljne bioloke vrijednosti ovim
rezervatima daju praume bukve, jele i
s mr e U zavi s nos t i od odnos a
edifikatorskih vrsta mogu se razlikovati
sljedee zajednice: ume sa ueem
bukve i jele (Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum),
ume jele i smre (Abieti-Piceetum
illyricum), te mijeane ume bukve i jele sa
f aci j esi ma smre ( Abi et i - Faget um
piceetosum abietis).
Od biljnih vrsta koje imaju visoke
bioloke vrijednosti u ovim ekosistemima
su: Lilium martagon, Vicia oroboides,
Dentaria enneaphyllos, Gentiana asclepiadea,
Saxifraga rotundifolia, Listera cordata,
Goodyera repens, Platanthera bifolia,
Galanthus nivalis, Polygonatum latifolium,
te veliki broj makromiceta.
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foundation and ecoclimate, these forests are
clearly diferentiated, whereby diferentia-
tion related to the whole complex of factors
results in belonging to specifc biogeographic
region.
For the structure of montane beech woods,
fr and spruce are less important. On the oth-
er hand, frequently present are species from
the lower vegetation belts, such as hornbeam,
sessile oak, wild cherry etc.
On acid ground, within these forest stands,
well developed are blue berry populations,
while on neutral ground occur typical fag-
ophilous species.
Primeval forest reserves in Bosnia and Herzegovina
In 1952, because of its outstanding beauty
and species richness, the primeval forest
named Peruica was designated as natural
forest reserve. It is today part of the Sutjeska
national park, encompassing large area of
mountains Magli (2.386 m), Volujak (1.978
m), Snjenica (1.804 m). One of the highest
landscape values here represents 75 m high
waterfall called Skakavac, which is a sha-
re of Peruacs brook. The primeval forest
Peruica, covering 1.291 ha, is mainly com-
posed of climax vegetation which is beech-
fir woodland. In these woods are being pre-
served most valuable treasures of plant and
animal world. There are beech trees which
are over 50 metres tall, in diameter 150 cm,
and few centuries old. On vertical profile of
Sutjeska surrounding mountains, they take
positions between montane and sub-alpine
beech forests creating most complex ecosy-
stems in respect to structure and seasonal
dynamics. The animal world is rich and in-
cludes different species of mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians, fishes and many in-
vertebrates. Frequently occuring are: bear,
chamois, roe-deer, wild boar, pine and bee-
ch marten, wild cat, fox and others; as for
the birds there are: golden eagle, imperial
eagle, capercailie, peregrine falcon, red-
tailled blackbird, rock partridge, hazel hen
and others.
occur few more primeval forest reserves of
which the most famous is Janj (295 ha), si-
tuated at altitude from 1.180 to 1.510 m on
Stolova Mt., then Lom (297, 8 ha) situated
on mountain carrying the same name at
about 1.250 m altitude. Main living com-
munitiy in the both afore named reserves
are beech-fir woods with significant share
of spruce.
Besides, here are well preserved populations
of sycomore, European mountainash and
many other species of higher strata. Wit-
hin shrubs most frequently occur woodbi-
ne, dwarf bay, dogs rose, gooseberry and
blue berry. Fauna of these two reserves is
also very rich, and includes, among others:
bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, hare, roe deer and
globally threatened species: lynx, stoat and
squirrel. Among birds here are identified
following ones capercailie, black grouse,
goshawk and peregrine falcon.
The basic biologic value these reserves owe to
the primeval forest of beech, fir and spruce.
Depending on edificator species here can
be differentiated following communities:
beech-fir woods Abieti-Fagetum dinaricum,
fir-spruce woods Abieti-Piceetum illyricum,
mixed beech-fir woods with spruce facies
Abieti-Fagetum piceetosum abietis.
Plants possesing high biologic value within
these ecosystems are: Lilium martagon, Vi-
cia oroboides, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Genti-
ana asclepiadea, Saxifraga rotundifolia, Lis-
tera cordata, Goodyera repens, Platanthera
bifolia, Galanthus nivalis, Polygonatum lati-
folium and diversity of macromycetes.
Visok stepen ouvanosti praumskih
rezervata Bosne i Hercegovine i danas
prua dobre uslove kao stanite mnogih
vrsta divljih ivotinja, meu kojima su i
globalno ugroene vrste, kao: mrki
medvjed (Ursus arctos), vuk (Canis lupus),
tetrijeb gluhan (Tetrao urogallus), ris (Lynx
lynx).
Pored navedenih postoje jo i male
praume uma bukve i jele sa smrom:
Ravna vala na Igmanu (45 ha), Trstionica
pored Kaknja (32,5 ha). Osim toga u toku
je izdvajanje novih praumskih rezervata:
u Kladnju i Kaknju istih uma bukve, a na
Blidinju uma munike.
Ekosistemi tamnih etinarskih uma
etinarske ume na prostoru Bosne i
Hercegovine zauzimaju najhladnija
stanita gorskog pojasa, te u ekolokom
smislu ovi ekosistemi predstavljaju prave
balkanske tajge. Diferenciraju se na veliki
broj ivotnih zajednica, a najvee povrine
zauzimaju u regionu Romanije, Ozrena,
Zvijezde i Vitoroga. Na drugim mjestima
njihova pojava je uzrokovana eko-
klimatskim prilikama.
Abiotika komponenta ovih ekosistema
predstavljena je razliitim serijama
silikatnih i karbonatnih stijena, a zemljita
su uglavnom distrini kambisoli i
kalkokambisoli. Meutim, na strmijim
nagibima i u donjem dijelu pretpla-
ninskog pojasa, prisutna su i tla A-C
profila rankeri, kalkomelanosoli i
rendzine.
Stanita tamnih etinarskih uma se
karakteriu perhumidnom i humidnom
klimom tokom itave godine. Prema
toplinskom karakteru, klima je hladna, te
u pojedinim mjesecima ima karakteristike
nivalne ekoklime. Godinja koliina
padavina je u pravilu preko 1.500 mm.
Srednj e godi nj e temperature na
0
stanitima variraju izmeu 2 i 6 C;
apsolutne minimalne se sputaju i do - 35
C (-45 C), a apsolutne maksimalne
vrijednosti ne prelaze 25 C.
Tamne etinarske ume na podruju
Bosne i Hercegovine postiu visok
stupanj biolokog i ekolokog diverziteta.
U zavisnosti od hidrotermikog reima,
geoloke podloge i nadmorske visine,
tamne etinarske ume se diferenciraju na
vie tipova ekosistema:
lEkosistemi montanih uma smre. Montane smreve ume su razvijene u gornjem
dijelu brdskog i u gorskom pojasu nadovezujui se najee na diskontinuirani pojas
bukovih uma. Prisutne su uglavnom na karbonatima i dijelom na silikatima
ronjake serije. Zemljita su kalkokambisoli i distrini kambisoli;
lEkosistemi smrevo-jelovih uma u gorskom pojasu. Zajednice ekosistema smrevo -
jelovih uma Abieti - Piceetum illyricum razvijaju se na hladnim stanitima gorskog
pojasa, ee na kiselom smeem, a rjee na smeem krenjakom zemljitu;
lEkosistemi smrevih uma sa urezicom. Na razvijenijim i kiselijim tlima, distrinim
kambisolima povrh ronaca na sjevernim padinama dinarskih masiva egzistiraju
manje povrine pod ovom zajednicom;
lEkosistem smrevih uma sa crvotoinama. Na dubokim smeim zemljitima povrh
ronaca ili na podzoliranim zemljitima mjestimino su razvijeni fragmenti ove
zajednice. Razvija se u zoni smre i jele, katkad i jele i bukve sa smrom;
lEkosistemi smrevo-bjeloborovih uma. Na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine ume smre i
bijelog bora nastanjuju uglavnom toplije ekspozicije, nagibe terena do 25, odnosno
30 tepeni, krenjaku geoloku podlogu i smea krenjaka zemljita, ponekad i
kalkomelanosole. To su veoma lijepe i razvijene umske zajednice sa visokim
privrednim znaajem. Bogate su vrstama. Osim vrsta etinarskih uma, tu je i itav
niz neto termofilnijih oblika;
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High preservation level of primeval forest re-
serves in Bosnia and Herzegovina ensures
excellent conditions for many wild animals,
including the globally threatened ones, for in-
stance: brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis
lupus), capercailie (Tetrao urogallus), lynx (Lynx
lynx).
Apart from afore named primeval forests, there
are several small beech-fr forests with spruce:
Ravna vala on Igman Mt. (45 ha), Trstionica
near Kakanj town (32,5 ha). Beside, it is on the
way a designation of new primeval forest re-
serves: in Kladanj and Kakanj straight beech
woods, on Blidinje lake whitebark pine woods.
Ecosystems of dark coniferous woods
Conifer woods in Bosnia and Herzegovina take
colder places in the upland belt, representing
therefore a true balkan range taiga. It is being
diferentiated in several living communities,
which cover the largest surface in the region
of mountains Romanija, Ozren, Zvijezda and
Vitorog. Elsewhere their occurence is induced
by ecoclimate conditions.
Abiotic component of these ecosystems are
diferent series of silicate and carbonate
rocks, whereas soils are mainly distric cam-
bisol and calcocambisol But, on more incli-
nated slopes and in lower part of mounatin
belt, occur soils with A-C profle rankers,
calcomelanosol and rendsine.
Habitats of dark coniferous woods have got
perhumid and humid climate over entire
year. Afer its thermal character, the climate
is cold, having in some months character
of nival ecoclimate. Annual precipitation
is regulary over 1.500 mm. Average annual
temperatures vary between +6C and +2C;
absolute minimum falls till -35C (-45C),
whereas absolute maximum doesnt exceed
+25C.
Within dark coniferous woods of Bosnia and
Herzegovina accomplished is high biologic
and ecologic diversity.
Depening on hydro-thermic regime, geolo-
gic foundation and altitude, dark coniferous
woods are diferentiated into several ecosys-
tem types:
t Ecosystems of montane spruce woods. These woods are developed in the upper hilly and
upland belt, usually continuing onto fragmented belt of beech woods. They occur mainly
on carbonates and partially silicates of hornblende series. Soils are calcocambisol and
distric cambisol;
t Ecosystems of spruce-fir woods in the upland belt. The communities of spruce-fir woods
Abieti - Piceetum illyricum develop on colder places in the upland belt, more frequently
on acid brown earth, whereas seldom on limestone brown earth;
t Ecosystems of spruce woods with coltsfoot. On well developed and more acid soil type,
such as distric cambisol laying over hornblend on northern slopes of Dinaric masiffs,
exists smaller surface covered by this community;
t Ecosystems of spruce with clubmosses. On deep brown earth laying over hornblend or
on podsols, developed are fragments of this community. It develops in spruce-fir area,
sometimes in fir-beech area with spruce;
t Ecosystems of spruce-scots pine woods. On the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina the-
se woods inhabit mainly warmer expositions, till 25, respectively 30 degrees inclinated
slopes, carbonate geologic foundation and carbonate brown earth, sometimes even cal-
comelanosol. Those are mainly lovely and well developed forest communities with high
economic importance. They are rich in species. Beside species occuring in coniferous
woods, there is a line of, in some extent, thermophilous forms;
t Ecosystems of spruce woods with bogmosses. In this area, spruce communities on humid
lEkosistemi smrevih uma sa mahovinama tresetarkama. Zajednica smre na vlanom i
zatreseenom zemljitu, na ovom prostoru ima azonalan i lokalan karakter. Konsta-
tovano je na svega nekoliko povrina. Razvija se na silikatnim supstratima i
zemljitima tipa visokog treseta, a djelomino i zatreseenog glejnog tla, na ravnim
ili blago nagnutim terenima;
lEkosistemi uma istonobosanske (Panieve) omorike. Zajednice sa omorikom se
diferenciraju na nekoliko razliitih tipova uslovljenih razlikama u abiotikim
faktorima. Ipak, sve zajednice se karakteriu optimalnim razvojem na karbonatnim
stijenama, a samo sporadino na serpentinitima i peridotitima;
lEkosistemi jele i ljigovine. Sastojine ove zajednice se razvijaju u gorskom pojasu na
istraivanom prostoru. Karakteristika ovih ekosistema je prisustvo velikih
krenjakih i krenjako-dolomitnih blokova na povrini podloge. Sastojine zajednice
jele i ljigovine na krenjakim blokovima na istraivanom prostoru razvijene su na
Izuzev pomenutih, na podruju Bosne i
Hercegovine egzistiraju i ekosistemi sm-
revih uma na podzolu, jele i okrugloli-
snog broa, jele i rebrae, jele i milave na
krenjakim blokovima gornjeg dijela gor-
skog i donjeg subalpinskog pojasa, te jele i
krkavine.
Fizionomska i strukturna svojstva ovom
biomu daju: smra, jela, bijeli bor, ist-
onobosanska (Panieva) omorika, jar-
ebika, kozokrvine, divlje rue, borovnica,
kruica, brusnica, likovac, dvolisnik, bek-
ica, zeija kiselica, mreolist, urodica,
trava od utrobice, crvotoine, te mnoge
druge.
Ekosistemi visokih zeleni
Kao jedan od tipova azonalne vegetacije u
specifinim edafskim, orografskim, pedo-
lokim i ekolokim prilikama uopte, ra-
zvijena je vegetacija visokih zeleni. Stani-
ta ovih zajednica su, uglavnom, male de-
presije, koje nisu izloene visokoj evapor-
aciji, niti izrazitim temperaturnim eks-
tremima.
Ovaj tip ekosistema se optimalno razvija
na nadmorskim visinama izmeu 1.100 i
1.400 m, na stanitima na kojima je pri-
sutna visoka vlaga, a koju ove vrste odr-
avaju konstatnom u mikro-klimatskim
uslovima. Zajednice visokih zeleni se spu-
taju i na manje nadmorske visine, pa se
sreu i u pojasu montanih bukovih uma,
ili u kompleksu sa vegetacijom higrof-
ilnih umskih zaje-dnica.
U pogledu fizionomije, dio zajednica vi-
sokih zeleni je karakteristian po prisus-
tvu krupnolisnih biljnih vrsta, koje u krat-
kom vegetacionom periodu proizvode ve-
like koliine zelene mase. Razgradnja ze-
ljaste zelene mase koja, prema konzis-
tenciji biljnih dijelova i sama ima visok
sadraj vode, protie uz visoku relativnu
vlanost vazduha, visok nivo podzemnih
voda, te vrlo esto prisutne i plavne vode
planinskih potoka. Posljedica razgradnje
u ovim uslovima je akumulacija nitrata,
to je i uslov pojavljivanja najveeg broja
vrsta iz floristikog sastava ovih zajedn-
ica.
Za razliku od ekosistema visokih zeleni
koji se razvijaju u uslovima poviene vl-
age, a dio su zatvorenog mozaika umskih
ekosistema, uz ivice uma i na suhim ot-
vorenim, blago nitrificiranim stanitima,
razvija se vegetacija termofilnih visokih
zeleni.
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and peat-like ground have got azonal and local character. This has been recorded in
several localities. These communities develope on silicate foundation and acrohystosol,
partially on gley transformed in peat, on plain or slightly inclinated terrain;
t Ecosystems of Serbian spruce. The Serbian spruce communities are being differentiated
in several types, which are induced by differences in abiotic factors. Nevertheless, these
communities reach their optimal development on carbonate rocks, only sporadically on
serpentine and peridote;
t Ecosystems of fir and Oreoherzogia. Stands of this community develop in the upland
belt of the investigated area. Special characteristic of these ecosystems represent the oc-
curence of huge limestone and limestone-dolomite blocks at the surface. Stands of fir
and Oreoherzogia between limestone blocks are with limited distribution on the investi-
gated area.
Apart from afore mentioned, in the area of
Bosnia and Herzegovina exist ecosystems of
spruce woods on podsol, then woods with fr
and Galium rotundifolium, fr and hard fern,
fr and reedgrass between carbonate blocks
in the upper upland belt and lower sub-al-
pine belt, and woods with fr and common
buckthorn.
Physiognomic and structural features of this
biom are determined by: spruce, fr, scots
pine, Serbian spruce, european mountain-
ash, species of genus Lonicera, dogs rose,
blue berry, plar tree, red whortlerberry, dwarf
bay, lesser buterfy, melicgrass, wood sorrel,
creeping ladys tresses, cow wheat, willow
gentian, clubmosses and many others.
Ecosystems of tall herb communities
As azonal vegetation type, in specific
edaphic, orographic, pedologic and eco-
logic conditions in general, occur tall herb
communities. Reffering habitats are mainly
in small depressions, which arent exposed
neither to high evaporation nor extreme
temperatures.
These ecosystem types are optimally de-
veloped at altitude spanning from 1.100
to 1.400 metres, on places with high air
humidity maintaned continous by the oc-
curing species. Tall herb communities
go down to lower altitude, reaching even
montane beech belt, or get mixed with the
hygrophilous wood communities.
As far as physignomy is concerned, there
is a part of tall herb communities charac-
terized by large-leaved plants that in short
vegetation period produce great quantity
of green biomass. Decompostion of such
biomass that is soft due to high proportion
of water in it, evolves under conditions
of high air humidity, high level of under-
ground water and frequent f loodings com-
ing from the mountain streams. The con-
sequence of such decomposition is nitrates
being accumulated, which is the prereq-
uisit for most of the species within these
plant communities to occur.
In difference to tall herb communities
emerging in high humidity milieu, along
forest edges and on dry, open and mild ni-
trified places emerge thermophylous tall
herb communities.
Ekosistemi mezofilnih livada gorskog pojasa
Livadski ekosistemi su razvijeni u zo-
nama svih umskih ekosistema. Izraena
dinamika osnovnih ekolokih faktora
uslovljava visok stepen njihovog diverzit-
eta. Zemljita na stanitima ekosistema
livada su semigleji, ilimerizovana i smea
tla, razvijena na razliitim tipovima geol-
oke podloge.
U gorskom pojasu jugoistonih Dinarida
egzistiraju posebne livadske zajednice, ko-
je se strukturom razlikuju od slinih na Al-
pama, Pirinejima, pa i sjeverozapadnim
Dinaridima. Osnovna karakteristika na-
ih livada je prisustvo brojnih dinarskih i
balkanskih endema u njihovom sastavu.
Na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine ove liva-
de doseu svoju sjeverozapadnu granicu.
Livade ovog tipa se ekstenzivno obrauju
i daju slabije prinose sijena. Njihova me-
usobna diferencijacija potie od razlika
u ekolokim uslovima stanita, te nalaz-
imo:
lEkosisteme gorskih livada na vlanim krenjakim zemljitima bogatim humusom;
lEkosisteme gorskih livada na smeem krenjakom zemljitu;
lEkosisteme ljutia i paniije;
lEkosisteme ljutia i mrazovca na dubokim zakiseljenim zemljitima;
lEkosisteme gorskih livada na bazama bogatim zemljitima;
lEkosisteme gorskih livada sa bosanskim ljiljanom;
lEkosisteme paniije i bosanskog ljiljana;
lEkosisteme gorskih livada koanica.
Na stanitima ovih livada rastu i bosanski
ljiljan (Lilium bosniacum), bosanski
pucavac (Silene bosniaca), sendtnerov
pucavac (Silene sendtneri), planinska
ljubiica (Viola elegantula) i mnoge druge.
Osim pomenutih endeminih livadskih
ekosistema, na bosanskohercegovakim
planinama su este i iroko raspro-
stranjene livade vlasulje i rosulje. Osim
svoje oaravajue ljepote, od ranog
proljea pa do kasnog ljeta, ove livade
imaju i visoku ekonomsku vrijednost.
Njihovo sijeno je kvalitetna hrana i za
sitnu i za krupnu stoku, te za brojnu
divlja.
Od ranog proljea ovim livadama
dominira zeleno-uta boja od cvatova
maslaka, zatim neto kasnije zlatno uta
boja od mnogih ljutia, te itavi spektri
svih boja i nijansi od cvatova razlika,
vrbice, malog omana; u jesen tamnoplava
od cvj etova barskog encij ana, te
svijetloljubiasti cvjetovi mrazovca, koji u
ovom kraju obino najavljuju dolazak
svjeih i sunanih jeseni, te dugih i
hladnih zima.
Na silikatnoj geolokoj podlozi, te na
karbonatnoj podlozi na dubljim zaki-
seljenim tlima razvijeni su ekosistemi sa
travom tvrdaom (Nardus stricta), inae
iroko zastupljeni u srednjoj i zapadnoj
Evropi. Livade trave tvrdae su sa loim
kvalitetom sijena i rijetko se kose, te su
uglavnom preputene za ispau stoke.
Ovi ekosi st emi naj ee nast aj u
degradacijom smrevih i smrevo-jelovih
uma.
Na toplijim padinama i pliim tlima
razvijene su termofilne livade reda
Brometalia erecti, koje na jo pliim tlima
postepeno prelaze u brdske i gorske
kamenjare. U njihovom sastavu domi-
niraju ovsik, bokvica srednja, dubaac,
lazarkinja, kravljak, osjak, konara,
krestuac, celinica, kostrika, iljka,
mirisavka i druge.
Livadske zajednice gorskog pojasa su
velikim dijelom izgraene od medo-
nosnih, ljekovitih i vitaminskih vrsta.
68
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Ecosystems of mesophylous meadows in the upland belt
Meadows are developed in the zones of all
forest ecosystems. High diversity within the
meadows here is caused by highly dynamic
ecologic factors. Considering the soils, it
prevails semigley, ilimerized soil and brown
earth. The geologic foundation is diverse.
In the upland belt of southeastern Dinaric
Alps exist special kind of meadow com-
munities that differs in its structure from
the similar communities in Alps, Pirines
and even northwestern Dinaric Alps. Main
feature of our meadows is the occurence of
dinaric and balcan range endemic species.
these meadows reach their northwestern
boundary. That kind of meadows is being
extensively treated giving smaller yield.
Due to differences in ecologic conditions
they can be differentiated as follows:
t Ecosystems of upland meadows on wet, humus-rich limestone ground;
t Ecosystems of upland meadows on brown limestone earth;
t Ecosystems of buttercup and Pancicia serbica;
t Ecosystems of buttercup and crocus on deep acidifed soils;
t Ecosystems of upland meadows on base-rich ground;
t Ecosystems of upland meadows with Bosnian lily;
t Ecosystems of Pancicia serbica and Bosnian lily;
t Ecosystems of upland mowed meadows.
Within these meadows grow also Bosnian
lily (Lilium bosniacum), Bosnian catchf ly
(Silene bosniaca), Sendtners cathf ly (Silene
sendtneri), mountain violet (Viola elegan-
tula) and many others.
Beside afore mentioned endemic kind of
ecosystems, on bosnia-herzegovinas moun-
tains frequent and widely distributed are
meadows of fescues and common bent.
Apart from their astonishing beauty, from
early spring till late summer, these mead-
ows achieve high economic values. Hay is
high quality food for both small and large
catlle, and even for game species.
From early spring these meadows are domi-
nated by green-yellow colour of dandelions
f lower, then a bit later by golden colour of
various buttercups and whole spectrum of
colours created by knapweed, purple loos-
estrife, small yellowhead, in autumn there
is a deep blue colour of marsh gentian, then
light violet of autumn crocus that usually
announce the arrival of fresh and sunny au-
tumn, followed by long and cold winter.
In central and western Europe widely dis-
tributed ecosystems of matgrass Nardus
stricta develop on silicate, and on limestone
too if a deeper acidifed soil is laying over.
These meadows give low quality hay be-
ing therefore rarely mowed and mainly left
over for grazing purpose. These ecosystems
emerge after spruce and spruce-fir woods
get degraded.
On warmer slopes and more shallow soil
types developed are thermophilous mead-
ows from the order Brometalia erecti, which
on even more shallow soil gradually turn
into montane and uplands rocky grassland.
In the composition prevail brome, hoary
platain, germander, sweet woodruff, perfo-
liate alexanders, thistle, dropwort, common
milkwort, common self-heal, Danthonia,
sweet scedent and others.
Meadow communities in the upland belt are
mostly composed of honey-producing, me-
dicinal and vitaminous plants.
Ekosistemi gorskih potoka
Najljepe i najsnanije dijelove gorskih pe-
jzaa viamo uz jake planinske potoke bo-
sanskohercegovakih Dinarida. Bistra vo-
da se uskim koritima izmeu okolnih ma-
siva uri prema mirnim tokovima Bosne,
Vrbasa, Drine. Skrivajui jedinstven ne-
ponovljiv svijet ivih organizama, hladne
planinske vode i danas ine riznicu bosan-
skohercego-vakog biolokog i ekolokog
bogatstva. Ovdje navodimo samo neke od
endeminih formi vodenih insekata, koje
ive u izvorinim dijelovima planinskih
potoka i krakih podruja:
Tabela 27. Endemine vrste vodenih insekata u izvoritima planinskih i krakih
potoka
Rhyachopila bosniaca Schmid Miljacka, Biotica
Allotrichia marinkovacae Malycki Litica, Trebinjica
Hidropsyche dinarica Marinkovic Bistrica, abljak
Hidropsyche smiljae Marinkovic Litica, Trebinjica
Chaetopteryx bosniaca Marinkovi Bistrica, abljak, Pliva, Sanica, Biotica, Miljacka
Chaetopteryx gonospina Marinkovi Ribnik, Sanica, Pliva, Biotica, Miljacka
Chaetopteryx shmidi Botosaneanum Bistrica, abljak
Annitella apfelbecki Klapalek Bistrica,Pliva, Sanica, Trebinjica, Litica, Miljacka
Drusus bosnicus Klapalek Ribnik, Sanica, Pliva
Drusus klapaleki Marinkovi Miljacka, Biotica
Drusus medianus Marinkovi Ribnik, Sanica, Pliva
Drusus rad. septentrionis Marinkovi Bistrica, abljak
Rhyachopila vranitzensis Mar. et
Bot.
Bistrica, Pliva, Sanica, Litica, Miljacka, Biotica
Drusus ramae Marinkovi Litica, Trebinjica
Drusus shmidi Botosaneanum Miljacka, Biotica
Drusus vespertinus Marinkovi Bistrica, abljak
Potamophylax winnwguthi Klapalek
D
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a
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i
d
i

Ribnik, Pliva, Sanica, Miljacka, Biotica
Limnephilus graecus Schmid Litica, Trebinjica
Rhyachopila trescaviscensis Bot. Litica, Miljacka, Biotica, Pliva, Sanica
Rhyachopila balcanica Radovanovic Bistrica, Litica, Trebinjica,Miljacka, Pliva, Sanica
Rhyachopila trescaviscensis Bot. Litica, Miljacka, Biotica, Pliva, Sanica
Rhyachopila balcanica Radovanovic
W

B
a
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k
a
n

Bistrica, Litica, Miljacka, Ribnica, Pliva, Sanica
Micrasema sericeum Klapalek Bistrica, abljak, Litica, Trebinjca
Annitella triloba Marinkovi Litica, Trebinjica, Miljacka, Biotica
Rhyachopila loxias Schmid
B
a
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k
.

Litica, Miljacka, Biotica
Glossosoma discophorum Klapalek Bistrica, Litica, Trebinjica,Miljacka,Biotica
Potamophylax pallidus Klapalek Ribnik, Pliva, Sanica, Miljacka, Biotica
Hidropsyche tabacarui
Botosaneanum
Pliva, Sanica, Miljacka, Biotica
Threma anomalum MacLachan Litica, Trebinjica, Biotica, Miljacka
Beraeamayia shmidi Botosaneanum Litica, Trebinjica
Rhyachopila furcifera Klapalek B
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K
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p
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t
i

Miljacka, Biotica
69
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Ecosystems of upland brooks
Te most beautiful and powerful share of
upland landscapes is to be seen along the
mountain brooks in bosnia-herzegovinas
Dinaric Alps. Clear water rushes through a
narrow passages that are squized between
surrounding masifs toward calm streams
of Bosna, Vrbas and Drina rivers. Te cold
mountain water, hiding unique living world
in it, is considered to be a treasury of bosnia-
herzegovinas biologic and ecologic diversity.
Hereafer are listed some endemic forms
of aquatic insects living around springs of
mountain brooks and karst streams:
Table 27. Endemic species of aquatic insects in mountain and karst springs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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B
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B
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B
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K
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Stanje ekosistema gorskih pejzaa
Unikatnost strukture i dinamike, te po-
stanka dinarskih gorskih pejzaa, osim sp-
ecifinog diverziteta biljaka i gljiva
uslovilo je i posebne oblike i obrasce
diverziteta ivotinja. To se posebno od-
nosi na grupe organizama koji ive u gor-
skim izvorima i potocima, kakvih je izuz-
etno puno u ovom pojasu u Bosni i Her-
cegovini. Specifine ekoloke prilike
uslovljene djelovanjem razliitih uma re-
zultirale su i naglaenom endemo-
genezom mnogih grupa vodenih insek-
ata. Upravo u izvorima u zoni gorskih pe-
jzaa ivi izuzetno veliki broj endeminih
vodenih insekata od kojih su mnogi i prvi
put opisani upravo u ovom pojasu. Postoj-
anje takvih mjesta (locus classicus) pred-
stavlja izuzetnu vrijednost u globalnom
diverzitetu ivotinjskog carstva.
Samo neke od vrsta koje su ekskluzivno ve-
zale za gorske dijelove bosansko-
hercegovakih rijeka prikazane su u tabeli
28. To nesumnjivo ilustruje izuzetnu pove-
zanost umskih stanita ne samo sa rei-
mom gorskih izvorita, nego i determina-
ciju unikatnih procesa specijacije, a po-
sebno endemogeneze. Zbog toga je o-
uvanje stabilnosti umskih ekosistema ne-
prikosnoveno u ouvanju gorskih izvora i
potoka, te endeminog biodiverziteta in-
sekata.
Posebno dobro istraenu grupu na ovim
stanitima ine Psihodidae (Pericoma gl-
acialis, P. ljubiniensis, P. marinkovii, P. mu-
ibabii, P. rotunda, P. vaillanti, Mormia cu-
rvistylia, Panimurus bosnicus, P. verbassicus,
Threticus optabilis).
Osim unikatnog svijeta insekata u gor-
skim potocima, este su i jo iste linije pot-
one pastrmke, pea, potonog raka.
Kako dominantne ekosisteme gorskih pe-
jzaa Bosne i Hercegovine ine umske za-
jednice, posebno je vano istaknuti stepen
antropogenih uticaja pod kojim se one da-
nas nalaze, te stanje recentnih ekosistema.
Bukovo-jelove i iste bukove zajednice naj-
produktivniji su umski ekosistemi, pa se
tako, kao resurs drvne mase, prve nalaze
na udaru antropogenih aktivnosti. O
stanju umskih ekosistema najbolje govo-
re priloeni podaci iz razliitih vremens-
kih perioda.
Grafikon 16. - Zastupljenost vrsta u istim umskim sastojinama.
Hrast
15%
Bukva
58%
Ostali
etinari
1%
Ostali tvrdi
liari
16%
Crni bor
6%
Jela
0,5%
Ostali meki
liari
1%
Smra
3%
70
Beech
Black pine
Remnant
coniferous
trees
Spruce Fir
Remnant
hard wood
trees
Remnant soft
wood trees
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The uniqueness in structure and dynamics
of dinaric upland landscapes, apart from
diversity of plants and mushrooms, has in-
duced special patterns of animal diversity.
This relates especially to organisms living
in mountain springs and brooks, like it is
the case in the upland belt of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Specific ecologic conditions
determined by different kind of forests re-
sulted in the pronounced endemogenesis
for many aquatic insects. In the springs of
upland landscapes lives great number of en-
demic aquatic insects of which many were
for the first time described right here, in
this belt. The existance of such places (locus
classicus) represents the outstanding value
in the global animal diversity.
Table 27 shows only some of the species
that are exclusively bound to the upland
parts of bosnia-herzegovinas rivers. This
illustrates how exceptional is the connec-
tion between forests and water regime in
mountain springs. It also helps in recogni-
tion of unique speciation processes, because
of which the maintenance of forest ecosys-
tems stability is sacred for the protection of
mountain streams.
The best studied group of organisms here
is Psychodidae (Pericoma glacialis, P. lju-
biniensis, P. marinkovii, P. muibabii, P.
rotunda, P. vaillanti, Mormia curvistylia,
Panimurus bosnicus, P. Verbassicus, Thre-
ticus optabilis).
Beside unique insects world, in mountain
brooks frequently occur straight lines of
brown trout, bullhead and crayfish.
State of upland landscapes ecosystems
Graph 16. Proportion of species in the straight woodland stands
Dominant ecosystems of upland landscapes
in Bosnia and Herzegovina are forest com-
munities, whereby we should stress the an-
thropogenic impact placed upon them and
recent state of ecosystems.
Beech-fir and sole beech communities are
most productive forest ecosystems, being
therefore as a wood resource first in line of
anthropogenic pressures. On state of forest
ecosystems witness the best data from dif-
ferent periods that follows.
Procjenjuje je se da je u Bosni i Herceg-
ovini od tada posjeeno 82.552 ha uma.
Najvei dio posjeenih povrina se nalazi
na jugozapadu zemlje. Najvei procenat
deforestacije (72%) se odnosi na povrine
manje od jednog hektara, a 7% otpada na
povrine veliine 100 i vie hektara. Od
posjeenih uma 65.121 ha otpada na lis-
topadne, a 17. 431 ha na etinarske ume.
U poslijeratnom periodu sjea je intenz-
ivirana na mnogim lokalitetima bez ob-
zira na njihovu bioloku i ekoloku vrij-
ednost.
Iako su ekosistemi gorskih pejzaa pod
uticajem planinske dinarske klime, sa obil-
jem snijenih padavina, te uslovi koji ogra-
niavaju stalni boravak ovjeka ovdje,
ipak su, zbog vrijednosti prirodnih
Tabela 28. - Procjena povrina pod umama u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992. godine.
Izvor: Statistiki godinjak R Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 1992. god.
resursa, naseljavani jo od najranijih pe-
rioda.
I danas u ovom pojasu lee ne samo sela,
nego ak i manji gradovi, od kojih je Ku-
pres (1.200 m n.v.) najvea urbana cjelina
na pr os t or u gor s ki h bos ans ko-
hercegovakih Dinarida, pa i zapadnog
Balkana.
Naselja u ovom pojasu su uglavnom or-
ganizovana kroz manje zaseoke, sa na-
stambama tipine planinske arhitekture,
visoko nagnutim krovovima, debelim ka-
menim zidovima i malim otvorima.
Osnovna tradicionalna djelatnost naroi-
to u ranijem periodu, a u nekim dijel-
ovima i danas je odrivo stoarstvo.
I danas po sonim livadama gorskog pojasa pa-
se na desetine hiljada ovaca pramenki, za iju
sigurnost se brinu budne ui bosanskog to-
rnjaka, unikatne i endemine pasmine u ps-
eem rodu, izuzetno vrijednog genofonda. Po-
red ovaca, tu su i bogata stada muznih krava,
te stada podivljalih rasnih konja, koji pred-
stavljaju svojevrsne ukrase gorskim prop-
lancima, te ine jedan najvredniji dio genof-
onda u postojeem carstvu evropskih ivotinja.
U plodnom gorskom zemljitu, obogaenom je-
dino prirodnim gnojivom, raste najzdraviji
krompir (nadaleko uvene sorte i linije fojn-
ikog, glamokog, kuprekog krompira), koji
pripremljen na tradicionalni nain, uz rasko
bosanskog dinarskog kajmaka, te vlaikog,
kuprekog, glamokog i livanjskog sira, pred-
stavlja vrhunske delikatese u evropskoj ga-
stronomiji i svojevrsnu atrakciju, kako za do-
mae stanovnitvo, tako i za turiste. Ovoj unik-
atnosti kulture bosansko-hercegovakih gor-
taka treba dodati i posebnost u kulturnom dive-
rzitetu, koja se ogleda u nekada arolikoj odjei
i obui, kunom namjetaju, poljoprivrednim
alatima, te naroitim suvenirima.
Jo uvijek veoma ouvani izvorni etnoloki
elementi: otvorenost, srdanost i domainski
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Table 28. Assessment of woodland surface in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992
Source: Statistic yearbook of Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo 1992.
It is estimated that in Bosnia and Herzegovina
has been felled 82.552 ha of forests since then.
Most of the clearings are in the southwestern
region. Te biggest deforestation proportion
(72%) relates to the surfaces less than one hec-
tars, whereas 7% are surfaces taking 100 and
more hectares. Of felled forests, 65.121 ha were
deciduous and 17. 431 ha coniferous woods.
In the post-war period felling became more
intense around many localities, no matter
what their biologic and ecologic value was.
Although the upland landscapes are under in-
fuences from dinaric mountain climate, with
plenty of snow, and existing conditions limit
the permanent human inhabitation, they have
been inhabited since the earliest age.
Even today, in this belt are situated not only
villages, but small towns of which Kupres (at
1.200 m above sea level) is the largest urban
complex in the upland belt of bosnia-herze-
govinas Dinaric Alps and entire western Bal-
kan.
Settlements here occur mainly as small villag-
es, with dwellings built in typical mountain-
like fashion, with highly heaved roofs, thick
stone walls and small openings in it. Basic
traditional activity in some areas is sustain-
able cattle breeding, especially used to be in
earlier days.
Even today, over juicy meadows of the upland
belt graze thousands of sheeps, whose safety
is taken care of by awaken ears of bosnian
sheepdog, which is the unique and endemic
dogs breed. Beside sheep, there are also herds
of milk producing cows and studs that have
grown wild. All that is some kind of decor to
the upland openings and represent most valu-
able share in the european animal gen pool.
On fertile uplands ground, enriched only
by natural dung, grows the most healthy po-
tato (of widely known sorts and lines fojniki,
glamoki, kupreki potato) that, if prepared in
traditional manner with dinaric cream and
a lot of in Vlai, Kupres, Glamo and Livno
made chees, represent top quality delicacy for
the European gastronomy, and some kind of
attraction for both locals and tourists. Another
uniqueness of bosnia-herzegovinas highlander
is ref lected in their cultural diversity expressed
through fancy clothing and footware, house
furniture, agricultural tools and special souve-
nirs.
Well preserved indigenous ethnologic ele-
ments, such as frankness, warmth and hospi-
tality, along with clear and clean spring wa-
WOODLAND SURFACE (ha) % of total B&Hs surface
Straight wood habitats 532.703 10.42
Deciduous 478.393 9.36
Coniferous 54.310 1.06
Mixed wood habitats 1.798.359 35.17
Deciduous 1.107.039 21.65
Coniferous 66.609 1.30
Deciduous-coniferous 624.701 12.22
Total woodland 2.331.052 45.59
Bare mountain terrain 250.839 4.91
Total surface in B&H 5.112.900 100%
odnos naih gortaka, a posebno iste i bistre
izvorske vode, isti planinski zrak, te i slikoviti
gorski pejzai livada, proplanaka i uma ine je-
dinstvene preduslove za intenzivnije nasel-
javanje ovog prostora, razvoj zdravstvenog i re-
kreacijskog, a posebno seoskog turizma u svim
godinjim dobima.
Gorski pejzai i u njima naoiti gortaci, kosci
sone trave, rodne rai, jedroga jema i ovsa,
stasite patarenke u ivopisnoj odjei u vrijeme
etve zlatnoga klasja, kupljenja mirisnog sij-
ena, bile su inspiracija i nadahnue mnogim
pjesnicima, knjievnicima, putopiscima, vir-
tuozima na platnu i ici (Skender Kulenovi,
Ivo Andri, amil Sijari, Ethem Mulabdi,
Husein ogo, te znameniti slikari Jurki, Ber-
ber, Rami). (Navod iz TV emisije Prir-
odna batina BiH).
Ekosistemi gorskih pejzaa sadre brojne
prirodne resurse, kao to su ljekovite, je-
stive, vitaminske i aromatine biljke, a ta-
koe i veliki broj jestivih i ljekovitih gljiva i
liajeva.
Posebnu ekonomsku vrijednost imaju i da-
nas divlje biljke, koje su odigrale spason-
osnu ulogu u procesima obnove, te pre-
dindustrijske faze razvoja naeg drutva.
Veliku trinu vrijednost imaju: velebilje,
malina, jagoda, kupina, kiprovina, nap-
rstak, gospin plat, kauni, dinjica, vrati,
kostri, crvena bazga, ognjica, trava od utr-
obice, borovnica, srcopuc, mrazovac, li-
jepa ljubiica, zatim liajevi: djedova br-
ada, pluoliki liaj, kladonia. Tu su i mno-
gi predstavnici carstva gljiva, a naroito
su vrijedni predstavnici rodova: smrak,
lisiarka, srndaica, vrganj, jesenka, je-
inac, te mnoge lignikolne i terikolne gljive,
koje imaju vanu funkciju u procesima
razlaganja drvne mase.
Pritisci na ekosisteme gorskih pejzaa
Uprkos injenici da je prostor gorskih
pejzaa slabo naseljen, ekosistemima ovih
dinaminih pejzaa danas prijeti opasnost
od uticaja nastalih kroz ljudske aktivnosti,
kao to su:
lIntenzivna i neselektivna sjea visokih uma;
lNekontrolisani lov;
lUnitavanje i degradacija zemljita neselektivnom izgradnjom umskih
komunikacija i neprimjerenom upotrebom umske mehanizacije;
lPrekomjerna eksploatacija ljekovitih biljaka i gljiva;
lIntenzivna prirodna progradacija i zarastanje livada;
lNeprihvatljiva izgradnja i koncentracija graevinskih objekata u atraktivnim
dijelovima gorskog pojasa (zimski rekreacijski centri Babin Do na Bjelanici, Vlai
planina, Kupres i Dugo polje na vrsnici);
lKlimatske promjene;
lAerozagaenje;
lPoremeaji reima gorskih izvora i potoka.
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ter, clean mountain air, picture-like uplands
landscapes of meadows, openings and forests
are unique prerequisites for the more intensive
colonization in this area and development of
medicinal and recreational, especially rural,
tourism in all seasons.
These landscapes and highlanders that mow
juicy grass, fertile rye, crummy barley and oat,
then handsome women in their fancy clothes
as seen in the period of golden ears harvesting
and collection of odorous hay, were the inspi-
ration for many poets, writers, travel writers,
artistic virtuoso in paitings and on strings (Sk-
ender Kulenovi, Ivo Andri, amil Sijari,
Ethem Mulabdi, Husein ogo, and famous
painters Jurki, Berber, Rami). (quoted from
TV show Prirodna batina BiH).
Pressures on ecosystems of the upland landscapes
Despite the fact that this area is poorly inhabited, ecosystems of these dynamic landscapes
are today endangered by impacts arising from diverse human activities, such as:
t Intensive and non-selected felling of tall forests;
t Uncontrolled hunt;
t Destruction and degradation of soil by non-selected construction of forest communi-
cation network and use of forest machines;
t Over-exploitation of medicinal plants and mushrooms;
t Intensive natural progradation and overgrowing of meadows;
t Unacceptable construction and concentration of building sites in the attractive parts of
upland belt (recreational winter centres Babin Dol on Bjelanica Mt., Vlai Mt., Kupres
plateau and Dugo polje on vrsnica Mt);
t Climate changes;
t Air pollution;
t Disturbances in water regime of springs and brooks.
Ecosystems of uplands landscapes contain
many natural resources, such as medici-
nal, edible, vitaminous and aromatic plants,
but also many edible and medicinal kind of
mushrooms and lichens.
Special economic value have got wild sorts
of plants that have played rescuing role in
the restoration, as well as in the pre-indus-
trial stage of our society. Great value on the
market achieve deadly nightshade, rasp-
berry, strawberry, black berry, willow herb,
foxglove, ladys mantle, crocus, tansy daisy,
red elder, yellow ox-eye, willow gentian, blue
berry, wood cudweed, autumn crocus, violet,
then lichens: old mans beard, lungwort, Cla-
donia. Tere are many representatives from
the realm of fungi, especially valuable are
those from genera: morel, chanterelle, bolete
and many both lignicol and tericol species
with signifcant function in the woods de-
composition.
Brdski (montani) pojas u Bosni i Herce-
govini zauzima znaajne povrine idui
od peripanonskog do mediteransko-mon-
tanog pojasa na jugu. Stanita su na dina-
minom, esto naglaenom reljefu, sve do
900 m n.v. Dinaminosti doprinose i hete-
rogene geoloke prilike (krenjaci, silikati,
ultrabazine stijene), irok spektar tipova
zemljita i razliite varijante umjereno
BRDSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
kontinentalne klime. U kompleksu sa
ostalim ekolokim faktorima ovi uslovi su
determinisali specifinost ivog svijeta
koji obrazuje tipine bosanske pejzae.
Na ovom prostoru se posebno istie diver-
zitet liarsko listopadnih uma i livada.
Tipinu sliku brdskim pejzaima daju
sljedei ekosistemi:
lEkosistemi obinog graba i hrasta kitnjaka sa velikim brojem floristikih i geoloko-
pedolokih varijanti (sa aevima, pasjim zubom, klokoikom);
lEkosistemi montanih bukovih uma sa biskupskom kapicom;
lEkosistemi montane bukve i bekice;
lEkosistemi bukve i javora gluhaa;
lEkosistemi crnog grahora i hrasta kitnjaka;
lEkosistemi acidofilnih uma hrasta kitnjaka.
Na stanitima sa izraenijim nagibom terena, plitkim humusno-akumulativnim
zemljitima na vodopropusnoj geolokoj podlozi pojavljuju se i azonalni tipovi umske
vegetacije koju ine ekosistemi:
lEkosistemi jesenje aike i bukve;
lEkosistemi kitnjaka i medunca;
lEkosistemi crnog graba i medunca;
Kako su pej zai brdskog poj asa
ispresijecani brojnim vodotocima (od Une
na zapadu do Drine na istoku), ovdje su
razvijeni i ekosistemi vodoljubivih
umskih zajednica johe, vrba, oraha i
ibljaci rakite.
Znaajne povrine u zoni montanih
pejzaa na ultrabazinim stijenama
zauzimaju ekosistemi toploljubivih uma
crnog bora i crnjue, te ekosistemi
kamenjara i siparita, to ini poseban
pejza reliktnih borovih uma.
Podruje brdskih pejzaa je gusto
naseljeno, naroito u dijelu centralne,
istone, jugoistone i sjeverozapadne
Bosne. Prirodna slika pejzaa je znaajno
izmijenjena intenzivnim krenjem uma,
irenjem obradivih povrina, podizanjem
naselja i izgradnjom bogate komuni-
kacione mree.
Mali broj ekosistema (posebno hrastovo-
grabovih uma) ima ouvanu primarnu
strukturu. Osim njihovih pejzanih
vrijednosti, ovi ekosistemi predstavljaju
vrijednost kao stanita bogatog svijeta
divljine: lovne divljai (zeevi, srne,
jeleni), ptica gnjezdarica, gmizavaca
(guteri i zmije kao to su smuk, riovka,
poskok, sljepi itd.).
umski ekosistemi i danas predstavljaju
izvore drvne mase. Posebnu vrijednost
imaju bukva i hrast kitnjak, koji su osnova
za dalji razvoj tradicionalne drvno-
prerai vake dj el atnosti . umski
ekosistemi su najea stanita raznolikog
svijeta gljiva.
Poseban je izazov boraviti u vijeme rumene
jeseni u prozranim liarsko-listopadnim
umama i uivati u susretima sa gljivama
vrhunskih nutricionih vrijednosti (rujnica,
jesenka, sunanica, vrganji, rusule, lisiarke).
Nita manji je ugoaj i u vrijeme prvih
lEkosistemi crnog graba i bukve;
lEkosistemi crnog jasena i bjelograbia.
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HILLY LANDSCAPES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Hilly belt in Bosnia and Herzegovina cov-
ers signifcant area going from the peri-
pannonian in the North to the mediterra-
neo-montane belt in the South. Habitats are
scattered over very dynamic and pronounced
relief, up to 900 metres above sea level. Its
dynamism is enhanced by heterogeonus geo-
logic conditions (limestone, silicate, ultraba-
sic rocks), wide spectrum of soil types and
diferent variants of temperate continental
climate. In the complex with other ecologic
factors these conditions have determined
specifcity of life which determines typical
bosnian lanscape.
Especially underlined is a diversity of broad-
leaved decidous woods and meadows. Typi-
cal image of hilly landscapes is made of:
t Ecosystems of hornbeam and sessile oak in several foristic and geo-pedologic variants
(with sedges, dogs tooth violet, bladdernut);
t Ecosystems of montane beech woods with alpine barrenwort;
t Ecosystems of montane beech woods with melicgrass;
t Ecosystems of beech and Acer obtusatum;
t Ecosystems of black pea and sessile oak;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous sessile oak woods.
On higher inclinated slopes with shallow humus-accumulative soil and over permeable
bedrock occur habitats of azonal forest vegetation represented by:
t Ecosystems of autumn moor grass and
beech;
t Ecosystems of sessile and pubescent oak;
t Ecosystems of fowering ash and pubes-
cent oak;
t Ecosystems of fowering ash and beech;
t Ecosystems of fowering ash and oriental
hornbeam.
Because the landscapes of hilly belt are inter-
cepted by numerous streams (from Una river
in the West to Drina river in the East), present
are ecosystems of hygrophilous woods with
alder, willow, wallnut tree and purpule willow
shrubs.
In the belt of hilly landscapes, signifcant area
on ultrabasic rocks is taken by thermophilous
ecosystems of black pine with heaths and rock
debris communities and screes. Te latter ones
complete the image of relict pine woods.
Hilly landscapes are dense populated, espe-
cially in the area of central, eastern, southeast-
ern and northwestern Bosnia. Natural image
of these landscapes has been altered by inten-
sive clearings, expansion of arable land, aris-
ing of settlements and construction of trafc
network.
Tere are few ecosystems (especially oak-
hornbeam forests) that posses well preserved
primary structure. Except for their land-
scapes value, these ecosystems are valuable
because of rich wildlife: game species (rabbit,
roe, red-deer), nesting birds, reptiles (lizards
and snakes, such as ratsnakes, common viper,
horn-nosed viper, blind worm etc.).
Forest ecosystems represent wood resources.
In that sense, especially valuable are beech
and sessile oak as a base for future develop-
ment of traditional wood manufacturing in-
dustry. Besides, forest ecosystems are com-
mon habitat of fungi.
It is a special challenge, in reddish autumn, to
spend some time under transparent crowns of
broadleaved deciduous forests and enjoy meet-
ing the mushrooms of highest nutritional values
(parasol mushroom, king bolete, delicious milk
cap, chanterelle). Nothing less pleasant is to be
plodova divljih treanja, kada se ovim umama
proteu i vilina kola mlijenica, presnaca i dr.).
Uz obilje gljiva i plemenitih liajeva (hrastov
liaj, djedova brada, pluoliki liaj), u ovim
umama utoite nalazi i veliki broj ljekovitih,
jestivih i vitaminskih biljnih vrsta, koje su od
davnina igrale znaajnu ulogu u etnologiji i
etnoterapiji bosanskog naroda. (Navod iz
TV emisije Prirodna batina BiH).
U razliitim ekosistemima brdskih pe-
jzaa poznato je oko 300 ljekovitih biljaka
koje su odigrale znaajnu ulogu u procesu
etnogeneze, kao dopunska ishrana ili u tra-
dicionalnim nainima lijeenja. Mnoge od
njih se i danas koriste i predstavljaju neku
vrstu zatitnog znaka u etnokulturi svih
bosansko-hercego-vakih naroda. U brd-
skom pojasu se nalaze stanita mnogih lje-
kovitih biljaka, a to su: trava iva (to od
mrtva pravi iva), kunica (hajduka tra-
va), kantarion ili gospina trava, kiica ili
crveni kantarion, vranilova trava (origan),
razne vrste bokvica, zeji trn ili gladiika,
ubra ili majina duica, lipa, zohva (baz-
ga), trnjina, glog, divlja rua (ipurak),
umske jagode, kupine, livadska stea,
kraljica polja, razliak crveni , razbicviker,
dobriica, ivica.
Biljni resursi brdskog pojasa danas pred-
stavljaju veliki potencijal za razvoj her-
balnog sektora. Meutim, tradicio-nalno
znanje i iskustva u koritenju biljnih re-
sursa svakim danom sve vie blijede, ime
se gube i tradicionalne vrijednosti au-
tohtonog stanovnitva. Danas samo u ri-
jetkim mjestima biljne vrste imaju ulogu u
obiljeavanju tradicionalnih dogaaja
svojstvenih kulturama pojedinih naroda
(urevdan), te vjerskih ceremonija i obil-
jeja (upotreba anduza, tamjana, hras-
tova, tise, granica rutice za otklanjanje
uroka, listova miloduha za zatitu od
uroka, izrade hamajlija itd.).
Brdski pejzai su i stanita onih biljnih
genetikih resursa koji su osnova za ra-
zvoj voarstva (divlje trenje, kruake, mu-
mule i jarebike). Raznovrsna i kvalitetna
drvna biomasa nekada je bila osnova tra-
dicionalne drvorezbarije, te proizvodnje
tradicionalne drvne galanterije (vretena,
preslice, kace, burad, stapovi, muziki ins-
trumenti: argije, trube, frule, gusle, dvo-
jnice, bugarije; kaike, kuhae, tanjiri, as-
e, anci, sita, sepeti, laki namjetaj). U pro-
losti Bosne i Hercegovine postojala je po-
tpuna i skladna veza ovjeka i njegovog
okruenja.
Usljed jakih pritisaka, znaajne povrine
umskih i ibljakih ekosistema danas su
pretvorene u livade, panjake, obradive
povrine i naselja. U brdskom pejzau da-
nas znatne povrine zauzimaju i:
lEkosistemi dolinskih umjereno vlanih livada;
lEkosistemi umjereno vlanih eutrofilnih livada pahovke;
lEkosistemi acidofilnih livada rosulje i vlasulje;
lEkosistemi toploljubivih livada ovsika i bokvice;
lEkosistemi toploljubivih livada i kamenjara;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama stijena i sipara.
Velike povrine zauzimaju razliite ob-
radive kulture, ali i ruderalna i korovska
vegetacija koja se razvija uz puteve i ljud-
ska naselja. Svoj ekoloki optimum ovdje
nalaze jeam, zob, ozima i jara penica,
kukuruz, heljda, grahovi (trenjo, kuiar-
uo, mesni, aligrah, koma), graak, lea,
soja, krompir (bjelac, crvenac), kupus,
paradajz, krastavica, patlidan, razne vr-
ste lukova, salate, miroija, perun, u-
rekot, patrnak, mrkva, razliite sorte ti-
kava, lan, te razno krmno bilje (djetelina,
lucerka, slaica).
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there when the frst wild cherries ripe and when
these forests are intercepted by fairy circles of deli-
cious milk cap. Along with the richness of mush-
rooms and noble lichens (oaks lichen, old mans
beard, lung lichen) these forests provide shelter for
many medicinal, edible and vitaminous plant spe-
cies, which have been since ever an important piece
of ethnology and ethnotherapy of bosnias people.
(quoted from TV show Prirodna batina BiH).
Ecosystems of hilly landscape comprise
about 300 medicinal plants that have played
a crucial role in the ethnogenesis either as a
supplementary food or in traditional heal-
ing practice. Many of them are being used
even today, representing some kind of logo
for the ethnoculture of people living in
Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this belt are to
be found habitats of numerous medicinal
plants, such as: mountain garmander (that
makes a dead man alive), yarrow, St.Johns
wort, european centaury, oregano, different
kind of platains,spiny rest harrow, thyme,
linden, black elderberry, blackthorn, haw-
thorn, dog rose, strawberry, blackberry,
dropwort, brown knapweed, ivy, ajuga.
Plant resources in hilly belt represent huge
potential for a herbal sectors development.
However, traditional knowledge and prac-
tice regarding use of plant resources are
fading away day after day, causing the lost
in traditional values of indigenous people.
Today, plants only occasionaly play a role
in traditional ceremonies and cultures of
some volks (urevdan), as well as in re-
ligous ceremonies and practice (use of in-
cense, oak, yew, twigs of common rue for a
removal of spells, hyssop leaves for a pro-
tection before evil spells, making of talis-
mans etc.).
Hilly landscapes encompass genetic plant
resources that fruit-gardening is based
upon (wild cherries, pears, cotoneaster and
european mountainash). Diverse and high
quality biomass of wood used to be a base
for wood carving and production of tradi-
tional objects made in wood (spindle, purr,
tub, cask, pistons, musical instruments:
trumpets, f lutes, fiddles, spoons, ladles,
plates, glasses, vessels, griddles, baskets,
light furniture). In the past, in Bosnia and
Herzegovina existed full and well harmo-
nized connection between man and its en-
vironment.
Due to strong pressures, significant surface
that was previously woodland with shrubs
now is transformed into meadows, pastures,
arable land and settlements. In hilly land-
scape considerable area is covered by:
t Ecosystems of lowlands temperate humid meadows;
t Ecosystems of temperate humid eutrophic meadows with oat grass;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous meadows with bentgrass and fescue;
t Ecosystems of thermophilous meadows with brome and hoary plantain;
t Ecosystems of thermophilous meadows and rocky grassland;
t Ecosystems of rock crevices and screes.
Large area is covered by agricultural crops,
ruderal and weed vegetation developing
along the roads and human settlements. Tis
is optimal ecologic framework for barley, oat,
winter and spring wheat, maize, buckwheat,
various sorts of bean (trenjo, kuiar-uo,
mesni, aligrah, koma), pea, lens, soya bean,
potato (bjelac, crvenac), cabbage, tomato, cu-
cumber, aubergine, diferent sorts of onions,
salads, spices, parsley, love-in-a-mist, wild
parsnip, carrot, diferent sorts of pumpkins,
fax and diverse fooder plants (clover, med-
ick, mustard).
Osnovne prijetnje biolokoj raznolikosti
Pritisci na ekosisteme brdskih pejzaa
brdskih pejzaa su:
lIntenzivna konverzija i fragmentacija umskih stanita otvaranjem kamenoloma,
graevinskih povrina, sjeina;
lIntenzivna sjea privredno vanih vrsta (bukva, hrast, plemeniti liari)
lIzgradnja putnih komunikacija kroz umska podruja i fragmentacija stanita
ivotinjskog svijeta;
lEolska erozija i hidroerozija poljoprivrednih zemljita;
lEutrofikacija povrinskih vodotoka;
lNeuravnoteen lov i ribolov;
lprekomjerno iskoritavanje biljnih i ivotinjskih resursa (puevi, ljekovite i jestive
biljke i gljive).
Brdski pejzai imaju visok strateki po-
tencijal u razvoju odrivog bosansko-
hercegovakog drutva, stoga se ozbiljna
panja mora posvetiti iznalaenju od-
rivih modela ekonomski opravdane
upotrebe uz ouvanje servisnih funkcija
ekosistema. U podruju ovih pejzaa se na-
laze i povrinski i podzemni kopovi uglja,
postrojenja za eksploataciju razliitih vr-
sta kamena i ekstrakciju ljunka, te po-
strojenja baznih i lakih industrija. Pod-
izanja novih naselja sa prateom infras-
trukturom uzrokuje dodatne pritiske i
ilustruje ozbiljnost stepena ugroenosti
okoline, kao i potrebu donoenja brzih me-
hanizama za zadovoljavanje potreba za-
jednice na meunarodno prihvaenim ek-
olokim standardima.
PERIPANONSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Idui prema jugu od panonskih pejzaa
bosanske Posavine ravnica prelazi u blago
zatalasano podbreje. Ekoloke prilike se
u cijelosti mijenjaju, a pejza i ivi svijet po-
staju dinaminiji. Peripanonske planine
(Kozara na sjeverozapadu, Prosara i Mo-
tajica na sjeveru, Trebovac i Majevica na sj-
everoistoku) nastale su kroz specifine
procese orogeneze i geogeneze. itav pro-
stor do 400 (600) mn.v. zaplju-skuje dosta
topla panonska klima sa znaajnim utic-
ajem stepske kontinentalne klime. Geol-
oka podloga je veinom silikatna, a zeml-
jita su duboka pseudoglejna i ilimerizov-
ana. Na ovim stanitima razvijene su bo-
gate liarsko-listopadne ume hrastova i
peripanonske bukve, koje zajedno sa ne-
umskom vegetacijom grade ivopisne pe-
ripa-nonske pejzae. Idui uz vertikalni
profil peripanonskih planina, diferencira
se vie tipova ekosistema:
lEkosistemi obinog graba i hrasta lunjaka;
lEkosistemi hrasta kitnjaka i veprine;
lEkosistemi hrasta kitnjaka i srebrne lipe;
lEkosistemi hrasta kitnjaka i cera;
lEkosistemi hrasta sladuna i cera u sjeveroistonom dijelu;
lEkosistemi uma bukve i porebnice;
lEkosistemi acidofilnih uma bekice i bukve;
lEkosistemi obinog graba i hrasta kitnjaka sa kotrikom;
lEkosistemi obinog graba i hrasta kitnjaka sa klokoikom.
Razliitim oblicima degradacije nastali su neumski ekosistemi:
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Pressures onto ecosystems in hilly landscapes
Main threats to the biodiversity of hilly landscapes are:
t Intensive conversion and fragmentation of forest habitats by new opened quarries,
building sites, fellings;
t Intensive felling of economically important species (beech, oak, fne deciduous woods);
t Building of roads in forest area and fragmentation of wildlife habitats;
t Erosion of arable land by wind and water;
t Eutrophication of surface watercourses;
t Unbalanced hunt and fshing;
t Over-exploitation of plant and animal resources (snails, medicinal and edible plants
and fungi).
Hilly landscapes have got a strategic potential for the sustainable development of bosnia-
herzegovinas society. Hence, special actions should be undertaken to reveal new models
for sustainable and economically justifed use which is required for the maintenance of
ecosystems services. Tese landscapes include open and underground coal mines, facilities
for stone exploitation and gravel extraction, then facilities of basic and light industry. New
settlements with accompanied infrastructure cause additional pressure and illustrate how
threatened the environment really is. By that, emphasized is the need afer urgent design
and establishment of mechanisms required to meet community demands, and based on
internationally embraced ecological principles.
PERI-PANNONIAN LANDSCAPES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
If we shall go from hilly landscapes toward
lowland of Posavina, we would frst encoun-
ter sofly waved hills of Peri-pannonia. Eco-
logic conditions are changed here completely
in sense that the landscapes and wildlife be-
come more dynamic. Te mountains of Peri-
pannonia (northwestern Kozara, northern
Prosara and Motajica, northeastern Trebo-
vac and Majevica) are the product of specifc
oro- and geogenesis. Te entire area, up to
400 (600) m, is splashed by warm pannoni-
an climate which is under strong infuence
from continental climate of steppes. Geo-
logic foundation is mainly silicate with deep
pseudo-gley or ilimerized soils. Here are well
developed broadleaved deciduous forests
with oak and peri-pannonian beech, which
along with non-forest vegetation constitute
the peri-pannonian landsacapes. Going up
hill on vertical profle of the peri-pannonian
mountains, diferentiate several ecosystem
types:
t Ecosystems of woods with hornbeam and common oak;
t Ecosystems of woods with sessile oak and Ruscus hypoglossum;
t Ecosystems with sessile oak and silver linden;
t Ecosystems with sessile and turkey oak;
t Ecosystems with italian and turkey oak in northeastern region;
t Ecosystems of beech woods with harts tongue fern;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous beech-melicgrass woods;
t Ecosystems of woods with hornbeam, sessile oak and butchers broom;
t Ecosystems of woods with hornbeam, sessile oak and bladdernut.
Afer degradation process take place, emerge non-forest ecosystems:
lEkosistemi higromezofilnih livada busike;
lEkosistemi acidofilnih livada rosulje i vlasulje;
lEkosistemi toploljubivih livada sa ovsikom.
Kao izuzetno povoljno stanite za ivot ovjeka, peripanonski pojas je naseljen jo od
najranijih perioda. Danas su znaajne povrine uma ovog pejzaa pretvorene u
agroekosisteme:
lEkosistemi obradivih povrina (itarica i povrtlarskih kultura);
lEkosistemi vonjaka;
lEkosistemi naputenih stanita uz puteve i ljudska naselja;
lUrbani i ruralni ekosistemi.
Veina naselja peripanonskog pejzaa (e-
li, Maoa, Srebrenik, Gradaac, Derven-
ta, Banja Luka, te donje Pounje na sjever-
ozapadu) je uorenog tipa, sa veoma ure-
enim dvoritima i gazdinskom infrast-
rukturom, te sa brojnim spomenicima ma-
terijalne i duhovne kulture.
Peripanonski prostor ima izuzetno
povoljne uslove za razvoj odrivog
voarstva, pa je ovaj dio Bosne i Herceg-
ovine poznat po kvalitetnim i raznovrs-
nim ljivama (Gradaaki sajam ljive), do-
maim sortama jabuka (arenika, se-
nabija, golubaa, kromp-irua), krukama
(takia, karamut, jeme-nka, kantarua, je-
ribasma), trenjama (halame, bjelice, cr-
nice, hrutovi, alice), dunjama, orasima,
mumulama, dudovima i cvjetnim ba-
tama sa ulhatmama, ruticama, i-
mirom, ubeeerkama, zambacima, ka-
dificama, latificama, bosiokom, mi-
loduhom, alkatmerima, minuicama, ak-
amom, kandiljima, urinima, carevim
okom, nevenom, ebojem, kasumpaom,
pajasminom. Na ovaj prostor su introd-
ucirane i brojne hortikulturne vrste (p-
etunije, lobelije, zvjezdani, alfije, ma-
uhice, zijevalice, jaglaci). Hortikulturne
vrste zajedno sa ouvanim biljnim geneti-
kim resursima, sadranim u raznim vr-
stama mahunarki, itarica, sljezova, po-
monica, kupusnjaa, glavoika, vonih bi-
ljaka, te autohtonim vrstama drvea, pred-
stavljaju znaajan genofond u biodiverz-
itetu peripanonskih pejzaa i cijele Bosne i
Hercegovine.
Na dinaminijem karbonatnom reljefu,
prema brdskom pojasu u zoni prostranih
uma cera i kitnjaka i uma srebrne lipe i
kitnjaka, diskontinuirano se pojavljuju
ekosistemi crnograbovih i crnojasenovih
uma i ibljaka (padine Starog grada Sreb-
renika, okolina Banje Luke, sjeverne pa-
dine Motajice i sjeverozapadni dijelovi Ko-
zare).
Posebno vrijedne ambijentalne cjeline i-
ne tvrave starih gradova (Srebrenik, Gr-
adaac, Derventa, Doboj, Teanj, Maglaj,
Banja Luka i Dubica), na ijim zidinama je
razvijena posebna flora, fauna i veget-
acija. Stare bosanske zidine su poznato st-
anite endemine bosanske zvonike, te
zlatne paprati, sveznice, ednjaka, ta-
mjanolikog vrisia i slatke paprati. Ove cje-
line ine vane elemente dinamike perip-
anonskih pejzaa.
Posebno ugroene vrste u ovim pejzaima
su kotrika (Ruscus aculeatus) i veprina (R-
uscus hypoglossum), ije se cijele populacije
unitavaju radi koritenja u dekorativne
svrhe.
Pritisci na ekosisteme peripanonskih pejzaa
Usljed visoke stope naseljenosti peripanonski pejzai su izloeni jakim antropogenim
uticajima koji predstavljaju ozbiljne prijetnje njihovoj strukturi. Najdominantniji pritis-
ci su:
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t Ecosystems of hygro-mesophilous meadows with tufed hair-grass;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous meadows with bentgrass and fescue;
t Ecosystems of thermophilous meadows with brome.
Te peri-pannonian belt has been inhabitated from the beginning, since it provides an out-
standing conditions for human settlements. Today, substantial woodland area is converted
into agricultural ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of arable land (cereals and gardening cultures);
t Ecosystems of fruit-gardens;
t Ecosystems of abandoned habitats along roads and settlements;
t Urban and rural ecosystems.
Most of the settlements in peri-pannonian
landscapes (eli, Maoa, Srebrenik, Gra-
daac, Derventa, Banja Luka, and lower
Pounje in northwest) are with neatly ar-
ranged yards, settled households infra-
structure and monuments of material and
spiritual culture.
This area offers excellent conditions for sus-
tainable fruit-gardening, by which it is fa-
mous. Here are some examples: high qual-
ity plums (the Gradaacs fair of plums),
indigenous apple sorts (arenika, senabi-
ja, golubaa, krompirua), pears (takia,
karamut, jemenka, kantarua, jeribasma),
cherries (halame, bjelice, crnice, hrutovi,
alice), quinces, wallnuts, cotoneaster, mul-
berries. Besides, addressed should be gar-
dens in blossom with hollyhock, common
rue, common box, rose called ubeeerka,
lilies, marigold, basil, lovage, fuchsia, eve-
ning primerose, tsars eye, calendula, wen-
lock beauty, mock orange. Many horticul-
tural species were introduced (petunia,
lobelia, aster, sage, violet, figwort, primer-
ose). Hence, the gen pool of peri-panoni-
an landscapes in Bosnia and Herzegovina
comprises horticultural species and herbal
genetic resources contained in species be-
longing to legume family, cereals, mallow
family, nightshade family, mustard fam-
ily, composite family, fruits and indigenous
tree species.
On more dynamic carbonate relief, in the
broad zone of woodland with turkey and
sessile oak, and woodland with silver linden
and sessile oak, scattered are fragments of
woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and
f lowering ash (slopes of the old city Srebre-
nik, surrounding of Banja Luka, northern
slopes of Motajica Mt. and northwestern
Kozara Mt.).
Fortresses of old cities (Srebrenik, Gradaac,
Derventa, Doboj, Teanj, Maglaj, Banja Luka
and Dubica) build unique ambiental com-
plexes with walls that are inhabited by spe-
cific f lora, fauna and vegetation. Those an-
cient walls are well known finding place of
bosnian bellf lower, rustyback, stonecrops,
Micromeria thymifolia and polypodi. These
ambiental units are important segments of
the peri-pannonian landscape.
Herein, should be addressed endangered spe-
cies of which most important are butchers
broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and Ruscus hyppo-
glosum. Te entire populations of them are
being completely destroyed for ornamental
purposes.
Pressures onto peri-pannonian landscapes
Due to high population density, the peri-pannonian landscapes are exposed to tremen-
dous anthropogenic impact that seriously endanger their structure.
Te most dominant impacts are:
lPrekomjerna sjea (posebno plemenitih liara, kao to je divlja trenja), ime su
direktno ugroene razliite vrste ptica i sitna divlja;
lEksploatacija privredno vanih vrsta (ljekovitog i dekorativnog bilja);
lNestruno otvaranje kamenoloma;
lNekontrolisano deponovanje otpada;
lIntenzivni procesi urbanizacije i nekontrolisane urbanizacije;
lIzgradnja putne komunikacije i infrastrukture;
lNekontrolisana upotreba pesticida i fertilizatora;
lEmisija polutanata u sve ivotne sfere;
lNeselektivno kaptiranje prirodnih izvora;
lIntenzivna invazija alohtonih vrsta biljaka, ivotinja i genetiki modificiranih
organizama;
lPeriodine poplave, a naroito tokom vlanijeg dijela godine;
lInvazija i odravanje brojnih patogenih bakterija, virusa i gljivica (uzronici arke,
kilavosti kupusa, virusne bolesti pomonica).
Dio peripanonskih pejzaa su i izvori termalnih i mineralnih voda (Gradaac, Teanj,
Maglaj, Tesli, Banja Luka, Laktai) koji predstavljaju poseban potencijal za razvoj zd-
ravstvenog, edukacijskog i rekreativnog turizma.
PANONSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Na krajnjem sjeveru Bosne, gdje utihnu i na-
jjai planinski vjetrovi, gdje se dinamini i vr-
letni reljef dinarskih planina stopi sa nepreg-
lednom ravnicom, kroz koju, poput pletenica
najljepe djevojke Bosanke, protie Sava rijeka
u ijim tiinama trepere sjene vrba, topola, polj-
skog jasena, ije razrasle kronje kriju tajne sr-
ca usplahirenih na mjeseevom sjaju, tamo gd-
je zriju ljive plavlje i od mora sinjega, a klasa
ito zlatnije i od zlata suhoga, je Bosanska Po-
savina. Pruila se ispod Kozare planine na za-
padu i udarila u zanosnu Unu, pa ispod Pro-
sare planine sve do Save mone, pa do u Donje
Povrbasje u susret Lijeve polju, pa ispod Mo-
tajice ije padine je jo vie priljubie rijeci
Savi pa ispod Vuijaka i Trebovca gdje isprati
rijeku Bosnu svom utoitu, a onda kao da
osnai, dobi krila mona i razvue ih najire
to moe, od zanosne Majevice i duboke Save. I
tako nepreglednom Semberijom, eto je sve do
neustraive Drine, koja sva odvana kroz sjene
bijelih vrba i jo bjeljih topola, svoje bisere da-
rova jo monijoj rijeci Savi. (Navod iz TV
emisije Prirodna batina BiH)
Bosanska Posavina zauzima najnie po-
loaje (100 do 200 m nadmorske visine). Te-
reni su manje-vie zaravnjeni, na dubok-
im aluvijalnim tlima, pseudogleju i prahu-
lji, na stanita sa visokim nivoom po-
dzemne vode. Klima je kontinentalnog ti-
pa. Topla ljeta, duboka hidromorfna i au-
tomorfna tla, blagi reljef i hidro-geoloka
prolost su uslovili razvoj specifinog i-
vog svijeta koji danas izgrauje panonske
pejzae. Na ravniarskim pejzaima
sjevernog dijela Bosne danas dominiraju
nepregledna itna polja, kukuruzita,
polja bostana, raznog povra i voa, ume
vrba, topola, lunjaka, jasena, posavski
bagremari, uorena naselja, arteki bu-
nari i bogomolje.
Panonski pejzai se diferenciraju na vie
razliitih ekosistema:
lekosistemi uma vrbe i topole u priobalnom pojasu rijeke Save i njenih veih pritoka;
lekosistemi poljskog jasena i drijemovca;
lekosistemi crne johe sa aevima, kruinom i poljskim jasenom, te lunjakom;
lekosistemi ibljaka rakite i koaraste vrbe;
lekosistemi ibljaka amorfe i niske ume bagrema;
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t Excessively felling (especially of fne deciduous trees, such as wild cherry), which di-
rectly endangers diferent kind of birds and small game species;
t Exploitation of economically important species (medicinal and ornamental plants);
t Unprofessional opening of quarries;
t Uncontrolled waste disposal;
t Intensive and uncontrolled urbanisation;
t Construction of trafc communication network and accompanying infrastructure;
t Uncontrolled use of pesticides and fertilisers;
t Pollutants emission in all spheres of life;
t Unselected catchment of springs;
t Massive introduction of alochthonous plant and animal species, and GMOs;
t Periodical foodings, especially in more humid seasons;
t Invasion and maintenance of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, yeats (agents of check , dull-
ness of cabbage, virus diseases in plants from nightshade family).
Te peri-pannonian landscapes involve many thermal and mineral springs (Gradaac,
Teanj, Maglaj, Tesli, Banja Luka, Laktai) which are huge potential for medicinal, edu-
cational and recreational tourism.
PANNONIAN LANDSCAPES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
In the utter northern Bosnia, even the stron-
gest winds become silent. Tis is the place where
dynamic and clify relief of Dinaric mountains
merges with vast plane through which runs Sava
river looking like braids of most beautiful bos-
nian girl. In its silence shiver the shadows of
willows and poplars whose crowns conceal the
secrets of anxious hearts trembling in the moon-
light. Tis is the place where ripe plums more
blue than a sea and undulate ears of golden
corn, more golden than true gold. Tis is Bo-
sanska Posavina. It extends from beneath Ko-
zara Mt. in the West, then it meets lovely Una
river and goes, under Prosara Mt., all the way
to mighty Sava river. Ten it gets to Donje Pod-
vrbasje rushing right afer that to Lijeve polje
and turns beneath Motajica Mt. whose slopes
press it even more against Sava river. It sees of
Bosna river toward its shelter at Vuijak and
Trebovac, whereas it gets stonger and as if it had
wings stretches them as wide as possible, from
Majevica Mt. to deep Sava river. Tus, through
vast Semberija it gets to daring Drina river that,
under the white willow and silver leaved poplar
trees, hands over all of its pearls to mighty Sava.
Te pannonian area of Bosnia and Herze-
govina takes the lowest positions (between
100 and 200 m above sea level). Te ground is
more or less fatened with deep alluvial kind
of soils, pseudo-gley and moulder, and high
water table. Te climate is continental.
Warm summers, deep hydromorphous or
automorphous soil, douce relief and hydro-
geological past enabled the emergence of
very specifc wildlife of the pannonian land-
scapes. Plain landscapes of northern Bosnia
are dominated by vast felds covered by ce-
reals, maize, watermelons, diferent sorts of
vegetables and fruits, forests of willow, pop-
lar, common oak, ash, robinia, then settle-
ments, artesian wells and houses of worship.
Te pannonian landscapes are diferentiated
in several ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of woods with willow and poplar along riversides of Sava river and its tributaries;
t Ecosystems with Fraxinus angustifolius and summer snowfake;
t Ecosystems with alder and sedges, then alder buckthorn and Fraxinus angustifolius, and common oak;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with purpule and basket willow;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with desert indigo and low forests with robinia;
lekosistemi lunjaka i utilovke;
lekosistemi lunjaka i obinog graba sa kotrikom;
lekosistemi lunjaka sa srebrnom lipom;
lekosistemi panonske bukve sa veprinom;
lekosistemi vodoljubivih i eutrofilnih livada;
lekosistemi vodoljubivih livada beskoljenke i busike;
lekosistemi vodenjara aika i trstika;
lekosistemi uz obale slatkih voda.
Kako su u prolosti primarni ekosistemi najveim dijelom zamijenjeni ekosistemima ni-
eg stepena ekoloke integracije, najvei dio panonskih pejzaa danas ine:
lEkosistemi obradivih povrina;
lRuralni ekosistemi;
lEkosistemi urbanih povrina.
Navedeni tipovi ekosistema danas ine do-
minantnu fizionomiju bosanske Panonije.
Najvii stepen produkcije unutar ovih
ekosistema postiu razliite vrste itarica
(penice, kukuruza, jema, zobi, sirka),
povrtlarske kulture (lubenice, bamija,
suncokret, paprike, paradajz, patlidan,
razne vrste kupusa), biljni genetiki re-
sursi (ljive poegae, orasi, kruke, ja-
buke, groe), te obilje hortikulturnih vr-
sta koje upotpunjuje pejzae bosanske Po-
savine.
Ruralni ekosistemi su razvijeni u ivopis-
nim naseljima uorenog tipa, sa veoma
ureenim okolnim zemljitem i poljo-
privrednim gazdinstvima. Slinu struk-
turu imaju i stari urbani centri: Bijeljina,
rijena luka Brko, amac, Brod, Srbac i
Dubica. Ruderalni ekosistemi su takoe ra-
zvijeni uz nasipe i vee kanale, a u njima
dominiraju zajednice sa vratiem, cigans-
kim perjem, kozjim zubom, uskolisnom
nanom, bokvicama i maslakom.
Pratioci obradivih povrina su i brojne ko-
rovske zajednice, u iji sastav sve ee
ulaze adventivne invazivne vrste.
umske i ibljake zajednice na podruju
Posavine osnovnu funkciju imaju u ouv-
anju stabilnosti korita vodotoka, (posebno
rijeke Save) i u osiguranju vodnog reima
u ovim ekoloki veoma senzitivnim zeml-
jitima. Meutim poseban znaaj mov-
arni umski ekosistemi imaju kao stanite
mnogih vrsta ptica, gmizavaca i vodoz-
emaca.
Zajednice vodenjara, bara i movara su ra-
zvijene u cijelom podruju, naroito u sli-
jepim rukavcima povrinskih vodotoka
(staraa). Danas predstavljaju izuzetno
bitna stanita za ouvanje ivog svijeta
movara.
U ekosistemima livada Posavine utoite
nalaze mnoge biljne vrste koje zbog stal-
nih promjena vodnog reima postaju sve
ranjivije. Takve su: prenica livadska,
prenica mala, beskoljenka, busika, mili-
ca, grozninica, trbulja, pukovica, barski
sranik, razne vrste ljutia, barskih pres-
lica, iljeva, aeva.
Poplave, do kojih u podruju Posavine
esto dolazi, uzrokuju promjene u struk-
turi zemljita, smanjenje prinosa poljo-
privrednih kultura, ugroavanje stam-
benih naselja, mijenjanje povrinskih
vodotoka, i promjene u vodnom reimu
podzemnih voda. Kao jedan od najint-
enzivnijih faktora u ovom podruju, po-
plave znaajno mijenjaju kvalitet stanita i
sliku ivog svijeta.
Poplavna voda sadri visoke koliine nu-
trijenata, to dovodi do nitrifikacije ze-
mljita i podzemnih voda. Promjene pH
vrijednosti koje usljed toga nastaju uzrok-
uju nestanak acidifilnih vrsta biljaka i pe-
dofaune. Poplave su i jedan od domin-
antnih faktora u irenju invazivnih vrsta.
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t Ecosystems with common oak and dyers broom;
t Ecosystems with common oak, hornbeam and butchers broom;
t Ecosystems with common oak and silver linden;
t Ecosystems with pannonian beech and Ruscus hypoglossum;
t Ecosystems of hygrophilous and eutrophic meadows;
t Ecosystems of hygrophilous meadows with moorgrass and tufed hairgrass;
t Ecosystems of standing water with sedges and reed;
t Ecosystems in coastal belt of freshwater.
Since many primary ecosystems in the past were replaced by less integrated ecosystems,
among pannonian landscapes now prevail:
t Ecosystems of arable land;
t Rural ecosystems;
t Ecosystems in urban areas.
Te latter ones determine the physiognomy
of the Pannonian area in Bosnia as it is to-
day. Te highest yield is achieved by diferent
crops (wheat, maize, barley, oat and john-
son-grass), then cultivated vegetables (water-
melon, gombo, sunfower, paprika, tomato,
aubergine, diferent sorts of cabbage), herbal
genetic resources (plums called poegae,
wallnuts, pears, apples, grapes) and a lot of
horticultural species.
Te rural ecosystems are vivid settlements
with neatly arranged land and agricultural
households around them. Te similar struc-
ture is typical for old urban centres, such as
Bijeljina, river-harbour Brko, amac, Brod,
Srbac and Dubica. Along trenches and dams
emerge ruderal ecosystems with clear domi-
nance of the communities with common
milkweed, goats tooth, narrow-leaved mint,
plantains and dandelion. Te accompanying
plant communities of arable land are weed
communities with many adventive and inva-
sive species.
Forest and shrub communities on the ter-
ritory of Posavina exercise protective func-
tion in terms of maintenance the riverbed
stability (especially along Sava river) which
is managed through well balanced water re-
gime in the highly sensitive soil. However,
the wetland woods are important as a habitat
of various birds, reptiles and amphibians.
In the entire area, in dead armlets called
starae, emerge communities of standing
water, ponds and marshes. Today, these are
very important habitats from the aspect of
wildlife protection in wetlands.
Te grassland ecosystems of Posavina pro-
vide shelter for plant species which are more
endangered every day because of continual
changes in water regime. Such is the case
with: feld scabious, small scabious, moor-
grass, tufed hairgrass, chamomile, marsh
gentian, diverse buttercups, marsh horsetail,
rushes, sedges.
Frequently occuring foodings cause chang-
es in soil structure, decrease in crops yield,
threatening of populated area, re-direction
of surface streams, changes in water regime
of underground water. Floodings are domi-
nant factor in this area which substantially
change the quality of habitats and image of
living world.
Water that foods the area contains high con-
centration of nutrients which results in the
nitrifcation of soil and underground water.
As a result of changed pH value, disappear
acidophylous plant species and related pe-
dofauna. Alien species are being spread by
Na ovaj nain su se na prostor bosanske Pa-
nonije naselile i vrste kao Ehinocistis lobata,
Amorfa fruticosa, nekoliko vrsta dvozuba,
tirovi i brojne druge korovske vrste. S cilj-
em spreavanja poplava uz Savu su podi-
gnuti visoki nasipi koji su znaajno pro-
mijenili prirodni izgled ovih ambijenta-
lnih cjelina.
Poseban prirodni resurs posavskog pro-
stora predstavljaju podzemne vode, blago
od neprocjenjive vrijednosti. Veina pov-
rinskih voda koje slue za vodosna-
bdijevanje, su niske upotrebne vrijedno-
sti.
Pritisci na ekosisteme panonskih pejzaa
Pored globalnih (klimatske promjene,
prekogranino zagaenje), najznaajniji
pritisci na lokalnom nivou koji predsta-
vljaju ozbiljne prijetnje stabilnosti ovih
ekosistema su:
lMelioracije u podruju hidromorfnih zemljita;
lPrekomjerna eksploatacija pijeska i ljunka na aluvijumima uz obale rijeke Save te
ue rijeke Drine;
lPoplave;
lToksikacija drenanih voda pesticidima i fertilizatorima;
lStalna eutrofikacija povrinskih voda;
lNeuravnoteena urbanizacija kroz konverziju poljoprivrednih u graevinska ze-
mljita;
lNekontrolirani izlov ribe iz veih vodotoka;
lDeponovanje smea (svih vrsta otpada ukljuujii i tetni i opasni otpad) na obalama
vodotoka;
lIntenzivna invazija mnogih alohtonih vrsta biljaka i ivotinja;
lPojava novih patogena (uzronici bakterioza, viroza i mikoza na vitalnim
poljoprivrednim kulturama);
lUzgoj vjetakih uma vrsta;
lNedostatak monitoringa nad genetiki modificiranim organizmima.
Brdski pejzai (Maglaj)
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Hilly landscapes (Maglaj)
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foodings, too. In that way, the Pannonian
area of Bosnia got invaded by Echinocistis
lobata, Amorfa fruticosa, and few Bidens
species, then pigweeds and other weeds. In
order to prevent foodings, along Sava river
constructed were huge dikes that changed
natural appearance of these ambiental units.
Special natural resource in this area is un-
derground water, a priceless treasure. Sur-
face water, which is with low value, is mainly
being used for water-supplies.
Pressures on ecosystems of the pannonian landscapes
Apart from global threats (climate changes, transboundary pollution), the most signif-
cant threats at local scale are:
t Melioration of hydromorphous soil;
t Over-extraction of sand and gravel on the alluvial terrain along Sava river and at Drina
rivers estuary;
t Floodings;
t Toxifcation of drainage water with pesticides and fertilisers;
t Continual eutrophication of surface water;
t Unbalanced urbanisation through the conversion of arable land into construction
sites;
t Uncontrolled fshing on larger streams;
t Waste disposal (of all kind, including toxic and dangerous one) along riverbanks;
t Massive invasion of alochthonous plants and animals;
t Appearance of new pathogens (agents for bacterial, viral and fungal infections on main
crops);
t Planting of artifcial forests;
t Lack of monitoring of GMOs.
SPECIFIC LANDSCAPES OF
BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA
Poseban peat unikatnosti i neponov-
ljivosti bosansko-hercegovakom pro-
storu daju ekosistemi planinskih pejzaa
sa visokim diverzitetom biolokih formi i
tipova stanita. Karakteristini za visoke
pl ani ne bosanskohercegovaki h
Dinarida, ovi pejzai na vertikalnom
profilu zauzimaj u pretplaninski i
planinski pojas (od 1.600 m do najviih
vrhova planina).
Stanita su sa dinaminim reljefom,
razvijena na strmim padinama, u
planinskim vrtaama, depresijama, na
toilima, sa karbonatnom i silikatnom
geolokom podlogom i pliim humusno-
akumulativnim tlima.
Klima je tipina planinska, sa veom
koliinom snjenih padavina, jakim
planinskim vjetrovima i izraenim
t e mpe r a t ur ni m e ks t r e mi ma . U
planinskim depresijama, u kojima se na
nekim mjestima snijeg zadrava i tokom
itave godine vlada izmijenjena nivalna
ekoklima.
Uprkos slinim ekolokim uslovima
veina planinskih masiva na bosansko-
VISOKOPLANINSKI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
DIVERZITET EKOSISTEMA VISOKOPLANINSKIH
PEJZAA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
hercegovakim Dinaridima se odlikuje
specifinostima i unikatnou ivog
svijeta. Svaki od masiva, poput zasebnog
ostrva u moru nekada uarene dinarske
mase pretrpio je vlastite obrasce razvoja i
oblikovanja, te vlastite specifinosti
naseljavanja ivog svijeta. Rezultat ovih
procesa su visok stepen endeminosti i
reliktnosti, s j edne i meusobne
razliitosti, s druge strane.
Visokoplaninski pejzai izdiferencirani su
u zasebne biogeografske i bioloko-
ekoloke cjeline. Iako itav prostor
pripada alpsko-visokonordijskoj regiji,
odnosno visokodinarskoj provinciji, idui
od sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku
pojedini planinski masivi izdiferencirani
su u 10 zasebnih sektora.
Sektori ilustruju bogatstvo ivog svijeta,
procese specijacije i endemogeneze,
recentne evolucije, kao i geomorfoloko-
ekol oku raznol i kost . Di verzi t et
planinskih pejzaa je od posebne vanosti
u cjelokupnom biodiverzitetu Bosne i
Hercegovine. Planinski pejzai u Bosni i
Hercegovini u fizionomskom pogledu se
diferenciraju u dvije cjeline:
lPretplaninski pojas, koji obuhvata niske ume i klekovinu planinskog bora;
lPlaninski pojas iznad klekovine bora (gornje granice ume na bosansko-
hercegovakim Dinaridima) pod prostranstvima visokoplaninskih rudina,
planinske tundre i diskontinuirane subnivalne vegetacije oko snjeanika.
U okviru pretplaninskog, odnosno subalpinskog pojasa dominiraju pejzai koji se
diferenciraju na sljedee ekosisteme:
lEkosistemi pretplaninskih uma ilirske bukve i planinskog javora;
lEkosistemi acidifilnih uma ilirske bukve i jarebike;
lEkosistemi acidifilnih uma mezijske bukve i bekice;
lEkosistemi pretplanskih uma mezijske bukve i grkog javora;
lEkosistemi pretplaninskih uma smre;
lEkosistemi pretplaninskih uma istonobosanske omorike;
lEkosistemi klekovine bora sa borovnicom;
lEkosistemi klekovine bora sa dvocvjetnom ljubiicom,
lEkosistemi klekovine bora sa pretplaninskom smrom i jarebikom;
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81
HIGH MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY OF HIGH MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES
IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina
is so unique and special because of the
mountain landscapes that comprise high
diversity of biological forms and habitat
types. These ecosystems characterize all
high mountains belonging to Dinaric Alps
in Bosnia and Herzegovina taking place in
the sub-alpine and alpine belt on vertical
profile (from 1.600 m to the highest moun-
tain peaks).
The relief here is highly dynamic with
habitats occuring on steep slopes, in the
sinkholes, depressions, on carbonate and
silicate screes, with shallow humu-accu-
mulative soil.
The climate is typical mountainous one
with plenty of snow, strong mountain winds
and protruding temperature extremes. At
the bottom of mountain depressions in
some places snow is being kept over entire
year, hence, there is even modified nival
type of climate.
Although the ecological conditions on ma-
jor part of mountains in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina are similar, the living world pos-
seses certain specificities and uniqueness.
Each of the mountains was some kind of
insulated island in the sea of melted lava
and has been through its own development
patterns and evolution of living world. The
final result of those processes are high en-
demism and relictness level, on one side,
and on the other differences.
High mountain landscapes are differenti-
ated in separate biogeographic and bio-
ecological units. The entire area belongs to
the Alpine-Highnordic region, respectively
highdinaric province. From northwest to
southeast there are 10 sectors in which the
mountains are differentiated.
These sectors ref lect the richness of wild
life, processes of speciation and endemo-
genesis, ongoing evolution, as well as the
geo-morphologic and ecologic diversity.
The diversity of mountain landscapes is of
great importance for the entire biodiversity
in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mountain
landscapes in Bosnia and Herzegovina re-
garding physiognomy differentiate in two
major units:
t Sub-alpine belt comprising low woodland and mountain pine woods;
t Alpine belt above mountain pine woods (upper forest line of the Dinaric Alps in Bosnia
and Herzegovina) which is vast space of alpine grassland, mountain tundra and fragment-
ed sub-nival vegetation around snow patches.
In the sub-alpine belt prevail the landscapes diferentiated in following ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of sub-alpine woods with illyrian beech and sycomore;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous woods with illyrian beech and european mountainash;
t Ecosystems of acidophilous woods with moesian beech and melicgrasss;
t Ecosystems of sub-alpine woods with moesian beech and greek maple;
t Ecosystems of sub-alpine spruce woods;
t Ecosystems of sub-alpine Serbian spruce woods;
t Ecosystems with mountain pine and blue berry;
t Ecosystems with mountain pine and twofower violet,
t Ecosystema with mountain pine and sub-alpine spruce and european mountainash;
t Ecosystems with mounatin pine and yellow gentian;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with Genista radiata;
lEkosistemi klekovine bora sa lincurom;
lEkosistemi ibljaka omelike;
lEkosistemi ibljaka omelike sa mlivnjakom;
lEkosistemi planinske smrekovine;
lEkosistemi klekovine bora i alpske rue;
lEkosistemi ibljaka planinske vrbe (S. silesiaca);
lEkosistemi ibljaka zelene johe na silikatnom masivu Vranice;
lEkosistemi pretplaninskih uma munike.
Iznad gornje granice umske vegetacije je pojas sa tipinim planinskim pejzaima koji
obuhvataju sljedee ekosisteme:
lEkosistemi planinskih rudina na bazinim zemljitima sa elinom i aikama;
lEkosistemi planinskih rudina na kiselim zemljitima sa planinskim aom i
planinskom sitom;
lEkosistemi oko snjeanika na bazinim zemljitima sa planinskom vrbom;
lEkosistemi oko snjeanika na kiselim zemljitima sa bijelim ljutiem;
lEkosistemi planinskih toila na karbonatima;
lEkosistemi planinskih toila na silikatnim stijenama;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama silikatnih stijena;
lEkosistemi sa liajevima na karbonatnoj i silikatnoj podlozi.
Usljed izraenih degradacionih procesa u
pojasu klekovine i pretplaninskih uma,
planinska vegetacija danas ulazi i u sastav
ekosistema pretplaninskih rudina. I
planinska toila se ispod vrhova planina
esto sputaju i u pretplaninsko podruje
zajedno sa vegetacijom u pukotinama
stijena.
Posebna obiljeja planinskim pejzaima
daju ekosistemi pretplaninskih izvora i
potoka, ekosistemi planinskih jezera i
ekosistemi planinskih cretova. Njihova
pojava vezana je uz dinamiku hidroloke
mree, geoloke podloge i tipova
zemljita.
Zasebnu ekoloku cjelinu ini vegetacija
niskih grmova. U sastav planinskih
vritina, koje ostvaruju kontinuitet
izmeu umskih i neumskih ekosistema
ul azi naj zdravi j e pl ani nsko voe
(borovnice, brusnice, mlivnjak i planinska
maginja).
Planinski pejzai sa obiljem zdrave
planinske hrane su podruje intenzivnog
stoarstva od prolosti do danas. Naa
planinska stanita su naroito pogodna za
produktivno ovarstvo. I danas se na
Vlaiu, Vranici, Cincaru, Vitorogu,
Bjelanici, Zelengori, te Magliu i
Volujaku nalaze bogata stada ovaca
pramenki, a na nekim planinama i stada
bosanskih krava i konja.
Za planinske pejzae Bosne i Hercegovine
karakteristini su lj etnj i stanovi,
takozvani katuni. To su niske planinske
drvene ili kamene kolibe u kojima se
tokom ljeta prave uveni sirevi, kajmak i
drugi mlijeni proizvodi. Uz domainske
nastambe nalaze se i otvoreni torovi za
uvanje stoke tokom noi. Uz katunska
naselja, inae graena na velikim
nadmorskim visinama (1.640 m Vranica,
1.700 m Magli) razvijaju se i posebni
ekosistemi u iji sastav ulaze i uglavnom
nitrofilne vrste biljaka (planinska kiselica,
branjenik, emerika bijela, kopriva).
Ekosistemi planinskih pejzaa sadre vie
od jedne treine vrsta flore Bosne i
Hercegovine, od koj ih su mnoge
endeminog i reliktnog karaktera. Mnoge
od vrsta imaju ljekovita, aromatina,
jestiva i medonosna svojstva, pa su se od
davnina koristile u tradicionalnoj
et not erapi j i i pri rodnoj i shrani .
Najpoznatije od ovih vrsta su: borovnica,
brusnica, medvjedka, planinski vrisi,
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t Ecosystems of shrubs with Genista radiata and alpine bearberry;
t Ecosystems with mountain juniper;
t Ecosystems with mountain pine and rhododendron;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with silesian willow (S. silesiaca);
t Ecosystems of shrubs with green alder on silicate bedrock of Vranica Mt.;
t Ecosystems of sub-alpine woods with white-bark pine.
Above upper forest line stretches the belt with typical mountain landscapes that comprises
following ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of alpine grassland on alkaline ground with elyna and sedges;
t Ecosystems of alpine grassland on acid ground with sedge and rush;
t Ecosystems around snow patches on alkaline ground with silesian willow;
t Ecosystems around snow patches on acid ground with white buttercup;
t Ecosystems of alpine screes on carbonate bedrock;
t Ecosystems of alpine screes on silicate bedrock;
t Ecosystems of carbonate rock crevices;
t Ecosystems of silicate rock crevices;
t Ecosystems with lichens on both carbonate and silicate bedrock.
Due to intensive degradation of mountain
pine woodland and sub-alpine woods, the
mountain vegetation often constitutes the
ecosystems of sub-alpine grassland. The
sub-alpine area is frequently reached by
alpine screes and vegetation of rock crev-
ices.
The mountain landscapes are character-
ized by the ecosystems occuring around
sub-alpine springs and rivulets, ecosystems
around mountain lakes and ecosystems of
raised bogs. Their occurence is bound to
dynamic of hydrologic network, geologic
foundation and soil types.
The vegetation of low shrubs is considered
to be a special ecological complex. The
mountain heaths as a connection between
forest and non-forest ecosystems encom-
pass some healthy mountain fruits (blue
berry, red whortelberry, alpine bearberry).
The mountain landscapes ensure plenty of
healthy food which is the reason for them
to be known since ever as a cattle breeding
region. Our mountain areas suit the best
to sheep breeding. There stil can be seen
sheep herds on mountains Vlai, Vrani-
ca, Cincar, Vitorog, Bjelanica, Zelengora,
Magli and Volujak, on some mountains
occur herds of cows and horses.
For the mountain landscapes in Bosnia and
Herzegovina typical are summer cottages
called katuni. They are small cottages
made of wood or stone in which are being
made famous chees, cream and other milk
products in summer. Right by the dwell-
ings settled are open sheepfolds where the
cattle is being kept over night. Close to
these settlements which are to be found at
high altitude (at 1.640 m on Vranica Mt.
and at 1.700 m on Magli Mt.) develop spe-
cial ecosystem types composed of mainly
nitrophilous plant species (alpine dock,
good king Henry, white hellebore, nettle).
The ecosystems of mountain landscapes
comprise more than one third of f lora
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many of the
plants are endemic and relict, whereby
some posses medicinal, aromatic, edible
and honey-producing features. That is why
they have been used in traditional eth-
notherapy and natural nutrition. Best re-
nowned are: blue berry, red whortelberry,
bearberry, germander, thyme, mountain
pine, mountain violet and widely known
razne vrste majine duice, planinski bor,
planinska ljubiica, branka ili moravka i
nadaleko poznata, a danas ugroena,
bosanska lincura. Iako je odavno na
crvenim listama, sa svojim preostalim
populacijama ova vrsta danas slui kao
REFUGIJUMI GLACIJALNE FLORE I FAUNE
Kao rezultat procesa glacijacije, kojim su
bi l i z a hva e ni vr hovi vi s oki h
bosanskohercegovakih masiva, pojedine
dijelove (cirkovi) danas naseljavaju biljne i
ivotinjske vrste iji su najblii srodnici u
borealnom pojasu sjeverne hemisfere.
Glacijalni relikti, kao ostaci nekada
bogatije glacijalne flore i faune, danas su
ogranieni na refugijalna stanita ili
utoita. Najouvanija stanita glacijalne
flore, faune i vegetacije su snjeanici, u
kojima se na bosanskohercegovakim
p l a n i n a ma r a z l i k u j e d e s e t a k
endemoreliktnih ivotnih zajednica sa
veim brojem vrsta biljaka i ivotinja.
Glacijalni refugijumi, kao razvojni centri
endemine i glacijalno-reliktne flore i
f aune, zaj edno sa ref ugi j umi ma
tercijernog ivog svijeta u kanjonima
naih rijeka predstavljaju najvrednije
bl ago, prema koj em se Bosna i
Hercegovina uvrtava u grupu zemalja
najvieg stepena biodiverziteta na
prostoru Evrope.
Ekosistemi planinskih rudina
Planinski vegetacijski pojas, unutar kojeg
su razvijeni ekosistemi planinskih rudina,
na planinama BiH se javlja iznad 2.000 m
nadmorske visine, iznad krajnje granice
umske vegetacije. Kako se na mnogim
masivima u BiH pojas umske vegetacije
esto penje i do samih vrhova, planinske
rudine su kod nas slabo zastupljene. S
druge strane, ekoloki uslovi, specifian
sastav vrsta i diverzitet zajednica na
mnogim masivima ukazuju na prisustvo
tipinih oblika planinskih livada.
Planinske rudine na karbonatima se
razvij aj u na krenj ako-dolomitnoj
geolokoj podlozi. Zemljita su planinske
crnice zvane buavice koje jo imaju
dosta nerazloenog humusa. To su tipini
organogeni kalkomelanosoli. Osim toga,
na rastresitom krenjako-dolomitnom
supstratu razvijene su rendzine, dubine
do 20-25 cm. Kako su ova stanita esto
izloena djelovanju snanih planinskih
vjetrova, zemljita su esto sa veoma
degradiranim humusno-akumulativnim
horizontom. Ovdje vladaju ekstremni
ekoloki uslovi (srednj e godinj e
temperature nie od 4 C, apsolutne
minimalne i do 30 C, intenzivan vjetar,
obilje snjenih padavina, te veliki broj
dana sa mrazom), pa vegetacijski period
traje svega 2-3 mjeseca. Rezultanta
ekstremnih uslova je niska produktivnost
ovih ekosistema. Planinske rudine na
karbonatima na bosanskohercegovakim
pl a ni na ma pos t i u ma ks i mum
diverziteta.
Planinske rudine na kiselim tlima se po
svojoj fizionomiji i floristikom sastavu
toliko razlikuju od rudina na karbonatima
da su odvojene u zasebnu klasu Caricetea
curvulae. Razvij aj u se na kiselim
rankerima povrh silikatnih sijena, a
ponekad se mogu razviti i na zakiseljenim
tlima na karbonatnim supstratima
(posebno na mjestima blaeg nagiba, u
neto niim dijelovima). Acidifilne
planinske livade su u Bosni i Hercegovini
zastupljene znatno manje od karbonatnih.
Najvei diverzitet postiu na planini
Vranici. Na ostalim planinama se javljaju
u obliku manjih ostrva, gdje su razvijene
na podlozi od silifikovanih krenjaka, a
predstavljene najee varijantama
zajednica trave tvrdae (Nardus stricta).
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endangered species yellow gentian. Even
though it is concerned by Red list, the re-
maining populations of yellow gentian are
main income source for people that have
lost their homes and working places in the
recent war.
REFUGIA OF GLACIAL FLORA AND FAUNA
As a result of glaciation process that stroke
peaks of high mountains in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina, some places (cirques) are still in-
habited by plant and animal species whose
closest kin live in the boreal belt of northern
hemispere.
Glacial relicts, the remnants of formerly nu-
merous glacial fora and fauna, are restricted
unto refugial habitats or shelters. Best pre-
served habitats of glacial fora, fauna and veg-
etation are to be found around snow patches.
On the mountains in Bosnia and Herzegovi-
na, around snow patches can be found sever-
al endemo-relict communities that comprise
dozens of plant and animal species.
Te glacial refugia, as development centres
of endemic and glacial-relict fora and fauna,
along with tertiary refugia in the canyons of
our rivers represent priceless natural trea-
sure. Tat places Bosnia and Herzegovina
among the countries with highest biodiver-
sity level in Europe.
Ecological conditions in alpine grassland
habitats
In B&H the mountain belt, in vegetation
sense, begins at 2.000 m above sea level
stretching above the upper forest line and
comprising the ecosystems of alpine grass-
land. Because the forest vegetation on many
mountains in B&H often climbs to the
mountain peaks, alpine grassland is poorly
present. On the other hand, ecologic con-
ditions, specific f loristic composition and
community diversity indicate the presence
of typical alpine meadows.
Alpine grassland on carbonate bedrock
occurs on limestone-dolomite geologic fo-
undation. Soil is alpine black earth called
buavica with high content in non-de-
composed humus. This is typical organog-
enous calcomelanosol. Besides, on mealy
limestone-dolomite substratum develops
up to 20-25 cm deep rendsin. Soil has got
mainly degraded humus-accumulative ho-
rizon, due to strong mountain winds that
blow in the area. The ecologic conditions
here are extreme (mean annual tempera-
ture below 4C, absolute minimum -30C,
intense wind, plenty of snow, great number
of days with frost occurence), vegetation
season last only 2-3 months. The result of
these extreme conditions is low ecosys-
tems productivity. The highest diversity
level on mountains in B&H is realized in
alpine grassland ecosystems on carbonate
bedrock.
Alpine grassland on silicate bedrock
Alpine grassland on acid soil, concerning its
physiognomy and foristic composition, dif-
fers in signifcant extent from alpine grass-
land on carbonate bedrock. Terefore, it is
separated in its own class Caricetea curvulae.
It develops on acid ranker that emerges on
top of silicate rocks, sometimes it can devel-
op on acidifed soil above carbonate substra-
tum (especially on less inclinated slopes, in
lower part). Acidophilous alpine meadows in
Bosnia and Herzegovina are less represented
than carbonate ones. Te highest diversity
is reached on Vranica Mt.. On rest of the
mountains, on sillifed limestone, this kind
of grassland emerges resembling to islands
represented by communities with matgrass
(Nardus stricta) .
Ecosystems of alpine grassland
Diverzitet ekosistema planinskih rudina
Ekosistemi planinskih i pretplaninskih
rudina i susjednih tipova vegetacije na
prostoru BiH imaju veoma vano mjesto u
ukupnom biolokom i ekolokom
diverzitetu. Odlikuju se velikim brojem
vegetacijskih jedinica, u iji sastav ulazi
preko 1.500 vrsta vaskularnih biljaka
(treina ukupne flore BiH). O broju
ivotinjskih organizama i gljiva ne postoje
ni priblino tani podaci.
Znaajan broj vrsta biljaka koje nastanjuju
ova stanita su rijetke, endemine i
reliktne vrste, koje ine genofond od
neprocjenjivog znaaja. Veliki broj vrsta
ima izraena ljekovita, jestiva, aromatina
i vitaminska svojstva, od davnina
koritena u etnobotanici, etnofarma-
kologiji i alternativnoj ishrani, te imaju i
ekonomsku vrijednost.
Grafikon 17. Diverzitet planinskih rudina na karbonatima (prema broju
diferenciranih asocijacija)
Stanje ekosistema planinskih rudina
Planinske rudine predstavljaju posebna
floristiko-vegetacijska i faunistika
ostrva u kojima su procesi specijacije tekli
nesmetano po jedinstvenim evolucijskim
kodovima. Vremenom je, kao odgovor na
neponovljivost kombinacije ekolokih
faktora, dolo do formiranja unikatnih
tipova stanita, tipova biljnih zajednica sa
floristikim bogatstvom u endeminim i
reliktnim vrstama. esto su zastupljeni
stenoendemni oblici, vezani za jedan
planinski masiv ili geografsko podruje.
Raznovrsnost i unikatnost procesa
razvoja i uspostave ekoklime, geoloke
podloge, tla i reljefa, uslovili su specifine
procese filogeneze i fitocenogeneze, to je
rezul t i ral o snanom f l ori st i ko-
vegetacijskom diferencijacijom itavih
Dinarida. Za mnoge autore i istraivae
diverzitet planinskih rudina je posluio
kao kljuni parametar u uspostavi
biogeografske diferencijacije bosansko-
hercegovakih Dinarida.
Ekosistemi pretplaninskih rudina
U pretplaninskom pojasu, na stanitima
degradi rani m sj eom, poari ma,
krenjem, u zoni ibljaka i niskih uma,
danas su, na veini planinskih masiva u
Bosni i Hercegovini, razvijene pretpla-
ninske rudine.
Geoloku podlogu na njihovim stanitima
ine karbonatne i silikatne stijene.
Predplaninske rudine na karbonatnim
stijenama po svom floristikom sastavu
su dosta sline planinskim rudinama.
Meutim, kako se razvijaju u neto
povoljnijim uvjetima klime, i od vjetra
zaklonjenijim stanitima, bogatije su
biljnim i ivotinjskim vrstama. Zemljita
su neto dublji kalkomelanosoli i
rendzine, sa najee ouvanim humu-
sno-akumulativnim horizontom.
84
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Diversity of alpine grassland ecosystems
On the territory of B&H, ecosystems of alpine
and sub-alpine grassland with adjacent veg-
etation types are very important in respect to
total biologic and ecologic diversity. Tey are
characterized by great number of vegetation
units comprising over 1.500 vascular plants
(which is one fourth of total B&Hs fora).
Tere are no reliable data on number of ani-
mals and fungi.
Many plants living in these ecosystems are
rare, endemic and relict, which is why they
represent gen pool of inestimable impor-
tance. Many of them posses also medicinal,
edible, aromatic and vitaminous features
being therefore used for ethnobotanical,
ethopharmacological and alternative nutri-
tion purposes. Some species have got high
economical value, too.
Graph 17. Diversity of alpine grassland on carbonate
(by number of identifed plant communities)
Alpine grasslands, in respect to their f lo-
ristic, vegetation and faunistic attributes,
represent some kind of islands in which
the speciation processes evolved ease, by
unique evolutionary patterns. As a response
to unique combination of ecologic factors,
in time were created unique habitat types
and plant communities with high f loristic
richness, especially in endemic and rel-
ict species. It is quite often the case that
stenoendemic forms exist, forms that are
bound to sole massif or geographic area.
Diversity and uniqueness of development
of ecoclimate, geologic foundation soil and
relief, have caused specific types of phy-
logenesis and community genesis. This,
on the other hand, has led to a protrude
f loristic-vegetational differentiation of the
Dinaric Alps. Diversity of alpine grasslands
was a key parameter for many authors and
explorers to evolve its own biogeographic
division of the Dinaric Alps in B&H.

State of alpine grassland ecosystems
Ecosystems of sub-alpine grassland
In the sub-alpine belt, in habitats that were
degraded by felling, fires and clearing, in
the zone of low woodland and shrubs, on
most of the massifs in Bosnia and Herze-
govina occur sub-alpine grasslands.
In their f loristic composition they re-
semble to alpine grasslands. But, accord-
ing to more favorable climate conditions
in which they survive, protected from
wind, they comprise more plant and ani-
mal species. Soil is deeper calcomelanosol
and rendsine, with well preserved humus-
accumulative horizon.
In these habitats soil is acid ranker on top
Distribucija ekosistema pretplaninskih rudina
Pretplaninske rudine na karbonatima
danas zauzimaju vrlo irok prostor
teritorije Bosne i Hercegovine.
Na veini bosanskohercegovakih
planina to j e poj as (danas esto
diskontinuiran) klekovine bora, pojas
zelene johe na planini Vranici u centralnoj
Bosni, pojas klekovine subalpinske bukve
(na planinama sjeverozapadnih Dina-
rida), pojas omorikoidne smre (na
sjevernim padinama Vranice, Hranisave,
Vitoroga), te klekovine munike (na
jugoistonim Dinaridima, tj. planinskim
masivima Orjena, Prenja, vrsnice).
Ovi ekosistemi su zastupljeni na svim
viim masivima bosanskohercegovakih
Dinarida. Pretplaninske rudine na kiselim
tlima ostvaruju singenetski i ekoloki
kontinuitet sa gorskim mezofilnim
livadama.
Diverzitet ekosistema pretplaninskih rudina
Kao i planinske, tako i pretplaninske
rudine na karbonatima i kiselim tlima
odlikuje veoma visok stepen diverziteta
vrsta i zajednica. Specifinost ovim eko-
sistemima daje visoko prisustvo ende-
minih i reliktnih vrsta, usljed ega su
formirane i ivotne zajednice veinom
dinarskog ili balkanskog raspro-
stranjenja.

Planinske rudine Pretplaninske rudine
Festucion bosniacae 18
Caricion ferrugineae 1 Seslerietalia
juncifoliae
Seslerion juncifoliae

15
Carici-Festucion
paniculatae
6
Edraianthion nivei 7
Crepidetalia
dinaricae
Oxytropidion
dinaricae
22
Festucion
pseudoxanthinae

4
Seslerion robustae 2 Seslerion robustae 2
E
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e
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Edraiantho-
Seslerietalia
robustae
Seselerio-
Edraianthion pumilii
1
Seselerio-Edraianthion
pumilii
1
Seslerion comosae 4
Jasionion orbiculatae 8
Achilleo-Arnicion 1
J
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t
r
i
f
i
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Seslerietalia
comosae
Seslerion comosae

4
Gentianello-Nardion 2
Tabela 29. Diverzitet planinskih i pretplaninskih rudina u Bosni i Hercegovini
(prema broju diferenciranih asocijacija)
Na silikatnim stijenama u predplaninskom pojasu su formirani rankeri. Predplaninske
rudine se ponekad mogu razviti i na zakiseljenim tlima na karbonatnim supstratima,
naroito na mjestima blaeg nagiba sa intenzivnijim procesima ispiranja.
85
Alpine grassland Sub-alpine grassland
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The sub-alpine grasslands on carbonate
rocks in Bosnia and Herzegovina take very
large surface.
On most of the mountains in B&H this is
a belt with mountain pine (often discon-
tinued today), green alder on Vranica Mt.
in central Bosnia, sub-alpine beech (north-
western Dinaric massifs), spruce (northern
slopes of mountains Vranica, Hranisava,
Vitorog) and white-bark pine (southeast-
ern Dinaric massifs, which are mountains
Orjen, Prenj, vrsnica).
These ecosystems occur on every higher
massif of the Dinaric Alps in B&H. Sub-
alpine grasslands on acid soil in term of
syngenesis and ecology are connected with
uplands mesophilous meadows.
Distribution of sub-alpine grassland ecosystems
of silicate rocks, sometimes even on acidi-
fied soil above carbonate substratum, es-
pecially on less inclinated places with
more intense leaching.
Diversity of sub-alpine grassland ecosystems
Likewise alpine, so the sub-alpine grasslands
on carbonate rocks and acid soil are char-
acterized by high species and community
diversity. Tese ecosystems are specifc by
emphasized presence of endemic and relict
species, hence, the plant communities are
mainly with dinaric or balkan distribution
range.
Table 29. Diversity of alpine and sub-alpine grasslands in Bosna and Herzegovina
(by number of identifed plant communities)
Ekosistemi diskontinuiranog pojasa subnivalne vegetacije
Najvie poloaje na bosanskoherce-
govaki m pl ani nama zauzi maj u
ekosistemi snjeanika. esto su razvijeni i
u zoni planinskih rudina, u depresijama
gdje se snijeg zadrava dosta dugo. Kako
alterniraju sa planinskim rudinama, u
njihovom sastavu pored tipinih kriofita,
javljaju se i brojne vrste planinskih rudina.
Vegetacija oko snjeanika se razvija kako
na karbonatnoj, tako i na silikatnoj
podlozi. Tla su plitke organogene crnice
buavice, te plitki rankeri, sa niim pH
vrijednostima. Produkcija fitomase je
relativno niska, pa je mala vrba Salix
herbacea, poznata i kao najmanje drvo -
arbor minima. U smislu ouvanja
biodiverziteta, ova stanita, na kojima su
se sve do danas odrali mnogi glacijalni i
borealni elementi, su veoma vrijedna.
U fitocenolokom pogledu vegetacija
snj eanika pripada klasi Salicetea
herbaceae, koja je razvijena na ostalim
evroazijskim planinama. Kod nas se
diferencira na dva vegetacijska reda:
snjeanike na silikatnim stijenama i
snjeanike na karbonatnim stijenama.
Djelovanjem gleera u prolosti, te
stalnim otkidanj em stij ena ispod
planinskih vrhova, formirala su se
planinska i pretplaninska toila. Zovu ih i
sipari, jer stijena stalno sipi i kree se
prema podnoju planinskih vrhova. Iako
je geoloka podloga nemirna, a ine je
kameni oblici dijametra nekoliko cm do 1
Grafikon 18. - Diverzitet pretplaninskih rudina u Bosni i Hercegovini (prema broju
diferenciranih asocijacija)
Festucion
bosniacae
38%
Seslerion
comosae
9%
Caricion
ferrugineae
2%
Seslerion
robustae
4%
Festucion
pseudoxanthinae
9%
Seslerio-
Edraianthion
2%
Jasionion
orbiculatae
17%
Achilleo-
Arnicion
2%
Gentianello-
Nardion
4%
Carici-Festucion
paniculatae
13%

m, vremenom je dolo do formiranja
rastresitog plitkog kamenjarskog tla
oznaenog kao regosol. Na ovom tipu
zemljita su razvijene vrste koje imaju
veoma razvijen korjenov sistem, to im
omoguava da opstanu na dinaminoj i
esto ivoj geolokoj podlozi.
U singenetskom pogledu vegetacija
siparita osvaruje vezu sa vegetacijom u
pukotinama stijena na izraenijim
nagibima, a na blaim nagibima i
umirenijim toilima sa zajednicama
pretplaninskih rudina.
Iako u sastav ove vegetacije ulazi
relativno mali broj vrsta, sve su
endemoreliktne. Zajednice koje izgra-
djuju su ekoloki i biogeografski diferen-
cirane, te daju snana geofloristika
obiljeja planinskim masivima u BiH. S
obzirom da se na podruju Bosne i
Hercegovine nalaze neki od najpoznatijih
di nar ski h ci r kova, ova st ani t a
predstavljaju veoma vrijedne centre
diverziteta i za ire podruje.
Na pl ani nama vi sokoprenj skog,
visokorj enskog i visokomaglikog
sektora, zbog naglaenih nagiba i
geomorfoloke plastinosti, na najviim
karbonatnim vrhovima, opstaju i tzv.
ekosi st emi na gol i m pl ani nski m
stijenama. Stijene su veoma vrste i
kompaktne, te ni surova planinska klima
ne uvjetuje njihovo pucanje, nastanak
86
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Graph 18. Diversity of sub-alpine grassland in Bosnia and Herzegovina (
by number of identifed plant communities)
Ecosystems of discontinued nival vegetation belt
The highest positions on the mountains
in Bosnia and Herzegovina take the eco-
systems around snow patches. They often
emerge in the alpine grassland zone, at
depressions bottom where snow is being
kept for a long time. Because they alter-
nate with alpine grasslands, they comprise,
apart from typical kryophytes, in the alpine
grassland occuring species. The vegetation
around snow patches evolves on both car-
bonate and silicate bedrock. Soil is shallow
organogenous black earth buavica and
shallow ranker with low pH value. The pri-
mary bioproduction is low, hence, species
Salix herbacea is known as the smallest
tree in the world arbor minima. In term
of biodiversity protection, these habitats are
valuable for they encompass many glacial
and boreal elements.
Considering phytocoenological belonging,
the vegetation around snow patches belongs
to Salicetea herbaceae class as it is on other
euro-asian mountains. In our conditions,
it is being differentiated in two vegetation
orders: vegetation around snow patches on
silicate and carbonate rocks.
By activities of glaciers and continual split-
ting of rocks beneath peaks, arose alpine
and sub-alpine screes. On screes, rock de-
bris runs continuously downhills toward
mountains base. Despite unstable substra-
tum, which are stones with size from few
centimeters to one meter, evolves loose and
shallow rocky soil called regosol. On that
kind of soil emerge species with well deve-
loped root, which enables them to endure
on this quite often alive geologic founda-
tion.
In term of syngenesis, vegetation of screes is
associated with vegetation of rock crevices
on steep slopes, whereas on less inclinated
terrain and settled screes it is combined with
communities of sub-alpine grasslands.
This vegetation includes relatively small
number of species, but the ones that occur
are endemo-relict. All communities com-
prised by this vegetation type are differen-
tiated in term of ecology and biogeography
characterizing the mountains in B&H. On
the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina are
situated some of the most famous dinaric
cirques, which is why these habitats repre-
sent diversity centres of high importance on
broad scale.
On the mountains belonging to high-Orjen,
high-Prenj and hig-Magli sectors, due to em-
phasized inclinations and geo-morphologic
plasticity of the highest mountain peaks,
survive ecosystems on bare rocks. Tose
rocks are so hard and compact that it can not
be wheatered by harsh mountain climate,
and later on inhabited by chasmophytes. Te
ecologic conditions are determined by strong
mountain winds, high insolation and sudden
regosola i naseljavanje hazmofita.
Ekoloke uslove ovdje determiniu jaki
planinski vjetrovi, visoki intenziteti
svjetlosti, nagle promjene temperaturnih
prilika, pa ipak to nisu gole stijene. Na
njihovoj povrini se formirao sloj veoma
sitnih estica razdrobljene mineralne
mase pomijeane sa jo sitnijim esticama
organske materije, vjetrom donesenih
ostataka tla i izmeta planinskih ivotinja.
Tako dolazi do obrazovanja prvih
inicijalnih faza u razvoju tla, to omogu-
ava i prve korake u procesima singeneze
u kopnenim ekosistemima.
Prve zajednice koje se formiraju na
ovakvim stanitima ine razliite vrste
bakterija, modrozelene alge, a u kasnijim
fazama liajevi i inicijalne faze vegetacije.
Na kvalitet ovih stanita matina podloga
ima direktan uticaj. Zajednice liajeva koji
ih naseljavaju mogu biti veoma raznolike,
to daje dodatnu dinaminost planinskom
pejzau. Lijep primjer ovakve pojave
nalazimo na silikatnim stij enama
planinskog masiva Vranice.
Znaajne povrine u pretplaninskom i
planinskom pojasu zauzimaju ekosistemi
u pukotinama stijena. Stanita se
karakteriu nagibom i do 90 stepeni,
plitkim tlima tipa regosola i ekstremno
varijabilnom ekoklimom. Variranja
temperature i relativne vlanosti zraka su
veoma velika. To je jedan od razloga
razvoja dobro prilagoenih, uglavnom
endeminih i stenoendeminih zajednica,
koje u najboljoj mjeri odraavaju
biogeografsku unikatnost bosansko-
hercegovakih planina. Iako se ovaj tip
vegetacije pojavljuje u svim klimazonama
vertikalnog profila BiH, njeno prisustvo je
veoma naglaeno u planinskom i
pretplaninskom pojasu Prenja, vrsnice,
Bjelanice, Vlaia, Maglia, Volujaka,
Lebrnika.
U zoni planinskih i pretplaninskih rudina,
na lokalitetima sa stalnim ili povremenim
hladnim izvorima, na zemljitu tipa
hidrogenih crnica, ili inicijalnim fazama
hidromorfnih tala, diskontinuirano se
javlja higrofilna vegetacija klase Montio-
Cardaminetea. Ovaj tip movarnih stanita
nastanjuju i mnoge reliktne i endemine
vrste, te imaju poseban znaaj u ukupnom
biodiverzitetu Bosne i Hercegovine.
U istom pojasu diskontinuirano se javlja i
vegetacija niskih planinskih i pretpla-
ninskih cretova. Stanita ove vegetacije se
karakteriu blagim nagibom, procesima
zatreseivanja i razvojem planohistosola.
U vegetaciji planinskih tresetita utoite
nalaze i mnoge glacijalno-reliktne vrste
ivotinja i biljaka, te ona zauzimaju vano
mjesto u cjelokupnom sistemu diverziteta
stanita.
Vegetacija niskih grmia sa dominacijom
vrsta iz familije Ericaceae razvijena je u
zoni planinskih i pretplaninskih rudina,
na mjestima zaklonjenim od vjetra i tlima
sa vie sirovog humusa. Ova vegetacija se
diferencira na dvije ekoloko-floristike
varijante: vritine na kiselim tlima na
silikatnim stijenama i vritine na
neutralnim do bazinim tlima na
karbonatnim stijenama. Na prostoru
dinarskih planina znatno su razvijenije i
prisutnije zajednice vritina na kiselim
tlima.
U zoni pretplaninskih rudina na dubljim
kalkomelanosolima i rankerima, na
blagim nagibima i duim zadravanjem
snijega, razvijene su zajednice iju
fizionomiju odreuju visoke zeljaste
biljke, sa visinom i do 1 m. U singe-
netskom pogledu predstavljaju stadij u
sukcesiji vegetacije pretplaninskih
rudina, prema klimatogenoj vegetaciji
klekovine bora, zelene johe, pretpla-
ninske bukve ili pretplaninske smre.
Na stanitima pod uticajem nitrata i
fosfata, koja se esto nalaze uz torove,
razvija se poseban oblik nitrofilnih
visokih zeleni. Na prostoru bosansko-
hercegovakih Dinarida ova vegetacija je
diferencirana na vie asocijacija od kojih je
nekoliko endeminih.
Na blaim nagibima terena pretpla-
ninskog pojasa na neutrofilnim tlima, na
nekim dinarskim masivima razvijene su
pr et pl ani ns ke mezof i l ne l i vade
endemine dinarske sveze Pancicion, koje
optimum imaju u gorskom pojasu veine
bosanskohercegovakih planina.
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temperature changes. So, afer all, those are
not completely bare rocks. At their surface
evolves a layer of tiny little particles arising
from smashed minerals combined with even
smaller particles of organic matter brought
here by wind. In this way forms the initial
stage of soil which ensures frst step of syn-
genesis in terrestrial ecosystems.
First communities in such places are assem-
bled of bacteria, bluegreen alges and later
on lichens. Te quality of these habitats is
directly infuenced by geologic foundation.
Te lichens communities can be very diverse,
which additionaly emphasize the mountain
landscapes dynamics. On silicate rocks of
Vranica Mt. occurs a nice example of this
phenomenon.
Signifcant surface of sub-alpine and alpine
belt is taken by ecosystems of rock crevices.
Habitats are characterized by inclination up
to 90 degrees, shallow soil of regosol type,
and highly variable ecoclimate. Temperature
and relative air humidity vary in wide range.
Tat is one of the reasons for well adapted,
mostly endemic and stenodendemic, com-
munities to develop. Tose communities re-
fect the biogeographic uniqueness of Bosnia
and Herzegovina. Although this vegetation
type emerges in all zones on vertical profle
of B&H, its presence in alpine and sub-alpine
belt of mountains Prenj, vrsnica, Bjelanica,
Vlai, Magli, Volujak, Lebrnik is empha-
sized.
In the zone of alpine and sub-alpine grasslands
at localities with permanent or occasionally
occuring cold springs, on hydrogenous black
earth or initial stage of hydromorphous soils,
emerge hygrophylous vegetation type of class
Montio-Cardaminetea. In that kind of marsh
habitats live many relict and endemic species
of great importance for the entire biodiver-
sity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the same belt, discontinuously emerges
vegetation of alpine and sub-alpine blanket
bogs. Inclination of its habitats is low, peat
is being formed and planohistosol created.
Te mountain bogs provide shelter for many
glacial relicts, both plants and animals, and
take important place in the system of habi-
tats as whole.
Te vegetation with low shrubs belonging
to family Ericaceae develops in the zone of
alpine and sub-alpine grasslands, on from
wind protected places and soil that contains
high proportion of raw humus. It is being
diferentiated, in term of ecology and foris-
tic composition, in two variants: heaths on
acid soil and silicate rocks, and heaths on
from neutral to alkaline soil and carbonate
rocks. On the dinaric massifs prevail heaths
on acid soil.
In the zone of sub-alpine grassland, on deep-
er calcomelanosol and ranker, on less incli-
nated slopes with longer persistent snow, de-
velop communities with tall, up to 1 m high,
herbs. Considering syngenesis these are suc-
cesive stages between sub-alpine grassland
and climax vegetation, which is woodland of
mountain pine, green alder, sub-alpine beech
or sub-alpine spruce.
Habitats that are enriched with nitrates and
phosphates, ofen next to sheepfolds, are
characterized by special form of nitrophilous
tall herb communities. On the territory of
Dinaric Alps in B&H, this vegetation is be-
ing diferentiated in several plant communi-
ties of which some are endemic.
In the sub-alpine belt of some dinaric massifs,
on places with low inclination and neutro-
philous soil developed are sub-alpine meso-
philous meadows of the endemic dinaric al-
liance Pancicion with optimal conditions in
the upland belt of most mountain in B&H.
Diverzitet ekosistema diskontinuiranog subnivalnog pojasa
Unutar diskontinuiranog subnivalnog
pojasa najvii stepen raznolikosti imaju
ekosistemi u pukotinama stijena i
ekosistemi sipara. Ova pojava proizilazi iz
injenice da date ekosisteme naseljavaju
samo usko prilagoene vrste, te i
najmanja promjena nekog iz kompleksa
ekolokih faktora dovodi do promjene
sastava ivotne zajednice.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ekosistemi oko snjeanika
ekosistemi sipara
ekosistemi u pukotinama stijena
ekosistemi niskih cretova
ekosistemi oko izvorita
ekosistemi vritina
ekosistemi visokih zeleni
ekosistemi na nitrificiranim tlima
ekosistemi mezofilnih livada
Grafikon 19. - Diverzitet ekosistema subnivalnog pojasa (po broju diferenciranih
sveza i asocijacija)
Ekosistemi pretplaninskih uma
Iznad gornje granice visoke ume na
naj vi i m pl ani nama bos ans ko-
hercegovakih Dinarida razvijen je pojas
klekovine bora. Sastojine klekovine bora
nisu razvijene u kontinuiranom pojasu,
nego su zastupljene u mozaiku sa
fragmentima vegetacije planinskih
rudina, sipara i vegetacije u pukotinama
stijena.
Zajednice ekosistema klekovine bora su, u
dananje vrijeme, svedene na vrlo uski
pojas najviih dinarskih planina. Izvan
ovog pojasa klekovine esto je mogue
nai pojedinane primjerke ili cijele grupe
krivulja i na niim poloajima, to je u vezi
sa pojavom temperaturnih inverzija.
zajednica klekovine bora mogu initi
karbonatne i silikatne stijene, te se na
njima razvijaju i razliiti tipovi zemljita.
Zemljita su uglavnom iz klase humusno-
akumulativnih, pa su prisutne crnice,
rendzine i rankeri.
Edifikatorska vrsta, Pinus mugo Turra,
gradi zajednice vrlo gustog sklopa, u
kojima stanite nalaze razliite umske
biljne vrste i vrste pretplaninskih rudina,
ali i mnoge ivotinjske vrste meu kojima
su: medvjed (Ursus arctos), divlja svinja
(Sus scrofa), vuk (Canis lupus), zec (Lepus
europaeus), lisica (Vulpes vulpes), utogrli
mi (Apodemus flavicolis), dinarska
voluharica (Dolomys sp.), krtica (Talpa sp.) i
druge. Od ptica koje se gnijezde u ovom
ekosistemu najee su: Turdus torquatus,
Prunella modularis, Turdus merula, Pyrrhula
pyrulla, Regulus ignicapillus, Parus
cristatus, Carduelis carduelis i druge.
88
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Diversity of ecosystems in discontinuously distributed sub-nival belt
In the discontinuously distributed sub-nival
belt the highest diversity posses ecosystems
of rock crevices and screes, which co-relates
with the fact that in such ecosystems live
only species with narrow tolerance range.
Thus, the smallest change in any of the eco-
logical factors can cause change in the com-
munity composition.
Graph 19. Diversity of ecosystems in sub-nival belt
(by number of identifed alliances and plant communites)
Ecosystems of sub-alpine woods
Above upper forest line on highest moun-
tains of the Dinaric Alps in Bosnia and
Herzegovina stretches the belt of mountain
pine woods. Mountain pine stands dont
occcur like continuously developed belt,
but in mosaic like manner with fragments
of alpine grasslands, screes and vegetation
of rock crevices.
The communities of mountain pine, now-
adays, are limited on narrow belt of the
highest dinaric mountains. Out of that belt
mountain pine can be found as a single
tree or in groups which is related to tem-
perature inversions.
Geologic foundation are either carbon-
ate or silicate rocks, with different kind
of solis. Soil belongs mainly to the class of
humus-accumulative ones, which is black
earth, rendsine and ranker.
Edificator species, Pinus mugo Turra,
builds very thick stands in which are to be
found many wood plants and species be-
longing to the sub-alpine grasslands. As
far as animals are concerned, here occur:
bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar (Sus scrofa),
wolf (Canis lupus), hare (Lepus europaeus),
fox (Vulpes vulpes), yellow-necked mouse
(Apodemus f lavicolis), dinaric vole (Do-
lomys sp.), mole (Talpa sp.) and others. In
this ecosystem most frequently build the
nest: Tordus torquatus, Prunella modula-
ris, P. merula, Purrhula pyrulla, Regulus
ignicapuillus, Parus cristatus, Carduelis
carduelis and others.
Gmizavci su rijetki u ovom tipu eko-
sistema. Meutim, na prorijeenim
mjestima za vrijeme ljetnjih mjeseci lako
mogu se nai Vipera berus bosniaca, V. ursini
macrops, Coronella austriaca, Lacerta
vivipara, te od vodozemaca Salamandra
atra.
Ekosistemi gornje granice visoke ume
Gornj u grani cu vi soke ume na
planinama Bosne i Hercegovine ine
sastojine sa subalpinskom bukvom, te
sastojine subalpinske smre.
Ekos i s t e me s ubal pi ns ke bukve
karakterie specifina fizionomija: pod
pritiskom snijega koji se dugo zadrava u
ovom pojasu, stabla bukve su u donjem
dijelu polegnuta i iskrivljena. Relativno
siromaan floristiki sastav ovih zajednica
takoe je povezan sa ekoklimatskim
uslovima, koji daju mogunost opstanka,
tokom godine, manjem broju vrsta
zeljastih biljaka.
Zajednice ekosistema subalpinske bukve i
javora razvijene su na krenjakoj
geolokoj podlozi, a zemljita su
krenjake crnice ili smea krenjaka
zemljita.
U depresijama na stanitima ovih
zajednica obrazuje se dublji profil
zemljita, a naseljavaju ih inverzne ume
smre.
Poseban znaaj ovom prostoru daju
ekosistemi, u kojima znaajnu brojnost i
pokrovnost dost i u vrst e uskog
endeminog areala. Jedan od ekosistema
u kojem znaajnu brojnost dostie
endemina bosanska vlasulja je Festuco
bosniacae-Fagetum (subalpinum). Razvijena
je na gornjoj granici umske vegetacije na
planinama Bjelanica i Hranisava.
Na silikatnoj geolokoj podlozi razvija se
poseban tip subalpskih bukovih uma.
Karakterie ih siromatvo floristikog
sastava, na koje utiu: kratak vegetacioni
per i od, ni s ke s r ednj e godi nj e
temperature, dugo zadravanje snijega,
jaki vjetrovi, nedostatak pristupane vode
i velika kiselost zemljita, koja potie od
geoloke podloge, a plitka zemljita ne
umanjuju njen uticaj. Prizemni sprat je
pokriven niskim grmiima borovnice ili je
slabo naseljen drugim vrstama.
Od ivotinjskih organizama ovaj sloeni
ekosistem karakteriu: Ursus arctos, Sus
scrofa, Glis glis, Felis silvestris, Columba
oenas, Erithacus rubecula, Picus canus, Buteo
buteo, Anguis fragilis, Lacerta fragilis, Hyla
arborea, Rana agilis i druge.
Subalpinske etinarske ume ine
zajednice sa smrom, koje zauzimaju
stanita sa izraenim nagibom terena u
ovom pojasu. Subalpinske smreve ume
opstaju u uslovima srednjih godinjih
temperatura izmeu 4 i 2 C, a apsolutne
minimalne temperature se mogu spustiti i
do -35 C.
Sastav ovog tipa ekosistema je siromaan.
Kisela reakcija zemljita uslovljava pojavu
malog broja vrsta. Fizionomska svojstva
subalpinskim smrevim umama daju i
kozokrvina, borovnica, te kruica,
brusnica, likovac, kiselica, trava od
utrobice, busika i brojne vrste mahovina.
Karakter subalpinskih smrevih uma
imaju, takoe, i poznate inverzne ume
smre, razvijene na Igmanu, Bjelanici i
Javorniku. Razvijaju se u uslovima
izraenih temperaturnih inverzija,
odnosno sputanja i zadravanja hladnih
vazdunih masa na prostorima Velikog i
Malog Polja i drugih ponikvi na ovom
vertikalnom profilu.
Morenski nanosi, na kojima su razvijene
inverzne sastojine smre, govore o
nastanku ovih polja radom diluvijalnih
gleera. Moe se pretpostaviti da su
inverzne sastojine smre bile razvijene
cijelom povrinom polja. Dananje
livadske zajednice razvijene na ovom
prostoru su sekundarnog karaktera,
nastale krenjem uma radi ispae i
koenja.
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Reptiles occur only occasionally. But, in
summer, in cleared and open places can be
easily found Vipera berus bosniaca, V. ur-
sini macrops, Coronella austriaca, Lacerta
vivipara, and from amphibians Salaman-
dra atra.
Ecosystems in the upper boundary of tall forests
Te upper line of tall forests in Bosnia and
Herzegovina is composed of sub-alpine
beech and spruce stands.
Ecosystems with sub-alpine beech are rec-
ognizable in their physiognomy: under the
pressure of snow that persists here for long
time, basal part of beech trees deforms
and lies close to the ground. Tese com-
munities are relatively poor in the foristic
composition which is connected with eco-
climate that enables the survival of small
number of plants over entire year.
Te communities with sub-alpine beech
and maple emerge on limestone substra-
tum, whereas the soil is either limestone
black earth or limestone brown earth.
In the depressions evoloves soil with deep-
er profle covered with inverted spruce
woods.
Tis space is signifcant in ecosystems with
stenoendemic species that occur here with
high abundance and coverage. One of the
ecosystems in which signifcant abundance
is achieved by the endemic species, which
is bosnian fescue, is Festuco bosniacae-
-Fagetum (subalpinum). It develops in the
upper forest line on mountains Bjelanica
and Hranisava.
On silicate bedrock develops special kind
of sub-alpine beech woods. Tey are char-
acterized by poor foristic composition,
which is determined by: short vegetation
season, low mean annual temperature, long
persistence of snow cover, strong winds,
lack of available water and acid ground.
Te latter one is induced by substratum,
whereas shallow type of soil can not buf-
fer its infuence. Ground is covered by low
shrubs of blue berries or poorly inhabited
by other species.
Among animals that characterize this
complex ecosystem occur: Ursus arctos,
Sus scrofa, Glis glis, Felis silvestris, Col-
lumba oeans, Erithacus rubeculla, Picus
canus, Buteo buteo, Anguis fragilis, Lac-
erta fragilis, Hyla arborea, Rana agilis and
many others.
Sub-alpine coniferous woods are commu-
nities with spruce taking positions that are
highly inclinated. Mean annual tempera-
tures are between 4 and 2 C, whereas ab-
solute minimal temperature falls to -35 C.
Tis ecosystem in term of its composition
is very poor. Te acid ground causes the oc-
curence of small number of species. For the
physiognomy of sub-alpine spruce woods
responsible are honeysuckle, blue berry,
wintergreen, red whortlerberry, mezereon,
sorrel, willow gentian, tufed hairgrass and
diferent kind of mosses.
As sub-alpine spruce woods considered
are also famous inverted spruce woods oc-
curing on mountains Igman, Bjelanica
and Javornik. Tese woods develop under
conditions of temperature inversions, re-
spectively descend and holding of cold air
masses on the territory of Veliko and Malo
Polje and other sinkholes of above named
vertical profle.
Moraine alluvion, on which the inverted
spruce woods emerge, witnesses the evolu-
tion of Malo and Veliko polje (eng. feld)
that is by dilluvail glaciers activity. We can
make an assumption that inverted spruce
woods used to cover the entire feld area.
Today, meadows in this area have got sec-
ondary character for they arise afer wood-
land gets cleared for grazing and mowing
purposes.
Pritisci na biodiverzitet visokoplaninskih ekosistema
Pritisci na ekosisteme planinskih pejzaa koji najee uzrokuju promjene u njihovoj
strukturi, dinamici, sukcesiji i bioprodukciji su:
lGlobalne klimatske promjene praene izraenim temperaturnim ekstremima,
naroito u toku toplijeg dijela godine, to dovodi do otopljavanja i prijetnje nestanka
mnogih glacijalnih i borealnih relikata i njihovih stanita;
lPrekomjerna ispaa na pojedinim dijelovima areala ove vegetacije, to dovodi do
promjena strukture pojedinih zajednica;
lIntenzivna deforestacija;
lIzgradnja razliitih graevinskih objekata u pretplaninskom pojasu dovodi do
nestanka pojedinih stanita i destabilizacije planinskih ekosistema. Tipian primjer
su planine oko Sarajeva, te planina Vlai i Vranica sa Prokokim jezerom;
lPrekomjerna erozija povrinskih slojeva tla. Obino je uvjetovana intenzivnom
ispaom, deforestacijom uma u pretplaninskom pojasu i prekomjernom
eksploatacijom nekih privredno vanih ljekovitih biljaka;
lKisele kie (koje se pojavljuju kao rezultat prekograninog zagaenja atomosfere).
Kisele kie u znaajnoj mjeri mijenjaju pH vrijednost stanita, naroito povrinskih
slojeva humusno-akumulativnog horizonta za koji su vezani najintenziviji procesi
dekompozicije organske materije i aktivni dio rizosfere. Smanjenjem pH vrijednosti
kod bazifilnih vrsta dolazi do redukcije vitalnosti i brojnosti, to utie na
reprodukcijske cikluse. Na taj nain moe doi do nestajanja pojedinih
stenovalentnih vrsta i zajednica, naroito onih na dolomitima i dolomitinim
krenjacima;
lPrekomjerna i neracionalna upotreba prirodnih resursa sadranih u ljekovitim i
aromatinim biljkama, a koje imaju optimum u ovim ekosistemima;
Edraianthus niveus G. Beck
Greben (Lebrnik)
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Pressures on biodiversity of high-mountain ecosystems
Pressures on the ecosystems of mountain landscapes that caues changes in their structure,
dynamics, succession and bioproductivity are:
t Global climate changes accompanied by extreme temperatures, especially in warm
season, which leads to warming and arising of threat for many glacial and boreal rel-
icts to disapear;
t Over-grazing in some parts of distribution range which causes changes in the com-
munity structure;
t Intensive deforestation;
t Building sites in the sub-alpine belt that cause disapearance of some habitats and de-
stabilization of mountain ecosystems. Best examples for that are mountains around
Sarajevo, then Vlai Mt. and Vranica Mt. with Prokoko jezero;
t Over-erosion of surface soil layer. Usually caused by intensive grazing, deforestation in
the sub-alpine belt and over-exploitation of some economically important medicinal
plants;
t Acid precipitation (as a result of transboundary pollution). Acid precipitation changes
substantially pH value in habitats, especially in surface layer of the humus-accumu-
lative horizons to which is bound decomposition of organic matter and active part of
rhyzosphere. Decrease in pH value causes by basophilous species reduction of vitality
and abundance, which afects reproductive cycles. In that way could disapear some
species and communities with narrow tolerance range, especially those on dolomites
and dolomited limestone;
t Over-use and unsustainable use of natural resources contained within medicinal and
aromatic plants of which some fnd their optimal conditions .
RELIKTNO- REFUGIJALNI PEJZAI BOSNE I
HERCEGOVINE
Refugijalno-reliktna stanita predstav-
ljaju unikatne dijelove bosansko-herce-
govakog okolia. Nastali su u burnim
procesima oblikovanja zemljine kore,
geogeneze, stvaranja klime i ivoga
svijeta. To su mjesta koja su pretrpjela
najmanje promjene od predglacijalnog do
postglacijalnog perioda, te tako sauvala
izvorne ekoloke vrijednosti. Na ovim
stanitima su zastuplj ene mnoge
tercijerne vrste biljaka i ivotinja, koje su
uspjele preivjeti i drastine promjene
klime u toku posljednjeg glacijala. Kako
su ova stanita bila utoita mnogim
biljkama i ivotinjama tokom ledenog
doba, zovu se i refugijumi. Vrste koje na
njima ive su, u evolucionom pogledu,
veoma stare i oznaene su kao relikti.
Ovakvi tipovi stanita na kojima ive
brojne tercijerno-reliktne vrste biljaka i
ivotinja su od najveeg znaaja za
biodiverzitet Bosne i Hercegovine, a time i
globalni biodiverzitet. Pozicija tercijernih
r el i kt ni h ekosi st ema u Bosni i
Hercegovini povezana je prvenstveno sa
kanjonima, klisurama i strmim padinama
planina u slivovima rijeka: Une, Vrbasa,
Bosne, Drine i Neretve.
ivi svijet reliktnih i refugijalnih pejzaa
bosansko-hercegovakih Dinarida u
ekolokom i biogeografskom pogledu
diferencira se na vie jasno izdvojenih
jedinica. Najvei dio ovih ekosistema
pripada eurosibirsko-boreoamerikoj
regiji, koja je ovdje zastupljena sa
zasebnom Provincijom reliktnih borovih
uma. Pored toga, refugijalna stanita u
niim dijelovima submediteranskog i
brdskog pojasa u biogeografskim smislu
pripadaju i ilirskoj na zapadu i mezijskoj
provinciji na jugoistoku BiH. Dio
refugijalnih stanita se nalazi i u
srednjojadranskom sektoru, jadranske
provincije Mediteranske regije.
PEJZAI RELIKTNIH BOROVIH UMA
Prema Lakuiu (1969; 1980), ovi pejzai u
biogeografskom pogledu pripadaju
posebnoj provinciji reliktnih borovih
uma. Podudaraju se sa arealima uma
munike (Pinus heldreichii), ilirskog crnog
bora (Pinus nigra subsp. austriaca) i
dal mat i nskog crnog bora ( Pi nus
dalmatica).
Pejza reliktnih borovih uma se na
vertikalnom i horizontalnom profilu
diferencira na:
lekosisteme dalmatinskog crnog bora Pinion dalmaticae;
lekosisteme uma munike Pinion heldreichii;
lekosisteme ilirskog crnog bora Pinion austriacae sa geoloko/pedoloko/floristikim
serijama:
lserija ekosistema uma crnog bora na peridotitima i serpentinitima Pinenion austricae
serpentinicum ;
lserija ekosistema uma crnog bora na dolomitima Pinenion austricae dolomiticum ;
lserija ekosistema uma crnog bora na krenjacima Pineion austricae calcicolum.
Ekosistemi dalmatinskog crnog bora
Ekosistem je fragmentarno zastupljen u
J adranskoj provi nci j i u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Njegovi fragmenti su nazna-
eni u podruju nekadanjih uma i ikara
esvine Quercetum ilicis adriaticum, na
poluostrvu Klek kod Neuma, u njegovom
jugoistonom dijelu.
Iako su zastupljene na malim povri-
nama, ove zajednice imaju pejzani
znaaj, te znaaj kao dio diverziteta
mediteranske flore i faune BiH.
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REFUGIO-RELICT LANDSCAPES OF BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA
Refugio-relict habitats represent the most
unique share in bosnia-herzegovinas envi-
ronment, created in a stormy process of the
Earths crust formation, geogensis, evolu-
tion of both climate and living world. Those
places have been least altered in a period be-
tween pre- and post-glaciation having pre-
served their natural ecologic values. In the-
se habitats occur many tertiary plant and
animal species which have endured drastic
climate changes in last glaciation period.
For these habitats have been a shelter for
many plant and animal species during an
Ice Age, they are called refugium. Species
living here are considered to be very old in
the evolutionary sense, addressed therefore
as relicts. This kind of habitats where the
numerous tertiary relict species of plants
and animals live, are of the greatest impor-
tance for Bosnia-Herzegovinas biodiversity,
and by that also for the global biodiversi-
ty. Position of tertiary relict ecosystems in
Bosnia and Herzegovina is connected with,
first of all, canyons, cliffs and steep slopes
of mountains in the basins of: Una, Vrbas,
Bosna, Drina and Neretva rivers.
In the relict and refugial landscapes of Bos-
nia and Herzegovina the wildlife is, in terms
of ecology and biogeography, differentiated
in several clearly separated complexes. Lar-
gest proportion of these ecosystems belongs
to Eurosibirean-boreoamerican region re-
presented here by the province of relict pine
woods. Yet, refugial habitats in lower supra-
mediterranean and montane belt belong to
the illyrian province in the West and mo-
esian in the southeast. Part of it is situated
in the midle-adriatic sector of the Adriatic
province in Mediterranean region.
LANDSCAPES OF RELICT PINE WOODS
Afer Lakui (1969; 1980), these landscapes
in biogeographic sense belong to the prov-
ince of relict pine woods. Tis corresponds
with a distribution range of woods of white-
bark pine (Pinus heldreichii), illyrian black
pine (Pinus nigra subsp. austriaca) and dal-
matian black pine (Pinus dalmatica).
Te landscape of relict pine woods diferenti-
ates on vertical and horizontal profle as fol-
lows:
t Ecosystems of dalmatian black pine Pinion dalmaticae;
t Ecosystems of white-bark pine Pinion heldreichii;
t Ecosystems of illyrian black pine Pinion austriacae in geologic/pedologic/foristic series:
t Series of black pine ecosystems on peridote and serpentine Pinenion austricae serpen-
tinicum;
t Series of black pine ecosystems on dolomites Pinenion austricae dolomiticum;
t Series of black pine ecosystems on limestone Pinenion austricae calcicolum.
Ecosystems of dalmatian black pine
Tis ecosystem is fragmentary represented
in the Adriatic province of Bosnia and Her-
zegovina. Tese fragments are recognizable
in the former woods and shrubs of evergreen
oak Quercetum ilicis adriaticum on the Klek
peninsula at Neum city, peninsulas southeast-
ern region.
Althoug covering small surface, these com-
munities are important as a landscape and as a
share of B&Hs mediterranean fora and fauna.
Ekosistemi uma munike
Ovaj tip ekosistema se razvija u arealu
uma endeminog bora munike Pinus
heldreichii, tercijarne reliktne vrste, koja je
jedan od najznaajnijih etinara dana-
njice. Areal munike u Bosni i Hercego-
vini obuhvata prostor planina Orjena,
Velea, Prenja, vrsnice, abulje i Vrana u
Hercegovini, te zapadne i jugozapadne
padine planine Hranisave u junoj Bosni.
Ekoloki, geografski i floristiki, na
prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine se
diferenciraju tri serije:
lume munike na Orjenu;
lume munike na planinama oko Nerteve,
lume na Hranisavi.
Na planini Orjen munika je prisutna na
brojnim lokalitetima koji geografski
pripadaju Bosni i Hercegovini. Optimum
ima u gornjem dijelu brdskog, u gorskom i
subalpinskom pojasu, kojem daje i
najsnaniji pejzani peat i diferencira ga
od drugih masiva Dinarida. Pojas munike
daje unikatnost ovom dijelu Dinarida i
kroz posebne obrasce zoni ranj a
vegetacije.
Geoloku podlogu na stanitima ovih
uma ine krenjaci mezozojske starosti
obl i kovani j aki m padavi nama i
planinskim vjetrom. Stanita imaju izgled
tipinog krkog podruja sa obiljem
ume munike na Orjen planini
krakih formi reljefa. Tla su plitka i
vodopropusna ( kal komel anosol i ,
rendzine, a na zaravnjenim terenima
kalkokambisoli). Na stanitima sa
izraenim nagibima terena, kao tipina
hazmofita, munika zalazi u pukotine
karbonatnih stijena, obrazujui endemi-
ne vegetacijske cjeline. Populacije
munike izgrauju zajednice i na umi-
renim pretplaninskim siparitima. Na
vlanim tlima hladnih stanita, munika
gradi mezofilne zajednice sa balkanskom
bukvom Fagus moesiaca.
Pejza uma munike na Orjenu ine
sljedee endemine zajednice:
lume munike mediteransko-montanog pojasa Pinetum heldrechii mediterraneo-
montanum Blei et Lakui 1969;
lume munike i pjegave ibukovine Viburno maculatae-Pinetum leucodermis Fukarek
1970;
lume munike i balkanske bukve Fago moesiacae-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
lume munike i devesilja Peucedano-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004,
lume munike i kragovine Amphoricarpo neumayeri-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004.
U arealu navedenih uma stanita nalaze
endemoreliktne vrste: kragovina
(Amphoricarpus neumayeri), munika (Pinus
hel drei chi i ) , kozokrvi na (Loni cera
glutinosa), pjegava ibukovina (Viburnum
maculatum), orjenski pucavac (Silene
tommasinii) i druge.
U pejzaima uma munike egzistira i itav
mozaik drugih tipova stanita, sa bio-
cenozama koje daju unikatnost prostoru,
te ga izdvajaju u posebne biogeografske
cjeline. To su zajednice u pukotinama
stijena endemoreliktne sveze Ampho-
ricarpion neumayeri, te siparita sveza
Silenion marginatae i Peucedanion.
Na planinama oko Neretve munika ima
svoj ekoloki optimum u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Javlja se u gorskom i
subalpinskom pojasu planina Vele,
Prenj, vrsnica, abulja, te jugoistonim
ume munike na planinama oko rijeke Neretve
padinama Vran planine koja predstavlja
njenu zapadnu granicu na Balkanskom
poluotoku.
Stanita u zoni tipinog hercegovakog
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Tis ecosystem develops within the distribu-
tion range of endemic white-bark pine Pinus
heldreichii. Tis is a tertiary relict species
which is one of the most important conifer-
ous kind of trees today. Its distribution range
in Bosnia and Herzegovina encompasses
mountains Orjen, Vele, Prenj, vrsnica,
abulja and Vran in Herzegovina, then
western and southwestern slopes of Hra-
nisava Mt. in southern Bosnia. In respect to
ecology, geography and fora, on the territory
of B&H has been diferentiating three series:
Ecosystems of white-bark pine
t Woods of white-bark pine on Orjen Mt.;
t Woods of white-bark pine on the mountains around Neretva river;
t Woods of white-bark pine on Hranisava Mt.
Woods of white-bark pine on Orjen Mt.
White-bark pine on Orjen Mt. occurs in some
localities that regarding geography belong to
Bosnia and Herzegovina. It accomplishes its
optimum in in the upper montane, upland
and subalpine belt characterizing it in the
most protruding way and making it diferent
from the rest of Dinaric Alps. White-bark
pines belt make this area of Dinaric Alps so
unique in terms of vegetation zoning.
Te geologic foundation is limestone of me-
sosoic age shaped by intensive precipitation
and mountain winds. Habitats of white-bark
pine look like typical karst area with diverse
karst relief s forms. Soil types are shallow and
permeable (calcomelanosol, rendsin, on fat
ground occur calcocambisol). On extremely
inclinated slopes, as a typical chasmophyte,
white-bark pine penetrates deep into the
cracks of limestone rocks, forming endemic
vegetational units. Populations of white-bark
pine build communities on stabilized sub-
alpine screes. In wet and cold places white-
bark pine builds mesophilous communities
with balkan beech Fagus moesiaca.
On Orjen Mt., landscapes with woods of
white-bark pine are composed of endemic
communities:
t Woods of white-bark pine in the mediterraneao-montane belt Pinetum heldrechii mediterra-
neo-montanum Blei et Lakui 1969;
t Woods of white-bark pine and Viburnum maculatum Viburno maculatae-Pinetum leucoder-
mis Fukarek 1970;
t Woods of white-bark pine and balkan beech Fago moesiacae-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
t Woods of white-bark pine and fennel Peucedano-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
t Woods of white-bark pine and Amphoricarpus Amphoricarpo neumayeri-Pinetum heldreichii
Redi 2004.
Within the distribution range of above
named habitats are to be found endemo-
relict species: Amphoricarpus (Amphoricar-
pus neumayeri), white-bark pine (Pinus hel-
dreichii), honeysuckle (Lonicera glutinosa),
Viburnum maculatum, Tomasinis Campion
(Silene tommasinii) and others.
Tese landscapes include the entire complex
of habitat types encompassing biocoenoses
which make this area so unique and divide
it into distinct biogeographic units. Tose
are communities in the rock crevices of the
endemo-relict alliance Amphoricarpion neu-
mayeri, and scree communities of the alli-
ances Silenion marginatae and Peucedanion.
Woods of white-bark pine on the mountains around Neretva river
For the white-bark pine optimal habitats in
Bosnia and Herzegovina are on the moun-
tains around Neretva river.It takes positions
in the upland and sub-alpine belt of moun-
tains Vele, Prenj, vrsnica, abulja, and on
southeastern slopes of Vran Mt. which is its
western borderline on the Balkan peninsula.
In the typical herzegovinas karst area its
habitat is on limestone, whereby type of
soil is either calcomelanosol or rendsine
kra su na karbonatnoj geolokoj podlozi,
zemljitu tipa kalkomelanosola i rendzina
(rjee kalkokambisola). Na blaim
nagibima munika formira sklopljene
sastojine. Na izraenijim nagibima i ovdje
ulazi u izgradnju hazmofitskih zajednica
u pukotinama stijena, te umirenim
siparima. Na Prenju su sastojine munike
veoma dobro ouvane. Pojedina stabla su
stara i do nekoliko stotina godina, sa
promjerom izmeu 2 i 3 metra.
Na planinama oko rijeke Neretve munika
gradi vie endemoreliktnih zajednica:
lume munike Pinetum heldreichii mediterrano-montanum Blei et Lakui 1969;
lume munike i ilirskog crnog bora Pinetum nigrae-leucodermis Fukarek 1966;
lume munike i vizijanijeve kotrike Senecioni-Pinetum leucodermis Fukarek 1966;
lume munike i krivulja Mugheto-Pinetum leucodermis Fukarek 1966;
lume munike i lijepe petoprste Potentillo speciosae-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
lume munike i modrog lasinja Moltkaeo-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004.
Ove umske zajednice su stanita mnogih
endemo-relikata: vrsnika sibireja
(Sibirea croatica), vizijanijev kotrik
(Senecio visianus), apeninska petoprsta
(Potentilla apennina), lijepa petoprsta (P.
speciosa), modro lasinje (Moltkaea petraea),
te druge endemine vrste kamenjara,
pretplaninskih rudina, pukotina stijena i
siparita.
Visok stepen endemizma zajednica i vrsta
predstavlja razlog prioritetnih mjera
konzervacije ovih stanita kao posebno
vanog dijela bosansko-hercegovakog
biodiverziteta.
ume munike na Hranisavi planini
Na zapadnim i jugozapadnim padinama
Hranisave (zapadnog dijela Bjelanice)
egzistiraju umske zajednice u kojima
munika ima visoku brojnost i vitalnost.
Ovo podruje predstavlja sjevernu
granicu areala munike. Stanita su sa
izraenim nagibom terena na krenjakoj
podlozi i zemljitu tipa kalomelanosola i
rendzina (1.600-1.800 m n.v.). Na
hladnijim ekspozicijama munika gradi
zajednice sa mezijskom bukvom, a na
najveim nagibima gradi hazmofitske
zajednice. Na Hranisavi munika gradi
sljedee endemo-reliktne zajednice:
lume munike i mezijske bukve Fago moesiacae-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
lume munike i devesilja Peucadno longifolii-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2006;
lume munike i mlivnjaka Arcstostaphyllo-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2006.
ume ilirskog crnog bora
Ilirski crni bor kod nas je predstavljen
posebnom podvrstom Pinus nigra subsp.
nigra, koji na bosansko-hercegovakim
Dinaridima ima disjunktivni areal.
Njegova stanita su na razliitim
supstratima (stare vulkanske stijene,
dolomiti i krenjaci), a imaju obiljeja
refugijuma tercijarne flore. Pinus nigra
subsp. nigra je heliofilna, termofilna i
kserotermna vrsta. U zavisnosti od
geoloke podloge i ostalih ekolokih
prilika, diferenciraju se geoloko/
pedoloko/floristike serije:
lume crnog bora na peridotitima i serpentinitima Pinenion austricae
serpentinicum;
lume crnog bora na dolomitima Pinenion austricae dolomiticum;
lume crnog bora na krenjacima Pineion austricae calcicolum.
ume crnog bora na peridotitima i serpentinitima
Ovi ekosistemi zauzimaju velike povrine
u ofiolitskoj zoni Bosne i Hercegovine
koju izgrauju stare vulkanske ili
ultrabazine stijene. U njihovom sastavu
dominiraju serpentiniti, peridotiti,
dijabazi i amfiboli. Meutim, najvei
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(seldom calcocambisol). On the less inclinated
slopes, white-bark pine forms closed stands.
On more inclinated slopes it is a component
of chasmophyte communities of rock crevices
and stabilized screes. On Prenj Mt., stands of
white-bark pine are well preserved with trees
that are several hundred years old, and whose
diameter ranges between 2 and 3 metres.
Te white-bark pine on the mountains around
Neretva river builds few endemo-relict com-
munities:
t Woods of white-bark pine Pinetum heldreichii mediterrano-montanum Blei et Lakui 1969;
t Woods of white-bark and illyrian black pine Pinetum nigrae-leucodermis Fukarek 1966;
t Woods of white-bark pine and Visianis ragwort Senecioni-Pinetum leucodermis Fukarek
1966;
t Woods of white-bark and mountain pine Mugheto-Pinetum leucodermis Fukarek 1966;
t Woods of white-bark pine and potentil Potentillo speciosae-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
t Woods of white-bark pine and rock moltkea Moltkeo-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004.
Tese forest communities are habitats of
many endemo-relict species: Sibirea croatica,
Visianis ragwort (Senecio visianii), apennines
potentil (Potentilla apennina), potentil (P. spe-
ciosa), rock moltkea (Moltkaea petraea), and
other endemic species of rocky grassland, sub-
alpine grassland, rock crevices and screes.
High endemism level of species and com-
munities represents reason for urgent con-
servation measures to be undertaken for
this is an extremely important bosnia-her-
zegovinas biodiversity spot.
Woods of white-bark pine on Hranisava Mt.
On western and southwestern slopes of Hra-
nisava Mt. (which is western part of Bjelanica
Mt.) exist forest communities in which the
white-bark pine reaches high abundance
and vitality. Tis is the northern borderline
of white-bark pines distribution range. Te
habitats are inclinated slopes, on limestone
bedrock. Soil type is either calcomelanosol or
rendsine (1.600-1.800 m above sea level). On
colder places, white-bark pine builds the com-
munities with balkan beech or, on extremely
inclinated ground, chasmophyte kind of com-
munities. On Hranisava Mt., white-bark pine
builds following endemo-relict communities:
t Woods of white-bark pine and balkan beech Fago moesiacae-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2004;
t Woods of white-bark pine and fennel Peucedano longifolii-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2006;
t Woods of white-bark pine and bearberry Arcstostaphyllo-Pinetum heldreichii Redi 2006.
Woods of illyrian black pine
Illyrian black pine in our country is repre-
sented by special sub-species Pinus nigra
subsp. nigra with disjunctive distribution
range on bosnia-herzegovinas Dinaric Alps.
It lives on diferent kind of bedrocks (old vol-
canic rocks, dolomites and limestone) having
the features of tertiary foras refugia. Pinus
nigra subsp. nigra is heliophylous, thermo-
phylous and xerophylous species. Depending
on geologic foundation and other ecologic
conditions, it is being diferentiated in the
geologic/pedologic/foristic series:
t Woods of black pine on peridote and serpentine Pinenion austricae serpentinicum;
t Woods of black pine on dolomites Pinenion austricae dolomiticum;
t Woods of black pine on limestone Pinenion austricae calcicolum.
Woods of black pine on serpentine and peridote
Tese ecosystems take large area in the zone
of ophyolithes in Bosnia and Herzegovina
built of an old volcanic or ultrabasic rocks. In
the composition prevail serpentine, peridote,
znaaj za determinaciju geofloristikih
obiljeja imaju serpentinofiti u seriji sa
peridotitima. Veoma davno (Riter-Stu-
dnika, 1963, 1970) je uoen visok uticaj
abiotike komponente na karakteristike
ivog, posebno biljnog svijeta.
Ofiolitska zona se prua od planine
Kozare na sjeverozapadu BiH kroz dolinu
Vrbanje, gdje pokriva vee povrine na
planinama Uzlomcu i Borji, zatim
nastavlja prema slivnom podruju rijeke
Bosne, gdje izmeu Zavidovia i Nemile
izgrauje veoma kompaktan kompleks.
Zona se prua dolinom rijeke Gostovi do
planine Konjuh na kojoj ove stijene grade
ogromne komplekse, sputajui se sve do
Kladnja, Olovskih luka na jugu i Banovia
na sjeveru. Naroito je ivopisna,
geomorfoloki dinamina dolina rijeke
Krivaje, koja je na veem dijelu svog toka
izgraena od ultrabazinih stijena.
Posebne disjunkcije ovih stijena se
pojavljuju na Ozren planini, na desnoj
obali Spree, oko Maglaja i Lukavca. Idui
prema istoku i jugoistoku nae zemlje ove
stijene se sve rjee javljaju. Tek oko
Viegrada (padine Sjeme planine, Varda
i Banja) poput ostrva se pojavljuju tamne
vulkanske stijene i dalje se pruaju
dolinom Lima u okolini Rudog, te
nastavljaju prema zapadnoj i jugo-
zapadnoj Srbiji.
Tabela 30. - Sintaksonomski pregled zajednica na serpentinitima i peridotitima
Erico Pinetum nigrae Rt. 1970 (syn. Erico Pinetum nigrae
serpentinicum Fuk. P.p. MS)
Erico Pinetum nigrae serpentinicum Stef. 1963
Pinetum nigrae baziferens Stef. 1973
Pinetum silvestris nigrae Pavl. bosniacum Marv.
Erico Quercetum petraeae ((Krause et Ludw. 1957) Ht. 1958) Rt.
1970
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Erico Abieti Fagetum Rt. 1970
Halacsyo Seslerietum rigidae Rt. 1970
Dorycnio Scabiosetum leucophphyllae Rt. 1970
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Silenetum willdenowii serpentinae Rt. 1970

Erysimo Sempervivetum heuffelii Rt. 1970

Euphorbio Fumanetum bonapartei Rt. 1970

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Linarietum concoloris Rt. 1970

Dinaminost geomorfolokih procesa u
prolosti uslovila je raznovrstan reljef
koji se odlikuje i otrim vrhovima i
strmim liticama. Na ovim stanitima
javljaju se razliite razvojne faze
eutrinih zemljita (rankeri i eutrini
kambisoli). Tla su podlona eroziji, esto
degradirana i povezana sa plitkim
eutrinim regosolom i sirozemom. Tla se
veoma brzo zagrijavaju, to uzrokuje
r azvoj manj e- vi e kser ot er mne
vegetacije. Ova karakteristika pred-
stavlj a razlog specifinosti nae
serpentinske flore i vegetacije.
Geoloka podloga sadri poveanu
koncentraciju tekih metala, to zajedno
sa hidrotermikim reimom ini speci-
finu kombinaciju ekolokih uslova.
Flora i vegetacija ovog prostora ima
nesumnjiv tercijerno-reliktni karakter,
koji se ouvao na ovim stanitima tipa
refugijuma do dananjih dana. Osim
uma bora, na ovim stanitima se
pojavljuje niz endemoreliktnih vrsta
vezanih za stanita serpentinsko-
peridotitskih kamenjara, pukotina
stijena i sipara. Na stanitima sa dubljim
tlima su razvijene ume crnog bora i
hrasta kitnjaka, a terminalnu fazu u
razvoju vegetacije predstavljaju ume
kitnjaka na eutrinom kambisolu.
94
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diabaz and amphibol. However, most impor-
tant for the determination of geo-foristic
features is serpentine in the series with peri-
dote. Long time ago (Riter-Studnika, 1963,
1970), it was recognized strong infuence of
the abiotic component on the characteristics
of living world, especially when it comes to
plants.
Te zone of ophyolithes stretches from Kozara
Mt. (southwestern B&H), through the valley
of Vrbanja river, where it coveres large area
on the mountains Uzlomak and Borja, con-
tinuing towards Bosna rivers basin, where it
creates a dense complex between Zavidovii
and Nemila. Te zone extends further along
the valley of Gostovi river till it reaches Kon-
juh Mt. Here, these rocks make huge com-
plexes going all the way down to Kladanj and
Olovske luke in the South, and Banovii in
the North. Highly dynamic and picture-like
is the valley of Krivaja river which is mainly
built of ultrabasic rocks. Tere are some frag-
ments of these rocks on Ozren Mt.( right side
of Sprea river) and in the surrounding of
towns Maglaj and Lukavac. In the East and
southeast of our country these rocks occur
seldom. But, close to Viegrad city (slopes of
Sjeme Mt., Vard and Banja), like some kind
of islands, occur dark volcanic rocks extend-
ing futher along the valley of Lim river and
near place called Rudo continue toward west-
ern and southwestern Serbia.
A dynamic geomorphologic processes in
the past have led to diverse relief forms with
sharp peaks and vertical standing clifs. On
such places emerge diferent developmen-
tal stages of eutric kind of soils (ranker and
eutric cambisol). Soils are very sensitive to
the erosion being hence ofen degraded and
represented by shallow eutric regosol and
sirozem. Tese soils warm up quickly which
results in more or less xeric vegetation cover.
Tis feature is the reason why our fora and
vegetation on serpentine bedrock are consid-
ered to be highly specifc.
Geologic foundation contains high concen-
tration of heavy metals, which along with
hydro-thermic regime creates specifc com-
bination of the ecologic conditions. Flora
and vegetation in this area have got tertiary-
relict character preserved till present. Beside
pine forests, in these habitats emerge some
endemo-relict species living on serpentine-
peridotes rocky grassland, rock crevices and
screes. On deeper developed soil occur for-
ests with black pine and sessile oak, whereas
fnal stage of the vegetation development
represent woods of sessile oak on the eutric
cambisol.
Table 30. Syntaxonomic overview of the communities on serpentine and peridote
Tabela 31. - Specijski diverzitet na serpentinitima i peridotitima
Reliktni serpentinofiti:
Halacsya sendtneri (Boiss.) Doerfl., Potentilla visianii Panc., Fumana bonapartei Maire et Petitm.,
Haplophyllum boissierianum Vis. et Panc., Gypsophila spergulaefolia Gris. f. serbica Vis. et Pan.
Tipini (iskljucivi ) serpentinofiti:
Scrophularia tristis K. Maly, Sesleria latifolia (Adam.) Degen var. serpentinica Deyl., Linaria concolor

Gris. f. rubioides (Vis. et Pan.) Maly, Potentilla rupestris L. var. mollis (Pan.) A. et G., Polygonum
albanicum Jav., Euphorbia gregersenii K. Maly, Potentilla opaca Jusl. f. malyana (Borb.) Hayek,
Centaurea dubia Sut. subsp. nigrescens (Willd.) Hayek var. smolinensis (Hay.) Kuan, Verbascum
bosnense K. Maly (=V. ostrogi Rohl. var. bosnense Maly), Cytisus heuffelii Wierzb. var. maezeius K. Maly,
Leucanthemum montanum DC. var. crassifolium Fiori, Asplenium adulterinum Milde, Asplenium
cuneifolium Viv., Notholaena marantae (L.) Desv.
Biljke preteno vezane za serpentin:
Cardamine plumierii Villars., Stachys recta L. subsp. baldacci (K. Maly) Hay. var. chrysophaea Pan.,
Viola beckiana Fiala, Sesleria rigida Heuf., Stachys scardica Gris., Silene armeria L., Silene longifolia
Ehrh., Polygala supina Schreb., Euphorbia glabriflora Vis., Scleranthus perennis L., Pedicularis
brachyodonta Schloss. et Vuk. var. heterodonta (Panc.) Maly, Cerastium moesiacum Friv. f. serpentini

Nov., Bupleurum karglii Vis., Silene paradoxa L., Sedum glaucum W. K., Rumex acetosella L., Rubus
zvornikensis Fr.
Na golom
supstratu
U mezofilnim
sumama Porodice
Vrste Rodovi vrste Rodovi
Compositae 45 26 12 10
Fabaceae 23 11 7 2
Gramineae 21 13 15 12
Rosaceae 13 5 10 9
Umbelliferae 9 7 7 5
ivotne forme P CH H G T
Vrste na
golom tlu
3.06 18.72 52.28 8.16 17.34
Vrste u mezofilnim
umama
20.25 11.39 55.70 8.86 3.80
Vrste na vritinama - 23.80 61.90 - 14.28
Od nekoliko stotina vrsta vaskularnih
biljaka koje se razvijaju na serpentinsko-
peridotitskoj podlozi, najbrojnije su vrste
iz familija Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae i
Fabaceae. Najvei dio serpentinsko-
peridotitske flore javlja se na golom
matinom supstratu, a znatno je manje
vrsta na razvijenim umskim tlima.
Tabela 32. - Spektri sistematske
pripadnosti na razliitim tipovima stanita
Tabela 33. - Spektri ivotnih formi
na razliitim tipovima stanita
Analiza pripadnosti ivotnoj formi
(Riter-Studnika, 1963) ukazuje na
dominaciju hemikriptofita na svim
tipovima serpentinsko-perido-
titskih stanita. Ekstremne uslove
na ovoj podlozi ilustruju i mala
proporcija fanerofita te visoka
zastupljenost terofita.
Serpentinsko-peridotitska stanita
su senzitivna, podlona stalnim
erozijama i naglim odronima, a
nalaze se pod intezivnim uticajem
ovj eka ( prekomj erna sj ea,
neselektivna eksploatacija mine-
ralnih resursa). Biljne vrste i zajed-
nice na ovim stanitima se usljed
toga karakteriu odreenim stepe-
nom ugroenosti.
Relict serpentinophytes:
Halacsya sendtneri %RLVV'RHUPotentilla visianii Panc., Fumana bonapartei Maire et Petitm.,
Haplophyllum boissierianum Vis. et Panc., Gypsophila spergulaefolia Gris. f. serbica Vis. et Panc.
Typical (exclusive ) serpentinophytes:
Scrophularia tristis K. Maly, Sesleria latifolia (Adam.) Degen var. serpentinica Deyl., Linaria conco-
lor Gris. f. rubioides (Vis. et Panc.) Maly, Potentilla rupestris L. var. mollis (Panc.) A. et G., Poly-
gonum albanicum Jav., Euphorbia gregersenii K. Maly, Potentilla opaca Jusl. f. malyana (Borb.)
Hayek, Centaurea dubia Sut. subsp. nigrescens (Willd.) Hayek var. smolinensis (Hay.) Kusan, Ver-
bascum bosnense K. Maly (=V. ostrogi Rohl. var. bosnense Maly), Cytisus heuffelii Wierzb. var.
maezeius K. Maly, Leucanthemum montanum DC. var. crassifolium Fiori, Asplenium adulterinum
Milde, Asplenium cuneifolium Viv., Notholaena marantae (L.) Desv.
Plants prefering serpentine bedrock:
Cardamine plumierii Villars., Stachys recta L. subsp. Baldacci (K. Maly) Hay. var. chrysophaea
Panc., Viola beckiana Fiala, Sesleria rigida Heuf., Stachys scardica Gris., Silene armeria L., Si-
lene longifolia Ehrh., Polygala supina Schreb., (XSKRUELDJODEULRUD Vis., Scleranthus perennis L.,
Pedicularis brachyodonta Schloss. et Vuk. var. heterodonta (Panc.) Maly, Cerastium moesiacum
Friv. f. serpentini Nov., Bupleurum karglii Vis., Silene paradoxa L., Sedum glaucum W. K., Rumex
acetosella L., Rubus zvornikensis Fr.
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Table 31. Species diversity on serpentine and peridote
Among few hundred plants occurring on
serpentine-peridote bedrock, most numer-
ous are the ones from families Compositae,
Caryophyllaceae and Fabaceae. Largest pro-
portion of serpentine-peridote fora occurs
on bare rocks, whereas smaller number of
species occur on well developed forest soils.
Table 32. Spectrum of systematic belonging
in diferent habitat types
Analysis of living forms (Riter-
-Studnika, 1963) shows domina-
tion of hemikryptophytes in all
types of serpentine-peridote habi-
tats. Extreme conditions are illus-
trated by the small proportion of
phanerophytes and high abundance
of terophytes.
Serpentine-peridotes habitats are
sensitive; continually eroding and
sliding, submitted to tremendous
human pressure (over-logging, un-
selected exploitation of mineral re-
sources). Because all of that, plants
and their communities in these
habitats are endangered.
Table 33. Spectrum of living forms
in diferent habitat types
Family
On bare
rocks
In the mesophilous
woods
species
Living form
Species in heathes
Species on bare
rocks
Species in the
mesophilous woods
species genera genera
ume crnog bora na dolomitima
Dolomitna geoloka podloga predstavlja
vana stanita za mnoge endemoreliktne
biljne i ivotinjske vrste, koje vode
porijeklo jo iz dalekog tercijera.
Dolomitna stanita su bila refugijumi
mnogim biljnim i ivotinjskim vrstama,
pa i itavim zajednicama u doba
glacijacije, kada je naglo zahlaenje
uzrokovalo stradanje najveeg dijela
tadanje flore i faune. Neke od tadanjih
vrsta su na dolomitnoj podlozi uspjele
preivjeti do dananjih dana.
U Bosni i Hercegovini dolomiti se nalaze
na vie lokaliteta. Najee su to manje
povrine, ali postoje i veliki kompleksi na
kojima je kroz prolost dolo do razvoja
unikatnog ivog svijeta.
Najznaajniji kompleksi dolomita u BiH,
koji imaju izuzetne pejzane vrijednosti
su:
lPodruje oko Konjica u Hercegovini (dolina rijeke Treanice, Zlatar i Vrataljica),
odavno proglaeno Botanikim rezervatom dolomitne flore i vegetacije;
lProstor uz gornji tok rijeke Neretve (Borci, Glavatievo i podruje uzvodno prema
Ulogu);
lManji dolomitni kompleks u srednjem toku Neretve (u podruju Doljanke, nizvodno
od Jablanice, u podruju Drenice);
lPodruje oko Lastve, u dolini rijeke Trebinjice (vjetaka akumulacija Gorica)
uzvodno od Trebinja;
lPodruje Koprivnice izmedju Bugojna, Donjeg Vakufa, Prusca i Kupresa, ukljuujui
i Malu Plazenicu;
lPodruje oko Drvara u zapadnoj Bosni;
lManji kompleks kod Rakovice i Lepenice jugozapadno od Sarajeva;
lManji kompleks uz rijeku Glasinac i Bravniku Riku izmeu Bravnica i Janja;
lKompleks Bila kod Travnika i manji lokaliteti, u zoni krenjakih stijena.
Osnovna karakteristika bosansko-
hercegovakih dolomitnih pejzaa je
izuzetno visok stepen endeminosti i
reliktnosti biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta, a
time i njihovih zajednica.
Flora i fauna na dolomitnim kompleksima
je specifina, a mnoge vrste ive iskljuivo
na ovom t i pu podl oge . To s u
dolomobionti, a meu njima je najvei
broj dolomitofita. Na dolomitima svoje
stanite nalaze i mnoge planinske vrste
biljaka kao to su: planinski ljuti,
kupusnjaa, dinarski encijan koje se ovdje
sputaju i do 800 metara n.v. S druge
strane, toplina stanita uzrokovala je i
naseljavanje mediteranskih i subme-
diteranskih vrsta kao to su utilovka
(Genista dalmatica), mljeika hercegovaka
(Euphorbia hercegovina), alfija (Salvia
officinalis), modro lasinje (Moltkaea petraea)
i drugih.
Dolomit je trona stijena, podlona
drobljenju, te stalnim procesima erozije i
odrona. Na ovoj stijeni su razvijene
rendzine, sa relativno plitkim humusno-
akumulativnim horizontom. Zbog
i zraene erozi j e, tl a su naj ee
degradirana i alterniraju sa dolomitnim
sirozemima i regosolima. Na blaim
nagibima terena, razvijena su smea
karbonatna tla, u kojima zbog dubine
profila slabi uticaj dolomitne podloge. Na
njima se pojavljuju vrste koje imaju ire
rasprostranjenje. Smatra se da je sadraj
magnezij a odgovoran za tronost
dolomitne stijene, ali i kao faktor
det ermi naci j e bi l j nog pokrova i
ivotinjskih naselja.
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Woods of black pine on dolomites
As a geologic foundation, dolomite repre-
sents a habitat for many endemo-relict plant
and animal species originating from Tertia-
ry. It used to be refugium for plant and ani-
mal species, and even entire communities,
in the glaciation period. During that period,
sudden decrease in temperature has caused
a damage to fora and fauna that existed at
that time. But, some of those species have en-
dured till present on the dolomite bedrock.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina dolomite oc-
curs in several localities. Usually it is a small
surface, but there are also large complexes
where it was created unique living world in
the past.
Most important dolomite complexes in B&H
with the outstanding landscapes value are:
t Area around Konjic town in Herzegovina (valley of Treanica river, Zlatar and Vrataljica
hills), long time ago designated as the Botanic Reserve of dolomite fora and vegetation;
t Area in the upper fow of Neretva river (Borci, Glavatievo and area upstreams to Ulog);
t Smaller dolomite complex in the midle of Neretva rivers fow (area around Doljanka river,
downstreams from Jablanica, Drenica area);
t Area around Lastva, in the valley of Trebinjica river (artifcially impoded accumulation
Gorica) upstreams from Trebinje town;
t Area of Koprivnica between Bugojno, Donji Vakuf, Prusac and Kupres, including Mala
Plazenica;
t Area around Drvar in the western Bosnia;
t Smaller complex near Rakovica and Lepenica southwestern from Sarajevo;
t Smaller complex along the Glasinac river and Bravnika Rika between Bravnice and Janj;
t Complex called Bila at Travnik city and smaller localities in the limestone zone.
Main characteristic of bosnia-herzegovinas
landscapes on dolomite is high level of en-
demism and relictness of plant and animal
species, which refers also to their communi-
ties.
Flora and fauna on dolomite is highly spe-
cifc. Many species live exclusively on this
kind of bedrock. Tese are dolomitobionts,
of which biggest proportion make dolomito-
phytes. On dolomite bedrock can be found
many high-mountain plants, such as: moun-
tain buttercup, crucifers, dinaric gentian
which go down till 800 meters above sea
level. On the other hand, warmth of climate
made possible for many mediterranean and
supra-mediterranean plants to live here, such
is the case with greenweed (Genista dalmat-
ica), herzegovinas spurge (Euphorbia herce-
govina), sage (Salvia ofcinalis), rock molt-
kea (Moltkaea petraea) and others.
Dolomite is a kind of rock that crumbles,
erodes and slides. On dolomite bedrock
emerges mainly rendsine with shallow hu-
mus-accumulative horizon. Due to protrud-
ing erosion, the soil is frequently degraded
and exchanges with sirozem and regosol. On
less inclinated slopes develops brown earth
in which the infuence of dolomite weakens
because of profles depth. On that kind of
soil emerge species with wider distribution
range. It is commonly believed that magne-
siums content is responsible for the dolo-
mites crumbling, but also for the selection of
vegetation cover and animal communities.
Tabela 34. - Sintaksonomski pregled zajednica na dolomitima
ERICO PINETALIA (Oberd. 49) em. Ht 59

Orno Ericion dolomiticum Ht 59

Erico verticillati Pinetum Rt. 67
Orchido zlatari Pinetum Rt. 67
Cephalario flavae Pinetum Rt. 67
Orchido (spitzelii) Pinetum nigrae Rt. 67
Daphno cneori Pinetum Rt. 67
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Pinetum silvestris dinaricum Stef. 58
SCORZONERO CHRYSOPOGONETALIA H-ic et Ht (56) 58
Peucedanion neumayeri Rt. 67
Centauretum atropurpureae Rt. 67
Micromerio Crepidetum pantocseki Rt. 1967
Saponario Scabiosetum canescentis Rt. 1967
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4
7

Alyssetum moelendorfiani Rt. (1956) em. 1967
Bosansko-hercegovake dolomitofite, kao
t o s u g r o mo t u l j a ( A l y s s u m
moelendorfianum), majina duica (Thymus
aureopunctatus), vrisi (Acinos orontius),
daju visoku vrijednosti ovim stanitima.
Zbog prirode dolomitnih stijena s jedne
strane i niza antropogenih uticaja, s druge
strane (prekomjerna sjea, sakupljanje
l j ekovi t i h i aromat i ni h bi l j aka,
intenzivna ispaa) ova stanita, vrste i
zajednice se nalaze pod odreenim
stepenom ugroenosti.
Pored bujnih uma ilirskog crnog bora
(Orno-Ericenion dolomiticum), na
dolomitima su razvijene i razliite
sastojine kserotermnih hrastovih i
termofilnih bukovih uma. Najviim
stepenom endeminosti i reliktnosti se
odlikuju zajednice dolomitnih kamenjara,
pukotina stijena i sipara.
ume crnog bora na krenjacima
ume crnog bora razvijene su i na
krenjacima, na plitkim humusno-
akumulativnim tlima (crnicama), pa ak i
na sirozemima i regosolima. Samo na
zaravnjenim terenima su razvijena smea
krenj aka t l a. Ove ume i maj u
disjunktivni areal u kojem obrazuju
specifine ekosisteme sa naglaenim
pej zani m vri j ednosti ma, u zoni
liarsko-listopadnih termofilnih uma.
Posebno vrijedna stanita uma crnog
bora na krenjacima se nalaze u
kanjonima: Sutjeske, Neretve i Drine, gdje
u pukotinama stijena crni bor izgrauje
vie endemoreliktnih zajednica.
97
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Table 34. Syntaxonomic overview of the communities on dolomite
Special value to these habitats is provided
by the occurence of bosnia-herzegovinas
dolomitophytes, such as alyssum (Alyssum
moelendorfianum), thyme (Thymus aure-
opunctatus ), acinos (Acinos orontius). Be-
cause of the characteristics of dolomite and
anthropogenic pressures (over-logging, col-
lection of medicinal and aromatic plants,
over-grazing) these habitats, species and
communities are under certain threat.
Apart from the illyrian black pine woods
(Orno-Ericenion dolomiticum), on do-
lomite occur also different kind of xeric
stands of oak and thermophilous beech
woods. The highest level of endemism and
relictness is reached in the communities of
rocky grassland, rock crevices and screes on
dolomite.
Woods of black pine on limestone
Black pine woods are also developed on the
bedrock made of limestone, on shallow hu-
mus-accumulative type of soil (black earth),
even on sirozem and regosol. Brown earth
emerges only on the fattened ground. Tese
woods have got a disjunctive distribution
range with specifc ecosystems of great land-
scapes value occuring in the zone of broad-
leaved deciduous thermophilous woods.
Highly valuable habitats of black pine on
the limestone are to be found in canyons of:
Sutjeska, Neretva and Drina rivers. In the
rock crevices of these canyons, black pine
builds few endemo-relict communities.
Specifine orografske, geomorfoloke,
hidroloke, odnosno ekoloke prilike
uslovile su pojavu klisura i kanjona u
slivnim podruj ima svih vanij ih
vodotoka Bosne i Hercegovine. Obale
klisura i kanjona su strme, kod nas
izgraene uglavnom od karbonatnih
stijena (krenjaka i dolomita). Duboki su
izmeu nekoliko desetina i nekoliko
stotina metara. Kanjon Neretve, izmeu
planina Prenj i vrsnica dubok je 1.700 m.
Meu najpoznatijim su kanjon rijeke
Sutjeske i kanjon rijeke Une. Na ovim
stanitima je tokom prolosti dolo do
razvoja specifine ekoklime kanjona i
klisura. Ova zaklonjena, sigurna i
nepristupana stanita su omoguila
preivljavanje populacija brojnih vrsta od
tercijera do danas.
Ekoklimu kanjona i klisura karakteriu
visoka dnevna i sezonska osciliranja svih
faktora, posebno temperature. Na ovim
stanitima je esta i pojava temperaturnih
PEJZAI RELIKTNO-REFUGIJALNIH EKOSISTEMA U
KLISURAMA I KANJONIMA BOSANSKOHERCEGOVA-
KIH RIJEKA
inverzija. Vrlo specifian kompleks
ekolokih faktora uzrokovao je pojavu
uni katnog i vog svi j eta bogatog
endemima i reliktima.
Kanjone i klisure Bosne i Hercegovine
danas karakterie visok geomorfoloki,
ekosistemski i specijski diverzitet, pa
mnogi autori smatraju da ova stanita
predstavlj aj u globalnu vrij ednost.
Upravo u refugijumima, kakvi su nai
kanjoni i klisure rijeka, su i razvojni centri
flore, faune i vegetacije.
Zbog izraene dinamike u variranju
osnovnih ekolokih faktora na ovim
stanitima se i danas odvijaju intezivni
procesi specijacije i endemogeneze,
odnosno nastajanja novih vrsta. Takvi
razvojni centri se nalaze u slivnim
podrujima rijeke Une, Drine, Vrbasa,
Bosne, u Peripanoniji na obroncima
masiva kao to su Kozara, Prosara,
Motajica i Majevica.
Polidominantne zajednice
Jedinstvenost i neponovljivost biodi-
verziteta na ovim stanitima ogleda se i
kroz pojavu polidominantnih zajednica i
ekosistema, koje karakterie najvii nivo
floristikog i faunistikog diverziteta.
Kao rezultat specifinog djelovanja
ekolokih faktora u klisurama i kanjonima
bosansko-hercegovakih rij eka uz
izraeno variranje hidrotermikog reima
u prolosti, dolo je do formiranja takvih
tipova biocenoza, kojima fizionomiju
determiniu razliite vrste drvea.
Posebnost ovim zaj ednicama daj e
neuobiajeno veliki broj drvenastih vrsta
u funkciji edifikatora. Dok se u tipinim
terestrinim zajednicama pojavljuje
nekoliko edifikatora i subedifikatora, u
refugijalnim zajednicama tu ulogu
preuzima i po nekoliko desetina vrsta
drvenastih biljaka. U sastavu ovakvih
zajednica koje su razvijene jedino na
refugijalnim stanitima, kao to su
kanjoni i klisure, nekada ulazi i preko 50
drvenastih vrsta, te ih zovemo polidomi-
nantnim. Jedna od najpoznatijih takvih
zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini je Aceri-
Tilietum mixtum Stefanovi, 1979, razvi-
jena u kanjonima Une, Vrbasa, Drine i
Neretve.
Osi m pol i domi nant ni h zaj edni ca
neponov-ljivost pejzaima kanjona i
klisura daju i zajednice u pukotinama
stijena i sipara, uglavnom endeminog i
reliktnog karaktera. Ovo su stanita
najveeg broja endeminih vrsta i
zajednica na prostoru Bosne i Herce-
govine. Refugijalno reliktni ekosistemi
imaju najvie vrijednosti u biodiverzitetu
Bosne i Hercegovine sa aspekta ouvanja
unikatnog genofonda od nacionalne
vrijednosti, a ine na dio globalnih
vrijednosti na nivou Evrope i svijeta.
98
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LANDSCAPES OF ENDEMO-RELICT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE
CLIFFS AND CANYONS OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINAS RIVERS
Specifc orographic, geomorphologic and
hydrologic, respectively ecologic, conditions
have caused the occurence of clifs and can-
yons in the basins of all important water-
courses in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sides of
the clifs and canyons are steep, mainly built
of the limestone (carbonate and dolomite).
Tey are as ten or hundred metres as deep.
Te canyon of Neretva river, between moun-
tains Prenj and vrsnica is 1.700 metres
deep. Te most famous canyons are those of
Sutjeska and Una rivers. In the past, here was
created a specifc ecoclimate of canyons and
clifs. Tose sheltered, safe and remote places
enabled survival of distinct populations from
Tertiary till today.
Te ecoclimate of canyons and clifs is char-
acterized by high diurnal and seasonal varia-
tion in all factors, especially in temperature.
In these habitats frequently occur so called
temperature inversions, which is one of the
worlds rarities. Highly specifc complex of
ecologic factors has led to the development
of unique living world that is rich in endemic
and relict species.
Te canyons and clifs of Bosnia and Herze-
govina are characterized by high diversity
in geomorphology, ecosystems and species,
hence many authors consider it as global val-
ue. In the refugial habitats, such as our can-
yons and clifs, are situated a development
centres of fora, fauna and vegetation.
Because of the underlined dynamics and
variation of the main ecologic factors, in
these habitats still evolve intensive processes
of speciation and endemogenesis, respective-
ly the creation of new species. Tat kind of
development centres are to be found in the
basins of Una, Drina, Vrbas and Bosna riv-
ers, and in the peri-pannonian region on the
slopes of mountains Kozara, Prosara, Mota-
jica and Majevica.
Polydominant communities
Te uniqueness of the biodiversity in these
habitats is refected through the occurence of
polydominant communities and ecosystems
which are characterized by the highest level
of foristic and faunisitic diversity.
As a result of specifc combination of ecolog-
ic factors, in the clifs and canyons of bosnia-
herzegovinas rivers, along with high varia-
tion in hydro-thermic regime in the past,
evolved such biocoenoses whose physiogno-
my is determined by a diferent tree species.
Tose communities are unique in the high
proportion of trees as edifcator species. In
typical terrestrial kind of communities oc-
cur only few edifcator and sub-edifcator
species. In the refugial communities that
role is overtaken by dozens of tree species.
Tere are even some cases when in the fo-
ristic composition of refugial habitats, such
as clifs and canyons, occur over 50 tree spe-
cies being therefore named as polydominant
communities. One of the most famous such
communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina is
Aceri-Tilietum mixtum Stefanovi, 1979, de-
veloped in the canyon of Una, Vrbas, Drina
and Neretva rivers.
Apart from the polydominant communi-
ties, the landscapes of canyons and clifs are
unique by the communities of rock crevices
and screes, which are mainly endemic and
relict ones. Majority of endemic species and
communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina is
situated here. Te refugial-relict ecosystems
posses the highest value within bosnia-her-
zegovinas biodiversity from the standpoint
of gen pools preservation on national scale.
Tis is our share in the global natural value
on European and worlds scale.
REFUGIJALNI I RELIKTNI EKOSISTEMI U SLIVNOM PODRUJU
RIJEKE UNE
Rijeka Una je tipina kraka rijeka. Izvire
mirnim vrelom ispod Strabenice, planine
u Hrvatskoj, u zoni reliktnih uma bukve i
crnog graba (Ostryo-Fagetum). Na svom
toku dugom 207 km, obrazuje vie
sedrenih slapova (Martin Brod, trbaki
Buk, Veliki i Mali Slap uzvodno od Ripa),
a od Bihaa tee manje vie brzim tokom,
obrazujui vodene draperije, manje
slapove, sve do Novog, odakle postaje
ravniarska rijeka, mirnog toka. Na svom
putu protie kroz tjesnace i kanjone, u
kojima se do danas zadrala iskonska
vegetacija, flora i fauna, sa obiljem
endeminih vrsta. Na slici 8. istaknuti su
refugijumi u slivnom podruju Une,
utvreni uz uvaavanja meunarodnih
kriterija kategorizacije stanita.
Campanula pyramidalis, C. unensis, C. wetsteinii, Moehringia maly, Asplenium lepidum, Edraianthus
croaticus, Potentilla clusiana, Corydalis leiosperma, Micromeria thymifolia, Cerastium dinaricum,
Satureia montana, Ruta divaricata, Satureia subspicata, Iris illyrica, Iris reichenbachii, Daphne cneorum,
Asparagus tenuifolius, Sesleria autumnalis, Ruscus aculeatus, Acer hircanum.
Tabela 35. - Endemoreliktne biljne vrste kanjona Une
Kanjon rijeke Sane, nizvodno
od Kljua, prema Sokolovu
Izvorina elenka rijeke
Krunice, desne pritoke Une
kod Bosanske Krupe

Klisura/Kanjon rijeke Kozice,
desne pritoke Sane
Izorina elenka rijeke
Ribnik, desne pritoke Sane
Izvorina elenka rijeke
Sanice, uzvodno od mjesta
Sanica
Kanjon Une nizvodno od
Sedre do Bosanske Krupe
sa brojnim slapovima
Klisura Une sa Velikim i Malim
Slapom u predjelu Ripa i
Starog grada Sokolac
trbaki buk sa tijesnim
kanjonom Une prema Lohovu
Izvorini dio Unca sa brojnim
vrelima u predjelu mjesta
Preodac
Izvorina elenka rijeke Klokot,
lijeve pritoke Une kod Bihaa
Klisura rijeke Une nizvodno
od Srpca, zajedno sa
slapovima na Martin Brodu
Izvorina elenka Bastaice,
lijeve pritoke rijeke Unac,
nizvodno od Drvara Kanjon rijeke Unac, desne
pritoke Une kod

Martin Broda
Vodopad i klisura rijeke
Blihe do Kamengrada
U
N
A

Slika 8. Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u slivnom podruju rijeke Une
Posebne atribute refugijalnosti ovih
stanita daju populacije reliktne vrste
Platanus orientalis, koja u priobalnom
pojasu kanjonskog toka rijeke Une sa
crnom j ohom obrazuj e i reliktne
vodoljubive zajednice poznate jedino iz
ovog kanjona.
Fauna bosanskohercegovakih kanjona je
veoma i nt er esant na. U novi j i m
istraivanjima je konstatovano da su
kanjonski lokaliteti stjecita rodova
razliite starosti i utoita za reliktne
oblike. Samo u prouavanjima naselja
suhozemnih gastropoda u kanjonu Une je
konstatovano 11 vrsta koje su ostaci
glacijalnih i predglacijalnih razdoblja.
Canyon of Sana river,
downstreams from .OMX
Spring area of Krunica river,
right tributary of Una river at
Bosanska Krupa
Canyon of Kozica river, right
tributary of Sana river
Spring area of Ribnik river,
right tributary of Sana river
Spring area of Sanica river,
upstreams form place called
Sanica
Canyon of Una river
downstreams from Sedrato
Bosanska Krupa with
Narrow passage of Una with
9HOLNL DQG 0DOL 6ODS LQ 5LSD
area and old city of Sokolac
WUEDNL EXN with narrow
canyon of Una river toward
Spring area of Unac river with
numerous wells at place
called Preodac
Spring area of Klokot river, left
WLUEXWDU\RI8QDULYHUDW%LKD
Narrow passage of Una river
downstreams from Srbac with
cascades at Martin Brod
Spring area of Bastaica river,
left tributary of Unac river,
downstreams from Drvar
Canyon of Unac river, right
tributary of Una river at Martin
Waterfall and narrow
passage of Bliha river
U
N
A

Canyon of Sana river,

downstreams from Kljuc, toward
Sokolovu
Spring area of Krunica river, right
tributary of Una river at Bosanska
Krupa
Canyon of Kozica river, right
Spring area of Ribnik river, right
Spring area of Sanica river,
upstreams form place called
Sanica
Canyon of Una river downstreams
from Sedrato Bosanska Krupa
with numerous cascades
Narrow passage of Una with Veliki
and Mali Slap in Ripac area and
old city of Sokolac
trbacki buk with narrow canyon
of Una river toward Lohovo
Spring area of Unac river with
numerous wells at place called
Preodac
Spring area of Klokot river, left tirbutary
of Una river at Bihac
Narrow passage of Una river
downstreams from Srbac with
cascades at Martin Brod
Spring area of Bastaica river, left
tributary of Unac river,
downstreams from Drvar Canyon of Unac river, right
tributary of Una river at Martin
Brod
Waterfall and narrow
passage of Bliha river from
Kamengrada
99
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REFUGIAL-RELICT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE BASIN OF
UNA RIVER
Una river is a typical karst river. Its source
is calm and situated beneath Strabenica
Mt., which is in Croatia, in the zone of relict
beech-hope hornbeam woods (Ostryo-Fage-
tum). On its 207 km long journey, it makes
several tuf cascades (Martin Brod, trbaki
Buk, Veliki and Mali Slap upstreams from
Ripa), fowing more or less swifly from
Biha city making on its way to Novi few wa-
ter curtains and small cascades. Tereafer
it becomes lowland river, calm and slow. On
its way Una river fows through the narrow
passages and canyons where it has been pre-
served a genuine vegetation, fora and fauna,
with many endemic species. In Figure 6.
highlightened are refugia in the basin of Una
river, designated in accordance with interna-
tional criteria for habitats categorization.
Table 35. Endemo-relict plant species in the canyon Una river
Figure 8. Refugial-relict habitats in the basin of Una river
A special refugial attributes to these habitats
are provided by the populations of relict spe-
cies Platanus orientalis, which, in the canyon
area along the riversides, forms relict hydro-
philous community with alder. Tis is a sole
fnding place of that community.
Fauna of bosnia-herzegovinas canyons is
very interesting, too. Te recent investiga-
tions have confrmed that canyons are fnding
places of genera of diferent age and shelter
for many relict forms. Te study of terrestrial
gastropods in the canyon of Una river has re-
vealed 11 species that are remnants from the
glaciation and pre-glaciation periods.
Tabela 36. - Reliktne vrste gastropoda u slivu rijeke Une
Acanthinulla lamellata, Acanthinulla harpa, Vallonia tenuilabris, Vitrea contortula, Vitrea subefusa,
Vitrea pygmaea, Oxychilus alliarius, Oxychilus diaphanelus, Phenacolimax annularis, Semilimax
semilimax, Acicula polita.
MOLTKEETALIA PETRAEAE Lakui 1968
Edraianthion Lakui 1968
Centaureo glaberimae Onosmetum stellulati Lakui & Redi 1991
Hyssopi Crepidetum hondriloidis Lakui & Redi 1991
Centaureo deustae Campanuletum pyramidalis Lakui & Redi 1991
Asplenio lepidi Campanuletum unaensis Lakui et Redi 1991
Euphorbio Asperuletum scutellaris Lakui et Redi 1991
Saxifrago Polypodietum australis Lakui et Redi 1991
Achnanthero Moehringietum malyi Lakui et Redi 1991
AMPHORICARPETALIA Lakui 1968
Micromerion croaticae Ht. 1931
Leonopodio Edraianthetum croatici Lakui et al. 1975
Edraiantho Potentilletum clusianae Lakui 1968
Asplenietum fissi Ht. 1931
Potentilletum clusianae Ht. 1931
POTENTILLETALIA CAULESCENTIS Br. Bl.
Moehringion muscosae Ht. et H-ic. 1959
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Moehringio Corydaletum Ht. 1962
DRYPEETALIA SPINOSAE Quezel 1967
Peltarion alliaceae H-ic (1956) 1958
Micromerio thymifolii Corydaletum leiospermae Lakui & Redi 1991
Asplenio Ceterachetum officinari unaensis Lakui & Redi 1991
ARABIDETALIA FLAVESCENTIS Lakui 1968
Silenion marginatae Lakui 1968
Cerastietum dinaricae Ht. 1931
Bunion alpini Lakui 1968
Bunio Iberetum carnosae Ht. 1931
THLASPEETALIA ROTUNDIFOLII Br. Bl. 1926
Thlaspeion rotundifolii Br. Bl. 1926
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Petasitetum paradoxi Beg. 1922 dinaricum Lakui 1990
SCORZONERO CHRYSOPOGONETALIA H-ic & Ht. (1956) 1958
Satureion montanae Ht. 1962
Physospermo Satureietum montanae Redi et Lakui 1991
Artemisio albae Rutetum Redi et Lakui 1991
Satureion subspicatae Ht. 1962
Satureio subspicatae Festucetum dalmaticae Redi et Lakui 1991
Thymi Teucrietum chamaedrys Redi et Lakui 1991
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Achilleo nobilis Dorycnietum herbacei Redi et Lakui 1991
PINETALIA MUGHI Lakui 1972
Pinion mughi Pawlow. 1928
Pinetum mughi dinaricum calcicolum Lakui et al. 1973
PINETALIA HELDREICHII NIGRAE Lakui 1972
Pinion nigrae Lakui 1972 V
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Pored relikata iz ovog perioda u slivu Une su konstatovane i populacije tercijernog
relikta Scolopendrellopsis microcolpa Muhr 1881, te reliktnih rodova oligocenske starosti
Cochlostoma i Vitrea.
Naroite vrijednosti i dinamiku pejzaima u slivu Une daju i ekosistemi sedrenih
barijera i slapova, kao prirodni fenomeni u ovom dijelu Dinarida i svijeta.
Tabela 37. Sintaksonomski pregled zajednica na reliktno-refugijalnim stanitima u
slivnom podruju rijeke Une
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Table 36. Relict gastropods in the basin of Una river
In the basin of Una river were recorded populations of Scolopendrellopsis microcolpa Muhr
1881, which is a tertiary relict, and relict species from genera Cochlostoma and Vitrea dating
back in Oligocoen.
Special value and dynamics to the landscapes of Una rivers basin are ensured by the ecosys-
tems of tuf barriers and cascades, natural phenomena in the Dinaric Alps and this part of
the world in general.
Table 37. Syntaxonomic overview of the communities in
refugio-relict habitats of the Una rivers basin
ABIETI PICEETALIA (Br. Bl. 1939) Lakui et al. 1979
Abietion albae (Ht. 1956) Lakui et al. 1979
Calamagrosti Abietetum Ht. 1950
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QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTIS Br. Bl. (1931) 1932
Quercion pubescentis petraeae Br. Bl. 1931
Asparago tenuifolii Quercetum pubescentis Lakui et Redi 1991
Quercion petraeae cerris (Lakui 1976) Lakui et B. Jovanovic 1980
Orno Quercetum cerris Stefanovic 1968
OSTRYO CARPINETALIA ORIENTALIS Lakui, Pavlovic, Redi 1982
Carpinion orientalis Blecic &Lakui 1966
Aceri Carpinetum orientalis Blecic &Lakui 1966
Rusco Carpinetum orientalis continentale Lakui et Redi 1991
Seslerio Ostryon Lksic., Pavlov. & Redi 1982 (Syn.: Orneto Ostryon Tom.
1940 p.p.)
Seslerio autumnalis Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. et H-ic. 1950
Rusco aculeati Ostryetum carpinifoliae Redi et Lakui 1991
FAGETALIA MOESIACAE Lakui 1991
Ostryo Fagenion moesiacaeae B. Jovanovic 1976
Aceri obtusati Fagetum (moesiacae) Fab., Fuk. & Stef. 1963
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Aceri Tilietum mixtum Stef. 1979

Vodeni rukavci se vjeto provlae izmeu
stabala crne johe, bijele i lomljive vrbe,
poljskog jasena, crne zove ili bazge i obino se
sputaju niz strme sedrene padine koje nastae
kroz dugi niz godina, djelovanjem bistre i
kisikom bogate vode, algi i modrozelenih
bakterija, vodenih insekata i mahovina. Kako
sedra raste iz godine u godinu, ona mijenja
mikroreljef i pravac vodenih rukavaca. Nisu
zato rijetke prilike da su neki od njih presuili i
stvorili se novi. U toj dinamici su i posebne
prirodne ari i fenomen sedrotvoraca i samih
sedrenih naslaga. Ovako nastale sedrene
barijere uticale su na postanak mnogih
depresija u kojima se voda umiri kao u kakvom
jezeru. Na ovaj nain su nastala i mnoga
sedrena jezera u dinarskom kru. (Navod iz
TV emisije Prirodna batina BiH)

Flora sedrenih cijanobakterija i algi:
Dinaminost organogene sedrene stijene,
visok bioloki kvalitet voda, i funkcio-
nalna veza sa priobalnim ekosistemima,
uslovile su razvoj endemoreliktnih
zajednica mikro i makrofita sa velikim
bogatstvom vodenih insekata (iz grupa
Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Psihodida,
Simulida), meu kojima su mnoge
stenoendemine vrste. Osim ovih grupa
organizama, neprocjenjivu vrijednost
ovim ekosistemima daju populacije
brojnih vrsta riba, od kojih su se neke
salmonidne vrste jo zadrale jedino u
ovim ekosistemima.
Chamaesiphon incrustans, Homoeothrix crustacea, Homoeothrix varians, Hydrocoleum
homoeotrichum f. tenue, Hydrocoleum uncinatum, Microcoleus subtorulosus, Nostoc punctiforme,
Nostoc sphaericum, Phormidium faveolarum, Phormidium uncinatum, Rivularia haematites,
Schizotrix fasciculata, Tolypotrix distorta, Bangia atropurpurea, Chantransia pygmea, Lemanea
fluviatilis, Hydrurus foetidus, Vaucheria sessilis, Closterium ehrenbergii, Closterium moniliferum,
Microspora amoena, te dijatomeje Achnanthidium minutissimum, Amphora ovalis, Amphora
pediculus, Caloneis silicula, Cocconeis pediculus, Cocconeis placentula, Cymatopleura solea,
Cymbella prostrata, Cymbella sinuata, Denticula tenuis, Diploneis oblongella, Ellerbeckia arenaria,
Fragilaria capucina, Fragilaria ulna var. ulna, Melosira varians, Navicula reinhardtii, Nitzschia
fonticola, Surirella angustata, Surirella spiralis.
101
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Te armlets run skillfully between trees of al-
der, white and crack willow, Fraxinus angusti-
folius, elder bourtree and usually descend steep
tuf slopes which are created by the longlasting
activity of clear, oxygen rich water, alges, blue-
green bacteria, aquatic insects and mosses. As a
tuf layer gets bigger year afer year, it changes
the microrelief features and direction of the arm-
lets. Tus, it is quite common the case that some
of them dry out, while the new ones emerge. Tis
dynamics includes a magic of nature, tuf-form-
ing organisms and tuf itselfs. Tuf barriers that
were created in this way had an impact onto
formation of depressions in which water settle
down like in some kind of lake. In this way cre-
ated are many tuf lakes within dinaric karst.
Flora sedrenih cijanobakterija i algi:
Chamaesiphon incrustans Grun., Homoeothrix crustacea W.Oronichin, Homoeothrix varians Geitler, Hydrocoleum
homoeotrichum Ktz f. tenue, Hydrocoleum uncinatum, Microcoleus subtorulosus Brb., Nostoc punctiforme (Kutz.)
Hariot, Nostoc sphaericum Vacher ex Bornet et Flahault, Phormidium faveolarum (Mont.) Gom., Phormidium un-
cinatum (Ag.) Gom., Rivularia haematites (DC.)Ag., Schizotrix fasciculata ( Naeg.)Gom., Tolypotrix distorta Kutz.ex
Bornet et Flahault, Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) Ag., Chantransia pygmea Kutz., Lemanea fuviatilis (L.) C.Agardh,
Hydrurus foetidus Kirch., Vaucheria sessilis Dcand., Vaucheria sp. Dcand., Spirogyra sp., Mougeotia sp.,Closterium
ehrenbergii Menegh. ex Ralfs, Closterium moniliferum (Bory)Ehrenb., Cladophora glomerata (Kutz.), Microspora
amoena (Kutz.)Rabenh., Oedogonium sp., te dijatomeje Achnanthidium minutissimum ( Kutz.) Czarn., Amphora ova-
lis ( Kutz.) Kutz., Amphora pediculus ( Kutz.)Grunow, Caloneis silicula (Ehrenb.)Cleve, Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenb.,
Cocconeis placentula Ehrenb., Cymatopleura solea (Breb.) W.Smith, Cymbella prostrata (Berkely)Cl., Cymbella sinuata
W.Greg., Denticula tenuis Kutz., Diploneis oblongella (Naeg.)Cl.,Ellerbeckia arenaria ( Moore)Craw., Fragilaria capu-
cina Desmazieres, Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehrenb.var.ulna Nitzsch.Lan.-Bert., Melosira varians C.A:Ag., Navicula
reinhardtii Grun ., Nitzschia fonticola (Grunow) Grunow, Surirella angustata Kutz., Surirella spiralis Kutz.
High dynamics of, by organisms made, tuf
rocks, high biological quality of water and
fuctional connection with the riverside eco-
systems, all that has led to the development
of endemo-relict communities with micro-
and macrophytes and enormous aquatic
insects richness (belonging to Plecoptera,
Trichoptera, Psychodida, Simulida). Among
latter ones, many are stenoendemic. Besides,
the priceless value to these ecosystems is en-
sured by the fsh populations that include
some salmonids maintained only here.
Flora of tuff cyanophytes and alges:
Chamaesiphon incrustans Grun., Homoeothrix crustacea W.Oronichin, Homoeothrix varians Geitler,
Hydrocoleum homoeotrichum Ktz f. tenue, Hydrocoleum uncinatum, Microcoleus subtorulosus Brb., Nostoc
punctiforme (Kutz.)Hariot, Nostoc sphaericum Vacher ex Bornet et Flahault, Phormidium faveolarum (Mont.)
Gom., Phormidium uncinatum (Ag.) Gom., Rivularia haematites (DC.)Ag., Schizotrix fasciculata (Naeg.)
Gom., Tolypotrix distorta Kutz.ex Bornet et Flahault, Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) Ag., Chantransia pygmea
Kutz.,/HPDQHDXYLDWLOLV (L.) C.Agardh, Hydrurus foetidus Kirch., Vaucheria sessilis Dcand., Vaucheria sp.
Dcand., Spirogyra sp., Mougeotia sp.,Closterium ehrenbergii Menegh. ex Ralfs, Closterium moniliferum (Bory)
Ehrenb., Cladophora glomerata (Kutz.), Microspora amoena (Kutz.)Rabenh., Oedogonium sp., te dijatomeje
Achnanthidium minutissimum ( Kutz.) Czarn., Amphora ovalis ( Kutz.) Kutz., Amphora pediculus (Kutz.)Grunow,
Caloneis silicula (Ehrenb.)Cleve, Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenb., Cocconeis placentula Ehrenb., Cymatopleura
solea (Breb.) W.Smith, Cymbella prostrata (Berkely)Cl., Cymbella sinuata W.Greg., Denticula tenuis Kutz.,
Diploneis oblongella (Naeg.)Cl.,Ellerbeckia arenaria (Moore)Craw., Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres,
Fragilaria ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehrenb.var.ulna Nitzsch.Lan.-Bert., Melosira varians C.A:Ag., Navicula reinhardtii
Grun ., Nitzschia fonticola (Grunow) Grunow, Surirella angustata Kutz., Surirella spiralis Kutz.
REFUGIJALNI I RELIKTNI EKOSISTEMI U SLIVNOM
PODRUJU RIJEKE VRBAS
Rijetko koja voda u Bosni i Hercegovini toliko
priraste za srca naoitih momaka i djevojaka i
nae mjesto u dubinama dua njihovih kao to
je to Vrbas, plahovita, mona i raskona rijeka.
Poput kakvog nestanog bosanskog vragolana
pruio se kao niska smaragda u duini od 253
km. Sve kapi kie, jutranje rose i biserna voda
od snjenih pahuljica slivaju se u Vrbas sa
2
povrine od 5.400 km , koliko iznosi i porjeje
ove vodom bogate rijeke. Vrbas se raa manjim
izvorom negdje ispod padina vrletne Vranice,
po imenu Zec planina. S obje mu strane obale
se diu sve do planinskih vrhova i do 2.000
metara nad morem. I nedugo zatim, odvana
planinska rjeica Vrbas se otisnu niz slikoliku
dolinu. Korito gusto obraslo vrbama, johama,
rakitama i drugim vodoljubivim drveem i
ibljem, kao da krije ovu prirodnu ljepotu od
pogleda ljudi. (Navod iz TV emisije
Prirodna batina BiH).
Sliv rijeke Vrbas odlikuje izuzetna
geomorfoloka, hidroloka, bioloka,
odnosno ekoloka raznolikost. Iako cijeli
tok obiluje prirodnim vrijednostima, ipak
je mogue izdvojiti ekoloke cjeline sa
obiljejima refugijalnih i reliktnih
stanita.
Vrijednostima refugijalnih stanita sa
bogatstvom ivog svijeta doprinosi i
raznolikost geoloke podloge (silikatne
stijene, krenjaci, dolomiti, gips i sedra).
To ini dolinu rijeke Vrbas jednom od
najbogatijih u razliitim formama
geolokih i hidrolokih fenomena. Osim
posebnih oblika reljefa (klisure, kanjoni,
klanci, depresije, litice, potkapine,
sedr ene t vor evi ne) , hi dr ol okoj
raznolikosti doprinose i tipina kraka
vrela, pitaline, gorski izvori, planinski
potoci, planinske rjeice, rijeke, mirni
vodotoci, brojni bukovi, slapovi i
vodopadi, prirodna jezera i izvori
termalne vode.
Uni ka t ne pe j z a ne vr i j e dnos t i
refugijalnim stanitima slivnog podruja
Vrbasa daju:
lEkosistemi toploljubivih uma ilirskog bora na dolomitnoj podlozi i rendzinama;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara crnog graba i jesenje aike;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ibljaka bjelograbia i bosanskog javora;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara crnog jasena i ruja;
lEkosistemi kotrike i bijelograbia u kanjonu Vrbasa;
lEkosistemi polidominantnih uma lipe i javora gluhaa;
lEkosistemi polidominantnih uma javora gluhaa i obinog graba;
lEkosistemi uma i ikara sitnolisnog kitnjaka.
Najviim stepenom endeminosti i
reliktnosti i ovdje se odlikuju stanita u
pukotinama karbonatnih stijena i sipara, i
to naroito u kanjonskim dijelovima
rijeke Janj, Prusake Rijeke, Vrbasa i rijeke
Ugar.
102
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REFUGIAL AND RELICT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE
BASIN OF VRBAS RIVER
Tere are not many streams in Bosnia
and Herzegovina as attached to the hearts
of handsome boys and girls as Vrbas river.
Tis mighty and splendid river has found
its place deep in their souls. Like some kind
of frivolous bosnian child it stretches as a
253 km long emerald necklace. Each drop of
rain, dew and pearl-like water arosen from
the snowfakes, from the surface of 5.400
km
2
that is its basin size, fows into Vrbas
river. It is being born like a small source
somewhere beneath the slopes of Vranica
Mt., called Zec Mt.. Both of its riversides
reach the mountain peaks up to 2.000 me-
tres above sea level. Soon afer that, Vrbas,
a daring mountain river rushes into pic-
ture-like valley. Its riverbed surrounded by
willows, alders, purpule willows and other
hydrophilous woods and shrubs seems to
hide this natural beauty from people sight.
(quoted from TV show Prirodna batina
BiH).
Te basin of Vrbas river is characterized by
the outstanding geomorphologic, hydrolog-
ic, biologic and ecologic diversity. In its etire
length Vrbas river posses natural values, but
there are some ecologic complexes that can
be selected as refugial and relict. Tis is un-
derlined by the diversity of geologic foun-
dation (silicate rocks, limestone, dolomites,
gypsum and tuf). Te valley of Vrbas river is
hence very rich in both geologic and hydro-
logic phenomena. Apart from special forms
of relief (clifs, canyons, depressions, nar-
row passages, tuf creations), the hydrologic
diversity is supported by typical karst wells,
mountain springs and brooks, mountain
small rivers, rivers, calm streams, numerous
swirls, cascades and waterfalls, natural lakes
and thermal water springs.
Te unique landscapes value to the refugio-
relict habitats in the basin of Vrbas river is
given by:
t Ecosystems of thermophilous illyrian black pine woods on dolomite and rendsine;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with oriental hornbeam and bosnian maple;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and young fustic;
t Ecosystems of butchers broom and oriental hornbeam in the Vrbas canyon;
t Ecosystems of polydominant woods with linden and Acer obtusatum;
t Ecosystems of polydominant woods with Acer obtusatum and hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with Quercus daleschampii.
Te highest level of endemism and relictness
is also accomplished in the habitats of lime-
stone rock crevices and screes, especially in
the canyons.
Slika 9. Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u slivnom podruju rijeke Vrbas
Klisura Crne rijeke
kod Mrkonji Grada

Kanjon Graanike
rijeke kod G. Vakufa
Izvorna
elenka Plive u
mjestu Pljeva

Kanjon, klisura Vrbasa od
Skele do Baeluka u Jajcu
Kanjon Vrbasa oko
Krupe na Vrbasu

Klisura Kupreke
rijeke, lijeve pritoke
Vrbasa kod Bugojna
Kanjon rijeke Ugar,
desne pritoke
Kanjon Vrbasa od
Podmilaja do Boca

Klisura Kalinske rijeke, desne
pritoke Vrbasa kod Bugojna

Izvorini dio Vrabasa,
te klisure pritoka u
podruju

Zec planine

Klisura Glasinakog
potoka, lijeve obale,
izmedju Vinca i
Bravnica

Klisura Vrbasa kod Vinca
Klisura Sandakog
potoka,desne pritoke, oko 15
km nizvodno od D. Vakufa

Klisura I kanjon
Prusake rijeke
kod Donjeg Vakufa
Klisura eminice,
lijeve pritoke, nizvodno
od D. Vakufa

Klisura, kanjon Vrbasa
kod Babinog Potoka

Klisura Plive od
Velikog Plivskog jezera
do Volijaka, te sedrene
barijere sa vodopadom
Plive i uem u Vrbas
Kanjon rijeke
Janj, desne
pritoke Plive
kod ipova

Klisura Vrbanje u
predjelu Borja planine
Kanjon Vrbasa Tijesno
klisura Suturlije i Rebrovca
kod Banja Luke

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Narrow passage of
Crna rijeka at Mrkonjic
Grad
Canyon of Gracanicka
river at G. Vakuf
Source of Pliva
river at place
called Pljeva
Canyon, narrow passage of
Vrbas from Skela to Baceluka
in Jajce
Canyon of Vrbas
around Krupa on Vrbas
Narrow passage of
Kupreka rika, left
tributary of Vrbas at
Bugojna
Canyon of Ugar river,
right tributary
Canyon of Vrbas from
Podmilacje to Bocac
Narrow passage of Kalinska
rijeka, right tributary of Vrbas at
Bugojno
Spring area of Vrbas,
narrow passages of its
tributaries around Zec Mt.
Narrow passage of
Glasinacki potok, left
riverside, between
Vinac and Bravnica
Narrow passage of Vrbas at
Vinac
Narrow passage Sandzacki potok,
right tributary, 15 km downstreams
from D. Vakuf
Narrow passage and
canyon of Prusacka
rijeka at Donjeg
Vakufa
Narrow passage of
eminica, left
tributary, downstreams
f D V k f
Narrow passage and
canyon of Vrbas at Babin
Potok
Narrow passage of Pliva
from Veliko Plivsko jezero
to Volijak, tuff barriers with
Plivas waterfall and
estuaryem u Vrbas
Canyon of Janj
river, right
Plivas tributary
at ipovo
Narrow passage of
Vrbanja at Borja Mt.
Canyon of Vrbas Tijesno
narrow passage Suturlije,
Rebrovac at Banja Luka
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Figure 9. Relict-refugial habitats in the basin of Vrbas river
Tabela 38. Sintaksonomski pregled zajednica na reliktno-refugijalnim stanitima
slivnog podruja rijeke Vrbas

Saxifrago Polypodietum australis Lakui et Redi 1991
Achnanthero Moehringietum malyi Lakui et Redi 1991
Potentillion caulescentis
Potentilletum persicinae Blei 1958
Moehringio-Potentilletum persicinae Redi

Dianthetum petraeae Redi
Symphyandrion hofmanni Redi 1983
Symphyandretum hofmanni Redi 1983
Hieracio-Symphyandretum hofmanni Lakui et al. 1980
Campanulo balcanicae-Symphyandretum hofmannii Redi 1983
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Diantho-Symphyandretum hofmannii Redi et Omerovi 1986

Coridalo leiospermae-Symphyandretum hofmannii Redi et Omerovi
1986
Asplenio Ceterachetum officinari Lakui & Redi 1991
Campanulo sibiricae-Pelltarietum alliaceae Redi 1983
Achnatherion calamagrostis Jenny-Lips 1930.
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Corydalo-Achnatheretum Redi et Omerovi 1986
Pinion nigrae Lakui 1972
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Aquilegio-Pinetum nigrae Redi
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Asparago tenuifolii Quercetum pubescentisLakui et Redi 1991
Ostryo- Quercetum daleschampi Redi 1990
Aceri obtusati-Carpinetum betuli Redi et Omerovi 1986
OSTRYO CARPINETALIA ORIENTALIS Lakui , Pavlovic, Redi 1982
Seslerio Ostryon Lksic., Pavlov. & Redi 1982 (Syn.: Orneto Ostryon
Tom. 1940 p.p.)

FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawlowsky 1928
Acerion pseudoplatani (Oberd. 1959) Fukarek P. 1969
Staphylleo-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Redi 1983
Asplenio scolopendrii-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Redi
Adiantetalia
Adiantion
Adianthetum capili-veneri
Symphyandro-Adiaantetum capili-veneri
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Asplenio scolopendrii-Symphyandretum hofmannii Redi
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refugio-relict habitats in the basin of Vrbas river
Refugijume u slivnom podruju Vrbasa
odlikuje i unikatna i neponovljiva bioloka
raznolikost, predstavljena brojnim vrstama
biljaka, ivotinja i gljiva.
Upravo u stijenama doline rijeke Vrbas su i
l ocus cl as s i cus bos ans ke zvoni ke
Symphyandra hoffmanni Pantocs., koju
prikupi Florian Hoffmann, strastveni
sakuplja biljaka u dolini Suturlije kod
Banjaluke, a opisa znameniti maarski
botaniar Jozef Pantoek. Osim jo nekoliko
rijetkih lokaliteta u slivu rijeke Bosne, ovaj
dragulj zemlje Bosne je iskljuivo vezan za
sliv plahovitog Vrbasa.
Na stijenama Hum planine, iznad bajkovitog
Jajca grada, je i locus classicus ute mlae
Corydalis ochroleuca subsp. leiosperma koju
opisa i ovoj zemlji podari botaniar Paul
Conrath. (Navod iz TV emisije Prirodna
batina BiH)
Specifini genofond ovog prostora ine i:
Malijeva merinka (Moehringia maly),
bavarska merinka (Moehringia muscosa),
petoprsta (Potentilla caulescens subsp.
persicina), zvjezdan (Aster bellidiastrum),
balkanska zvonika (Campanula balcanica),
sibirska zvonika (Campanula sibirica),
jeziasta zvonika (Campanula lingulata),
karanfili (Dianthus sp.), lukica (Peltaria
alliacea), pucalina (Silene petraea),
kockavica (Fritilaria tenella) i druge.
U sedrenim barijerama i naslagama, gdje
dominiraju razne vrste alga, cijano-
bakterija, mahovina i vodenih insekata
(Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera,
Ephemeroptera) sadran je vrijedan
genofond. Po procesu travertinizacije,
pojedina stanita u refugijumima sliva
Vrbasa su jedinstvena u svijetu. Najljepi
primjer od globalnih vrijednosti je slivno
podruje rijeke Plive, sa vodopadom u
samom srcu grada Jajca.
Dio vrbaskih pejzaa ine i termalne
vode (Gornji eher kod Banjaluke,
Vrbanja i Laktai). Osim vrijednosti
termalnih voda, zbog sadraja razliitih
minerala, ova stanita obiluju i oblicima
termalnih algi i cijanobakterija koje
upotpunjuju diverzitet mikroflore Bosne
i Hercegovine. Uz termalne vode su i
stanita zajednica viline vlasi Adiantum
capillus-veneris, dekorativne i ljekovite
vrste, sa utvrenim statusom ugro-
enosti.
PODRUJU RIJEKE BOSNE I NJENIH PRITOKA
I sliv rijeke Bosne odlikuje izuzetna hete-
rogenost stanita, raznolikost flore, faune
i pejzaa. Zbog specifinih oblika oroge-
neze, te obrazaca formiranja ekoklime i
zemljita, u prolosti je dolo do
obrazovanja stanita sa visokim biolokim
i ekolokim vrijednostima kojima se sve
do danas odrala tercijerna flora i fauna.
Ova stanita imaju poseban znaaj u
ukupnom pejzanom diverzitetu Bosne i
Hercegovine.
U slivnom podruju rijeke Bosne izdva-
jaju se razliiti tipovi refugijuma u odnosu
na osnovni tok i pritoke. Meu njima
posebno znaajnu funkciju u ouvanju
reliktne flore i faune imaju stanita u
izvorinom dijelu rijeke Bosne, te u
klisurama i kanjonima gornjih pritoka.
Visoke pejzane vrijednosti na refugijal-
nim stanitima rijeke eljeznice, Miljacke
i Vogoe ostvaruju:
lEkosistemi u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena;
lEkosistemi karbonatnih sipara;
lEkosistemi crnog graba i uskolisne aike;
lEkosistemi sitnolisnog kitnjaka i crnog graba;
lEkosistemi ikara i ibljaka crnog jasena i ruja;
105
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Te refugia in the basin of Vrbas river are
characterized by a unique biodiversity, repre-
sented by many plant, animal and mushroom
species.
Right here, in the rocks of Vrbas rivers canyon,
is the locus classicus of bosnian bellfower Sym-
phyandra hofmanni Pantocs., for the frst time
collected by Florian Hofmann, passionate co-
llector of plants in the valley of Suturlija near
Banjaluka, and described by famous Hungar-
ian botanist Jozef Pantoek. Tis jewell of Bo-
snia is exclusively bound to the basin of mighty
Vrbas river, yet it can be found in few localities
in the basin of Bosna river.
On the rocks of Hum Mt., above the fairy tale
Jajce city, is the locus classicus of Corydalis
ochroleuca subsp. leiosperma described and
gifed to this country by Paul Conrath, famous
botanist. (quoted from TV show Prirodna
batina BiH)
This areas gen pool encompasses: Malys
sandwort (Moehringia maly), bavarian sand-
wort (Moehringia muscosa), potentil (Poten-
tilla caulescens subsp. persicina), aster (Aster
bellidiastrum), balkans bellfower (Campan-
ula balcanica), sibirian bellfower (Campanu-
la sibirica), Campanula lingulata, pinks (Di-
anthus sp.), Peltaria alliacea, rocks campion
(Silene petraea), fritillary (Fritilaria tenella)
and others.
In the tuff barriers and its layers prevail
alges, cyanophytes, mooses and aquatic
insects (Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera,
Ephemeroptera) representing a valuable gen
pool. In its travertine creations, some refu-
gial habitats in the basin of Vrbas river are
unique in the world. The most beautiful ex-
ample of global importance is the basin of
Pliva river, with the waterfall in Jajce city
itself.
Thermal springs too take share in the land-
scapes of Vrbas river (Gornji eher near
Banjaluka, Vrbanja and Laktai). The ther-
mal water habitats are rich in thermal kind
of alges and cyanophytes, which supple-
ments the value that they have got for their
mineral content. There is a habitat of com-
munity with maidenhair fern Adiantum
capillus veneris, which is very decorative
and medicinal species, also considered as
endangered.
REFUGIO-RELICT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE BASIN OF
BOSNA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
The basin of Bosna river is characterized
by the habitats heterogeneity, diversity of
f lora, fauna and landscapes. Due to specific
orogenesis and patterns of both ecoclimate
and soil creation, formed were habitats of
high biologic and ecologic value. Here has
been preserved tertiary f lora and fauna.
These habitats are important for the entire
landscapes diversity of Bosnia and Herze-
govina.
There are different kind of refugial habitats
relating to the main streamline and major
tributaries. Among them, sources of Bosna
river have got a significant function for the
preservation of relict f lora and fauna, which
reffers also to the canyons of its upper trib-
utaries.
High landscapes value of the refugial habi-
tats of eljeznica, Miljacka and Vogoa
rivers is accomplished by:
t Ecosystems of carbonate rock crevices;
t Ecosystems of screes on carbonate;
t Ecosystems of hope hornbeam and narrow-leaved moor grass;
t Ecosystems of Quercus daleschampii and hope hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of shrubs and scrubs with hope hornbeam and young fustic;
lEkosistemi ume mezijske bukve i jesenje aike;
lEkosistemi uma klokoike i obinog graba;
lEkosistemi sive johe;
lEkosistemi submediteranskih i kontinentalnih kamenjara na krenjako-dolomitnoj
podlozi;
lEkosistemi ibljaka kruine i jesenje aike.
U refugijumima rijeke Misoe i Stavnje i desnih pritoka Bosne, uzvodno od Visokog, na-
jvei doprinos pejzanoj vrijednosti daju tercijerno-reliktni ekosistemi:
lEkosistemi karanfila i zvonaca u pukotinama stijena;
lEkosistemi karbonatnih siparita sa mlaom;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara crnog graba i medunca;
lEkosistemi uma bosanskog javora gluhaa i mezijske bukve;
lEkosistemi javora gluhaa i bjelograbia.
U slivnom podruju rijeke Fojnice (lijeve pritoke Bosne), reliktni karakter imaju:
lEkosistemi uma i ikara bosanskog javora gluhaa i ilirske bukve u regionu rijeke
Lepenice;
lEkosistemi javora i bjelograbia sa crnim jasenom u regionu Lepenice;
lEkosistemi jesenje aike i ilirske bukve sa crnim grabom u regionu Lepenice;
lEkosistemi crne emerike i bjelograbia u regionu Visoice kod Visokog;
lEkosistemi crnog jasena i bjelograbia u predjelu Buci kod Visokog;
lEkosistemi sive johe u klisuri rijeke Fojnice kod Fojnice;
lEkosistemi ilirske bukve i bosanske zvonike u dolini Kozice;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama stijena sa tamjanolikim vrisiem.
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t Ecosystems of woods with moesian beech and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems of woods with bladdernut tree and hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of grey alder;
t Ecosystems of supra-mediterranean and continental rocky grassland on limestone and do-
lomite;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with alder buckthorn and autumn moor grass.
In the refugial habitats of Misoa and Stavnja rivers, right tributaries of Bosna river upstreams
from Visoko town, the highest contribution to the landscapes value is given by tertiary-relict
kind of ecosystems:
t Ecosystems with pinks and bellfowers in the rock crevices;
t Ecosystems of screes on carbonate with Corydalis leiosperma;
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and pubescent oak;
t Ecosystems with bosnian maple and moesian beech;
t Ecosystems with Acer obtusatum and oriental hornbeam.
In the basin of Fojnica river (lef tributary of Bosna river), relict are:
t Ecosystems of woods and shrubs with bosnian maple and illyrian beech in the region of Lepenica
river;
t Ecosystems with maple, oriental hornbeam and hope hornbeam in the region of Lepenica;
t Ecosystems with autumn moor grass, illyrian beech and hope hornbeam in the region of Lep-
enica;
t Ecosystems with false hellebore and oriental hornbeam in the region of Visoica at Visoko;
t Ecosystems with fowering ash and oriental hornbeam in the region of Buci at Visoko;
t Ecosystems with grey alder in the narrow passage of Fojnica river at Fojnica;
t Ecosystems with illyrian beech and bosnian bellfower in the valley of Kozica;
t Ecosystems of rock crevices with Micromeria thymifolia.
Slika 10. Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u slivnom podruju rijeke Bosne
Kanjon Bijele i Crne rijeke,
desnih pritoka eljeznice

Kanjon, klisura rijeke
Biotice u podrucju
Sljemenskih planina
Mokranjske Miljacke sa
Orlovackom pecinom

Kanjon rijeke eljeznice
od Krupca do Trnova

Vodopad Skakavac,
Peracki potok,
kanjon Suice

Kanjon rijeke Krivaje, nizvodno
od sastavaka kod Olova

Klisura u dolomitnom kompleksu
Lepenice desne pritoke Fojnice
Izvorina celenka
umece u Travniku

Klisura Bosne kod
Starog grada kod
Doboja

Klisura Bosne
kod Maglaja

Klisura rijeke (od Vranice
prema Kacunima)

Klisura rijeke
Usore (Borja)

Klisura Sprece uzvodno
od uca u Bosnu

Klisura Gostelje sa
pritokama u
podrucju Stupara
Izvorina celenka rijeke
Bosne sa impozantnim vrelom
Biotica
kod
Kneine
Kanjon rijeke Misoce
Klisura, kanjon
Paljanske Miljacke
Izvorino podrucje
Paljanske Miljacke
Kanjon rijeke
Miljacke od
Sastavaka do
Bentbae
Klisura Nahorevskog
i Koevskog potoka
Izvorino podrucje Mocanice,
sa amfiteatrom Gornji Faletici
Sastavci (uce rijeke
Zujevine i Miljacke u
Bosnu)

Kanjon, klisura rijeke
Lapinice

Stupcanica od
Olovskih Luka
prema Karauli

Klisura rijeke Krivaje u
podrucju serpentinsko-
periotitskog kompleksa
(Careva Cuprija Maoca)
Izvorino podrucje
rijeke Fojnice

Termalni izvori oko
Kiseljacke rijeke,
desne pritoke Fojnice

Klisura rijeke Bila,
desne pritoka Lave

Klisura Bosne na ucu
rijeke Lave, klisura
kod Kaonika

Klisura Kraljeve Sutjeske, rijeka
Trstionica desne pritoke Bosne
Kanjon Bosne
kod Vranduka
Klisura Gracanice kod
Donje Racanice u Zenici
Termalni izvori kod epca,
Maglaja, Zavidovica u podrucju
serpentinsko-peridotitdkih stijena
Klisura Bosne kod serpentinsko-
peridotitskog kompleksa epce
sa pritokama Papratnicom
Klisura Mackovca
kod Banovica
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Kanjon Stavnje
Klisura rijeke Gostovic
Narrow passage of
Gostovic river
Canyons of Bijela and Crna
rijeka,right tributaries of
Zeljeznica river
Canyon of Biostica
river in the area of
Sljemenske planine
Mokranjska Miljacka with
Orlovacka pecina
Canyon of Zeljeznica
river from Krupac to
Trnovo
waterfall Skakavac,
Peracki potok, canyon
of Susic river
Canyon of Krivaja river,
downstreams from Olovo town
Narrow passage in dolomite
complexof Lepenica, right
tributary of Fojnica river
Spring area of
umece in Travnik
Narrow passage
of Bosna river at
old city of Doboj
Narrow passage of
Bosna river at Maglaj
Narrow passage of river
(on Vranica Mt. toward
Kacuni)
Narrow passage
of Usore
river(Borja)
Narrow passage of Spreca
river downstreams from
estuary
Narrow passage of
Gostelja with
tributaries in the area
of Stupari
Spring area of Bosna river
with powerful sources
Biostica
at
Knezina
Canyon of Misoca
Canyon of
Paljanska Miljacka
Spring area of
Paljanska Miljacka
Canyon of
Miljacka river
from Sastavci
to Bentbaa
Narrow passages of
Nahorevski and
Koevski potok
Spring area of Mocanica river,
with amphytheatar Gornji Faletici
Sastavci (esturay of
Zujevina and
Miljacka in Bosna
i )
Canyon of Lapisnica
river
Stupcanica at
Olovske Luke
towards
Karaula
Narrow passage of Krivaja
river in the area of serpentine-
peridote complex (Careva
Cuprija Maoca)
Spring area of
Fojnic river
Thermal wells around
Kiseljacka rijeka, right
tributary of Fojnica
i
Narrow passage of
Bila river, right
tributary of Lasva river
Narrow passage of
Bosna river esturay of
Lasva river, narrow
passage at Kaonik
Narrow passage of Kraljeva
Sutjeska, Trstionica river, right
tributary of Bosne river
Canyon of Bosne
river at Vranduka
Narrow passage of
Gracanica at Donje
Racanice in Zenica
Thermal sources at Zepce, Maglaj,
Zavidovic on serpentine-peridote
rocks
Narrow passage of Bosna river
on serpentine-peridote complex
at Zepce with Papratnica
t ib t
Narrow passage of
Mackovac at
Banovici
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Canyon of Stavnja
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Figure 10. Refugio-relict habitats in the basin of Bosna river
Jedan od najveih refugijuma tercijerne flo-
re i faune u ovom dijelu Bosne nalazi se u
dubokoj klisuri (kanjonu) rijeke Bosne
kod Vranduka, dubine preko 1.000 m. Po-
stoje brojne indicije o povezanosti ovog di-
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara kotrike i bjelograbia;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara bjelograbia i javora;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama silikatnih stijena;
lEkosistemi uma ilirske bukve i visibabe;
lEkosistemi uma crnog graba i ilirske bukve.
jela sa nekadanjim Panonskim morem i
prodorom toplih kontinentalnih masa sa
sjevera. Ekosistemi tercijerno-reliktnog ka-
raktera na ovom prostoru su:
U slivnom podruju rijeke Lave (lijeve pritoke Bosne), postoji nekoliko refugijalnih
stanita (Kaonik, klisura Bile i izvorite umee). Osnovne elemente refugijalnosti ovim
stanitima daju brojne sedrene naslage i zajednice u ekosistemima:
lEkosistemi bosanske zvonike na sedrenim naslagama;
lEkosistemi bjelograbia i ruja;
lEkosistemi izvorita sa vodenim mahovinama;
lEkosistemi ilirske bukve i jarebike;
lEkosistemi ilirske bukve i dinarskog encijana.
U sredinjem dijelu doline Bosne, u okolini epa, u zoni veoma dinaminog reljefa i sta-
rih vulkanskih stijena (peridotiti, serpentiniti, amfiboli, pirokseni) u refugijumima
tercijerne flore i faune su:
lEkosistemi u pukotinama stijena i na siparima;
lEkosistemi serpentinskih kamenjara sa halaijom;
lEkosistemi serpentinskih sipara sa zijevalicom;
lEkosistemi reliktnih crnoborovih uma sa crnjuom;
lEkosistemi ibljaka sa rujem, crnim grabom i crnim jasenom;
Slivno podruje rijeke Gostovi (desne pritoke Bosne) kod Zavidovia, odlikuje se broj-
nim specifinostima prisutnih ekosistema:
lEkositemi serpentinsko-peridotitskih kamenjara;
lEkosistemi serpentinsko-peridotitskih stijena i sipara;
lEkosistemi crnoborovih uma;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara crnog graba, crnog jasena i bukve;
lEkosistemi termalnih izvorita.
Rijeka Krivaja (desna pritoka Bosne) sa
uem kod Zavidovia odlikuje se
najviim stepenom bioloke raznolikosti u
itavom slivu Bosne. Ovdje do punog
izraaja dolazi raznolikost reljefa,
geoloke podloge, tala, a posebno flore,
lEkosistemi sa vodenim mahovinama, makro i mikrofitama;
lEkosistemi crnog graba i jesenje aike;
lEkosistemi bukve i jarebike;
lEkosistemi bjelograbia i javora;
faune i vegetacije. Posebne pejzane
vrijednosti ima slivno podruje rijeke
Biotice u ijem su izvorinom dijelu kod
Kneine, i dubokoj klisuri u Sljemenskim
planinama ouvani reliktni ekosistemi:
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Te largest refugium of tertiary fora and fauna
in this area of Bosnia is the 1.000 m deep nar-
row passage (canyon) of Bosna river at Vran-
duk. Tere are many evidences that this area
used to be connected with former Pannonian
Sea which is obvious in the protrusion of warm
continental masses coming from the North. Te
ecosystems with tertiary-relict character are:
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with butchers broom and oriental hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with oriental hornbeam and maple;
t Ecosystems of silicate rock crevices;
t Ecosystems of woods with illyrian beech and snowdrop;
t Ecosystems of woods with hope hornbeam and illyrian beech.
In the basin of Lava river (lef tributary of Bosna river) occur several refugial habitats (Kaon-
ik, narrow passage of Bila and source of umea). Its main refugial elements are tuf creations
and communities in the ecosystems:
t Ecosystems with bosnian bellfower on tuf layers;
t Ecosystems with oriental hornbeam and young fustic;
t Ecosystems around springs with aquatic mosses;
t Ecosystems with illyrian beech and european mountainash;
t Ecosystems with illyrian beech and dinaric gentian.
In the midle of Bosna rivers valley, near epe, in the zone of very dynamic relief and old
volcanic rocks (peridote, serpentine, amphibol, piroxen) occur refugia of tertiary fora and
fauna:
t Ecosystems of rock crevices and screes;
t Ecosystems of serpentine rocky grassland with Halacsya sendtneri;
t Ecosystems of serpentine screes with fgwort;
t Ecosystems of relict black pine woods with heath;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with young fustic, hope hornbeam and fowering ash;
t Ecosystems of thermal springs.
Te basin of Gostovi river (right tributary of Bosna river) at Zavidovii, is characterized by
the specifcity of occuring ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of serpentine-peridote rocky grassland;
t Ecosystems of serpentine-peridote rock crevices and screes;
t Ecosystems of black pine woods;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam, fowering ash and beech;
Krivaja river (right tributary of Bosna river) with its estuary at Zavidovii is characterized by
the highest biodiversity level in the entire basin of Bosna river. Te diversity of relief, geologic
foundation, soil types, especially fora, fauna and vegetation is fully expressed here. Te basin
of Biotica river has got special landscapes value for its spring area at Kneina, in deep can-
yon between Sljemenske Mt., encompasses relict ecosystems:
t Ecosystems with aquatic mosses, macro- and microphytes;
t Ecosystems with hope hornbeam and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems with beech and european mountainash;
t Ecosystems with oriental hornbeam and maple;
t Ecosystems of carbonate rock crevices.
Nakon sastavaka, Biotice i Stupanice
nastaje Krivaja kod mjesta Olovo, odakle
protie kroz impresivan kanjon dubok
oko 300 m, uglavnom graen od
lEkosistemi jesenje aike i crnog graba;
lEkosistemi uskolisne aike i crnog graba;
lEkosistemi ilirske bukve i crnog graba;
lEkosistemi javora i bjelograbia;
lEkosistemi karanfila i zvonaca u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena;
lEkosistemi karbonatnih sipara.
karbonatnih stijena. Ovdje se nalazi jedan
od najveih refugijuma tercijerne flore i
faune ovog dijela Dinarida, a karakteriu
ga:
U klisurama Krivaje i njenih pritoka u podruju ofiolitske zone (Careva uprija, Maoa)
su brojni refugijumi u kojima su ekosistemi:
lEkosistemi crnoborovih uma i blagajevog likovca;
lEkosistemi crnoborovih uma i irokolisne aike;
lEkosistemi obinog graba i pasjeg zuba;
lEkosistemi crnog bora i lincure;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama stijena sa selaginom.;
lEkosistemi siparita sa bekovom ljubicom;
lEkosistemi kamenjara sa malijevom petoprstom;
lEkosistemi kamenjara sa halaijom i pljevikom.
Klisura Bosne u regionu Maglaja odlikuje se prisustvom tercijerno-reliktnih zajednica
na refugijalno-reliktnim stanitima. Posebna pejzana svojstva daju:
lEkosistemi kamenjara sa Halacsya sendtneri, gdje se nalazi i locus classicus ove
endemoreliktne vrste;
lEkosistemi serpentinskih kamenjara sa devesiljem;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara crnog graba i bjelograbia.
Na dijelu toka Bosne u kojem se osjea
snaan prodor kontinentalnih masa sa
sjevera, na dinaminom peripanonskom
terenu, razvijeni su i refugijumi u
podruju sela Mravii. To su stanita na
lEkosistemi crnog graba i srebrne lipe sa ozimicom;
lEkosistemi crnog i obinog graba sa ozimicom;
lEkosistemi sitnolisnog kitnjaka i srebrne lipe sa kotrikom;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena sa slatkom paprati.
kar bonat noj geol o koj podl ozi ,
izraenom nagibu terena (do 70 %),
plitkim zemljitima tipa rendzina i
regosola i dosta toplom klimom. Reliktni
ekosistemi ovog dijela pejzaa Bosne su:
U podruju rijeke Usore (lijeve pritoke Bosne) sa uem kod Doboja, na serpentinsko-
peridotitskom kompleksu Borje su refugijumi reliktnih ekosistema:
lEkosistemi serpentinskih kamenjara i sipara sa vildenovim pucavcem;
lEkosistemi termalnih izvora.
U predjelu Teanjskog kiseljaka, na nadmorskoj visini od oko 300 m, se nalaze vrijedna
stanita zajednica jele i ilirske bukve. U klisuri Teanjke zastupljene su interesantne
zajednice u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena.
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Afer the junction of two rivers, Biotica and
Stupanica, emerges Krivaja river at Olovo.
From there, it fows through the most im-
pressive canyon of 300 m depth, which is
mainly built of carbonate rocks. Here is one
of the largest tertiary fora and fauna refugia
in this dinaric area, characterized by:
t Ecosystems with autumn moor grass and hope hornbeam;
t Ecosystems with narrow-leaved moor grass and hope hornbeam;
t Ecosystems with illyrian beech and hope hornbeam;
t Ecosystems with maple and oriental hornbeam;
t Ecosystems with grey alder;
t Ecosystems with pinks and bellfowers in the carbonate rock crevices;
t Ecosystems of carbonate screes.
Narrow passages of Krivaja river and its tributaries, in the zone of ophiolites (Careva uprija,
Maoa) encompass many refugia with:
t Ecosystems of black pine woods and Balkan daphne;
t Ecosystems of black pine woods with broad-leaved moor grass;
t Ecosystems with hornbeam and dogs tooth violet;
t Ecosystems with black pine and yellow gentian;
t Ecosystems of rock crevices with Selaginella sp.;
t Ecosystems of screes with becks violet;
t Ecosystems of rocky grassland with malys potentil;
t Ecosystems of rocky grassland with Halacsya sendtneri and Notholaena maranthe.
Narrow passages of Bosna river at Maglaj city are characterized by the occurence of tertiary-
relict communities on refering habitats, whereby special landscape attributes are given by:
t Ecosystems of rocky grassland with Halacsya sendtneri, at locus classicus of this endemo-
relict species;
t Ecosystems of serpentine rocky grassland with fennel;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and oriental hornbeam.
In the area of Mravii village, on dynamic peri-pannonian terrain where the protrusion of
continental masses from the North is obvious, emerge refugial habitats. Tese are habitats oc-
curing on carbonate bedrock, steep slopes (up to 70), shallow soil like rendsine and regosol,
and warm climate. In this landscape of Bosnia, relict ecosystems are:
t Ecosystems with hope hornbeam, silver linden and Eranthis hyemalis;
t Ecosystems with hope hornbeam, hornbeam and Eranthis hyemalis;
t Ecosystems with Quercus daleschampii, silver linden and butchers broom;
t Ecosystems of carbonate rock crevices with Polypodium vulgare.
In the area of Usora river (lef tributary of Bosna river) with its estuary at Doboj city, on the
serpentine-peridote complex of Borja Mt. occur refugia of the relict ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of serpentine rocky grassland and screes with Silene wildenovi;
In the area of mineral spring in Teanj, at altitude of 300 m, emerge valuable habitats of the
communities with fr and illyrian beech. In the narrow passage of Teanjka river occur inter-
Slivno podruje rijeke Spree odlikuje visok stepen raznolikosti stanita i ekosistema.
Meu njima se istie refugijum u klisuri Gostilje i njenih pritoka u podruju Stupara,
gdje stanite nalaze tercijerno-reliktni ekosistemi:
lEkosistemi visokih uma crnog graba u predjelu Kozice;
lEkosistemi niskih uma i ikara crnog graba i ruja;
lEkosistemi uma bosanskog javora gluhaa i ilirske bukve;
lEkosistemi uma bosanskog javora gluhaa i obinog graba;
lEkosistemi u pukotinama karbonatnih stijena sa kamenjarkama;
lEkosistemi ibljaka bjelograbia;
lEkosistemi srebrne lipe i kotrike u klisuri Spree (Stani rijeka).
U dolini rijeke Oskove (lijeve pritoke Gostilje), u okolini Banovia, Svatovca i Makovca
se nalaze refugijumi sa ekosistemima:
lEkosistemi crnoborovih uma sa crnjuom;
lEkosistemi crnoborovih uma sa halaijom;
lEkosistemi kitnjaka i crnjue;
lEkosistemi serpentinskih kamenjara i siparita;
lEkosistemi termalnih i mineralnih izvora.
REFUGIJUMI PERIPANONSKOG PODRUJA
U peripanonskom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine postoji vie refugijuma sa unikatnim
vrijednostima biolokog diverziteta.
Maoa
padine Majevice kod
Bosanske Bijele
Raljanska rijeka,
izmeu Brkog i elia kanjon rijeke Tinje
dio Motajice
dio Prosare, uz Savu
klisura rijeke Motanice
Slika 11. Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u peripanonskom podruju
Dominantni faktori koji su omoguili
nastanak i odranje refugijuma na ovom
prostoru su: specifina geogeneza i oroge-
neza, specifina geoloka i geomorfoloka
raznolikost, postojanje i povlaenje
Pratetisa, i kasniji uticaj kontinentalne kli-
me.
Klisure i kanjoni, peine i polupeine, te
drugi prirodni fenomeni na ovom
podruju su veoma ouvani i svjedoe o
dejstvu navedenih faktora.
U uskoj klisuri Motanice, refugijalno
stanite su nali ekosistemi srebrne lipe i
jele (250 m n.v.), te ekosistemi planinskih
tekuica na silikatima sa izraenim
bogatstvom algi i zajednica visokih zeleni.
Kanjon rijeke Tinje (izmeu mjesta Tinja i
Srebrenik), izgrauju karbonatne stijene.
Polazei od Panonije prema sredinjoj
Bosni ovo je prvi kanjon, te je imao veliko
110
0DRD
Slopes of Majevica Mt.
at Bosanska Bijela
Raljanska rijeka,
EHWZHHQ%UNRDQGHOL Canyon of Tinja river
Motajica river
Prosara area,along
Sava river
Narrow passage of
Motanica river
Maoca
Slopes of Majevica
Mt. at Bosanska
Bijela
Raljanska rijeka,
between Brcko and
Celic
Canyon of Tinja
river
Motajica river
Prosara area,along
Sava river
Narrow passage of
Motanica river
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esting communities of carbonate rock crevices.
Te basin of Sprea river is characterized by high diversity of habitats and ecosystems. Among
whome protrude the refugia in the narrow passages of Gostilja river and its tributaries near
Stupari, with tertiary-relict ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of tall woods with hope hornbeam at Kozica;
t Ecosystems of low woods and shrubs with hope hornbeam and young fustic;
t Ecosystems of woods with bosnian maple and illyrian beech;
t Ecosystems of woods with bosnian maple and hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of carbonate rock crevices with saxifrage;
t Ecosystems of shrubs with oriental hornbeam;
t Ecosystems of silver linden and butchers broom in Sprea canyon (Stani rijeka).
In the valley of Oskova river (lef tributary of Gostilj river), near Banovii, Svatovac and
Makovac, occur the refugia with ecosystems:
t Ecosystems of black pine woods with heath;
t Ecosystems of black pine woods with Halacsya sendtneri;
t Ecosystems with sessile oak and heath;
t Ecosystems of serpentine rocky grassland and screes;
t Ecosystems of thermal and mineral springs.
REFUGIA IN THE PERI-PANNONIAN AREA
In the peri-pannonian area of Bosnia and Herzegovina occur several refugial habitats with
the unique biodiversity values.
Figure 11. Refugio-relict habitats in the peri-pannonian area
Te creation and maintenance of the refugia
in this area was enabled by factors that are
most dominant here: specifc geogensis and
orogenesis, geologic and geomorphologic di-
versity, existance and withdrawal of Pratetis,
and impacts of the continental climate.
Here emerge many well preserved narrow
passages, canyons, caves, half-caves and oth-
er similar phenomena witnessing the activity
of above named factors.
In the narrow passage of Motanica river, its
refugial shelter have found the ecosystems
with silver linden and fr (at 250 m above sea
level), then ecosystems of mountain streams
on silicate bedrock with high richness of al-
ges and tall herb communities.
Te canyon of Tinja river (between places
Tinja and Srebrenik) is built of carbonate
rocks. Tis ought to be the frst canyon from
the Pannonia toward central Bosnia, being
therefore very important for the survival of
tertiary-relict species. It is under strong in-
znaenje za opstanak mnogih tercijerno-reliktnih vrsta. Nalazi se pod snanim
uticajima umjereno-kontinentalne klime sa juga i tople kontinentalne klime sa sjevera.
Kanjon karakterie visok stepen geoloke raznolikosti izraene kroz:
lEkosisteme u pukotinama organogenih karbonatnih stijena sa bosanskom zvon-
ikom oko peina i polupeina;
lEkosisteme srebrne lipe, sitnolisnog kitnjaka i zimzelena;
lEkosisteme jesenje aike i crnog graba;
lEkosisteme medunca i ruja.
Slini tipovi ekosistema se javljaju i u
neposrednoj blizini starog grada
Srebrenika, gdje zajedno sa toploljubivim
ekosistemima uma i ibljaka ine
ambijentalnu cjelinu od neprocjenjivog
znaaja u pejzanoj raznolikosti Panonije i
Peripanonije.
Na sjevernim padinama Majevice, idui
od Bosanske Bijele prema eliu, do
punog izraaja dolazi raznolikost
geoloke podloge i raznolikost ivog
svijeta, koje su rezultat prisustva
nekadanjeg Panonskog mora. Ovdje su
prisutne slojevite karbonatne naslage sa
brojnim fosilima, peine i polupeine i
razliite sedrene tvorevine.
U ovim peripanonskim refugijumima
danas stanita nalaze:
lEkosistemi u pukotinama organogenih stijena sa bosanskom zvonikom;
lEkosistemi medunca i crnog graba;
lEkosistemi crnog graba i jesenje aike;
lEkosistemi bosanskog javora gluhaa i peripanonske bukve;
lEkosistemi sitnolisnog kitnjaka i srebrene lipe;
lEkosistemi srebrene lipe, kitnjaka i kotrike;
lEkosistemi lunjaka i kotrike;
lEkosistemi srebrene lipe i kitnjaka sa veprinom;
lEkosistemi peripanonske bukve i veprine.
PODRUJU RIJEKE DRINE I NJENIH PRITOKA
Klisura Osanike rijeke
Manji dio klisure Drine nizvodo
od Drinjae do Zvornika
Klisura rijeke Govze kod Jelea
Kanjon rijeke Bistrice (sa
eocenskim piramidama kod
Miljevine)
Klisura Prae sa Rakitnicom
nizvodno od Rogatice do
Ustiprae
Kanjon rijeke Dobropoljke ispod
Dobrog Polja
Kanjon rijeke Sutjeske od
Izgorke do Tjentita
Kanjon rijeke Lim
Klisura rijeke epe, Kamenikog
potoka, i drugih vodotoka
nizvodno od ua epe do
Skelana (u podruju vjetakog
jezera Peruac)
Klisura rijeke Drinjae (lijeve
pritoke Drine)
Kanjon rijeke Rzav, desne
pritoke Drine u Razdolini kod
Dubruna
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Kanjon rijeke Drine nizvodno
od Viegrada do Skelana
Kanjon rijeke Drine nizvodno od
Meee do Viegrada
Slika 12. Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u slivnom podruju rijeke Drine
111
Narrow passage of
Osanicka river
Smaller share of narrow
passage of Drina river
downstreams from Drinjace to
Zvornika
Narrow passage of Govza river
at Jelec
Canyon of Bistrica river (with
pyramids from eocen at
Miljevina)
Narrow passage of Praca river
with Rakitnica, downstreams
from Rogatica to Ustipraca
Canyon of Dobropoljka river
beneath Dobro Polje
Canyon of Sutjeska river from
zgorka to Tjentite
Canyon of Lim
river
Narrow passage of Zepa river,
Kamenicki potok, and other
streams downstreams from
esturay from Zepa to Skelani
(artificial lake of Perucac)
Narrow passae of Drinjaca
river (left tributaryof Drina)
Canyon of Rzav river, right
tributary of Drina river in
Razdolina at Dubrun
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Canyon Drina river
downstreams from Viegrad
to Skelana
Canyon of Drina river
downstreams from Mededa to
Viegrad
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fuences of temperate continental climate from the South and warm continental climate from
the North. Te canyon is characterized by high geologic diversity refected in:
t Ecosystems of organogenous and carbonate rock crevices with bosnian bellfower around
caves and half-caves;
t Ecosystems with silver linden, Quercus daleschampii and english holy;
t Ecosystems with autumn moor grass and hope hornbeam;
t Ecosystems with pubescent oak and young fustic.
Similar ecosystem types occur in the nearest surrounding of an old city called Srebrenik,
where in the complex with thermophilous woods and shrubs they create an ambiental unit
of immense importance for the landscapes diversity in the pannonian and peri-pannonian
region.
On the northern slopes of Majevica Mt., going from Bosanska Bijela to eli, is fully ex-
pressed the diversity of both geologic foundation and living world. Tis is the result of the
former Pannonian Seas presence. Here, in the carbonate layers, can be found fossiles, caves
and half-caves, and diferent kind of tuf creations.
Tese peri-pannonian refugia are well known habitats of:
t Ecosystems on organogenous rocks with bosnian bellfower;
t Ecosystems with pubescent oak and hope hornbeam;
t Ecosystems with hope hornbeam and autumn moor grass;
t Ecosystems with bosnian maple and peri-pannonian beech;
t Ecosystems with Quercus daleschampii and silver linden;
t Ecosystems with silver linden, sessile oak and butchers broom;
t Ecosystems with common oak and butchers broom;
t Ecosystems with silver linden, sessile oak and Ruscus hypoglossum;
t Ecosystems with peri-pannonian beech and Ruscus hypoglossum.
REFUGIO-RELICT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE BASIN OF
DRINA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
Figure 12. Refugio-relict habitats in the basin of Drina river
U slivnom podruju rijeke Drine utvreni
su brojni refugijumi reliktne flore, faune i
vegetacije.
Refugijalna stanita u slivnom podruju
rijeke Drine su centri specijske i ekoloke
raznolikosti. Na ovom podruju se nalaze
populacije brojnih stenoendeminih i
endeminih vrsta (endemi Bosne,
Dinarida i Balkana), to ovom prostoru
daje globalnu vrijednost. Slini centri
postoje jo u refugijumima rijeke Neretve,
a takvi tipovi ekosistema danas se sreu
jo na Pirinejskom i Apeninskom
poluostrvu, u Maloj Aziji i na Himalajima.
Upravo u ovim refugijumima se nalaze
najouvaniji dijelovi prirode na nivou
itave Evrope (prauma Peruica,
praumski rezervati ilirskog crnog bora,
mezijska bukva u kanjonima Sutjeske,
istonobosanska ili Panieva omorika u
sredinjem dijelu kanjona Drine, epe i
Govze, polidominantne zajednice crnog
graba, crnog jasena, srebrene lipe,
bosanskog javora, bjelograbia i oraha, te
brojne stenoendemine zajednice u
pukotinama stijena i siparima na
karbonatnoj podlozi).
Tabela 39. - Endemini biljni genofond tercijernih refugijuma sliva rijeke Drine

Edraianthus sp., Daphne malyana, Atamantha haynaldii, Saxifraga rocheliana, Centaurea incompta,
Dianthus kitaibelii, Cerastium lanatum Centaurea derventana, Auilegia grata, Amphoricarpus
autariatus, Valeriana brauni-blanceti, Campanula balcanica, Adenophora liliifolia, Cirsium wetsteinii,
Cicerbita pancicii, Melampyrum hoermanianum, Opoponax hironium, Corylus colurna, Achillea
abrotanoides, Teucrium arduinii, Corydalis leiosperma, Taxus baccata, Acer hircanum, Acer intermedium,
Cytisus tomasinii, Iris bosniaca, itd.


Protoedraianthion tarae Lakui 1988

Protoedraianthetum glisicii Lakui 1988 ass. nova
Amphoricarpion autariati Lakui 1968

Silenetum (petraeae) serbicae Lakui et Redi 1988
Atamanthetum haynaldii Lakui et Redi 1988
Edraiantho-Globularietum cordifoliae Lakui et Redi 1988
Genisto dalmaticae Daphneetum malyanae Lakui et Redi 1988
Saxifragetum rochelinae Blecic 1958
Seslerio Saxifragetum crustatae Lakui et Puvelic 1979
Centaureo incompte Asteretum belidiastri Lakui et Redi 1988
Micromerio Dianthetum kitaibeli Lakui et Redi 1988
Edraianthion jugoslavici Lakui 1975

Achilleo serbicae Edraianthetum jugoslavici Lakui 1969
Edraiantho Dianthetum kitaibeli Lakui 1975
Cerastietum lanati Lakui et Redi 1988
Edraiantho Centauretum derventanae Lakui et Redi 1988
Moehringio Asplenietum lepidi Lakui 1972


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Campanuletum balcanicae Lakui et Redi 1988

slivnog podruja rijeke Drine
112
Lakui1968
Protoedraianthion tarae Lakui1988
Protoedraianthetum glisicii Lakui1988 ass. nova
Amphoricarpion autariati Lakui1968
Silenetum (petraeae) serbicae/DNXLHW5HGL
Atamanthetum haynaldii/DNXLHW5HGL
Edraiantho-Globularietum cordifoliae/DNXLHW5HGL
Genisto dalmaticae Daphneetum malyanae/DNXLHW5HGL
Saxifragetum rochelinae Blecic 1958
Seslerio Saxifragetum crustatae Lakuiet Puvelic 1979
Centaureo incompte Asteretum belidiastri/DNXLHW5HGL
Micromerio Dianthetum kitaibeli/DNXLHW5HGL
Edraianthion jugoslavici Lakui1975
Achilleo serbicae Edraianthetum jugoslavici Lakui1969
Edraiantho Dianthetum kitaibeli Lakui1975
Cerastietum lanati/DNXLHW5HGL
Edraiantho Centauretum derventanae/DNXLHW5HGL
Moehringio Asplenietum lepidi Lakui1972
MOLTKEETALIA PETRAEAE Lakui1968
Edraianthion Lakui1968
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Campanuletum balcanicae/DNXLHW5HGL
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In the basin of Drina river recognized are
many refugia of tertiary fora, fauna and veg-
etation.
Refugial habitats in the basin of Drina river
are centres of both species and ecologic diver-
sity. In this area occur the populations of many
stenoendemic and endemic species (endemic
species of Bosnia, Dinaric Alps and Balkan)
making it valuable on the global scale. Simi-
lar centres are to be found in the refugia of
Neretva river, whereas on larger scale they oc-
cur today on Pirines and Apennine peninsula,
Little Asia and Himalays. Right here in these
refugia emerge best preserved fragments of
nature in the entire Europe (primeval forest
Peruica, primeval forest reserve with illyrian
black pine and moesian beech in the canyon
of Sutjeska river, woods with Serbian spruce
in the midle of Drina rivers canyon, than can-
yons of epa and Govza rivers, polydominant
communities with hope hornbeam, fower-
ing ash, silver linden, bosnian maple, oriental
hornbeam and wallnut, then many stenoen-
demic communities of carbonate rock crev-
ices and screes.
Table 39. Endemic geen pool of plants in tertiary refugia of Drina rivers basin
Edraianthus sp., Daphne malyana, Atamantha haynaldii, Saxifraga rocheliana, Centaurea incompta, Dianthus
kitaibelii, Cerastium lanatum Centaurea derventana, Auilegia grata, Amphoricarpus autariatus, Valeriana bra-
uni-blanceti, Campanula balcanica, Adenophora liliifolia, Cirsium wetsteinii, Cicerbita pancicii, Melampyrum
hoermanianum, Opoponax hironium, Corylus colurna, Achillea abrotanoides, Teucrium arduinii, Corydalis
leiosperma, Taxus baccata, Acer hircanum, Acer intermedium , Cytisus tomasinii, Iris bosniaca, itd.
Table 40. Syntaxonomic overview of the communities in refugio-relict
habitats of Drina rivers basin

Corydalion ochraleucae Lakui 1975

Corydalo Geranietum macrorhyzi Blecic 1958
Thalictro Geranietum macrorhyzi Lakui et Redi 1988
Corydalo Cardaminatum graecae Lakui et Redi 1988
Moehringio Corydaletum ochroleucae Lakui 1975
Marrubio Rumicetum scutati Lakui et Redi 1988 ass. nova
Achnatherion calamagrostis Jenny Lips 1930 (Stipeion calamagrostidis Jenny Lips
1930)

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Achnanthero Petasitetum kablikianii Lakui et Redi 1988 ass. nova
CICERBITETALIA Lakui 1978

Cirsio Cicerbitum pancici Lakui et Redi 1988
Cicerbito Petasitetum hybridi Lakui et Redi 1988
Molinio Adenophoretum liliifoliae Lakui et Redi 1988
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Chaerophyllo Cirsietum wettsteinii Lakui et Redi 1988
Querco Carpinetum montenegrinum Blecic 1957/8
Carpino orientalis Quercetum cerris Lakui 1976
Aceri Carpinetum orientalis Blecic et Lakui 1966
Seslerio angustifoliae Ostryetum carpinifoliae Lakui 1975
Carpino betuli Ostryetum carpinifoliae Lakui et Redi 1988
FAGETALIA SYLVATICAE Pawlowsky 1928
Fagion moesiacae Blecic et Lakui 1970
Fraxino excelsioris Fagetum moesiacae Lakui et Redi 1988
Convallario Fagetum moesiacae Lakui et Redi 1988
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Seslerio autumnalis Fagetum moesiacae Blecic et Lakui 1970
Piceion omorikae Lakui 1982

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Ostryo Piceetum omorikae Lakui et al. 1982
PINETALIA HELDREICHII NIGRAE


Junipero Pinetum nigrae Lakui et Redi 1988
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Fago moesiacae Pinetum nigrae Lakui et Vuckovic 1984
Specifini procesi geogeneze, pedogeneze
i singeneze priobalnih ekosistema uslovili
su i jedinstvene obrasce razvoja higro-
filnih i hidrofilnih zajednica biljaka i ivo-
tinja. Meu razliitim grupama insekata
(Psihodida, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,
Trichoptera, Ortoptera, Ropalocera),
veliki je broj endeminih oblika i
tercijernih relikata. Bogatstvo vrsta i
broj nost sisara, ptica, gmizavaca,
vodozemaca, vrsta iz svijeta pedofaune i
carstva gljiva, ine stepen biodiverziteta
ovog podruja izrazito visokim. Posebno
znaajno je bogatstvo salmonidnih vrsta
riba, meu kojima su mladica i potona
pastrmka sauvale iste prirodne linije
genofonda.
U priobalnom pojasu dubokih kanjona
danas jo egzistira bogatstvo prirodnog
genofonda, u malo istraenim, a
potencijalno privredno vanim vrstama,
kao to su: divlje trenje, divlje jabuke,
113
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Te unique development patterns of both hy-
grophilous and hydrophilous plant and animal
communities is the result of specifc geogen-
esis, pedogenesis and syngenesis in the eco-
systems of riverside. Tere is a great number
of endemic forms and tertiary relicts among
insects (Psychodida, Ephemeroptera, Plecop-
tera, Trichoptera, Orthoptera, Ropalocera).
Te biodiversity in this area is high due to the
diversity and abundance of mammals, birds,
reptiles, amphibians and species belonging to
pedofauna or realm of fungi. In the biodiver-
sity in general, important place take salmo-
nids, of which Hucho hucho and brown trout
have preserved their indigenous genetic lines.
Along the riversides of deep canyons still exists
the diversity of natural gen pool, contained in
least investigated and potentially, in economic
sense, signifcant species, such as wild cherry,
apple tree, common plar tree, rockcherry, eu-
divlje kruke, raeljke, jarebike, maline, kupine, dunjice, orah.
Visok stepen specijskog biodiverzieta izraen je u prostornoj i vremenskoj organizaciji
kroz brojne ekosisteme koji ine mozaik pejzaa sliva Drine.
PODRUJU RIJEKE NERETVE
Rijeka Neretva na svom dugom toku
prolazi kroz najdublje i najouvanije
kanjone i klisure ne samo na prostoru
Bosne i Hercegovine nego i u svijetu.
Usljed orografske izolovanosti sa sjevera i
snanog uticaja mediteranske klime sa
juga ovaj prostor je proao kroz
jedinstvene procese postanka klime i
ivog svijeta.
Rijetki su primjeri klimatskog diverziteta
kao u podruju sliva rijeke Neretve, u
kome se smj enj uj u mediteranska,
submediteranska, umjereno-kontinen-
talna i tipina planinska klima u vrnom
dijelu.
Dubina kanjona (koja na pojedinim
mjestima iznosi blizu 2.000 m), karbo-
natna geoloka podloga i ekoklimatske
specifinosti uslovili su pojavu vie
razvojnih centara endemine flore, faune i
vegetacije u slivu Neretve. Stepen
biodiverziteta ovo podruje svrstava u
jedan od najznaajnijih i najouvanijih
fl ori sti ko-fauni sti ki h endemni h
razvojnih centara na globalnom nivou.
Refugijumi slivnog podruja rijeke
Neret ve posj eduj u neponovl j i ve
geomorfoloke forme, raznolikost tipova
tala, hidroloke mree i ekoklime, koji su
generisali najvie nivoe specijskog i
ekol okog di verzi t et a u Bosni i
Hercegovini, pa i Dinaridima. U kanjo-
nima gornjeg toka rijeke Neretve, sadra-
ni su iskonski oblici ive i neive prirode,
a bogatstvo stenoendeminih i reliktnih
biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta ovom prostoru
daje vano mjesto u globalnom biodiver-
zitetu. Jedan od jedinstvenih kanjona
ovog prostora je kanjon Rakitnice, a
refugijumi Prenja, vrsnice i abulje su
centri razvoja i opstanka endeminog
genofonda. Pejzane vrijednosti ovim
refugijalnim stanitima daju endemine
zajednice liarsko-listopadnih uma i
ikara, svijetlih etinarskih uma i
ibljaka, higrofilnih uma i ibljaka vrba,
joha, topola i platana, a naroito neponov-
ljivi svijet u pukotinama karbonatnih
stijena i sipara.
Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u kanjonu Neretve
114
CanyonoINeretvariver
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ropean mountainash, raspberry, black berry,
wallnut tree.
Te spatial and temporal organisation refect
high species biodiversity, which is visible in
the ecosystems that landscapes of Drina rivers
basin are composed of.
REFUGIAL AND RELICT ECOSYSTEMS IN THE
BASIN OF NERETVA RIVER
Te Neretva river on its long journey fows
through the deepest and best preserved can-
yons and narrow passages not only in Bos-
nia and Herzegovina, but in the entire world.
Te insulation in orographic sense toward
the North, and strong infuence of mediter-
ranean climate from the South, enabled the
unique process of both climate and living
world evolution in this area.
It is not ofen the case that the climate diver-
sity is as high as in the basin of Neretva riv-
er. Namely, here exchanges mediterranean,
supra-mediterranean, temperate continental
and typical mountain climate in the upper
area.
Te canyons depth (reaching in some places
close to 2.000 m), carbonate geologic foun-
dation and ecoclimate specifcities have
caused the occurence of development centres
of endemic fora, fauna and vegetation. By its
biodiversity level, this area is one of the most
signifcant and best preserved endemic de-
velopment centres on global scale.
Te refugial habitats in the basin of Neretva
river posses unique geomorphologic forms,
high diversity of: soils, hydrologic network
and ecoclimate, which resulted in the high-
est level of species and ecologic diversity in
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and even wider in
Dinaric Alps.
In the upper fow of Neretva river, in the can-
yons, contained are a genuine forms of both
biotic and abiotic nature, as well as the rich-
ness of stenoendemic and relict plant and
animal species. One of the most unique can-
yons in the area is canyon of Rakitnica river.
Te refugia of mountains Prenj, vrsnica
and abulja are development and survival
centres for the endemic gen pool. Tese refu-
gial habitats owe their landscapes value to
the endemic communities of broadleaved
deciduous forests and shrubs, light conifer-
ous woods and shrubs, hygrophilous woods
and shrubs with willow, alder, poplar and
oriental plane, and especially to the wildlife
of carbonate rock crevices and screes.
Idui od izvorinog dijela rijeke uz cijeli tok i pritoke Neretve mogu se izdvojiti brojne pr-
ostorno-ekoloke cjeline sa karakteristikama refugijuma:
Kanjon rijeke Idbar
Klisura i kanjon rijeke Rame sa
vie pritoka (Klek, Here, krupi I
vodopad u selu Duge)
Kanjon rijeke
Neretvice

Kanjon od donje Jablanice do
mostarskog polja (Salakovac)
Klisura rijeke Neretve sa
plahovitim tokom od Blagaja do
apljine
Klisura-kanjon rijeke Treanice

Klisura Glogonice
Izvorini sliv u podruju
Bora planine, nizvodno
do Uloga klisura
izmeu Zelengore na
istoku i Crvanj planine na
zapadu
Kanjon otoke- jezernice
od Borakog jezera
Kanjon rijeke Rakitnice
Kanjon Ljute
Kanjon od Glavatieva do
ajia, uzvodno od Konjica
Kanjon nizvodno od Uloga do
Glavatieva, jedan od najouvanjijh,
najprirodnijih dijelova ivotne sredine
Bosne i Hercegovine
Kanjon rijeke Drenice
Kanjon rijeke Doljanke
kod Jablanice
Kanjon rijeke Grabovice
Izvorina elenka rijeke Bune
kod Blagaja
Dolina rijeke Kupe
Klisura i kanjon rijeke Trebiat
od Gabela do Vrlike
Klisura sa kanjonom rijeke
Bregave uzvodno od Stoca
Kanjon rijeke Bijele
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Slika 13. Reliktno-refugijalna stanita u slivnom podruju rijeke Neretve
Jedinstvenosti pejzaa refugijalnih
stanita Neretve doprinose i toploljubive
zajednice sladuna (koji kod Donje
Jablanice obrazuje zasebne hecegovake
ume), te zajednice kestena, (koji na
silikatnim stijenama donjeg toka i ua
Neretvice, obrazuju hercegovake ume
pitomog kestena).
Osim izuzetnog endemoreliktnog geno-
fonda, refugijumi rijeke Neretve i njenih
pritoka sadre i genofond sa potencijalom
za r azvoj odr i vog p el ar s t va,
proizvodnju zdravih fitofarmaka, odrivo
stoarstvo, voarstvo i povrtlarstvo.
Ishodini oblici mnogih kulturnih biljaka
(divlje vrste vinove loze, trenje, jabuke,
kruka, raeljke, smokve i nara), su jo
veoma slabo istraeni.
Vode rijeke Neretve su u velikom dijelu
toka sa visokim biolokim kvalitetom, pa
i h j o nastanj uj u broj ne (mnoge
endemine) vrste algi, mahovina, rakova,
vodenih insekata i riba.
Meutim, sve jai antropogeni pritisak
ugroava naroito endemine vrste
(neretvanska mekousna, potona
pastrmka), kojima prijeti potpuno
unitenje.
U slivnom podruju Neretve znaajan je
broj refugijuma sa osobinama krakog
reljefa. Ouvanje ovih tipova stanita je u
direktnoj vezi sa stanjem cijelog sliva, a
posebno sa stanjem jedne od najveih delti
Canyon of dbar
river
Narrow passage and canyon of
Rama river with tibutaries (Klek,
Here, Krupic and waterfall inin the
village Duge)
Canyon of
Neretvica
ri er
Canyon of Bijela river from
Jablanica to mostar's field
(Salakovac)
Narrow passage of Neretva river
with mighty flow from Blagaj to
Capljina
Narrow passage of Treanica
river
Narrow passage of
Glogonica
Catchment area of spring
beneath Borac Mt.,
upstreams to Ulog
narrow passage between
Zelengora in East and
Crvanj Mt. in West
Canyon of Jezernica
running out of Boracko
jezerao
Canyon of Rakitnica
river
Canyon of Ljuta
Canyon from Glavaticevo to
ajici, upstreams from Konjic
Canyon downstreams from Ulog to
Glavaticevo, one of the best
preserved natural parts of the
environment in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Canyon of Dreznica
river
Canyon of Doljanka river
at Jablanica
Canyon of Grabovica
river
Spring area of Buna river at
Blagaj
Valley of Kupa river
Narrow passage and canyon
of Trebizat river from Gabela
to Vrlike
Narrow passage and canyon of
Bregava river upstreams from
Stolac
Canyon of Bijela
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115
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If we go downstreams from the source of Neretva river and its tributaries we can selecte many
spatial and ecologic units with the refugial character:
Figure 13. Refugio-relict habitats in the basin of Neretva river
The uniqueness of landscapes in the refu-
gial habitats is underlined by the commu-
nities of thermophilous italian oak (form-
ing special form of herzegovinas woods
at Donja Jablanica) and chestnut (that on
silicate bedrock in lower f low of Neretva
river and around Neretvicas estuary forms
herzegovinas chestnut forests).
The refugial habitats of Neretva river and
its tributaries are important for their en-
demo-relict gen pool, but also for the gen
pool that enables sustainable bee keeping,
production of phytopharmacs, sustainable
cattle breeding, fruit-gardening and pro-
duction of vegetables. The primary lines
of many cultivated plants (wild sorts of
vine, cherry, apple, pear, rockcherry, fige
and pomegranate) have been poorly inves-
tigated yet.
In Neretva river, water is characterized by
high biologic quality in most of its f low.
Thus, many (endemic) alges, mosses, crabs,
aquatic insects and fish live in it.
However, the anthropogenous impact that
grows each day endangers mainly endemic
species (soft-muzzled and brown trout),
which are under threat to become extinct.
In the basin of Neretva river, many refugial
habitats posses karst relief s features. The
maintenance of these habitats is directly
slivnog podruja rijeke Neretve
u Evropi u kojoj se nalazi Hutovo Blato,
movarno podruje od meunarodnog
znaaja.
Pejzanoj jedinstvenosti ovog prostora
doprinose i sedrene tvorevine nastale
procesom travertinizacije. Stalnom radlji-
vou vode uz prisustvo algi, mahovina i
vodenih insekata, dolo je do formiranja
najrazliitijih oblika ive stijene (sedre
ili biga). Sedra formira pregrade i barijere
preko kojih se obruava ista i bistra voda,
te padajui u slapovima i vodopadima
oaravajue ljepote, ini smaragde u
prirodnom nasljeu Bosne i Hercegovine.
Meu njima su najpoznatiji slapovi na
Gornjoj Neretvi, ajia buk, slap na rijeci
Krupi u selu Duge, te vodopadi i slapovi
na rijeci Trebiat (Kravice i Koua).
U potkapinama sedrenih barijera su
stanita viline vlasi (Adiantum capillus-
veneris), ugroene reliktne vrste izuzetnih
dekorativnih vrijednosti.


Centaureo glaberimae Onosmetum stellulati Lakui & Redi 1991
Centaureo deustae Campanuletum pyramidalis Lakui & Redi 1991
Heliospermo retzdorffiani-Oreoherzogietum illyricae ili 1970

Amphoricarpion autariati

Lakui 1968.

Athamanthetum haynaldii Lki.et Red. 1988

Micromerion croaticae Ht. 1931

Edraiantho Potentilletum clusianae Lakui 1968
Asplenietum fissi Ht. 1931
Potentilletum clusianae Ht. 1931


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Micromerio thymifolii-Corydaletum leiospermae Lki.et Red. 1991
Marrubio-Rumicetum scutati Lki.et Red. 1988
Achnatherion calamagrostis Jenny-Lips 1930.
Achnathero-Petasitetum kablikiani Lki.et Red. 1988
Asplenio Ceterachetum officinari Lakui & Redi 1991

Silenion marginatae Lakui 1968

Cerastietum dinaricae Ht. 1931
Bunion alpini Lakui 1968

Bunio Iberetum carnosae Ht. 1931
Euphorbio-Valerianetum bertisceae Lki. 1968

Silenion marginatae Lakui 1967.

Geranio-Heracleetum balcanicum Lki. 1967
Dripidi-Silenetum marginatae Lki.1967
Saxifragion prenjae Lakui 1967.

Saxifrago-Papaveretum kerneri Lki. 1967
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Sagino-Gnaphalietum pichlerii Lki. 1968

116
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connected with the state in the entire ba-
sin, especially with the state in one of the
largest deltas in Europe Hutovo blato,
which is the wetland of international im-
portance, is placed within.
To the uniqueness of landscapes contrib-
ute tuff creations as a result of travertine
building processes. The continual activity
of water, alges, mosses and aquatic insects
results in the formation of different alive
rocks (tuff or travertine). Travertine makes
barriers that clear and clean water f lows
over building cascades and waterfalls of
the magnificient beauty. These are true
emeralds of bosnia-herzegovinas natural
heritage.
Most famous cascades are at GornjaNere-
tva, ajia buk, on Krupi river at Duge
village, and waterfalls and cascades on
Trebiat river (Kravice and Koua). Un-
der tuff barriers occur habitats of maid-
enhair fern (Adiantum capillus veneris),
which is endangered relict species with the
outstanding decorative attributes.
Table 41. Endemic gen pool of plants in tertiary refugia of the Neretva rivers basin
SCORZONERO CHRYSOPOGONETALIA H-ic & Ht. (1956) 1958
Satureion montanae Ht. 1962
Physospermo Satureietum montanae Redi et Lakui 1991
Artemisio albae Rutetum Redi et Lakui 1991
Satureion subspicatae Ht. 1962

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Satureio subspicatae Festucetum dalmaticae Redi et Lakui 1991

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Quercion petraeae cerris (Lakui 1976) Lakui et B. Jovanovic 1980
Seslerio Ostryon Lksic., Pavlov. & Redi 1982 (Syn.: Orneto Ostryon Tom. 1940
p.p.)



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Tabela 42. - Endemini biljni genofond tercijernih refugijuma sliva rijeke Neretve

Campanula hercegovina, Euphorbia hercegovina, Peteria ramentacea, Moltkaea petraea, Edraianthus
tenuifoliuss, Pinus heldrechii, Pinus illyrica, Seseli tomasinii, Peucedanum neumayeri, Heliosperma
retzdorphianum, Oreoherzogia illyrica, Potentilla speciosa, Potentilla persicina, Tanacetum
cinerarifolium, Cardamine fiala, C. graeca, Reichardia macrophylla, Crepis pantocseki, Festuca
corabensis, Silene reichenbachii, Centaurea nicolai, Acinos orontius, Onosma stellulata, Micromeria
croatica, Rus coriaria, Celtis australis, Periploca graeca, Vitex agnus-castus, Platanus orientalis, Drypis
jacquiniana, Peltaria aliacea.
Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus 1758).
117
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refugio-relict habitats of the Neretva rivers basin
Campanula hercegovina, Euphorbia hercegovina, Peteria ramentacea, Moltkaea petraea, Edraianthus
tenuifoliuss, Pinus heldrechii, Pinus illyrica, Seseli tomasinii, Peucedanum neumayeri, Heliosperma retz-
dorphianum, Oreoherzogia illyrica, Potentilla speciosa, Potentilla persicina, Tanacetum cinerarifolium,
Cardamine fala, C. graeca, Reichardia macrophylla, Crepis pantocseki, Festuca corabensis, Silene reichen-
bachii, Centaurea nicolai, Acinos orontius, Onosma stellulata, Micromeria croatica, Rus coriaria, Celtis
australis, Periploca graeca, Vitex agnus-castus, Platanus orientalis, Drypis jacquiniana, Peltaria aliacea.
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MOVARNI PEJZAI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Movare i vodenj are danas i ne
najugroenije ekosisteme i u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Kako sadre vrijedan geno-
fond (razliite biljne, a od ivotinjskih
vrsta naroito ptice, gmizavce, vodo-
zemce i ribe) u sistemu odrive konzer-
vacije imaju puni prioritet.
Zbog ogranienosti hidromorfnih zemlji-
ta na prostoru BiH (svega do 15 % povri-
ne), te njihove stalne melioracije i isuiva-
nja, movarna stanita pa i itavi ekosiste-
mi su ogranieni na male povrine.
Ovaj tip stanita, koji u Bosni i Hercego-
vini esto ima lokalni karakter uvjetovan
je specifinim orografsko-edafskim
prilikama. Movarna stanita se nalaze na
vododrivoj geolokoj podlozi, razliitim
sedimentima i hidromorfnim dubokim
tlima.
U sastav movarnih pejzaa ulazi vei broj
ekosistema sa visokim pej zanim
vrijednostima koje itavim ravniarskim
prostorima daju posebna ekoloka i
biogeografska obiljeja.
Ekosistemi na movarnim stanitima su
oduvijek imali izraene i ekonomske
vrijednosti. Svoje stanite ovdje nalaze
mnoge plemenite vrste riba, te divlja koje
su osnova uspjenog ribarstva i lova.
umski movarni ekosistemi, pored
ekolokog znaaj a takoer imaj u
vrij ednost u sticanj u dobiti kroz
proizvodnju drvne biomase. Movarni
ekosistemi sadre i znaajne resurse
ljekovitih, jestivih i vitaminskih biljaka.
S obzirom na ukupnu ekoloku sliku
Bosne i Hercegovine, u kojoj dominiraju
razliiti tipovi terestrinih tala i
vegetacije, movarni ekosistemi imaju
posebnu vanost, jer predstavljaju
prirodne raritete.
Tabela 43. Sintaksonomski pregled zajednica na movarnim stanitima BiH
Vegetacija visokih tresetita
OXYCCOCO SPHAGNETEA Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943
SPHAGNETALIA FUSCI
Sphagnion fusci Br.-Bl. 1920
Comaro-Menyanthetum trifoliatae Lki et col. 1969

Sphagnetum fusci Luq. 1926
Sphagnetum medii Kasn. et al. 1933

Vegetacija primorskih movara

JUNCETEA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. 1931

JUNCETALIA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. 1931
Juncion maritimi Br.-Bl. 1931
Juncetum maritimo-acuti H-i 1934
Vegetacija brakinih voda

RUPPIETEA MARITIMAE J. Tx 1960
RUPPIETALIA MARITIMAE J. Tx 1960
Ruppion maritimae J. Tx 1960

Ulvaetum lactucae adriaticum Lki 1975

Vegetacija niskih cretova
SCHEUCHZERIO CARICETEA FUSCAE (Nordh.
1936) Tx. 1937
CARICETALIA DAVALLIANAE Br.-Bl. 1949

Caricion davallianae Klika 1934

Schoenetum nigricantis W. Koch 1926

Valeriano Caricetum buxbaumii Rt. 1972

Eryophoro Caricetum davallianae Rt. 1972

Carici Orchidetum bosniacae Lki et Mii1969

Movarni ekosistemi u Bosni i Hercego-
vini su formirani na nepropusnoj geolo-
koj podlozi, esto na razliitim jezerskim i
rijenim sedimentima, ravnim terenima i
prirodnim depresijama.
Ovi ekosistemi danas u BiH obuhvataju i
podruja uz vee vodotoke (Una, Vrbas,
Bosna, Drina, Neretva), na kojima su
razvijene higrofilne zajednice uma i
ibljaka vrba, joha, rakite i ive.
Idui uz vertikalni profil bosansko-
hercegovakih Dinarida, susreu se i
posebni tipovi vlanih stanita oko
planinskih izvora i potoka, a na pojedinim
mjestima i ekosistemi tresetita (cretova).
Na ni i m nadmorski m vi si nama
formiraju se niski bazifilni treseti, dok su
u zoni tamnih etinarskih uma (na
visinama iznad 1.000 m) formirani visoki
cretovi sa dominacijom mahovina
tresetarki. U pretplaninskom pojasu, u
manjim depresijama, uz izvore (pitaline)
razvijen je poseban oblik niskih treseta
borealno-reliktnog karaktera.
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WETLAND LANDSCAPES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Moorland and standing water are most en-
dangered type of ecosystems today in Bosnia
and Herzegovina. Due to valuable gen pool
contained within them (diferent plant and
animal species, birds, reptiles, amphibians
and fshes) they enjoy highest priority in the
systems of sustainable conservation.
Distribution of hydromorphous soils in Bos-
nia and Herzegovina is very limited (taking
15% of its territory) tending to become even
less than that by melioration and drainage,
which is the reason for wetlands to be distrib-
uted over small area.
Tis habitat type with ofen local character in
Bosnia and Herzegovina is induced by specifc
orographic and edaphic conditions. Wetland
is being formed either on leakage proof geo-
logic foundation or diferent kind of deposi-
tions and deep hydromorphous soil.
Wetland landscapes include series of ecosys-
tems with high ambiental values that give spe-
cial ecologic and biogeographic features to the
entire lowland.
Tese ecosystems have been possesing an out-
standing economic value ever since. Tis is a
habitat of many noble kind of fshes and game
species that are considered to be a base for suc-
cessful fshing and hunt. Wetland ecosystems
that are actually forests, beside their ecologic
importance, are important for making a gain
based on wood production. Wetland ecosys-
tems comprise signifcant resource of medici-
nal, edible and vitaminous plants.
Considering whole ecologic picture of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, dominated by diverse ter-
restric kind of soils and vegetation, marsh
ecosystems have got special importance in
terms of being rare.
Table 43. Syntaxonomic overview of the communities of B&Hs wetlands
Wetland ecosystems in Bosnia and Herze-
govina emerge on leakage proof geologic
foundation, frequently these are lake and
river depostions, plain ground and natural
formed depressions.
At present, that kind of ecosystems in Bosnia
and Herzegovina occur along large water-
courses (Una, Vrbas, Bosna, Drina, Nerteva)
with hygrophylous woods and shrubs of wil-
low, alder, purpule and marsh willow.
Going upwards on vertical profle of bosnia-
herzegovinas Dinaric Alps, emerges special
kind of wet habitats around springs and
brooks. On some places occur bog ecosys-
tems. At lower altitude form alkaline blanket
bogs, whereas in the zone of dark coniferous
woods (at altitude over 1.000 m) form raised
bogs with a domination of bogmosses. In
the subalpine belt. In the small depressions
and around springs develop special form of
boreo-relict blanket bogs.
Wetlands occur in many karst felds, too
(dralovac area in Livanjsko polje, Buko
Movarna stanita su prisutna u mnogim
krakim poljima (dralovac u Livanjskom
polju, Buko blato, Duvanjsko, Kupreko,
Popovo, Dabarsko, Fatniko, Gatako,
Nevesinjsko i Podraniko polje)
Najznaajnija movarana podruja
obuhvaena makrofitskom vegetacijom
trstika i mrijesnjaka u Bosni i Hecegovini
su:
Osim ovih lokaliteta, postoji i znatan broj
movarnih ekosistema koji su stanita za
stacionarne i migratorne vrste ptica uz
starae ravniarskih rijeka, manje
depresije i priobalni pojas rijeka.
umski movarni ekosistemi
Osim vegetacije vodenjara, aika, trstika i
cretova movarna stanita Bosne i Herceg-
ovine nastanjuju i razliite zajednice vo-
doljubivih uma i ibljaka.
U ravniarskim predjelima, na hidro-
morfnim zemljitima tipa fluvisola i mo-
varnih glejnih tala, uz obale rijeke Save i
ua njenih pritoka razvijeni su:
lHutovo blato u podruju delte Neretve
nedaleko od apljine;
ldral ovac (sj everozapadni di o
Livanjskog polja prema Bosanskom
Grahovu);
lPlivska jezera kod Jajca;
lBardaa kod Srpca na uu rijeke Vrbas
u Savu;
lVelika i Mala Tiina kod Bosanskog
amca na uu rijeke Bosne u Savu;
lHan Kram kod Han Pijeska;
lPojedini dijelovi jezera Modrac kod
Tuzle;
lPlaninska jezera na bosansko-hercego-
vaki m Di nari di ma ( at orsko,
Kukaviko, Rastievsko i Turjaa na
Kuprekom polju, Prokoko jezero na
Vranici, Blatako jezero na Bjelanici,
Idovako jezero na Radui, Blidinje
j ezero u Dugom Polj u izmeu
vrsnice i Vran planine, Uloko jezero
na Crvnju, Borako jezero ispod
Prenja, Veliko, Blatno, Crno i Bijelo
jezero na Treskavici, Kotlaniko,
Orlovako, Crno, Bijelo, tirinsko,
Kladopoljsko, Donje Bare i Gornje Bare
na Zelengori.
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blato, Duvanjsko, Kupreko, Popovo, Dabar-
sko, Fatniko, Gatako, Nevesinjsko and
Podraniko polje).
Te most important wetland areas with
macrophyte vegetation made of reedbed and
pondweed in Bosnia and Herzegovina are:
t Hutovo blato in the Neretva deltas area
not far from apljina;
t dralovac (northwestern part of Livan-
jsko polje toward Bosansko Grahovo);
t Plivska jezera by Jajce town;
t Bardaa near Srbac at Vrbas rivers estu-
ary;
t Velika and Mala Tiina near Bosanski
amac at Bosna rivers estuary;
t Han Kram at Han Pijesak;
t Some regions on Modrac lake near Tuzla;
t Mountain lakes of bosnia-herzegovinas
Dinaric Alps (atorsko, Kukaviko,
Rastievsko and Turjaa on plateau of
Kupres, Prokoko jezero on Vranica
Mt., Blatako jezero on Bjelanica Mt.,
Idovako jezero on Radua Mt., Blidinje
jezero in Dugo Polje between vrsnica
and Vran Mt., Uloko jezero on Crvanj
Mt.;
t Borako jezero beneath Prenj Mt., Veliko,
Blatno, Crno and Bijelo jezero on Treskav-
ica Mt., Kotlaniko, Orlovako, Crno, Bi-
jelo, tirinsko, Kladopoljsko, Donje Bare
and Gornje Bare on Zelengora Mt.

Apart from these localities, there is a signif-
cant number of wetland ecosystems which
provide habitats for stationary and migra-
tory birds and are situated by lowland rivers
efuents, in the small depressions and along
riverbanks.
Ecosystems of wetland forest
Wetlands area in Bosnia and Herzegovina
comprises standing water, reedbeds, sedges
and bogs, but also hygrophilous woods and
shrubs.
In the lowland area, on hydromorphous
soil, such as fuvisol or swamp kind of gleys,
along riverbanks of Sava river and estuaries
of its tributaries, developed are:
lEkosistemi uma bijele i crne topole;
lEkosistemi uma bijele vrbe i crne topole;
lEkosistemi crne johe i aeva;
lEkosistemi crne johe i kruine;
lEkosistemi drijemovca i poljskog jasena;
lEkosistemi bijele vrbe;
U slivnom podruju rijeke Neretve, nizvodno od Poitelja (Hutovo Blato, donji tok ri-
jeke Trebiat, Buna i Krupa), posebnu vrijednost pejzaima daju:
lEkosistemi platana i crne topole;
lEkosistemi bijele topole i lutrike;
lEkosistemi ibljaka konopljike.
Na hidromorfnim zemljitima niskih treseta bazine reakcije, na viim nadmorskim vi-
sinama, razvijene su zajednice ekosistema:
lEkosistemi montanih uma johe;
lEkosistemi uma bijele i lomljive vrbe;
lEkosistemi uma sive johe;
lEkosistemi uma sive i crne johe;
lEkosistemi ibljaka barske ive;
lEkosistemi ibljaka zelene johe na planini Vranici.
Na stanitima nadignutih treseta razvijene su borealno-reliktne zajednice ekosistema:
lEkosistemi maljave breze;
lEkosistemi smre i mahovina tresetarki;
lEkosistemi maljave breze i bijelog bora;
lEkosistemi planinske vrbe;
lEkosistemi sive johe i mahovina tresetarki
lEkosistemi sive johe i smre;
lEkosistemi ibljaka ive;
lEkosistemi ibljaka zelene johe i mahovina tresetarki na planini Vranici.
U gorskom i pretplaninskom pojasu, na hidromorfnim zemljitima, u zoni liarsko-
listopadnih uma bukve i tamnih etinarskih uma, na manjim povrinama, ali sa
visokim ekolokim vrijednostima su:
lEkosistemi gorskog jasena i gorskog javora;
lEkosistemi graba i gorskog javora na planini Vranici;
lEkosistemi sive johe i bahornice;
lEkosistemi gorskog javora i gorskog brijesta;
lEkosistemi obinog graba i sive johe.
Na fluvisolima koji su bogati mehanikim sastavom, esto uz obale bujinih rijeka i
potoka, na stanitima sa izraenim variranjem vodnog reima razvijene su zajednice
koje ine producentsku komponentu ekosistema:
lEkosistemi utilovke i lunjaka;
lEkosistemi crne johe i lunjaka;
lEkosistemi ibljaka rakite;
lEkosistemi ibljaka koaraste vrbe.
lEkosistemi ibljaka sive vrbe i tilovine;
lEkosistemi ibljaka sive i rumanolike vrbe sa kaduljom.
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t Ecosystems of silver leaved and black poplar;
t Ecosystems of white willow and black poplar;
t Ecosystems of alder and sedges;
t Ecosystems of alder and buckthorn;
t Ecosystems of snowfake and Fraxinus angus-
tifolia;
t Ecosystems of white willow;
t Ecosytsmes of woadwaxen and common oak;
t Ecosystems of alder and common oak;
t Ecosystems of purpule willow shrubs;
t Ecosystems of basket willow shrubs.
In the basin of Neretva river, downstreams from Poitelj (Hutovo Blato, lower fow of Trebiat,
Buna and Krupa rivers), landscapes are valuable for the occurence of:
t Ecosystems of oriental plane and black poplar;
t Ecosystems of silver leaved poplar and lutrike;
t Ecosystems of chaste tree shrubs.
At higher altitude, on hydromorphous soils of the alkaline blanket bogs, occur communities
belonging to:
t Ecosystems of montane alder woods;
t Ecosystems of white and crack willow;
t Ecosystems of grey and black alder woods;
t Ecosystems of marsh willow shrubs;
t Ecosystems of green alder shrubs on Vranica Mt.
On raised bogs occur boreo-relict communities of:
t Ecosystems of downy birch;
t Ecosystems of spruce and bogmosses;
t Ecosystems of downy birch and Scots pine;
t Ecosystems of mountain willow;
t Ecosystems of grey alder and bogmosses;
t Ecosystems of grey alder and spruce;
t Ecosystems of marsh willow shrubs;
t Ecosystems of green alder shrubs and bogmosses on Vranica Mt.
In the upland and subalpine belt, on hydromorphous soil, in the zone of broadleaved decidu-
ous woods of beech and dark coniferous woods, covering small surface but possesing high
ecologic value occur:
t Ecosystems of European ash and sycomore;
t Ecosystems of hornbeam and sycomore on Vranica Mt.;
t Ecosystems of grey alder and marsh pea;
t Ecosystems of sycomore and Scotch elm;
t Ecosystems of hornbeam and grey alder.
On stone rich fuvisols, ofen along the riverbanks and brooks, on places where the water re-
gime strongly varies, developed are communities belonging to:
t Ecosystems of grey willow and Petteria ramentacea shrubs;
t Ecosystems of grey and creeping willow shrubs with sage.
Na stanitima movarnih umskih
zajednica, zbog stalnih promjena vodnog
reima izazvanih i antropogenim
aktivnostima, mnoge vrste su sa
odreenim stepenom ugroenosti, a
meu njima su: drijemovac proljetni i
ljetni, utilovka, crna joha, siva joha,
tresetne mahovine, maljava breza, lovor,
vrba, movarni kaun, lutrika i bijela
topola.
Pritisci na movarne ekosisteme
umski movarni ekosistemi se takoe nalaze pod visokim antropogenim pritiscima
usljed ega proizilazi opasnost od naruavanja njihove strukture i ekoloke
stabilnosti.Osnovne prijetnje njihovoj strukturi i stabilnosti su:
lGlobalne klimatske promjene praene izraenim temperaturnim ekstremima i
estim pregrijevanjem, to uz druge faktore uzrokuje poveanje stepena
eutrofikacije, a rezultira povlaenjem osjetljivih biljnih vrsta;
lKisele kie, kao rezultat prekograninog zagaenja atmosfere, u znaajnoj mjeri
mijenjaju pH vrijednost stanita, naroito povrinskih slojeva zemljita i vode.
Smanjenje pH vrijednosti utie na vitalnost i brojnost bazifilnih vrsta, sa efektima na
uspjenost reprodukcijskog ciklusa. Na ovaj nain moe doi do nestajanja
stenovalentnih vrsta i vrsta vezanih za neutralne i bazine vode;
lEutrofikacija i priliv organskih materija, najee kroz povrinske tokove;
lKonverzija movarnih stanita kao posljedica procesa tranzicije vlasnitva esto
dovodi do ireverzibilnih promjena u strukturi ekosistema (primjer: na podruju
Bardae, nizvodno od Banja Luke, posjeena je sva priobalna vegetacija uma i
ibljaka vrba, topola i rakite, na povrini od oko 600 ha. S ciljem proizvodnje visokoih
koliina riblje biomase, movarna vegetacija se mainski odstranjuje iz skoro svih
bazena ime se unitava srce movare. Sline prilike vladaju u podruju
dralovca, izmeu Livna i Bosanskog Grahova gdje je bez prethodne studije o
procjeni uticaja na okoli odobrena koncesija za eksploataciju treseta, ime su
nanesene ogromne tete ovom biseru meu movarama Evrope, pa i svijeta. Slini
trendovi se mogu oekivati i u podruju Parka prirode Hutovo Blato, na podruju
Bukog blata i svim drugim lokalitetima gdje postoji ekonomski interes za razvoj
lova i ribolova);
lIsuivanje kao posljedica melioracije;
lPreusmjeravanja povrinskih vodotoka koji napajaju vodom movarna podruja
(primjer: zahvati u zoni Gornjih horizonata, istona Hercegovina);
Pritisci na umske movarne ekosisteme
Movarni umski ekosistemi su pod vrlo visokim antropogenim pritiskom, te im prijeti
opasnost naruavanja njihovog floristikog i faunistikog sastava, te ekoloke
stabilnosti. Kao osnovne prijetnje na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovini su:
lNeselektivna i intenzivna sjea;
lStalna drenaa i odvodnja podzemne vode;
lPoremeaji reima povrinskih voda na veini vodotoka;
lStalna eutrofikacija vode;
lNeuravnoteeni lov i ribolov;
lStalni priliv ostataka ferilizatora i pesticida sa poljoprivrednih povrina;
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In wetland forest communities, due to con-
tinual changes in water regime caused by hu-
man activities, many species are endangered
including following ones: spring and sum-
mer snowfake, woadwaxen, black and grey
alder, bogmosses, downy birch, laurel, wil-
low, orchis and silver leaved poplar.
Pressures onto wetland ecosystems
Forest wetlands are also under severe anthropogenic pressures which arise a danger that
structure and ecologic stability of these ecosystems could get disturbed, whereby main
threats are:
t Global climate changes followed by temperature extremes and frequent over-heating,
which causes increase in eutrophication level resulting in the regression of sensitive
plant species;
t Acid precipitation as a result of transboundary atmopheres pollution, changing signif-
cantly pH value in habitats, especially in upper layer of soil and water. Decrease in pH
value infuences the vitality and abundance of basophilous species efecting their re-
production success. Tis can cause disapearance of stenophyllous and species bound to
neutral and alkaline water;
t Eutrophication and infow of organic matter, most frequently by surface water;
t Conversion of wetland habitats as a consequence of propertys transition leading to
irreversible changes in ecosystems structure (example: in the area around Bardaa,
downstreams from Banja Luka city, cleared was complete shore vegetation of woods and
shrubs with willow, poplar and purpule willow, of surface amounting 600 ha. In order to
produce large quantity of fsh, wetland vegetation is being removed by machinery from
almost each basin which destroys the wetlandsheart itself. Te similar situtation is in
the dralovac area, between Livno and Bosansko Grahovo, where it was permited con-
cession for peat exploitation without a prior environmental impact assessment. Tis has
caused severe damage to this pearl among the European, even worlds, wetlands. Similar
trends are to be expected in the Nature Park Hutovo Blato, also in the Buko blato area,
and other localitites where there is an economic interest for fshing and hunt);
t Dry out as a result of melioration;
t Re-direction of surface streams that water-supply the wetlands (example: actions in the
zone called Gornji horizonti, eastern Herzegovina);
t Impacts of drainage water arising from the agricultural acitivities.
Pressures on wetland forests
Wetland forests are under tremendous anthropogenic presssure hence being in danger to
have their foristic and faunistic composition disturbed and by that their ecologic balance,
too. Main threats in Bosnia and Herzegovina are:
t Unselected and intensive felling;
t Continual drainage of underground water;
t Disturbances in surface water regime for a majority of watercourses;
t Continual water eutrophication;
t Unbalanced hunt and fshing;
t Continual infow of fertilisers and pesticides washed out from arable land;
Konzervacijski status
Usljed navedenih pritisaka movarni
ekosistemi se nalaze pod odreenim
stepenom ugroenosti. Posebno ugroeni
su ekosistemi vodenjara, bara, niskih i
visokih tresetita. Slijedei kriterije
Internacionalne unije za konzervaciju
lUgroene vrste na stanitima visokih cretova (Drosera rotundifolia, Betula pubescens,
Sphagnum subsecundum, S. squarosum, Polytrichum commune, Carex stellulata);
lVrste na stanitima niskih treseta u ravniarskim predjelima (Sagittaria sagitifolia,
Butomus umbellatus, Typha laxmanii, T. schuttelewortii, Acorus calamus, Thelypteris
palustris, Periploca graeca);
lVrste na stanitima bara i movara: (Marsillea quadrifolia, Salvinia natans, Castalia alba,
Nuphar luteum, Ludwigia palustris, Trapa natans, Hippuris vulgaris, Hottonia palustris,
Utricularia neglecta, Utricularia vulgaris, Nymphoides peltata, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae,
Zanichellia palustris, Wolffia arrhiza);
lVrste na stanitima niskih visokoplaninskih bazifilnih cretova (Caltha longirostris,
Potentilla palustris, Pinguicula leptoceras, Pinguicula hirtiflora, Pinguicula vulgaris,
Menyanthes trifoliata, Iris sibirica, Eriophorum gracile, Carex davalliana, Orchis bosniaca,
Orchis maculata).
lEksploatacija humusno-akumulativnog sloja;
lVjetaki izazvani poari na pojedim mjestima;
lNeuravnoteena izgradnja razliite stambene, privredne i putne infrastrukture na
obalama vodotoka.
prirode (IUCN), te prijedlog liste
vaskularnih biljaka za Crvenu knjigu BiH
(ili, 1996), te druge spoznaje o stanju
movarnih vrsta i stanita meu
ugroenim vrstama vaskularne flore
Movarni ekosistemi su stanita brojnih
vrsta riba, vodozemaca, gmizavaca, ptica,
sisara, te razliitih grupa beskimenjaka,
kao to su vodeni insekti, puevi, koljke,
pijavice, glavonoci itd.
Meu ribama broj nou se istiu
ciprinidne vrste (od kojih su mnoge ugro-
ene): aran, kara, tinka, crvenperka,
bodorka, tuka, som, grge. Meu
vodozemcima najei su: mali vodenjak,
veliki vodenjak, areni dadevnjak, crveni
muka, movarna aba, aba krastaa. Od
gmizavaca ovdje su najei: vodena
kornjaa, ivorodni guter, obina
bjelouka i ribarica.
Movarni ekosistemi su posebno vana
stanita za skupinu ptica, unutar koje su
najugroeniji: divlja patka, patka njorka,
patka iliarka, bijela roda, siva aplja,
ria aplja, mali plijenor, srednji plijenor,
dral i mnoge druge.
Movarna stanita u Livanjskom polju
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t Exploitation of humus-accumulative horizon;
t Artifcially induced fres in some places;
t Unbalanced construction of residental, economic and travel infrastructure on riverbanks.
Conservation status
Due to above named pressures, wetland eco-
systems are threatened in certain extent. Es-
pecially endangered are ecosystems of stand-
ing water, small ponds, blanket and raised
bogs. Afer criteria of the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and pro-
posed list of vascular plants for the Red Book
B&H (ili, 1992-96), as well as considering
current information on state of marsh spe-
cies and habitats, among endangered vascular
plants are to be found:
t Endangered species on raised bogs (Drosera rotundifolia, Betula pubescens, Sphagnum sub-
secundum, S. squarrosum, Polytrichum commune, Carex stellulata);
t Blanket bogs species in the lowland area (Sagittaria sagitifolia, Butomus umbellatus, Typha
laxmanii, T. Schuttelewortii, Acorus calamus, Telypteris palustris, Periploca graeca);
t Species occuring in ponds and marshes: (Marsillea quadrifolia, Salvinia natans, Castalia
alba, Nuphar luteum, Ludwigia palustris, Trapa natans, Hippuris vulgaris, Hottonia palus-
tris, Utricularia neglecta, Utricularia vulgaris, Nymphoides peltata, Hydrocharis morsus ra-
nae, Zanichellia palustris, Wolfa arrhiza);
t Species occuring in high-mountains alkaline blanket bogs (Caltha longirostris, Potentilla
palustris, Pinguicula leptoceras, Pinguicula hirtifora, Pinguicula vulgaris, Menyanthes tri-
foliata, Iris sibirica, Eriophorum gracile, Carex davalliana, Orchis bosniaca, Orchis macu-
lata).
Wetland ecosystems represent habitats for
many fshes, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals and invertebrates, such as aquatic
insects, snails, shells, leeches, cephalopods
etc.
Among fshes protrude ciprinids (of which
many are endangered): carp, crucian carp,
rudd, roach, pike, catfsh, perch. Among am-
phibinas most frequently occur: small and
large newt, salamander, red-bellied toad,
swamp frog, european toad. As far as rep-
tiles are concerned, common are: european
pond turtle, viviparous lizard, grass snake
and dice snake.
Wetland ecosystems ought to be important
habitat for birds, of which most threatened
are: wild duck, ferruginous duck, northern
shoveler, great stork, heron, goosander, crane
and many others.
PEJZAI KRAKIH POLJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
Jedinstveni fenomeni koji ukazuju na
specifine obrasce razvoja Zemljine kore,
hidroloke mree, te bioloke i ekoloke
raznolikosti su razliite krake tvorevine
u bosansko-hercegovakim Dinaridima.
Kr (kras) u irem smislu podrazumijeva
kamenu pusto ili vrlet, a u uem smislu,
specifian reljef sa posebnom, preteno
podzemnom, cirkulacij om vode u
topivim stijenama (krenjak, dolomit,
sedra). Kr nastaje otapanjem vapnenca u
vodi koja u sebi ima CO , pri emu se
2
CaCO pretvara u, u vodi topivi Ca(CO ) .
3 3 2
Korozijom se pukotine u vapnencu
proiruju i meusobno spajaju u mreu
podzemnih upljina i kanala, koji dopiru
do velikih dubina i ispod morske razine.
Uvale su prostrane zavale du veih
pukotina u kru. Polja, najvee zaravni sa
ravnim naplavnim dnom, preteno
nas t aj u na dodi r u kr e nj aka i
nepropusnih stijena. Ponornice su vodeni
tokovi koji sa povrine poniru kroz krake
pukotine ili ponore, gdje se nastavlja
njihov podzemni tok.
Kraka polja predstavljaju ekoloki
najinteresantnije fenomene u oblasti kra.
Specifini tokovi orogeneze, geogeneze i
hidrogeneze u klimatski raznolikim
uslovima uslovili su formiranje brojnih
krakih polja, koja bosansko-hercegova-
kom biolokom i ekolokom diverzitetu
daju prepoznatljivost na evropskom i
globalnom nivou.
S obzirom na ekoklimatske karakteristike,
kraka polja Bosne i Hercegovine se
diferenciraju na skupine:
lKraka polja zapadne Bosne (Glamoko, Livanjsko, Kupreko, Duvanjsko i uiko);
lKraka polja zapadne Hercegovine (Posuko, Grudsko);
lKraka polja donje zapadne Hercegovine (Litiko, Ljubuko i Mostarsko Blato);
lDonja kraka polja istone Hercegovine (Buko Blato i Popovo Polje);
lSrednja kraka polja istone Hercegovine (Ljubinsko, Dabarsko, Fatniko i Plansko);
lVisoka kraka polja istone Hercegovine (Nevesinjsko i Gatako).
Kraka polja su najee izduenog
oblika, a pravac pruanja im je paralelan
sa Dinarskim planinama. Dna polja su
prekrivena kvartarnim sedimentima, a
strane su uokvirene karstifikovanim
karbonatnim masama. Po obodu polja se
nalaze izvori i vrela, a u najniim
poloajima su ponori, kojima se voda sliva
u krako podzemlje. Od izvora do ponora
poljima se prua stalni ili periodini
povrinski tok. U kvartarnim nanosima
esto se nalaze i takvi hidrografski objekti
kroz koje vode u vlanim sezonama
izviru, a u vrijeme sue uviru. Najnii
dijelovi polja, posebno oko ponorske
zone, su plavljeni nakon obilnih pada-
vina.
Neka kraka polja (Gradac polje), nemaju
povrinski tok, niti znaajnije izvore i
vrela. Kupreko polje ima odlike krake
visoravni. Nije homogeno, niti ravno, a
sastoji se od nekoliko manjih polja
razdvojenih manjim uzvienjima.
Mnoga od krakih polja predstavljaju i
endemne centre flore i faune Bosne i
Hercegovine.
123
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LANSCAPES OF KARST FIELDS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Tese are unique phenomena that refect spe-
cifc patterns of Earths crust development.
Here are diferent karst creations, such as spe-
cifc hydrological network, biological and eco-
logical diversity.
Karst (kras) in wider sense, represents rocky
desert or crag. In narower sense, it is a specifc
relief with special, mainly underground, wa-
ter circulation ongoing within soluble rocks
(limestone, dolomite, tuf). Te karst is being
created by calcites dissolution in water that
contains CO
2
, whereby CaCO
3
is being trans-
formed into, in water soluble, Ca(CO
3
)
2
. Lime-
stone fssures are being increased by a corro-
sion and joined together to form a network of
underground cavities and tunnels, which then
extend deep into the ground, even under a sea
level.
Depressions are huge bays extending along
large karst fssures. Fields, the largest plains
with fattened alluvial bottom, evolve in con-
tact zones of limestone and leakage proof rocks.
Sinking rivers are streams which, through
cracks or abysses, dissolve into the ground,
where they continue its underground fow.
Karst felds are most interesting phenomena
within a karst region. As a result of specifc
orogenesis, geogenesis and hydrogenesis un-
der diferent climate conditions, created are
numerous karst felds. Tey make bosnia-
herzegovinas biological and ecological diver-
sity recognizable at the European and global
scale.
Considering the ecoclimate, karst felds of
Bosnia and Herzegovina are divided in several
groups:
t Karst felds in western Bosnia (Glamoko, Livanjsko, Kupreko, Duvanjsko and uiko
polje);
t Karts felds in western Herzegovina (Posuko, Grudsko);
t Karst felds in lower western Herzegovina (Litiko, Ljubuko and Mostarsko Blato);
t Lower karst felds in eastern Herzegovina (Buko Blato and Popovo Polje);
t Mid karst felds in eastern Herzegovina (Ljubinsko, Dabarsko, Fatniko and Plansko);
t Upper karst felds in eastern Herzegovina (Nevesinjsko and Gatako).
Karst felds are mostly elongated follow-
ing the extension direction of Dinaric Alps.
Fields bottom is usually covered by quarter-
nary deposits, while its sides are encircled
by karstifed carbonate masses. Along felds
margin are sources and wells, and at the
deepest places are abysses, through which
water dissolves into the karst underground.
Between sources and abysses, across the feld,
extend permanent or periodical overground
water network. In quarternary depositions
are to be found some hydrographic objects
through which water in wet season comes
to the surface, and in dry season vanishes
again. Te lowest positions in the feld, espe-
cially around abysal zone, are fooded afer
heavy rain.
Tere are some karst felds (Gradac polje)
that neither have got overground water nor
any siginifcant sources and wells. Kupreko
polje has got features of karst plateau. It is
neither homogenous nor fat, but composed
of several smaller felds connected by low el-
evations.
Many karst felds are endemic centres of fora
and fauna of B&H.
Kraka polja zapadne
Bosne (Glamoko,
Livanjsko,Kupreko,
Duvanjsko i uiko
polje)
Kraka polja donje
zapadne Hercegovine
(Litiko, Ljubuko i
Mostarsko Blato)
Kraka polja zapadne
Hercegovine (Posuko,
Grudsko)
Donja kraka polja
istone Hercegovine
(Buko Blato i Popovo
Polje)
Visoka kraka polja
istone Hercegovine
(Nevesinjsko i Gatako)
Srednja kraka polja istone
Hercegovine (Ljubinsko,
Dabarsko, Fatniko i Plansko)
Slika 14. Kraka polja Bosne i Hercegovine
Kraka polja zapadne Bosne
U ovom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine nalaze
se naa najvea kraka polja (Livanjsko,
Glamoko i Kupreko) sa jo dobro ouva-
nom prirodnom slikom ivog svijeta.
Zajedno sa okolnim planinama (Kame-
nica, Dinara, Cincar, Staretina, ator,
Vitorog i Radua), koje karakterie izra-
zito visok stepen biodiverziteta, ova
kraka polja ine neponovljive geomorfo-
loke i ekoloke cjeline. Mrea povrin-
skih, a posebno podzemnih voda je
bogata (rijeke, povrinski i podzemni
izvori, jezera i rijeni rukavci). Poseban
fenomen ovih polja su estavele (otvori
kroz koje se ostvaruje hidroloka i biolo-
ka komunikacija podzemnog reljefa i
povrine polja).
Ovo su rijetka kraka polja u svijetu, u
kojima se prirodni proces karstifikacije jo
ostvaruje. U ovom prirodnom fenomenu
sudjeluju estice karbonata, ekoloki
tvrda voda i, u nekim sluajevima,
mikroorganizmi.
U hidrogeolokom pogledu, kraka polja
ovog podruja ostvaruju vezu sa slivom
rijeke Cetine, te sa Grahovskim poljem na
sjeverozapadu i Duvanjskim poljem na
jugoistoku.
2
U Livanjskom polju (oko 400 km
povrine), a naroito na dralovcu
(sjeverozapadni dio polja), i danas teku
postglacij alni procesi obrazovanj a
nizijskih bazifilnih treseta. Planohistosoli,
kao unikatni tip hidromorfnog zemljita,
su od ivotne vanosti za opstanak svijeta
divljine movara. Specifina flora, fauna i
vegetacija organizovana je u ekosisteme
prikazane na slici 13.
Posebno mjesto u pejzaima ovih polja
imaju i ekosistemi obradivih povrina, te
ljudska naselja, koja se nalaze izvan
uticaja podzemne vode. Naselja su
smjetena uz obod polja, na izdignutijim
krakim terenima, a u njihovoj arhitekturi
dominira kamen kao graevni materijal.
Vrlo ivopisne i ponegdje jo ouvane
vodenice na krakim vodotocima, te
razliiti spomenici kulturne batine (stari
gradovi i tvrave u Livnu, Kupresu,
Glamou), otkrivaju i uvaju specifine
oblike razvoja kulture kroz dugi period
naseljavanja ovih prostora.
Posebne pejzane vrijednosti ovim
krakim poljima daju estavele, prirodne
ponornice, planinska jezera (na Kupre-
koj visoravni), te ivopisni tok rijeke
uice sa krakim meandrima i klisurama.
Izvorini tok ove rijeke, kao vaan
124
Karst fields in western
Bosnia (Glamocko,
Livanjsko,Kupreko,
Duvanjsko and
uicko polje)
Karst fileds in lower
western Herzegovina
(Liticko, Ljubuko i
Mostarsko Blato)
Karst fields in western
Herzegovina (Posuko,
Grudsko)
Karst fields in lower
eastern Herzegovina
(Buko Blato and
Popovo Polje)
Upper karst fields in
eastern Herzegovina
(Nevesinjsko i Gatacko)
Mid karst fields in eastern
herzegovina (Ljubinsko,
Dabarsko, Fatnicko and
Plansko)
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Figure 14. Karst felds in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Karst felds in western Bosnia
In this part of B&H occur our largest karst
felds (Livanjsko, Glamoko and Kupreko
polje) with still well preserved nature image.
Along with surrounding mountains
(Kamenica, Dinara, Cincar, Staretina, ator,
Vitorog and Radua) characterized by high
biodiversity, this karst felds represent un-
repeatable geomorphological and ecologi-
cal units. Te network of overground and
especially underground water is well devel-
oped (rivers, overground and underground
sources, lakes and river armlets). As a special
phenomenon should be mentioned estavels
(openings through which, in both hydrologic
and biologic sense, communicate the under-
ground with felds surface).
Tese felds are true rarity in the world, for in
them has been evolving the natural karstifca-
tion process. It includes carbonate particles,
ecologically hard water and, in some cases,
microorganisms.
From the hydro-geological standpoint, karst
felds of this area make connection with the
confuence of Cetina river, then with Gra-
hovsko polje in northwest and Duvanjsko
polje in southeast.
In Livanjsko polje (surface of 400 square ki-
lometers), especially in dralovac area (felds
northwestern part), have been ongoing post-
glacial processes of alkaline bogs formation.
Te unique type of hydromorphous soil which
occurs here, planohystosol, is vitally impor-
tant for the survival of wilderness in swamps.
Ecosystems encompass specifc fora, fauna
and vegetation shown in Figure 15.
Special place within the landscape of these
karst felds take ecosystems of arable land
and human settlements that are out of under-
grounds water reach.
Settlements are situated along the felds
margin, on elevated karst ground, with clear
dominance of stone as a main construction
material in the local architecture. Tere are,
in some places well preserved and colourfull,
mills along riverbanks and diferent cultural
monuments (old cities and citadels of Livno,
Kupres, Glamo), which reveal and maintain
specifc forms of cultural development hap-
pening through a long period of inhabitation.
As a special landscapes value in this karst
felds considered are estavels, sinking rivers,
mountain lakes (at the plateau of Kupres) and
picture-like fow of uica river with meanders
and narrow passages. Te upper fow of this
river, around its source, is an important refu-
gium for the unique living world. Hence, it
refugijum unikatnog ivog svijeta odavno
ima status zatienog podruja.
Svijet flore i faune je interesantan i bogat.
ine ga hidromorfne biljne vrste, meu
kojima su mnogi endemi (dinarski
procjepak), endemine vrste riba (otrulj,
podbila, pijurica), brojne ptice movarice,
te raznoliki svij et vodozemaca i
gmizavaca.
Ekosistemi:
-movara sa aicima i trsticima
-higrofilnih livada sa panonskim razlikom i
grahorom
-higrofilno-eutrofilnih livada sa bokvicom i repnicom
-ibljaka barske rakite
-konopljike
-bijele vrbe i poljskog jasena
-bijele vrbe i periploke
-pseudomakija sa esvinom, crnim jasenom
-ibljaka bjelograbia, kotrike i nara po obodu
polja
Ekosistemi:
-bara i movara sa trsticima i aicima
-higrofilnih livada sa beskoljenkom i busikom
-dinarskog procjepka i movarme aike
-umjereno vlanih livada pahovka i livadske vlasulje
-toploljubivih livada ovsika i crnog korijena
-submediteranskih kamenjara sa vrijeskom
-ibljaka rakite
-niskih uma bijele vrbe
-uma kitnjaka i cera po obodu
-hercegovakih uma sladuna
Ekosistemi:
-vodenjara
-trstika
-aeva
-bazinih tresetita
-higrofilnih livada ilirske
beskoljenke
-higrofilnih livada busike
-higrofilnih livada procjepka
-ute i sibirske perunike
-tresetne breze
-montanih uma lunjaka
-uma bijele i lomljive vrbe
-ibljaka ive
-ibljaka rakite
-crne johe
-sremze
-umjereno vlanih livada
-toploljubivih livada i
mediteransko-montanih kamenjara
-hrastovih uma (u obodnom
V 54,50%
K 0,90%
E 7,30%
R 37,30%
V E R K
Slika 15. Ekosistemi krakih polja zapadno od doline Neretve
Zbog produktivnosti livadskih stanita u
podruju ovih pejzaa tradicionalno je
razvijeno odrivo stoarstvo, ratarstvo i
povrtlarstvo. Ovdje se nalaze i bogata
stanita krupne divljai (bosanski vuk,
mrki medvjed, lisica, zec, srna), to daje
vrijednost i ukazuje na potencijale ovih
sloenih ekosistema.
Movarna stanita krakih pejzaa imaju
nezamjenjivu ulogu u opstanku, ne samo
stacionarnih vrsta ptica, nego su dio
koridora mnogih migratornih vrsta
(dralovac i Buko Blato). Ranija
istraivanja na ovom podruju biljee 96
vrsta avifaune (63 tokom proljetne i 49
vrsta tokom jesenje seobe ptica).
Svijet divljine u krakim poljima danas je
pod odreenim stepenom ugroenosti to
je rezultat izraenih pritisaka. Meu
rijetke biljne vrste ovdje ubrajamo:
Helleborus hercegovinus, Ranunculus
croaticus, Corydalis leiosperma, Hesperis
dinarica, Rhamnus intermedius, Bupleurum
karglii, Athamantha haynaldii, Scrophularia
bosniaca, Onosma visianii i dr., dok su u
kategoriji ranjivih: Salvia bertolonii,
Urticularia vulgaris, Scilla litardierei,
Narcissus radiiflorus, Iris illyrica itd.
Ecosystems of:
-marshes with reed and sedges
-hygrophilous meadows pannonian knapweed and
pea
-hygrophilous-eutrophic meadows with plantain
-shrubs of marsh willow
-chaste tree
-white willow and Fraxinus angustifolius
-white willow and silkvine
-pseudo-maquis with evergreen oak and flowering
ash
-shrubs of oriental hornbeam,butcher's broom and
pomegranate
Ecosystems of:
-ponds and marshes with reed and sedges
-hygrophilous meadows with moorgrass and tufted
hairgrass
-dinaric squill and moor grass
-temperate humid meadows with oat grass and fescue
-thermophilous meadows with brome and viper grass
-sub-mediterranean ricky grassland with savory
-shrubs of purpule willow
-low woods of white willow
-woods of sessile and turkey oak in marginal field's area
-herzegovina's woods with italian oak
Ecosystems of:
-standing water
-redbeds
-sedges
-alkaline bogs
-hygrophilous meadows of illyrian
moorgrass
-hygrophilous meadows of tufted
hairgrass
-hygrophilous meadows with squill
-yellow and sibirean iris
-hoary birch
-montane oak woods
-woods with white and crack willow
-shrubs of marsh willow
-shrub of purpule willow
-sticky alder
-Prunus padus
-temperate humid meadows
-thermophilous meadows and
mediterraneo-montane rocky
125
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was designated as a protected area long time
ago.
Te world of fora and fauna happens to be
interesting and rich. It is made of hydro-
morphous plant species, of which many are
endemic (dinaric squil), then endemic fshes
(Dalmatian barbelgudgeon, sneep, roach),
numerous swamp birds and diverse amphib-
ians and reptiles.
Figure 15. Ecosystems of karst felds western from Neretvas valley
Due to high biomass production of mead-
ows, it is traditionally developed sustainable
cattle breeding, agriculture and gardening.
Here are to be found habitats of large game
species (bosnian wolf, brown bear, fox, hare,
roe deer), which makes this area even more
valuable and indicates what the potentials of
this complex ecosystems are.
Swamp habitats in the karst landscape are ir-
replaceable not only for the survival of sta-
tionary birds, but also as a route for many mi-
gratory species (dralovac and Buko Blato).
By previous investigation in this area were
recorded 96 bird species (63 during spring
and 49 during autumn migration of birds).
Te wilderness in karst felds is threatened
in some extent, which is the result of various
impacts. Among rare plant species belong:
Helleborus hercegovinus, Ranunculus croati-
cus, Corydalis leiosperma, Hesperis dinarica,
Rhamnus intermedius, Bupleurum karglii,
Athamantha haynaldii, Scrophularia bosnia-
ca, Onosma visianii and others, while to the
category of vulnerable belong: Salvia berto-
lonii, Utricularia vulgaris, Scilla litardierei,
Narcissus radiiforus, Iris illyrica etc.
Kraka polja zapadne Hercegovine
Na niim nadmorskim visinama u
uslovima neto toplije submediteranske i
medi t eransko- mont ane ekokl i me
razvijena su kraka polja zapadne
Hercegovine (Posuko, Grudsko). I ova
polja odlikuje slian vodni reim kao i
prethodnu grupu, pa su plavljena tokom
kasne jeseni, zime i proljea. Iako
zauzimaju manje povrine karakterie ih
izraen ekosistemski diverzitet. (Slika 15)
Kraka polja donje zapadne Hercegovine
U ravni arskom di j el u zapadne
Hercegovine se nalaze sljedea kraka
polja: Ljubuko, Litiko i Mostarsko
Blato. Njihovoj specifinosti, pored
geomorfolokih fenomena i bogate
podzemne mree vodotoka, doprinosi i
posebna varijanta mediteranske klime.
Centralni dijelovi polja karakteriu
tipine higrofilne zajednice, dok je u
obodu polja razvijena pseudomakija
(Slika 15).
Posebnu vrijednost pejzaima ovih polja
daju stabla empresa koja svojim
piramidalnim oblikom dinamiziraju
degradirane ekosisteme oboda. Ravne
dijelove polja zauzimaju danas ekosistemi
obradivih povrina, sa vinogradima i
vonjacima nadaleko poznatih treanja,
plantaama visokokvalitetnog duhana i
raznog povra (posebno u Ljubukom
polju).
ivopisnu pejzanu sliku ine naselja
smjetena uz obod polja. Odlikuje ih
specifina submediteranska arhitektura
sa dominacijom hercegovakog bijelog
kamena, koja uz plavo nebo, bistru vodu i
bogate kulture ini tipinu sliku ovog
dijela Bosne i Hercegovine.
Dio ovih pejzaa je i rijeka Litica ije
Trebiat, rijeka sa etiri imena (Tihaljina,
Koua, Klobuk), bogata je slapovima i
vodopadima meu kojima se istie impozantni
vodopad Kravice, krko-sedreni fenomen
natprirodne ljepote, raskonog oblika i visokih
ekolokih vrijednosti. Uz ova polja su i korijeni
civilizacije na ovim prostorima, o emu
svjedoe ostaci razliitih kultura: romanske,
otomanske, austrougarske i slavenske (stari
grad Ljubuki, iroki Brijeg) koji i danas daju
smiraj ljudskim duama u bogomoljama
poznatim irom svijeta. (Navod iz TV
emisije Prirodna batina Bosne i
Hercegovine)
Viegodinji procesi travertinizacije
uslovili su pojavu sedrenih barijera na
Tihaljini do njenog ua kod Gabele to,
uz snaan uticaj mediteranske klime sa
juga i izmijenjene planinske klime sa
sjevera, stvara tipinu sliku ovog
raskonog dijela Hercegovine.
Donja kraka polja istone Hercegovine
U podruju submediteranske i medite-
ranske klime, na lijevoj obali Neretve
idui prema jugoistoku Hercegovine,
razvijeni su posebni tipovi krakih polja
(Hutovo Blato, Popovo, Ljubinjsko i
Stolako).
I postanak i budunost ovih fenomena
vezani su za hidroloki i ekoloki reim
vodotoka Bregave i Trebinjice. Osim toga
opstanak ovih polja odreen je i
hidrolokim reimom krakih polja
istone Hercegovine na viim nadmor-
skim visinama. U geomorfolokom i
hidrolokom smislu ovaj pejza opstaje na
bogatoj i raznovrsnoj mrei vodotoka i
krakog reljefa, uvezanoj u jedinstvenu
strukturno-funkcionalnu cjelinu i samo u
takvim okolnostima moe zadrati svoje
prirodne izvornosti.
Posebno su donja polja sudbonosno
vezana sa hidrolokim reimom gornjih
polja (Fatniko i Dabarsko), a njihov
opstanak uslovljen je vodama Nevesinj-
skog i Gatakog polja.
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Karst felds in western Herzegovina
Karst felds in lower western Herzegovina
Trebiat, river that carries four names (Ti-
haljina, Koua, Klobuk), is rich in cascades
and waterfalls, of which the most imposing is
Kravice waterfall, karst-tuf phenomenon of
surreal beauty, splendid form and high ecologi-
cal value. To those felds are bound civilization
roots of the area, witnessed in remains of difer-
ent cultures: roman, otoman, austrio-hungari-
an and slavic (old town of Ljubuki, iroki Bri-
jeg) that even today bring peace to human souls
in troughout the world known houses of wor-
ship. (qouted from TV show Prirodna batina
Bosne i Hercegovine)
At lower altitudes, under the conditions of
supra-mediterranean and montane mediter-
ranean ecoclimate, occur the karst felds in
western Herzegovina (Posuko, Grudsko).
Tese are felds characterized by the same
water regime as previous ones, being, hence,
fooded in late autumn, winter and spring.
Although covering small area, they posses
high ecosystems diversity.
Flat area of western Herzegovina encom-
passes following karst felds: Ljubuko, Liti-
ko polje and Mostarsko Blato. Tey owe its
specifcify to geomorphological phenom-
ena, well developed underground network
and special variant of the mediterranean
climate. Te central felds part is character-
istic in its hygrophilous communities, while
in the marginal area occurs pseudo-maquis
(Figure 15).
Te landscape gets its special features by
cypresses trees whose pyramid-like shapes
bring some dynamics into degraded mar-
ginal felds area. Te fattened felds area
is taken by arable land, vineyards and fruit-
gardens of widely known cherries, plantages
of high quality tobbaco and diferent sorts of
vegetables (especially in Ljubuko polje).
Picture-like landscape image is made of
settlements placed along the felds margin.
Tey are specifc in their supra-mediterra-
nean architecture with dominance of the
white herzegovinas stone that along with the
blue sky, crystal clear water and rich culture
create typical image of this Bosnia and Her-
zegovinas area. To that landscape belongs
also Litica river, whose spring is some kind
of refugial place for tertiary fora and fauna.
A tuf formation process streching over many
years, has caused the occurence of tuf barri-
ers on Tihaljina river all the way down to its
estuary at place called Gabela. Tis, along with
the infuence of mediterranean climate coming
from the South and modifed mountain climate
coming from the North, completes typical im-
age of this splendid Herzegovinas region.
Lower karst felds in eastern Herzegovina
On the left side of Neretva river, in the
area belonging to supra-mediterranean and
mediterranean climate and going toward
southeastern Herzegovina, emerges special
kind of karst fields (Hutovo Blato, Popovo,
Ljubinjsko and Stolako polje).
Both, past and future of this phenomena is
related to hydrologic and ecologic regimes
of Bregava and Trebinjica rivers. Besides,
the survival of these fields is defined by
hydrologic regime of upper situated karst
fields in eastern Herzegovina. In geomor-
phological and hydrological sense, this
landscape survives thanks to the rich and
diverse network of watercourses and karst
relief, which are united into single struc-
ture-functional unit. Only under such con-
ditions, it is possible to maintain its natural
genuinity.
Destiny of lower fields is closely related
to the hydrological regime of upper fields
(Fatniko and Dabarsko polje), whereby
Upravo od stabilnosti hidrolokog reima
ovih pejzaa zavisi i budunost drugih
izvorita (vrela u slivu rijeke Bregave,
vrela u podruju Deranskog jezera -
Hutova Blata, izvor rijeke Bune i vodni
reim donjeg toka rijeke Neretve).
Ouvanje biolokih i ekolokih fenomena
delte rijeke Neretve, kao movarnog
stanita od meunarodne vanosti je u
direktnoj vezi sa odravanjem vodnog
reima krakih polj a ovog dij ela
Hercegovine. U direktnoj vezi s tim je
takoe i ouvanje bogatog podzemnog
reljefa i ivog svijeta u njemu, kakav
nalazimo u Vjetrenici u Popovom polju,
peini sa nesumnj ivim globalnim
vrijednostima.
Zbog intenzivnih procesa antropo-
genizacije (hidromelioracijski zahvati,
izgradnja hidroenergetskih potencijala
tokom posljednjih 50 godina, betoniranje
korita rijeke Trebinjice na duini od
preko 60 km, podizanje kompenzacionog
Svitavskog jezera za potrebe HE aplji-
na), slika ovih pejzaa je u cjelosti
izmijenjena. Na ovaj nain su nepovratno
izgubljene mnoge ambijentalne i bioloke
vrijednosti Popovog polja i Hutova blata.
Ipak, ovdje jo postoje oaze movarnog
svijeta divljine u uvjetima mediteranske
klime, kao to je Ramsar site i Park prirode
Hutovo Blato. Brojne vrste movarnih
biljaka, veliki broj vrsta ivotinja (naroito
ptica i riba), od kojih su mnoge
endemine, ulaze u sastav zajednica koje
daju dananje pejzane vrijednosti ovom
podruju. (Slika 16)
Prepoznatljive pejzane vrijednosti ita-
vom podruju daju i empresi, obradive
povrine pod vinogradima, duhanom,
itaricama i povrem.
Naselja koja su smjetena na rubnim
dijelovima polja, esto u podruju kra,
odlikuju se prepoznatljivom arhitek-
turom i dominacijom bijelog hercego-
vakog kamena, koji se nekada koristio i
za izgradnju funkcionalnih i dekorativnih
krovova. Ova, ekoloki i ekoklimatski, za
ovjeka povoljna podruja, naseljena su
jo od najranijih vremena. Mnogi narodi
ostavili su ovdje bogate izraze svoje
duhovne i materijalne kulture, koje danas
nalazimo u tvravama, bogomoljama i
naroi t o u graci ozni m kameni m
mostovima. Poznati putopisac Evlija
elebija je u svoje vrijeme Popovo polje
nazvao Misirom ovog dijela svijeta.
Snaan prodor mediteranske klime
odrazio se i na arhitekturu Trebinja,
izuzetne kulturne i ambijentalne cjeline.
Srednja kraka polja istone Hercegovine
Na viim nadmorskim visinama (oko 600
m), na sljedeoj krakoj terasi, u uslovima
izmijenjene submediteranske i medite-
ransko-montane klime smjeteni su
Dabarsko, Fatniko i Plansko polje. Ovi
izuzetni prirodni fenomeni imaju speci-
fine obrasce vodnog reima. U priro-
dnim okolnostima, polja su u hladnom
dijelu godine pod vodom, pa izgledaju
kao prava jezera. Zbog toga su naselja
pomjerena uz same rubove polja, a poljo-
privredna proizvodnja je bila ograniena
na kulture sa kraim vegetacionim
periodom. Sve donedavno ova kraka
polja su bila ouvana u svim elementima
svoje izvornosti. I danas je ovdje prisutan
unikatan ivi svijet u formi veoma razno-
likih zajednica, odnosno ekosistema.
(Slika 16)
Pritisci na kraka polja istone Hercegovine
Naroite prijetnje opstanku ovih polja i u
njima sadranoj biolokoj i pejzanoj
raznolikosti danas predstavlja ekoloki
neprihvatljivo upravljanje vodama. U
okviru megaprojekta Gornji horizonti
vode iz ovih polja se preusmjeravaju
specijalno izgraenom infrastrukturom u
vjetaku akumulaciju Bileko jezero, to
je suprotno smjeru njihovog prirodnog
oticanja.
127
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their survival depends upon water level in
Nevesinjsko and Gatako polje.
Future of other wells too depends upon the
stability in hidrological regime of this land-
scapes (wells in the conf luence of Bregava
river, wells around Deransko lake Huto-
vo Blato, sources of Buna river and water
regime in upper f low of Neretva river).
Maintenance of biologic and ecologic phe-
nomena in Neretva rivers delta, which is a
wetland area of international importance,
is directly connected with maintenance of
water regime in karst fields of this Herze-
govinas area.
Directly co-related is also maintenance of
underground relief and life in it, as it is the
case in Vjetrenica cave in Popovo polje,
which is doubtless the cave of global value.
Due to intensive anthropogenic activi-
ties (melioration, construction of hydro-
power plants in last 50 years, concreting of
Trebinjicas riverbed in length of 60 kilo-
meters, building of the compensation Svi-
tavsko lake for purposes of HE apljina),
landscapes image has changed completely.
In this way were lost many ambiental and
biologic values of Popovo polje and Hutovo
blato forever.
Yet, there are still few oasis hiding wetlands
wildlife under mediterranean climate con-
ditions, such as the Ramsar site and Park
of Nature Hutovo Blato. There are many
swamp plants, animals (especially birds and
fishes) that are endemic and part of com-
munities characterizing this landsapce.
This landscape is recognizable in cypress
trees, arable land with vineyards, tobbaco
plants, cereals and vegetables.
Settlements in marginal fields area, which
is often the karst, are recognizable in their
architecture and dominance of white Her-
zegovinas stone that used to be a building
material for highly functional and decora-
tive roofs. This, regarding ecology and eco-
climate for a man suitable area, has been in-
habited since the earliest days. Many people
have left rich expressions of their material
and spiritual culture contained within for-
tresses, houses of worship and especially in
graceful stone bridges. Evlija elebija, fa-
mous travel writer, termed Popovo polje as
Misir in this part of the world.
Strong mediterranean inf luence is ref lect-
ed in the architecture of Trebinje city, in its
cultural and scenic units placed on river-
banks of once timid Trebinjica river.
Mid karst felds of eastern Herzegovina
At higher altitude (600 m), on the next
karst terrace, under conditions of modified
supra-mediterranean and montane medi-
terranean climate situated are Dabarsko,
Fatniko and Plansko polje. These natural
phenomena have got special patterns of wa-
ter regime. Under natural conditions, dur-
ing cold period of a year, fields are covered
with water looking like a true lakes. Because
of that, settlements are moved toward the
edge and agriculture is limited onto crops
having short vegetation season. Not so long
time ago, these karst fields used to encom-
pass well preserved natural elements. Yet,
unique living world occuring organised in
diverse communities, respectively ecosys-
tems, still exists. (Figure 16)
Pressures onto karst felds in eastern Herzegovina
Survival of these felds including the entire biological and landscapes diversity encompassed
within them is jeopardized by, in ecological sense, unacceptable water management. Te
mega-project called Gornji horizonti is designed to collect and re-direct water from these
felds by specially constructed infrastructure into artifcial water accumulation Bileko
jezero. Tat is completely opposite to the natural drain direction.
Visoka kraka polja istone Hercegovine
Na narednoj krakoj terasi, u uslovima
ljutog hercegovakog kra, pod uticajem
planinske klime smjetena su kraka polja
gornje istone Hercegovine (Gatako na
istoku i Nevesinjsko na zapadu). Oba
polja su okruena visokim dinarskim
planinama (Bjelanica, Zelengora, Crvanj
i Vele), to uslovljava njihovu geomorfo-
loku i ekoloku unikatnost. Diverzitet
klime, geomorfolokih fenomena i tipova
zemljita, djelovao je kao ekoloki faktor u
nastanku bogatog i raznovrsnog biljnog i
ivotinjskog svijeta. Brojni endemi i relikti
sa stanitem na ovim krakim poljima
ulaze u strukturu specifinih ekosistema
ovog podruja. (Slika 16)
Prepoznatljivu dimenziju pejzaima ovih
polja daju i ekosistemi obradivih povrina
(nadaleko poznati krompir, ra, jeam,
heljda). Tradicionalno stoarstvo i
proizvodnja cijelog spektra domaih
sireva, te zdrava, hladna i pitka voda, ine
izvanredne osnove za razvoj ekolokog i
otvorenog turizma.
Pejzane vrijednosti ovog prostora ine i
ekosistemi uz vodotoke, kao to je rijeka
Munica i na njoj stotinu godina stara
hidroakumulacija Klinje, klisura rijeke
Graanice, a posebno ivopisna klisura
Zalomke, izuzetnog refugijuma tercijerne
vegetacije koja povezuje Gatako i
Nevesinjsko polje.

Ekosistemi:
-vodenjara sa mrijesnjacima
-vodenjara sa lokvanjima i lopoima
-trstika
-aika
-iljeva
-priobalnih podruja sa Fimbristiles
-uma bijele vrbe i bijele topole
-ibljaka rakite
-higrofilnih livada beskoljenke i raolikog jema
-toploljubivih livada
-mediteranskih i submediteranskih kamenjara sa
bijelim vrijeskom, kaduljom i smiljem
-pseudomakija
-bjelograbia i kotrike
-makedonskog hrasta
-medunca i crnog graba
Ekosistemi:
-vodenjara sa mrijesnjacima
-higrofilnih livada dinarskog procjepka i sibirske sabljice
-higrofilnih livada beskoljenke i busike
-higrofilnih livada razlika i grahora
-trstika i aika
-higrofilnih livada koute
-mezofilnih livada pahovke, rosulje i vlasulje
-termifilnih livada ovsika i crnog korijena
-mediteransko-montanih kamenjara crvenog vrijeska
-ibljaka koaraste vrbe, rakite i barske ive
-bijele vrbe i poljskog jasena
-uma hrasta cera, hrasta kitnjaka
-ibljaka lijeske
-niskih uma i ikara medunca sa dinarskom
grahoricom.
Ekosistemi:
-sporotekuih meandrirajuih voda
-higrofilnih i eutrofnih livada
-drijemovca
-higrofilnih livada ilirske gladiole
-higrofilnih livada dinarskog procjepka i
uskolisne bokvice
-livad panonskog razlika i divljeg peruna
-ibljaka rakite i barske ive
-poljskog jasena
-crne johe
-submediteranskih kamenjara sa bijelim
vriskom
-toploljubivih hrastovo-grabovih uma
-medunca i bjelograbia po obodu polja
Slika 16. Ekosistemi krakih polja istono od doline Neretve
128

Ecosystems of:
-standing water with pond weed
-standing water with pond lillies
-reed beds
-sedges
-rushes
-coastal area with Fimbristiles
-woods of white willow and silver leaved poplar
-hygrophylous meadows with moor grass and
rye-like barley
-thermophylous meadows
-mediterranean and sub-mediterranean rocky
grassland with winter savory,sage and
everlasting
-pseudo-maquis
-oriental hornbeam and butcher's broom
Ecosystems of:
-standing water with pondweed
-hygrophilous meadows with dinaric squill and sibirian iris
-hygrophiolus medaows with moor grass and tufted
hairgrass
-hygrophilous meadows with knapweed and pea
-reed and sedges
-hygrophilous meadows with kouta
-mesophilous meadows with oat grass,bentgrass and
fescue
-thermophylous meadows with brome and viper grass
-mediterranen-montane rocky grassland with red savory
-shrubs of basket willow, purpule and marsh willow
-woods of turkey and sessile oak
-ibljaka lijeske
-niskih uma i ikara medunca sa dinarskom grahoricom.
Ecosystems of:
-slow meandering streams
-hygrophylous and eutrophic meadows
-snowflake
-hygrophylous meadow with illyrian gladiola
-hygrophylous meadows with dinaric squill and
narrow leaved plantain
-meadows with pannonian knapweed and wild
parsley
-shrubs of purpule and marsh willow
-Fraxinus angustifolius
-sticky alder
-sub-mediterranean rocky grassland with winter
savory
-thermophilous woods with hornbeam and sessile
oak
-medunca i bjelograbica po obodu polja
Ecosystems of:
-standing water with pond weed
-standing water with pond lillies
-reed beds
-sedges
-rushes
-coastal area with Fimbristiles
-woods of white willow and silver leaved poplar
-hygrophylous meadows with moor grass and rye-
like barley
-thermophylous meadows
-mediterranean and sub-mediterranean rocky
grassland with winter savory,sage and everlasting
-pseudo-maquis
-oriental hornbeam and butcher's broom
-makedonskog hrasta
-medunca i crnog graba
Ecosystems of:
-standing water with pondweed
-hygrophilous meadows with dinaric squill and sibirian iris
-hygrophiolus medaows with moor grass and tufted
hairgrass
-hygrophilous meadows with knapweed and pea
-reed and sedges
-hygrophilous meadows with kouta
-mesophilous meadows with oat grass,bentgrass and
fescue
-thermophylous meadows with brome and viper grass
-mediterranen-montane rocky grassland with red savory
-shrubs of basket willow, purpule and marsh willow
-woods of turkey and sessile oak
-ibljaka lijeske
-niskih uma i ikara medunca sa dinarskom grahoricom.
Ecosystems of:
-slow meandering streams
-hygrophylous and eutrophic meadows
-snowflake
-hygrophylous meadow with illyrian gladiola
-hygrophylous meadows with dinaric squill
and narrow leaved plantain
-meadows with pannonian knapweed and
wild parsley
-shrubs of purpule and marsh willow
-Fraxinus angustifolius
-sticky alder
-sub-mediterranean rocky grassland with
winter savory
-thermophilous woods with hornbeam and
sessile oak
-medunca i bjelograbia po obodu polja

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Upper karst felds in eastern Herzegovina
On next terrace under conditions of harsh
herzegovinas karst and mountain climate,
situated are upper karst felds in eastern Her-
zegovina (Gatako in the East and Nevesin-
jsko in the West). Both are surrounded with
high Dinaric mountains (Bjelanica, Ze-
lengora, Crvanj and Vele) completing its
geomorphologic and ecologic uniqueness.
Diverse climates, then diversity of geomor-
phologic phenomena and soil types, have
shaped rich and diverse plant and animal
world. Ecosystems are composed of many
endemic and relict species inhabiting these
karst felds. (Figure 16)
Fields landscapes are also recognizable in the
ecosystems of arable land (widely known po-
tato, rye, barley, buckwheat). In the area ex-
ists an excellent ground for the ecologic and
open kind of tourism refected in traditional
cattle bredding, chees production, availabil-
ity of healthy and cold drinking water.
Landscapes value of the area make ecosys-
tems stretching along watercourses, such as
Munica river and 100 years old accumula-
tion lake called Klinje made on it, narrow
passages of Graanica river and picture-like
passage of Zalomka river, which is an out-
standing refugium of tertiary vegetation
connecting two felds Gatako and Nevesin-
jsko polje.
Figure 16. Ecosystems of karst felds eastern from Neretva river
Pritisci na kraka polja Bosne i Hercegovine
Pejzai krakih polja ine najosjetljiviju grupu ekolokih fenomena na prostoru Bosne i
Hercegovine. Dominantni faktori koji znaajno mijenjaju strukturu i funkciju prisutnih
ekosistema i djeluju na stanje biodiverziteta su:
lMelioracioni zahvati razliitih vrsta;
lPreusmjeravanje vodenih tokova u druge slivove;
lNeuravnoteena povrinska eksploatacija humusnog horizonta movarnih
zemljita;
lNeuravnoteena eksploatacija naslaga uglja;
lNamjerno izazvani poari u vrijeme sue;
lProcesi eutrofikacije povrinskih voda;
lProcesi prirodne i vjetake sukcesije;
lSjea uma u obodnom pojasu;
lGlobalne klimatske promjene (kisele kie).
Svaka promjena uobiajenog toka
variranja dovodi do poremeaja koji
mogu uticati kako na populacije pojedinih
vrsta, tako i na uobiajenu smjenu
razliitih zajednica.
Neophodno je istaknuti znaaj krakih
polja kao dijelova koridora za migratorne
vrste ptica. Ovdje stanita nalaze i
globalno ugroene vrste ptica, kao to su:
Anthya nyroca, Aquila pomarina, Falco
neumanni, Crex crex (IUCN Redlist), te
njihovi ugroeni srodnici. Meu vrstama
koje EU Wild Bird Directive navodi kao
vrste koje trebaju biti predmet specijalne
zatite, koja ukljuuje i stanita znaajna
za njihov opstanak i reprodukciju, a
stanite nalaze na ovom prostoru su:
Gavia artica, Ixobrychus minutes, Nycticorax
nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta alba,
Egretta garzetta, Ardea purpurea, Platalea
leucorodia, Plegadis falcinellus, Ciconia
ciconia.
Stepen biodiverziteta krakih polja s
jedne, te stepen pritisaka s druge strane
zahtijeva cjelovitu i integralnu zatitu i
upravljanje svakim segmentom ovih
izuzetno sloenih ekosistema i pejzaa.
Pejzai krakih polja
129
Karst felds in Bosnia
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Pressures on karst felds in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Landscapes of karst felds are thought to be the most sensitive group of ecologic phenomena
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, whereby their structure and functions have been changing. Fac-
tors that alter the structure and function in most signifcant way infuencing by that the bio-
diversitys state are as follows:
t Diferent kind of melioration activities;
t Re-directing of streams into other basins;
t Unbalanced exploitation of moorlands humus horizon;
t Unbalanced coals extraction;
t Purposely caused fres in dry season;
t Eutrophication of surface water;
t Succession either natural or by human activities induced;
t Logging in the marginal felds area;
t Global climate changes (acid precipitation);
t Globalne klimatske promjene (kisele kie).
Any change in variation pattern results in
disturbance that affects either distinct pop-
ulations or common process of succession.
It has to be stressed that karst fields are an
integral part of migratory birds routes. Even
globally threatened bird species find their
habitats here, for instance Anthya nyroca,
Aquila pomarina, Falco neumanni, Crex
crex (IUCN Redlist) and kindred species.
Species listed by EU Wild Bird Directive in
terms of requiring special protection that
includes habitats needed for their reproduc-
tion and survival, and which are to be found
in this area are as follows: Gavia artica,
Ixobrychus minutes, Nycticorax nycticorax,
Ardeola ralloides, Egretta alba, Egretta gar-
zetta, Ardea purpurea, Platalea leucorodia,
Plegadis falcinellus, Ciconia ciconia.
A demand afer full and integral kind of pro-
tection, as well as management in each land-
scapes segment, is posed by the karst felds
biodiversity and pressures afecting it.
GENETIC
DIVERSITY
Genetika raznolikost podrazumijeva
raznovrsnost genofonda sadranog u
razliitim biljnim i ivotinjskim oblicima
kultivisanih i domestificiranih biljaka i
GENETIKA RAZNOLIKOST BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
ivotinja, kroz dugi proces etnogeneze na
bosanskohercegovakim prostorima.
Akteri genetike raznolikosti na nivou
Bosne i Hercegovine su:
lvisok stepen heterogenosti ekosistema i pejzaa Bosne i Hercegovine,
ljedinstveni procesi i nivoi kulturne raznolikosti,
listorijski proces naseljavanja,
luticaji razliitih civilizacija sa istoka i zapada,
lukupna bioloka raznolikost autohtonog genofonda uslovila je izuzetno visoku
raznolikost i genetikih resursa na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine, sadranih u
izuzetno velikom broju originalnih oblika (naroitih geno- i ekotipova), pasmina
ivotinja i sorti biljaka.
Kao i u drugim oblastima biodiverziteta,
tako i u genetikoj raznolikosti BiH jo
postoje velike nepoznanice. Veoma mali
broj naunih i strunih podataka govori o
utvrenim sortama i pasminama. Smatra
se da je tokom vremena dolo do gubitka
elementarnih podataka o nekadanjem
izuzetno bogatom genetikom diverzitetu
biljaka i ivotinja. Zakonska regulativa
koja bi regulisala probleme inven-
tarizacije i zatite ove vrste genofonda jo
ne postoji. Posebnu vanost ima injenica
da jo nije uraena nauna inventarizacija
genetike raznolikosti te da nij e
uspostavljena banka gena u kojoj bi se, u
skladu sa meunarodnim propisima,
traj no ouvao genofond Bosne i
Hercegovine.
Od nekada nesagledivog bogatstva
autohtonih (ili duboko ukorijenjenih i
odomaenih) sorti jabuka, kruaka, ljiva,
i drugog voa, povra, penice bjelice i
drugih itarica, ostali su samo tragovi
zapisani u narodnim pjesmama i
pripovijetkama, koje ujedno ilustruju i
nekada veliko kulturno bogatstvo i
etnoloku raznovrsnost.
Biljni genetiki resursi Bosne i Hercegovine
Izuzev nekoliko sorti vinove loze
(Blatina i ilavka), te jedne sorte
jabuka, drugih zatienih oblika ove vrste
genofonda jo nema.
Kada je u pitanju diverzitet biljnih
genetikih resura moe se jo govoriti o
znaaj nom genofondu. U Bosni i
Hercegovini je poznato bogatstvo
vrijednih sorti povra, voa i itarica, koje
danas egzistiraju u odreenim oblicima
na pojedinim dijelovima teritorije.
Od genetikih resursa itarica, posebne
vrijednosti su sadrane u brojnim sortama
kukuruza (Zea mays), penice (Triticum
sp.), jema (Hordeum sp.), zobi (Avena
sativa), rai (Secale cereale), prohe (Panicum
miliaceum).
131
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E
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E
T
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D
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E
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S
I
T
Y
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Genetic diversity means richness of gen pool
comprised within diferent plant and animal
forms both cultivated and domesticated ones
through a long process of ethnogenesis in
Factors that determine genetic diversity on
national scale are:
As in any other aspect of biodiversity, genet-
ic biodiversity in B&H too is a big mistery.
There are only sporadic scientific and expert
data on identified sorts and breeds.
Now, it is being believed that basic data on
rich genetic diversity of plants and animals
were lost in time. Legislative that would con-
sider the issues of inventory and protection
hasnt been inforced yet. Special importance
comes to the fact that the scientific invento-
ry of genetic diversity hasnt been completed
yet, meaning that bank of gens that should
obey the international rules hasnt been es-
tablished neither.
What once used to be the richness in indig-
enous (either deeply rooted or domesticat-
ed) sorts of apples, pears, plums and other
fruits, and sorts of wheat such as bjelica
and other cereals, now are only traces re-
corded in volks songs and tales illustrating
former cultural richness and ethnologic di-
versity.
t High heterogeneity of ecosystems and landscapes in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
t Unique processes and levels of cultural diversity;
t Hystorical process of inhabitation;
t Other civilizations infuences coming from the East and West;
t A total biodiversity of indigenous gen pool results in high diversity of genetic resources in
Bosnia and Herzegovina contained in great number of original (especially genotypes and
ecotypes) animal breeds and plant sorts.
Except for several sorts of grape (Blatina
i ilavka) and one sort of apples, there
are no gen pools protection measures in
place.
The diversity of herbal genetic resources is
addressed as a significant gen pool, which
is based on available information on veg-
etable, fruit and cereal richness in Bosnia
and Herzegovina.
Among cereals as a genetic resource valu-
able are sorts of maize (Zea mays), wheat
(Triticum sp.), barley (Hordeum sp.), oat
(Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale), broom-
corn millet (Panicum miliaceum).
Herbal genetic resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina
U povrtlarskim genetikim resursima
raznolikou oblika i posebnih ekotipova
posebno se istiu: tikve i bundeve iz roda
Cucurbita, grahovi (Phaseolus vulgaris:
uo, bubnjo, trenjo, kuiar, mesni),
kupusi iz roda Brassica, paprika
(Capsicum annuum), nadaleko uvene
bamije (Hibiscus esculentum), lubenice
semberke (Cytrullus colocynthus), dinje
(Cucumis melo), te spektar sorti krompira
(Solanum tuberosum: romanijski, kupreki,
fojniki, glamoki, itd.).
Tabela 44. - Pregled priznatih sorti penice
s podruja Bosne i Hercegovine
Sorte Institucija
Bosanka Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Granada Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Kristina Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Prijedoranka Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Banjaluanka Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Orion Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Stojanka Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Jelena Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
amanka PIK amac - amac
Sorta Godina
priznavanja
Institucija
Sana 1997 Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Sonja 1997 Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Marina 1999 Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Milica 1999 Poljopr. inst. Banja Luka
Amigdalus communis L. - badem Crataegus oxyacantha L. - glog
Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. kajsija

Olea europea L. - maslina
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.- danarika

Prunus avium l. trenja
Prunus domesticaL. - ljiva

Prunus mahaleb L. - raeljka
Castanea sativa Miller kesten pitomi

Prunus persica L. - breskva
Cerasus vulgaris Mill - vinja Punica granatum L. - nar
Cornus mas L. dren Pyrus pyraster L - kruka
Cydonia oblonga Mill. - dunja Rosa canina L. Ruin ipak
Juglans regia L. orah Sambucus nigra L. domaa zova
Malus sylvestris Mill. divlja jabuka Sorbus domestica L. oskorua
Mespilus germanica L. - mumula Sorbus aucuparia L. - jarebika
Tabela 45. - Pregled priznatih sorti soje
s podruja Bosne i Hercegovine
Raznolikost ekoklime doprinosi jo
ouvanoj raznolikosti vonih genetikih
resursa. Diverzitet ove grupe ogleda se u
velikom broju sorti treanja (Prunus
avium: alice, alame, halamue, hruovi,
crnice, bjelice); ljiva (Prunus domesticus:
bijele, prskulje, mrkulje, savke); kruaka
(Pyrus sp.: jemenke, krivoke, mednjae,
takie, bijeli karamut, crni karamut,
krupnjae, jeribasme); jabuke (Malus sp.:
petrovae, golubae, arenike, zelenike,
senabij e, ahmanue, krompirue,
crvenike, itd.), kao i vinji, kajsija, breskvi,
badema, malina, kupina, jagoda i ribizli.
Veliku vrijednost imaju i mnoge biljke
voarice, koje slue kao podloga za
kalemljenje i koje se u dosta sluajeva
navode kao nauno i struno priznate
vrste podloga za uzgoj odreenih sorti.
Tabela 46. - Priznate sorte podloga
U bilj nim genetikim resursima BiH znaaj no mj esto zauzimaj u i razliite sor-
te krmnih biljaka.
132
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E
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E
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D
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Y
Table 44. Overview of recognized wheat
sorts from the territory of B&H
Among gardening genetic resources diver-
sity of forms and special ecotypes character-
izes: pumpkins from genus Cucurbita, bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris: uo, bubnjo, trenjo,
kuiar, mesni), cabbage from genus Bras-
sica, paprika (Capsicum annuum), widely
known okra (Hibiscus esculentum), water-
melon called semberka (Cytrullus colocyn-
thus), melon (Cucumis melo), and spectrum
of potatos sorts (Solanum tuberosum: ro-
manijski, kupreki, fojniki, glamoki etc.).
Te diversity of ecoclimate has supported high
and still well preserved diversity of genetic re-
sources contained in fruits. Tis is refected
in great number of sorst of cherries (Prunus
avium: alice, alame, halamue, hruovi,
crnice, bjelice); plums (Prunus domesticus:
bijele, prskulje, mrkulje, savke); pears (Pyrus
sp.: jemenke, krivoke, mednjae, takie,
bijeli karamut, crni karamut, krupnjae, jeri-
basme); apples (Malus sp.: petrovae, golubae,
arenike, zelenike, senabije, ahmanue,
krompirue, crvenike etc.), as well as sour
cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds, raspber-
ries, blackberries, strawberries and currants.
Of high importance are many fruit sorts that
are being used for inoculation purposes cited
ofen by scientists and experts as a base for
growing of certain sorts.
Table 45. Overview of recognized soya bean
sorts from the territory of B&H
Table 46. Recognized sorts used as base for growing
Within herbal genetic resources of B&H, diferent sorts of fodder plants take signifcant
place.
Sort Institution
Sort
Year of
recognition
Institution
Vano mjesto u diverzitetu biljnih
genetikih resursa nae zemlje ima
ornamentalna flora, koja i danas krasi
brojna dvorita i avlije. Naroito je
znaajan genofond sadran u razliitim
oblicima rua (Rosa sp.), kao to je
ulbeeerka (Rosa poliantha); ulhatma ili
trandavilje (Althaea rosea); rutica (Ruta
graveolens); rejhan ili bosiok (Ocymum
basillicum); selen ili miloduh (Levisticum
officinale); ekaik ili bour (Paeonia sp.);
eboj (Erysimum sp.) i mnoge druge kojima
se ve odavno zametnuo trag.
Zahvaljujui savremenim molekularno-
Tabela 47. - Sorte krmnog bilja
genetikim istraivanjima danas postoje i
pionirski podaci o identificiranim
genetikim markerima endeminog
genofonda Bosne i Hercegovine (Lilium
bosniacum, L. cataniae, Iris bosniaca, L.
martagom, Hypochoeris macullata, Juniperus
sabina). Genetiki diverzitet ovih vrsta
ogleda se u broju lokusa ribozomalne
DNK, u broju tzv. repeticija ribozomalnih
gena, aktivnosti ribozomalnih gena, tj.
broja nukleolusa; u prisustvu i broju B
hromosoma, vel i i ni genoma, t e
prisustvu razliitih nivoa ploidije.
Vrsta Domestificirane pasmine BH pasmine
Konj
Equus caballus L., 1758;
E. ferus Boddaert, 1785 (E. f.
przewalskii, E. f. gmelini) i
njihovi krianci
Bosanskohercegovaki
brdski
Bua Govedo
Bos taurus domesticus L., 1758;

B. primigenius Bojanus, 1827
(=B. primigenius taurus) i
njihovi krianci
Gatako
Ovca
Ovis aries L., 1758
(O. a. domestica = O. ovis);
O. orientalis, O. musimon, O.
vignei i njihovih moguih
krianaca
Pramenka
Koza
Capra hircus L., 1758;
C. h. domestica Domaa balkanska rogata
Svinja
Sus scrofa L., 1758;
S. s. domestica (=S.
domesticus)
ika

Sorta
Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) : BL-422, Banjaluanka, Sonja, Biljana
Smiljkita (Lotus corniculatus L.): BL-17, Tera
Jeevica (Dactylis glomerata L.): BL-4, BL-Krajina
Maiji rep (Phleum pratense L.): BL-B
Crveni vijuk (Festuca rubra L.): Buki
Stoni graak (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.): Saa
Genetika raznolikost autohtonih pasmina domaih ivotinja
Kroz dugo postojanje razliitih civilizacija
na prostoru BiH domestificirane su
mnoge pasmine ivotinja. Mnoge od njih
su vremenom poprimile atribute zasebnih
ekotipova, pa danas predstavljaju
izdiferencirane, pa i izolovane oblike u
opem genofondu domaih ivotinja.
Naroitom raznolikou se istiu pasmine
konja, goveda, ovaca, koza, svinja, pasa i
golubova.
Tabela 48. - Autohtone pasmine domaih ivotinja u BiH
133
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Table 47. Sorts of fodder plants
Ornamental fora too takes signifcant place
in the diversity of herbal genetic resources
of our country as a decoration for many gar-
dens and backyards. Highly signifcant gen
pool is contained within diferent forms of
roses (Rosa sp.), such as ulbeeerka (Rosa
poliantha); ulhatma or hollyhock (Althaea
rosea); common rue (Ruta graveolens); rejhan
or basil (Ocymum basillicum); miloduh or
lovage (Levisticum ofcinale); ekaik or peo-
ny (Paeonia sp.); wenlock beauty (Erysimum
sp.) and many other of which the last trace
was lost long time ago.
Tanks to modern molecular-genetic stud-
ies, there are pioneer information on genetic
markers identifed within endemic gen pool
of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Lilium bosni-
acum, L. cataniae, Iris bosniaca, L. mart-
agom, Hypochoeris macullata, Juniperus sa-
bina). Te genetic diversity of afore named
species is refected in the number of ribo-
somal DNAs loci, number of repetitions of
ribosomal genes, activity of ribosomal genes,
respectively the number of nucleoli; oc-
curence and number of B chromosomes, size
of genom and diferent levels of ploidia.
Genetic diversity within indigenous breeds of domestic animals in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Trough the longlasting existance of difer-
ent civilizations on the territory of Bosnia
and Herzegovina, domesticated were many
animal breeds. Majority of them evolved in
time as distinct ecotypes representing today
clearly separated, even insulated, forms in
the general gen pool of domestic animals.
High diversity is achieved among the breeds
of horses, cattle, sheeps, goats, pigs, dogs and
pigeons.
Table 48. Indigenous breeds of domestic animals in B&H
Sort
Kao dobar pokazatelj odrivog koritenja
ukupne bioloke raznolikosti i poimanja
Konvencije o biolokom diverzitetu mogu
posluiti i primjeri proizvoda, koji nastaju
kroz tradicionalne biotehnoloke procese.
U razliitim kulturama duge i bogate
tradicije Bosne i Hercegovine nastajali su i
mnogi tradicionalni proizvodi iz domena
pekarstva, mlj ekarstva, pivarstva,
vinarstva, a posebno u proizvodnji
razliitih vrsta sireva.
Posebna vrijednost Bosne i Hercegovine
su hiljadugodinji korijeni razliitih
varijanti biotehnolokih procedura u
dobijanju i ouvanju ivotnih namirnica,
od tradicionalnih osvjeavajuih napitaka
i turija, preko kisele zimnice do blagih i
estokih alkoholnih pia. U poetku su to
bili proizvodi namijenjeni sopstevnim
kunim potrebama, a kasnije su poprimili
i komercijalne dimenzije. Na temeljima
bogatog iskustva domae biote-
hnologije, ve dugo vremena u Bosni i
Hercegovini se razvija veoma uspjena
industrijska biotehnoloka proizvodnja
prehrambenih namirnica i alkoholnih
pia.
Bioloka raznolikost genetikih resursa je
Bosanskohercegovaki
pastirski tornjak
Pas
Canis familiaris L., 1758
(=C. canis= C. donmsticus=C. lupus
familiaris=C. l. domesticus)

Bosanski otrodlaki goni
barak
Travniki kratkokljuni
Sarajevski prevrta
Bihaki prevrta
Golub
Columba livia L., 1758;

C. l. domestica
Zeniki prevrta
Vrsta Podvrsta
Srna /Capreolus capreolus (L.)/ C. c. grandis
Divokoza /Rupicapra rupicapra (L.)/ R. r. balcanica
Divlja svinja /Sus scrofa (L.)/ S. s. reiseri
Vuk /Canis lupus (L.)/ C. l. kurjak
Kuna bjelica (Samsar) /Martes foina (Erxleben)/ M. f. bosniaca
Mrki medvjed /Ursus arctos (L.)/ U. a. bosniensis
Tradicionalne naznake autohtonosti se odavno veu za hercegovakog magarca, psa i
kokoi.
Bosanskohercegovaka divlja se posebno istie svojom osobenou i ini jedinstven
Tabela 49. - Autohtone podvrste divljai u BiH
Tradicionalne biotehnologije
u visokoj korelacij i sa spektrom
tradicionalnih biotehnolokih procesa.
Od autohtonih sorti vinove loze proizvodi
se nadaleko poznata Blatina i
ilavka, te poznata hercegovaka
lozovaa; rakija ljivovica od ljive
savke, razne vrste piva od zdravog jema i
hmelja, mnogobrojne vrste domaih
pekmeza, bestilja i himbera, od
domaih jabuka, kruaka i ljiva.
Naroit odraz etnogeneze, kulture
ishrane, te tradicionalnih biotehnolokih
umijea i rjeenja, iskazan je kroz izuzetno
bogatstvo autohtonih sireva, napravljenih
u tajnovitim biotehnolokim procesima
od najkvalitetnijeg mlijeka bosanskih
krava, bosanskih ovaca i koza. Tajna
unikatnog kvaliteta i sastava ovih sireva
nesumnjivo lei i u unikatnosti diverziteta
biljaka na bogatim panjacima Bosne i
Hercegovine, na kojima se napasaju
domae ivotinj e. Pored do sada
registrovanih i priznatih 15 vrsta
autohtonih sireva, sigurno postoje mnoge
jo nepoznate biotehnoloke formule,
duboko zakopane u katunima bosansko-
hercegovakih dinarskih planina.
134
Species Sub-species
Roe deer Capreolus capreolus (L.) C. c. grandis
Chamoix Rupicapra rupicapra (L.) R. r. balcanica
Wild boar Sus scrofa (L.) S. s. reiseri
Wolf Canis lupus (L.) C. l. kurjak
Beech marten (Samsar) Martes foina (Erxleben) M. f. bosniaca
Brown bear Ursus arctos (L.) U. a. bosniensis
G
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E
T
I
C

D
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V
E
R
S
I
T
Y
In the tradition, traces of indigenous breeds have been linked since ever with herzegovinas
donkey, dog and chicken.
Te game species of Bosnia and Herzegovina too posses underlined uniqueness taking its share
in B&Hs gen pool.
Table 49. Indigenous sub-species of game species in B&H
Traditional biotechnologies
As a good indicator for the sustainable use
of biodiversity and comprehension of the
Convention on Biodiversity could be taken
products made by traditional biotechno-
logical processes. Diferent cultures emerg-
ing in long and rich tradition of Bosnia and
Herzegovina used to make many traditional
products out of domain of bread making,
milk-production, brewery, viniculture and
especially chees production.
Special value of Bosnia and Herzegovina is
represented by thousand-year old roots of
various biotechnological procedures in food
production and preservation, from tradi-
tionally refreshing drinks and sour salad,
over sour food supplies for winter to mild
and strong alcohol drinks. In the beginning
those products were ment for personal needs,
getting later more comercial dimension.
Based on rich experiences from the home-
made biotechnological practice, in Bosnia
and Herzegovina has been developing very
successful industrial biotechnological pro-
duction of livegoods and alcohol drinks.
Te biodiversity of genetic resources is high-
ly co-related with the traditional biotechno-
logical processes. Among indigenous sorts
of grape grown are widely known Blatina
and ilavka, produced are also herze-
govinas grape brandy; ljivovica brandy
made of plums called savke, diferent kinds
of beer from healthy barley and hops, then
home-made jams, marmelades, and him-
bers from domestic sorts of apples, pears
and plums.
As a special expression of ethnogenesis, nu-
tritional culture and traditional biotechno-
logical skills and solutions considered is high
richness in indigenous sorts of chees, made
by secret biotechnological procedures from
the highest quality milk of bosnian cows,
sheeps and goats. In the uniqueness of herb-
al diversity comprised by pastures in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, where domestic animals
graze, lies a secret on the quality and compo-
sition of chees. Apart from so far identifed
and recognized 15 sorts of indigenous chees,
for sure exist many other unknown biotech-
nological formulas, deeply hidden in the
mountain cottages of Dinaric Alps in B&H.
Duga tradicija u proizvodnji mlijenih
proizvoda, te znaajni raspoloivi
kapaciteti uslovili su bogatu mreu
mljekarsko-biotehnoloke prerade, koja
broji preko 60 jedinica, smjetenih u
razliitim dijelovima Bosne i Herce-
govine.
Razvoj privrednih subjekata u oblasti
pekarsko-biotehnoloke proizvodnje,
Tabela 50. - Autohtoni sirevi Bosne i Hercegovine
Sir Identifikacijsko podruje
Travniki (Vlaiki) Kompleks Vlaia i okolnih planina
Masni Istona Bosna: oko ajnia, Tjentita, Sokoca i neki drugi krajevi
Presukaa Hercegovina i Piva (Crna Gora); Bosna I Hercegovina: ira podruja
Gacka, Konjica i Sjemea
Sirac Bosanska krajina, osobito planinska podruja
Livanjski Proizvodi se na kompleksu Cincara i okolnih planina, te na krakim
poljima: Livanjskom, Glamokom i Duvanjskom
Posni iroko podruje Bosne i Hercegovine
Suhi ili mjeinski
punomasni
Hercegovina
Svjei kiseli i sueni kiseli Podruja koja gravitiraju sjevernoj Bosni
Zajednica Istona Bosna: krajevi gdje se proizvodi kajmak.
Basa Bosanska krajina, oko Bihaa i ire (Lika, Hrvatska)
Kalenderovaki Sjeverna Bosna:
obronci Motajice, neki krajevi oko Majevice i ekovia
Tvrdi kozji Hercegovina
Bijeli kozji Hercegovina i
neka podvlaika sela (Bosna)
Zarica Istona Bosna
Urda Sva planinska podruja BiH
pi varsko-bi ot ehnol oki h rj eenj a,
produkciji vina i drugih tradicionalnih
alkoholnih pia, prerada voa i povra na
tradicionalnim iskustvima danas pred-
stavljaju vane segmente bosansko-
hercegovake ekonomije. Ove grane
privrede upoljavaju veliki dio radno
sposobnog stanovnitva.
Pritisci
Kako svijet divljine, tako i genetiki resursi danas trpe veoma izraene pritiske koji vode
redukciji, a vjerovatno i izumiranju brojnih sorti i pasmina sa prostora Bosne i Herce-
govine.
Najdominantniji pritisci na genetike resurse su:
lIntenzivne promjene u oblicima poljoprivredne proizvodnje kroz upotrebu
mehanizacije, te sredstava kao to su pesticidi i fertilizatori;
lVeoma intenzivne migracije i raseljavanje stanovnitva iz sela u gradove, a
naroito iz prirodno i etnoloki izoliranih podruja (planinska sela na: Bjelanici,
vrsnici, Zelengori, Kupresu, Vlaiu, Vitorogu itd.);
lDrutvena nezainteresovanost za ouvanje ovog dijela prirodno-kulturne batine;
lIntenzivno irenje invazivnih vrsta biljaka i ivotinja;
lPromjene tradicionalnog oblika ivljenja i privreivanja bosanskohercegovakog
ovjeka;
Chees ,GHQWLFDWLRQDUHD
7UDYQLNL9ODLNL FRPSOH[RI9ODL0WDQGQHLJKERXULQJPRXQWDLQV
Masni
HDVWHUQ%RVQLDDURXQGDMQLH7MHQWLWH6RNRODFDQGLQVRPH
other areas
3UHVXNDD
Herzegovina and Piva river(Montenegro); Bosnia and Herzegov-
LQDZLGHUDUHDRI*DFNR.RQMLFDQG6MHPH
Sirac Bosanska krajina, especially its mountain areas
Livanjski
Proizvodi se na kompleksu Cincara i okolnih planina, te na
NUDNLPSROMLPD/LYDQMVNRP*ODPRNRPL'XYDQMVNRP
Posni wide area in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Suhi ili mjeinski
punomasni
Herzegovina
6YMHLNLVHOLLVXHQLNLVHOL areas oriented toward northern Bosnia
Zajednica eastern Bosnia: areas in which cream is being produced.
Basa %RVDQVNDNUDMLQDDURXQG%LKDDQGZLGHU/LND&URDWLD
.DOHQGHURYDNL
northern Bosnia:slopes of Motajica Mt., some areas around Ma-
MHYLFD0WDQGHNRYLL
Tvrdi kozji Herzegovina
Bijeli kozji
Herzegovina and
VRPHYLOODJHVEHQHDWK9ODL0W%RVQLD
Zarica eastern Bosnia
Urda all mountain areas in B&H
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Table 50. Indigenous sorts of chees in Bosnia and Herzegovina
A long tradition in milk production and sub-
stantial capacities that are available, made
base for the branched network of milk-bio-
technological facilities, with more than 60
units located all around Bosnia and Herze-
govina.
Development of economy subjects in the feld
of bread-making biotechnological produc-
tion, brewering-biotechnological solutions,
production of vine and other alcochol drinks,
treating of fruits and vegetables based on tra-
ditional knowledge, represent important seg-
ments of the economy in Bosnia and Herze-
govina. Tese economy branches employ the
largest proportion of working population.
Pressures
Like the wildlife so the genetic resources too sustain sever pressures raised upon them,
which tend to cause the reduction, most probably even extinction, of many sorts and breeds
from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Prevailing pressures on genetic resources are:
t Intensive change in the agricultural production through mechanisation use, and use of
such means as pesticides and fertilisers;
t Very intensive migration and displacement of population from villages to cities, especially
from insulated areas in respect to nature and ethnology (mountain villages on: Bjelanica,
vrsnica, Zelengora, Kupres, Vlai, Vitorog etc.);
t Social negligence for the protection of this segment in natural and cultural heritage;
t Intensive dispersal of alien plants and animals;
t Changes in traditional mode of living and income gain of people in Bosnia and Herze-
govina;
lIskorjenjivanje kulturnih tradicija u kojima su nesumnjivu ulogu imale autohtone
sorte i pasmine biljaka i ivotinja;
lGlobalne promjene potpomognute komunikacijskim pogodnostima za brzo irenje
raznih patogena;
lFavoriziranje oblika biljaka i ivotinja nastalih dirigovanom selekcijom, koji
direktno ili indirektno potiskuju autohtoni genofond;
lSve jae prisustvo genetiki modificiranih oblika kao i prehrambenih i ljekovitih
proizvoda proizvedenih iz njih.
Zbog navedenih pritisaka znaajan dio
genofonda autohtonih pasmina i sorti je
ve davno iezao. Mnogi oblici nestaju na
nae oi, to nalae potrebu brzih akcija u
inventarizaciji i konzervaciji preostalih
biljnih i ivotinjskih genetikih resursa.
Unato tome, raspoloiva genetika
raznolikost predstavlja izuzetan resurs i
moan potencijal u proizvodnji zdrave i
kvalitetne hrane, kao i dobij anj u
plemenitih sorti voa, povra, itarica, te
zdravih pasmina ivotinja.
Pomenuti potencijal je jedna od najveih
komparativnih prednosti Bosne i
Hercegovine u odnosu na zemlje u
regionu i itavoj Evropi. U bliskoj
budunosti bogatstvo jedne zemlje e se
mjeriti raznolikou i potencijalima
sadranim u genetikim resursima biljaka
i ivotinja.
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t Disrooting of cultural traditions in which indigenous plant sorts and animal breeds play
undoubtedly important role;
t Global changes supported by communication advantages which enable swif dispersal of
pathogens;
t Favoring of plants and animals evolved by controlled selection, which either directly or indi-
rectly supress the indigenous gen pool;
t Steady increasing in the occurence of GMOs and dietary and medicinal products obtained
by their usage.
Due to above stated pressures, large proportion of indigenous gen pool of breeds and sorts
vanished long time ago. And many are dissapearing right in front of our eyes. Hence, urgent
actions are required in order to make an inventory and ensure conservation of herbal and
animal genetic resources remained.
Inspite of that, genetic diversity that is available represents the outstanding resource and
mighty potential for the production of healthy and high quality food, as well as for the ob-
taining of noble sorst of fruits, vegetables, cereals and healthy breeds of animals.
Te mentioned potential is one of the greates comparative advantages of Bosnia and Herze-
govina compared to other countries in the region and entire Europe. In the nearest future,
countrys richness shall be assessed by its diversity level and potentials contained within its
genetic resources.

ALIEN SPECIES
Pod invazivnim vrstama podrazumi-
jevaju se one vrste biljaka, ivotinja i gljiva
koje potiu iz drugih florno-zoogeo-
grafskih oblasti, a u procesu kompeticije
potiskuju autohtoni genofond osvajajui
raspoloive ekoloke nie. Invazivne vrste
se najee ire kao sluajan pratilac
razliitih ljudskih aktivnosti. Ove vrste
ponajprije zauzimaju urbana i ruralna
INVAZIVNE VRSTE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
stanita, a kasnije se ire i u slobodnoj
prirodi.
Ni prostor BiH nije poteen dolaska
adventivnih vrsta, gdje pored invazivnih
spadaju i razliite vrste biljnih genetikih
resursa (povrtlarske, voarske, itarice,
ornamentalne i kulturne biljne vrste, te
razliite ivotinje i gljive.
INVAZIVNE BILJNE VRSTE
Mnoge alohtone vrste su pratioci
razliitih biljnih genetikih resursa. To su
korovi koji se zadravaju u kulturama, a
veoma rijetko izlaze izvan agroeko-
sistema i zauzimaju ekoloke nie
autohtone flore. Meutim, jedan dio
alohtonih vrsta, potpuno je prilagoen
uslovima lokalnih stanita i odavno je
izmakao kontroli ovjeka.
Prema meunarodnim standardima
poimanja invazivnih vrsta i stepenu
spoznaje raznolikosti BiH flore moe se
tvrditi da je u BiH registrovano na
desetine invazivnih vrsta.
Tabela 51. - Neke invazivne vrste registrovane u BiH
Vrsta Podrijetlo
Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson S.Amerika
Asclepias syriaca L. S. Amerika
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Amerika
Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte Kina
Artemisia vulgare L. Sjeverna Amerika
Bidens bipinnata L. Juna Amerika
Bidens frondosus L. Sjeverna Amerika
Bidens subalaternus D.C. Juna Amerika
Coniza canadensis ( L.) Sjeverna Amerika
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Sjeverna Amerika
Galinsoga ciliata (Rafin.) S. F. Meksiko - ile
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Juna Amerika
Helianthus tuberosum L. Sjeverna Amerika
Iva xanthifolia Nutt. Sjeverna Amerika
Picris eschioides L. Juna Europa
Solidago gigantea Ait. Sjeverna Amerika
Tagetes minuta L. Juna Amerika
Xanthium strumarium L. subsp. strumarium
subsp. italicum ( Moretti) D. Love
Juna Amerika
Bunias erucago L. Juna Europa
Euclidium siriacum (L.) R.Br. in Aiton Istona i srednja Europa
Lepidium virginicum L. Srednja Amerika
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ALIEN SPECIES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
ALIEN PLANTS
As an alien species considered are those spe-
cies of plants, animals and mushrooms that
originate from other foristic and zoogeo-
graphic regions and which in the competi-
tion with indigenous gen pool supress it by
taking all available ecological niches. An
alien species are the most commonly spread
as accidental followers of diferent human ac-
tivities. At the beginning, these species take
urban and rural habitats, and later on they
spread all across the free nature.
Not even the territory of B&H has been
spared from the arrival of adventive species,
which beside alien include all sorts of plant
genetic resources (vegetables, fruits, cereals,
ornamental and cultural plant species), and
diverse animals and mushrooms.
Many indigenous species are followers of
diferent herbal genetic resources. Tose are
weeds that retain in crops and leave an agro-
ecosystem seldom by taking ecological niches
of the indigenous fora. But, there is a share
of alochthonous species which adjusted en-
tirely to local habitats conditions and got out
of the human control long time ago.
Afer international standards regarding un-
derstanding of alien species and degree of
knowledge of B&Hs foristic diversity, it can
be stated that in B&H were identifed dozens
of alien species.
Table 51. Some alien species recorded in B&H
Species Origin
Od hortikulturnih vrsta koje su izmakle
ljudskoj kontroli, u Bosni i Hercegovini su
danas najprisutnije: Asclepias siriaca,
Helianthus tuberosus, Solidago gigantea,
Tagetes minuta, Amorpha fruticosa, Robinia
pseudacaci a, Phyt ol aca ameri cana,
Reynoutria japonica, Ailanthus altissima,
Impatiens glandulifera.
Veina ovih vrsta nastanjuje priobalne
pojaseve ravniarskih rijeka, sjeine,
umske proplanke i slina stanita.
Ove vrste (Asclepias syriaca, Helianthus
tuberosus i Amorpha fruticosa) uslovljavaju
posebno negativne uticaje na stanitima
ekosistema higrofilnih uma vrba, joha i
topola, koje su u Bosni i Hercegovini
rasprostranjene naroito u Posavini.
Higrofilni ekosistemi se danas nalaze pod
visokim stepenom ugroenosti od
invazivnih vrsta.
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Centralna i Istona Europa
Coronilla valentina L.
Sedum sarmentosum Bunge I. azija
Juniperus communis L.
Euphorbia spinosa L.
Euphorbia maculata L. S. Amerika
Euphorbia nutans Lagasca S. Amerika
Amorpha fruticosa L. C. I Amerika
Lathyrus tuberosum L.
Robinia pseudacacia L. S. Amerika
Iris germanica L.
Stachys annua L.

Oxalis stricta L. S. Amerika
Phragmites communis L.
Phytolacca americana L. S. Amerika
Eleusine indica ( L.) Geartn. Tropi i subtropi
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. in Lam. S. Amerika
Paspalum paspaloides ( Michx) Scribn. tropi
Sorghum halepense ( L.) Pers. S. Afrika i jugozapadna Azija
Polygonum communis L.
Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Japan
Rubus ceasiues L.
Ailanthus altissima ( Mill.) Swingle Kina
Urtica dioica L.
Echynocistis lobata (Michx) Torrey & A. Gray Sjeverna Amerika
Elodea canadensis Michx. Sjeverna Amerika
Dobro aklimatizirane vrste, kao to su
Robinia pseudacacia, Ailanthus glandulosa.
pa ak i Syringa vulgaris, danas osvajaju
stanita u zoni zajednica hrastovo-
grabovih i bukovih uma na itavom
prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine. Bagrem
ak izgrauje i posebne antropogene
ekos i s t eme ( Smyr ni o- Robi ni e t um
pseuacaciae). Ailanthus glandulosa zauzima
i stanita priobalnog pojasa rijeka
peripanonskog, brdskog i submediteran-
skog pojasa.
Impatiens glandulifera je vrsta koju u
posljednje vrijeme sve ee nalazimo u
zoni uma johe, uma krhke vrbe i rakite, a
naroito u slivnom podruju rijeke Vrbas.
Neke od invazivnih vrsta rairene su
zajedno sa kulturnim biljkama, a danas
vrlo esti korovi su:
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Among species that are used for horticultural
purpose and which got out of human control,
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the most com-
mon are: Asclepias siriaca, Helianthus tubero-
sus, Solidago gigantea, Tagetes minuta, Amor-
pha fruticosa, Robinia pseudacacia, Phytolaca
americana, Reynoutria japonica, Ailanthus
altissima, Impatiens glandulifera.
Te largest proportion of these species lives
in the river banks belt of ravine rivers, clear
cuttings, wood clearings and similar kind of
habitats.
Species given in brackets (Asclepias syriaca,
Helianthus tuberosus and Amorpha frutico-
sa) negatively afect habitats of hygrophilous
woods of willow, alder and poplar, which in
Bosnia and Herzegovina are to be found espe-
cially in the Posavina area. Hygrophilous eco-
systems today are under severe threat coming
from the alien species.
Well adjusted species, such as Robinia pseuda-
cacia, Ailanthus glandulosa and Syringa vul-
garis, envade today habitats in the belt of oak
hornbeam woods and beech woods over the
entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Acacia even creates special kind of anthropog-
enous ecosystems (Smyrnio-Robinietum pseu-
dacaciae). Ailanthus glandulosa takes habitats
in the river banks belt of the peripannonian,
mountainous and supra-mediterranean zone.
Syringa vulgaris got out of human control long
time ago and envaded even sensitive habitats
with relict-refugial character. Tough, this
species hasnt got any tendency to spread in
larger extent and to envade new habitats.
Impatiens glandulifera occurs lately more of-
ten in the zone of alder, fragile and purpule
willow woods, especially in the confuence of
Vrbas river.
Some alien species spread along with crops
and today are considered as frequently occur-
ing weeds:
lAmbrosia artemisifolia, koja intenzivno osvaja stanita vlanih i poplavnih uma,
ruderalna i urbana stanita, te vjetake livade;
lBidens bipinata, B. frondosus, B. subalaternus i Echinocystis lobata osvajaju stanita svih
tipova zajednica u priobalnom pojasu ravniarskih i brdskih rijeka.
Na sjeinama bukovih uma peripano-
nskog pojasa u velikom broju pojavljuje se
vinobojka, Phytolaca americana, nekada
dekorativna biljka koja se upotrebljavala
za bojenje vina.
Elodea canadensis osvaja mirne slatke vode
relativno visokog kvaliteta.
Kada su u pitanju morski ekosistemi, ne
postoje pouzdani podaci o prisustvu
invazivnih vrsta iz roda Caulerpa u
vodama bosanskohercegovakog mora.
INVAZIVNE VRSTE IVOTINJA
Alohtone ivotinjske vrste su dospijevale
na prostor Bosne i Hercegovine direktnim
uticajem ovjeka s ciljem uzgoja ili
spontano.
Od invazivnih vrsta u vodenim ekosiste-
mima najprisutnije su vrste riba koje su
dospjele iz kulture u slobodne vode ili
spontano iz dodirnih rijeka i jezera.
Prirodna i vjetaka jezera su stanita koja
invazivne vrste lako osvajaju. Invazivne
vrste riba nalazimo u hidroakumula-
cijama: Salakovac, Grabovica, Svitavsko
jezero, Gorica, Bileko jezero na Trebi-
njici, Buko jezero, hidroakumulacijama
na rijeci Vrbas, te Viegradsko jezero,
Peruac i Zvorniko jezero na rijeci Drini.
U prirodna jezera (Prokoko; Kotlaniko,
Orlovako, Crno, Bijelo, Donje Bare,
Gornje Bare, tirinsko i Kladopoljsko na
Zelengori; Veliko i Blatno jezero, Crno i
Bijelo jezero na Treskavici; Blatako jezero
na Bjelanici; Uloko jezero u podnoju
Crvnja; Borako jezero ispod Prenja;
Blidinje jezero u Dugom Polju; izmeu
vrsnice i Vrana; Idovako na Radui;
atorsko na ator pl.; Kukaviko,
Rastievsko i Turjaa na Kupresu; te
Veliko i Malo Plivsko jezero), invazivne
vrste su dospjele prilikom poribljavanja,
nakon ega su u mnogim promijenile
sliku biljnog i ivotinjskog svijeta.
Tabela 52 - Alohtone riblje vrste i njihovo rasprostranjenje u BiH
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t Ambrosia artemisifolia, which ofen envades habitats of moist and fooded woods, then
ruderal and urban type of habitats and artifcial meadows;
t Bidens bipinata, B. frondosus, B. subalaternus and Echinocystis lobata envade habitats of all
kind of communities along banks of great ravine and mountainous rivers.
Pokeweed, Phytolaca americana that ear-
lier used to be an ornamental plant and
mean to colour the vine, now occurs mas-
sively on clear-cuttings of beech woods in
the peripannonian belt.
Elodea canadensis invades calm freshwater
of relatively high quality.
As far as marine ecosystems are concerned,
there are no reliable records on the oc-
curence of alien species belonging to genus
Caulerpa in water of the bosnia-herzegov-
inas Sea.
ALIEN ANIMALS
Alochthonous animal species have been
reaching territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina
either by direct human infuences for breed-
ing purposes or spontaneously.
Alien species of aquatic ecosystems are the
most frequently fsh species that came into
free water from fsh farms or occured spota-
neously from adjacent rivers and lakes. Natu-
ral and artifcial lakes are kind of habitats that
are easily envaded by alien species. Alien fsh
species are to be found in following hydro-ac-
cumulations: Salakovac, Grabovica, Svitavsko
jezero, Gorica, Bileko jezero on Trebinjica,
Buko jezero, hydro-accumulation on Vrbas
river, then Viegradsko jezero, Peruac and
Zvorniko jezero on Drina river.
Natural lakes get envaded through the intro-
duction of alien species, thereafer the pic-
ture of living world in those lakes changes
(that kind of lakes are: Prokoko; Kotlaniko,
Orlovako, Crno, Bijelo, Donje Bare, Gornje
Bare, tirinsko and Kladopoljsko on Zelen-
gora Mt.; Veliko and Blatno jezero, Crno and
Bijelo jezero on Treskavica Mt.; Blatako jeze-
ro on Bjelanica Mt.; Uloko jezero beneath
Crvanj Mt.; Borako jezero beneath Prenj
Mt., Blidinje jezero at Dugo Polje in between
vrsnica and Vran Mt.; Idovako on Radua
Mt.; atorsko on ator Mt.; Kukaviko,
Rastievsko and Turjaa on plateau of Ku-
pres; Veliko and Malo Plivsko jezero).
Table 52. Alochthonous fsh species and their distribution in B&H
CONFLUENCE
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LATIN NAME
Oncorhynchus mykiss X X X X X X X X X X
Salvelinus fontinalis X X X X X
Salvelinus alpinus X X X X X
Carassius auratus gibelio X X X
Carassius auratus auratus X
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix X X X X
Pseudorasbora parva X
Ctenopharyngodon idella X X X X X X X X X X
Ameiurus nebulosus X X X X X X X X
*DPEXVLDDIQLV X X
Lepomis gibossus X X X X X X X
TOTAL 8 5 4 6 4 4 7 1 4 4 1 7 1
Krkua (Gobio gobio) spada meu
najznaajnije invazivne vrste riba kod nas.
U toplijim hidroakumulacijma kao to su
Bardaa, Hutovo Blato, Buko blato
veoma je esta babuka (Carassius auratus
g i b e l i o ) . U n e r e t v a n s k i m
hidroakumulacijama se pojavljuje i aran
(Cyprinus carpio), koji dostie izuzetno
visoku broj nost populacij a. Zbog
nepanje, iz mnogih ribogojilita kontroli
je izmakla i kalifornijska pastrmka
(Oncorhynchus mykiss), dok je jezerska
z l a t ov i c a ( Sa l v e l i nus a l p i nus )
introducirana viekratnim poribljav-
anjima Neretve i hidroakumulacija.
Invazivne vrste riba su u znaajnoj mjeri
naruile strukturu ekosistema mnogih
vodotoka. U posebnoj opasnosti se nalazi
endemi ni genof ond, kao t o j e
neret vanska mekousna past rmka
(Salmothymus obtusirostris oxyrhynchus).
Dolaskom invazivnih vrsta danas su
posebno ugroene endemine vrste
krakih rijeka i ponornica kao to su
Paraphoxinus metohiense i Leuciscys svallize.
Od sisara su introducirani dabar (Castor
fiber), koji se dobro prilagoava u
priobalnom pojasu voda gornjevrbaskog
sliva i muflon (Ovis aries musimon), koji
kod nas naseljava planinsko podruje.
Zbog naglaenog krivolova brojnost
populacije muflona je izuzetno mala.
Na podruje Rakovice kod Sarajeva
nedavno je introducirana populacija od
300 jedinki jelena lopatara (Dama dama).
Iako se jo nalazi pod kontrolom ovjeka,
pitanje je dana kada e ova vrsta dospjeti u
slobodnu prirodu.
U Bosni i Hercegovini postoji vie
invazivnih vrsta iz grupe beskimenjaka.
Meu najznaajnijim je krompirova
zl at i ca i l i kol or ador ska zl at i ca
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata). ivotno je
vezana uz biljku krompira, a napada i
druge biljne vrste iz iste familije. U naim
uslovima je izuzetno dobro adaptirana i
uz r okuj e oz bi l j ne pr obl e me u
bioprodukciji, te znaajno smanjuje
prinose kultura.
Tokom 1995. godine na prostor Bosne i
Heregovine dospjela je i izuzetno opasna
invazivna vrsta kukuruzna zlatica
(Diabratica virgifera), koja znaajno
smanjuje prinose kukuruza na prostoru
Semberije, te drugih dijelova Posavine.
Popisima vrsta koje se invazivno ire treba
dodati i specifine nametnike koji su
ivotno vezani za invazivne vrste, te
itarice, povrtlarice, vokarice i ukrasne
biljke. Mnogi od ovih nametnika su razlog
upotrebe pesticida i herbicida, te ozbiljne
kontaminacije ivotne sredine.
Odreeni oblik invazivnosti ispoljavaju i
gljivice i bakterije, koje na svojim
domainima izazivaju razliite oblike
patolokih promjena. Gljivice koje
parazitiraju na razliitim kultivisanim
biljkama su dobro istraene. Meutim, jo
ne postoje podaci o irenju ovih vrsta u
slobodnu prirodu i invaziji na autohtonu
floru i faunu.
Faktori invazivnosti
Kao osnovni faktori koji omoguavaju invaziju razliitih vrsta biljaka, ivotinja i gljiva
na prostor Bosne i Hercegovine, mogu se navesti sljedei:
lHeterogenost bosanskohercegovakih stanita, koja mogu pruiti utoite velikom
broju invazivnih vrsta sa razliitim ekolokim valencama;
lGeografska i biogeografska povezanost Bosne i Hercegovine sa ostalim podrujima
Evrope;
lHidroloka mrea koja povezuje razliita geografska i ekoloka podruja i
omoguava irenje sjemena razliitih invazivnih vrsta biljka;
lKomunikacijske veze sa drugim dijelovima svijeta, to omoguava irenje razliitih
invazivnih oblika;
lNedovoljna kontrola pri unosu hortikulturnih biljaka, njihovog sjemena te
sjemenskog i sadnog materijala povrtlarskih, voarskih i itarskih kultura;
140
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Gudgeon Gobio gobio is one of the most im-
portant invasive fsh species in our country.
Within warmer hydro-accumulations, such
as Bardaa, Hutovo Blato and Buko blato,
ofen occurs goldfsh Carassius auratus gi-
belio. In the hydro-accumulation of Neretva
river occurs carp Cyprinus carpio that reach-
es extremely high abundance of its popula-
tions. Due to lack of the attention, from many
fsh farms has fed californian trout, Onco-
rhynchus mykiss, while arctic char Salvelinus
alpinus was introduced in several occasions
by ranching of Neretva river and its hydro-
accumulations.
Invasive fsh species have substantially dis-
trubed the ecosystems structure of many
watercourses. Tis has endangered the en-
demic gen pool of species, such as neretvas
sof-muzzled trout Salmothymus obtusirostris
oxyrhynchus. Trough the arrival of inva-
sive species, today are especially endangered
endemic species of karst and sinking rivers,
such as Paraphoxinus metohiense and Leucis-
cus svallize.
Among mammals, introduced was beaver
Castor fber, now well adjusted in the coastal
belt of waterbodies in upper confuence of Vr-
bas river and moufon Ovis aries musimon,
which lives in the high mountain area of our
country. Due to an intensive poaching, the
abundance of moufons population is very
small.
Not far from Sarajevo city, in the area called
Rakovica, recently was introduced a popu-
lation counting 300 deer fallow deer Dama
dama individuals. Although still under hu-
man surveillence, it is only matter of time
when it will get into free nature.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina occur several in-
vasive species belonging to the invertebrates.
One of the most important is potato beetle
Leptinotarsa decemlineata. It is vitally bound
to a potato plant, but it also attacks other
species from the same family. It is extremely
well adapted to our conditions causing sever
troubles in the bioproduction, and therefore,
signifcant decrease in crops yield.
In 1995, on the territory of Bosnia and Her-
zegovina arrived very dangerous invasive
species, which is Diabratica virgifera that has
been decreasing corns yield in the area of
Semberija and other parts of Posavina.
To the list of invasive species should be add-
ed certain intruders that are vitally bound
to some alien species, or cereals, vegetables,
fruits and ornamental plants. Many of them
are reason for a massive use of pesticides and
herbicides, which severly contaminates the
environment.
Tere is a certain form of invasivity expressed
by some fungi and bacteria that cause difer-
ent pathological stages on their hosts. Fun-
gi that live as parasites on diferent sorts of
cultivated plants, are well investigated. But,
there are still data missing on the distribu-
tion of these species, the way they get into
free nature and how do they envade indig-
enous fora and fauna.
Factors of invasivity
Basic factors that enable the invasion of diferent species of plants, animals and fungi onto the
territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina are as follows:
t Heterogeneity of bosnia-herzegovinas habitats that can support a large number of invasive spe-
cies possessing diverse tolerance ranges;
t Geographic and biogeographic connection of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other european
regions;
t Hydrological network connecting diferent geographical and ecological areas, which enables
seeds dispersal for alien plant species;
t Communication with other parts of the world, which enables spreading for diferent invasive
forms of life;
t Unsufcient control by import of horticulture plants, their seeds and planting and seed mate-
rial for vegetable, fruit and cereals cultures; unsufcient control by domestic animals import;
nedovoljna kontrola pri unosu razliitih domaih ivotinja;
Nekontrolisana urbanizacija bez ekoloki prihvatljive i odrive infrastrukture,
odgovarajue upravljanje razliitim vrstama otpada;
Neizgraena monitoring mrea praenja invazivnih vrsta;
Nizak stepen ekoloke svijesti o potrebi ouvanja autohtone flore i faune.
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irenje invazivnih vrsta u BiH
za sada nije pod kontrolom zajednice
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t Uncontrolled urbanisation without ecologically acceptable and sustainable infrastructure, and
adequate waste managements practice;
t Lack of network for the monitoring of invasive species;
t Low ecological awareness on need afer maintenance of indigenous fora and fauna.
MANAGEMENT OF
THE BIOLOGICAL AND
LANDSCAPE S DIVERSITY IN
Na osnovu procjene stanja kroz NBSAP projekat, istaknute su sljedee karakteristike pe-
jzane i bioloke raznolikosti u BiH:
STANJE BIOLOKE I PEJZANE RAZNOLIKOSTI U
BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
lvisok stepen genetike, specijske i ekosistemske raznolikosti;
lvisok stepen ouvanosti cjelina pejzane raznolikosti od evropskog i globalnog
znaaja;
lznaajan stepen promjena, u odnosu na distribuciju i sastav klimatogenih
ekosistema;
lizraen trend gubitka bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti, uslovljen irokim spektrom
antropogenih faktora;
Znaajan stepen ugroenosti bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti ogleda se kroz identifi-
cirane:
lkritino ugroene vrste/stanita/ekosisteme/pejzae od nacionalne, regionalne i
globalne vanosti;
lstanita i ekosisteme sa velikim brojem endeminih i reliktnih ili ugroenih vrsta ili
sa visokom stopom bogatstva bioloke raznolikosti;
lekosisteme sa znaajnom ekonomskom i ekolokom vrijednou;
lpejzae sa znaajnom biolokom i kulturnom raznolikou;
Slika 17. Specifini ekosistemi i podruja pod antropogenim pritiscima u Bosni i
Hercegovini
Area under anthropogenous impact
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STATE OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPES
DIVERSITY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Based on the states assessment made in the framework of NBSAPs project, emphasized are
following characteristics of landscapes and biological diversity in B&H:
t High level of genetic, species and ecosystems diversity;
t High preservation level of landscape diversitys units important on european and global
scale;
t Signifcant degree of changes, refering to the distribution and composition of climax eco-
systems;
t Protruding loss trend regarding biological and landscapes diversity, caused by wide spec-
trum of anthropogenous factors.
Te signifcant threats level to the biological and landscapes diversity is refected through:
t Critically endangered species/habitats/ecosystems/landscapes of national, regional and
global importance;
t Habitats and ecosystems with numerous endemic and relict or threatened taxa or with
high biodiversity richness;
t Ecosystems possessing high economic and ecologic value;
t Landscapes with the signifcant biological and cultural diversity.
Figure 17. Specifc ecosystems and areas under anthropogenous
impacts in Bosnia and Herzegovina
U upravljanju biodiverzitetom Bosne i Hercegovine posebno mjesto zasluuju;
lDiverzitet endeminih reliktnih vrsta, vrsta ugroenih na nacionalnom, evropskom
i globalnom nivou; privredno vanih vrsta i autohtonih genetikih resursa;
lBogatstvo kanjona i klisura kao razvojnih centara flore, faune i vegetacije; te
refugijuma biodiverziteta tercijerne starosti;
lDiverzitet stanita izvan uobiajenog podruja rasprostranjenja i prirodno rijetkih
stanita (tresetita, slatine, planinski izvori, morske hridine, manje movare, male
peine itd.);
lDiverzitet krakih ekosistema kao najveih prirodnih fenomena (kraka polja,
ponornice, peine, kr) ;
lDiverzitet visokoplaninskih ekosistema - ostrva ouvane glacijalne flore i faune;
lDiverzitet ekosistema provincije reliktnih borovih uma na razliitim geolokim
supstratima (krenjaci, dolomiti, ofioliti, travetini i sl.).
Na bioloku i pejzanu raznolikost BiH djeluju pritisci sa nacionalnog i globalnog
nivoa.
Tabela 53. Pritisci na bioloku i pejzanu raznolikost sa globalnog i nacionalnog nivoa
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Te biodiversity management in Bosnia and Herzegovina leaves special place for the priorities
of a long-termed protection, as follows:
t Diversity of endemic or relict taxa, species that are endangered on national, european and
global scale; economically important species and autochtonous genetic resources;
t Richness in canyons and clifs considered as development centres of fora, fauna and veg-
etation; then refugia of biodiversity from Tertiary;
t Diversity of habitats out of their usual distribution range and of naturally rare habitats
(bogs, saltmarshes, mountain sources, sea clifs, smaller marshes, caves etc.);
t Diversity of karst ecosystems as the largest natural phenomena (karst felds, sinking rivers,
caves, karst);
t Diversity of high-mountain ecosystems islands of the preserved glacial fora and fauna;
t Diversity of ecosystems belonging to the province of relict black pine woods on diferent
foundation (limestone, dolomites, ophyolites, tuf).
Pressures onto the biological and landscapes diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
On the biological and landscapes diversity of B&H exercised are pressures on both scales na-
tional and global.
Table 53. Pressures onto biological and landscapes diversity on global and national scale
Pressures on national scale
Pressures on global scale
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Habitats conversion
Unsustainable use of resources
Logging, hunt and poaching
Permanent pollution of all environmental spheres
Devastation and destruction of ecosystems
Degradation and fragmentation of ecosystems
Disturbance in willderness
Unsustainable gathering of economically important
species
Uncontrolled use of pesticides and fertilisers
Uncontrolled introduction of alien species
Uncontrolled introduction and manipulation with
GMOs
Growth of human
population
Unsustainable use of
resources
Climate changes
Conversion of habitats
'HVHUWLFDWLRQ
Usage of GMOs
Spreading of invasive
species
Poor agreements
implementation
Low public awareness
level on global scale
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Construction of full infrastructure:
&RQVWUXFWLRQRIWUDIFQHWZRUN
Construction of power facilities (hydro-accumula-
tion, power plants, power transmission, pipelines,
gasslines etc.;
Construction of water supply facilities (catchment
areas, trenches, dam lakes,retentions, dams);
Agricultural activities (melioration, replotting, exhaust-
ing of habitats by monoculture, use of pesticides and
fertilisers);
Uncontrolled urbanisation and ruralistion;
Disharmony between development goals by sectors;
Institucionalni okvir za upravljanje biolokom i pejzanom raznolikou u BiH ine:
UPRAVLJANJE BIOLOKOM I PEJZANOM
RAZNOLIKOU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
A) Meunarodna regulativa i zakonski okvir Bosne i Hercegovine za ouvanje i
zatitu bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti;
B) Institucije vladinog sektora;
C) Institucije za prouavanje, inventarizaciju i konzervaciju bioloke raznolikosti;
D) Organizacije nevladinog sektora.
A) MEUNARODNA REGULATIVA I ZAKONSKI OKVIR
BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE ZA OUVANJE I ZATITU
BIOLOKE I PEJZANE RAZNOLIKOSTI
Meunarodna regulativa zatite bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti
Zatita i odrivo upravljanje prirodnim
resursima na internacionalnom nivou
ureeno j e nizom meunarodnih
dokume na t a t e bi l a t e r a l ni m i
multilateralnim dogovorima. U skladu sa
ovim dokumentima svaka suverena
zemlja ureuje upravljanje vlastitom
biolokom raznolikou uzimajui u
obzir: a) vlastite potrebe i ciljeve; b)
drutveno ekonomske interese i c)
meunarodne obaveze.
Bosna i Hercegovina je potpisnica 46
meunarodnih dokumenata iz oblasti
okolia. Zatita i odrivo upravljanje
biodiverzitetom su predmet sljedeih
dokumenata, na iju implementaciju se
Bosna i Hercegovina obavezala:
Tabela 54. Pregled relevantne meunarodne regulative
Dokument Status u BiH
Konvencija o biolokoj raznolikosti (Rio de Janeiro, 1992.) Ratificirana 2002.
Konvencija o movarama od meunarodne vanosti (Ramsar, 1971.) Preuzeto sukcesijom
Konvencija o zatiti svjetske kulturne i prirodne batine (Pariz, 1972.) Preuzeto sukcesijom
Konvencija o zatiti Sredozemnog mora od zagaivanja (Barcelona, 1976.) Preuzeto sukcesijom
Meunarodna konvencija o zatiti biljaka (Rim, 1951.) Ratificirana 1994.
Okvirna konvencija Ujedinjenih naroda o klimatskim promjenama (Rio de
eneiro, 1992.)
Ratificirana 2000.
Konvencija UN o suzbijanju desertifikacije u zemljama pogoenim jakim
suama i/ili desertifikacijom, (Pariz, 1994.)
Ratificirana 2002.
Konvencija o nadzoru prekograninog prometa opasnog otpada i
njegovom odlaganju (Bazel, 1989.)
Ratificirana 2000.
Konvencija o prekograninom zagaivanju zraka na velikim udaljenostima
(eneva, 1979.)
Preuzeto sukcesijom
Beka konvencija o zatiti ozonskog omotaa (Be, 1985.) Preuzeto sukcesijom
Protokol o zatiti Sredozemnog mora od zagaivanja sa kopna (Atina,
1980).
Preuzeto sukcesijom
Meunarodna konvencija o zatiti od zagaivanja sa brodova (London,
1973.)
Preuzeto sukcesijom
Konvencija o perzistentnim organskim polutantima (tokholm, 2001) Ratificirana 2001.
145
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MANAGEMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND LAND-
SCAPES DIVERSITY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
A) INTERNATIONAL RULES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF BOS-
NIA AND HERZEGOVINA FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND PRO-
TECTION OF BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPES DIVERSITY
Institutional framework for the management of the biological and landscapes diversity in
B&H is composed of:
A) International rules and legal framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the maintenance
and protection of the biological and landcapes diversity;
B) Institutions of the governmental sector;
C) Institutions for study, inventory and conservation of the biodiversity;
D) Non-governmental organisations.
International rules for the protection of biological and landscapes diversity
On the international level, the protection and
sustainable management of natural resources
is treated by the line of international docu-
ments and bilateral and multilateral agree-
ments. According to these documents each
country is souveren to deal with management
of its own biodiversity taking into consider-
ation:
a) its own needs and goals; b) socio-economic
interest and c) international obligations.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a signatory of 46
international documents considering envi-
ronmental issues. Te protection and sustain-
able management of biodiversity is an objec-
tive of following documents, to whome Bosnia
and Herzegovina is obliged to implement:
Table 54. Overview of relevant international rules
Document Status in B&H
Convention on Biodiversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992.) Ratifed in 2002.
Convention on wetlands of international importance (Ramsar, 1971.) Overtaken by succesion
Convention on protection of world cultural and natural heritage (Paris, 1972.) Overtaken by succesion
Convention on Mediterranean Seas protection from the pollution (Barcelona, 1976.) Overtaken by succesion
International convention on plants protection (Rome 1951.) Ratifed in 1994.
Framework UN Convention on climate changes (Rio de Janeiro, 1992.) Ratifed in 2000.
UN Convention on desertifcation combat in the countries stroke by severe droughts
and/or desertifcation, (Paris, 1994.)
Ratifed in 2002.
Convention on survey of trans-boundary trafc with dangerous waste and its dis-
posal (Basel, 1989.)
Ratifed in 2000.
Convention on trans-boundary air pollution over big distance (Geneva, 1979.) Overtaken by succesion
Viennas Convention on ozon layer s protection (Vienna, 1985.) Overtaken by succesion
Protocol on protection of Mediterranean Sea from the land pollution (Athen,
1980).
Overtaken by succesion
International Convention on pollution by ships (London, 1973.) Overtaken by succesion
Convention on persistent organic pollutants (tockholm, 2001) Ratifed in 2001.
Konvencija o meunarodnoj trgovini ugroenim vrstama divlje flore i
faune (Washington, 1973)
U proceduri
Konvencija o zatiti divljih vrsta i prirodnih stanita Evrope (Bern,1979) U proceduri
Arhus konvencija (Arhus) U proceduri
Kyoto protokol U proceduri
Konvencija o zatiti migratornih vrsta divljih ivotinja (Bon,1979)
Sporazum o zatiti euroazijsko-sjevernoamerikih migratornih ptica
movarica;
Sporazum o zatiti evropskih imia
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Konvencija o procjeni uticaja na okoli u prekograninom smislu (ESPOO,
1991.)
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Konvencija o zatiti i koritenju prekograninih vodotoka i
internacionalnih jezera (Helsinki, 1992.)
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Protokol o posebno zatienim podrujima i biolokoj raznolikosti u
sredozemlju (Barcelona,2000)
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Protokol o biolokoj sigurnosti (Kartagena, 2000) -
Konvencija o evropskim pejzaima (Firenca, 2000) -

Ustav BiH
Prema lanu III 2.c Aneksa 4 Dejtonskog sporazuma: entiteti e osigurati sigurnu i
zatienu sredinu za sve osobe u svojim jurisdikcijama, odravanjem Agencije za
provoenje graanskog prava koje e funkci onisati u skladu sa meunarodno priznatim
standardima uz potovanje ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda na koje je ukazano u lanu II
i preduzimajui i druge mjere u skladu sa potrebama.
Ustav Federacije BiH
Prema lanu 2., uz lan 3. Glave III, ovlasti federalne Vlade i kantona iz domena okolia
su ekoloka politika i iskoritavanje prirodnih bogatstava.
Federalna vlast bi trebala kreirati politiku i donositi zakone shodno svakoj od ovih
oblasti, kada je u pitanju obaveza na podruju Federacije BiH. Ovlasti se mogu
ispunjavati zajedniki, zasebno ili na nivou kantona, koordinirano od federalne vlasti.
Bosna i Hercegovina je potpisnik Konven-
cije o biodiverzitetu od 2002. godine. NFP
za i mpl ementaci j u Konvenci j e j e
Federalno Ministarstvo turizma i okolia.
Kao operativno tijelo Ministarstvo je
odgovor no za komuni kaci j u sa
internacionalnim institucijama, iniciranje
aktivnosti pod Konvencijom i koordi-
naciju sa drugim relevantnim autorite-
tima i zaintresovanim stranama.
Zakonski okvir zatite bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti Bosne i
Hercegovine
Nacionalni zakonski okvir zatite bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti ine Ustav BiH, Ustav
FBiH, Ustav RS, Statut Brko Distrikta, te setovi okolinskih zakona na entitetskom i
nivou Brko Distrikta.
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Since 2002, Bosnia and Herzegovina has
been a Party of the Convention on biodiver-
sity. NFP for the implementation of the Con-
vention is Federal Ministry of tourism and
environment. Being an operational body, the
Ministry is responsible for the communica-
tion with international institutions, initiat-
ing of activites considered by the Conven-
tion and co-ordination with other relevant
authorities and stakeholders.
Legal framework for the protection of biological and landscapes
diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Legal framework for the protection of biological and landscapes diversity at national level
make the Constitution of B&H, the Constitution of FB&H, the Constitution of RS, Statut of
Brko District, and sets of environmental laws at level of entities and Brko District.
Convention on international trade with endangered species of wild fora and fauna
(Washington, 1973)
In the procedure
Convention on protection of wildlife and natural habitats in Europe (Bern,1979) In the procedure
Arrhus Convention (Arrhus) In the procedure
Kyoto protocol In the procedure
Convention on protection of migratory wild animals (Bonn,1979)
Agreement on protection of euroasian-boreoamerican migratory wetland birds;
Agreement on protection of European bats
-
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in trans-boundary sense (ES-
POO, 1991.)
-
Convention on protection and use of trans-boundary streams and international
lakes (Helsinki, 1992.)
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Protocol on especially protected areas and biodiveristy in the Mediterranean
(Barcelona,2000)
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Protocol on biosafety (Kartagena, 2000) -
Convention on European landscapes (Firenca, 2000) -
Te constitution of B&H
Afer article III 2.c, Annex 4 of Dayton Agreement: entities shall ensure safe and protect-
ed environment for all people living under their jurisdiction, by sustaining the Agency for
the implementation of civil law that shall be functioning in accordance with internationally
acknowledged standards respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms addressed in
article II, and undertaking other measures according to needs.
Te constitution of Federation B&H
Afer article 2., along with article 3. Chapter III, in the environmental domain the federal
Government and cantons are in authority to defne ecological policy and natural resources
use.
Te federal Government should create policy and make the laws for each of these objectives as
far as the obligations on the territory of Federation of B&H are concerned. Competencies can
be accomplished together, separately or at cantons level, co-ordinated by federal authorities.

Ustav Republike Srpske
Prema lanu 12. ustavnog zakona za provoenje Ustava Republike Srpske (Sl. Glasnik
RS 21/92) primjenjuju se zakoni i propisi SFRJ i SRBiH koji su u saglasnosti sa Ustavom
Republike Srpske.
Prema lanovima 35., 64. i 68. ovjek ima pravo na zdravu ivotnu sredinu, a Republika
titi i podstie racionalno koritenje prirodnih bogatstava te osigurava zatitu ivotne
sredine .

Statut Brko Distrikta
Prema lanu 9.Statuta, jedna od funkcija i ovlasti Brko Distrikta je i zatita okoline.

Federacija BiH Republika Srpska Brko Distrikt
Zakon o zatiti prirode Zakon o zatiti prirode Zakon o zatiti prirode
Zakon o zatiti okolia Zakon o zatiti ivotne
sredine
Zakon o zatiti ivotne
sredine
Zakon o zatiti zraka Zakon o zatiti vazduha Zakon o zatiti zraka
Zakon o zatiti voda Zakon o zatiti voda Zakon o zatiti voda
Zakon o upravljanju
otpadom
Zakon o upravljanju
otpadom
Zakon o upravljanju
otpadom
Zakon o Fondu za zatitu
okolia
Zakon o Fondu za zatitu
ivotne sredine
Zakon o komunalnim
aktivnostima
Prema Dejtonskom mirovnom sporazumu, odgovornost u oblasti okolia imaju
entitetske vlade i vlada Distrikta, koje su, u periodu 2003-2004., usvojile setove
okolinskih zakona, i to:
Doneseni zakoni o zatiti prirode
Federacije BiH, Republike Srpske i Brko
Distrikta za osnovu imaju Direktivu o
stanitima {(EU HABITATS DIRECTIVE
(92/43/EEC)} i Direktivu o pticama
(Council Directive 79/409/EEC).
Entitetska ministarstva su duna da
uspostave i razvij u podzakonsku
regulativu kako bi bila omoguena
provodivost seta okolinskih zakona.
Kantonalna ministarstva u Federaciji BiH
imaju pravo da razviju svoj vlastiti
zakonski okvir konzistentan sa setom
okolinskih zakona Federacije.
Efikasnost zakonske regulative
Kad je u pitanju bioloka raznolikost
jedan od temeljnih zakona je Zakon o
zatiti prirode. Unato nizu vrijednosti,
zakon karakterie i neprimjerenost
bosanskohercegovakim prilikama, kao i
izuzetno sloen proces implementacije
temeljnih odredbi.
Probl emi i mpl ementaci j e vaei h
entitetskih zakona o zatiti prirode su:
lNerazvijena podzakonska regulativa
lNedostatak strunih institucija na dravnom i entitetskim nivoima
lStrategija razvoja Bosne i Hercegovine nije usklaena sa ekoturistikim i
ekonomskim potencijalima, koje sadanja i budua zatiena podruja posjeduju.
Ova injenica je krajnja konsekvenca opteg stanja javne svijesti, te slabog i
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Federation B&H Republic of Srpska %UNR'LVWULFW
Law on nature protection Law on nature protection Law on nature protection
Law on environment protection Law on environment protection
Frame law on environment
protection
Law on air protection Law on air protection Law on air protection
Law on water protection Law on water protection Law on water protection
Law on waste management Law on waste management Law on waste management
Law on Fund for environment
protection
Law on Fund for environment
protection
Law on comunal activities
Afer Dayton Peace Agreement, the responsibility in the feld of environment comes to gov-
ernments of entities and District, which have, in the period from 2003 to 2004, adopted sets
of environmental laws, as follows:
Endorsed laws on nature protection in Fed-
eration B&H, Republic of Srpska and Brko
District are based on Habitats Directive (EU
HABITATS DIRECTIVE (92/43/EEC) and
Birds Directive (Council Directive 79/409/
EEC).
Entity ministries are obliged to establish and
develop sub-legal rules in order to enforce
the set of environmental laws.
Cantonal ministries in Federation B&H are
in power to develop its own legal framework
that shall be consistent with the set of envi-
ronmental laws in Federation.
Efciency of legal rules
As far as biodiversity is concerned, among fundamental laws is the Law on nature protection.
Although it possess many good sides, this law is also characterized by inadequacy to bosnia-
herzegovinas circumstances and complex implementation process for some basic terms.
For the implementation of valid entity laws on nature protection encountered are problems of:
t Undeveloped sub-legal rules;
t Lack of expert institutions at state and entity level;
t Disaccordance between the Development Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina and ecot-
ouristic and economic potentials that present and future protected areas posses. Tis fact
is a fnal consequence of public awareness state and poor knowledge on environmental
management;
Te constitution of Republic of Srpska
Afer article 12. of the Constitutional Law for the realization of Constitution of Republic
of Srpska (Ofcial Herald of RS 21/92) applied are laws and rules of SFRJ and SRBiH
which are in accordance with the Constitution of Republic of Srpska.
Afer articles 35., 64. and 68. an individual has got right to healthy environment, whereby
the Republic protects and encourages rational use of natural resources and ensures pro-
tection of the environment
Statut of Brko District
Afer article 9. of the Statut, one of functions and competency of Brko District is the
environment protection.
nedovoljnog znanja o upravljanju okoliem;
lNepostojanje krovnog zakona o upravljanju prirodom Bosne i Hercegovine s ciljem i
mehanizmima implementacije Konvencije o biolokoj raznolikosti na
nacionalnom/dravnom nivou.
Zakonom o ministarstvima i drugim
administrativnim tijelima u Bosni i
Hercegovini odgovornost za okolinska
pitanj a na dravnom nivou nosi
Ministarstvo za vanjsku trgovinu i
ekonomske odnose. Izmeu ostalog,
pomenuto ministarstvo je odgovorno za
provoenj e j uri sdi kci j e Bosne i
Hercegovine i harmoniziranje planova
ent i t et ski h vl ada i i nst i t uci j a u
poljoprivredi, energetici, upravljanju
okol i em, razvoj u i ekspl oataci j i
prirodnih resursa. Sektor za prirodne
resurse, energetiku i zatitu okoline ovog
ministarstva sastoji se iz tri odjela (Odjel
za koordinaciju upravljanja prirodnim
resursima, Odjel za energetiku i Odjel za
zatitu okolia). Upravljanje biolokom
r a z nol i ko u j e u na dl e nos t i
Ministarstva za okoli i turizam (Fede-
racija BiH) i Ministarstva za prostorno
ureenje, urbanizam, graevinarstvo i
ekologiju (Republika Srpska), dok u
Distriktu Brko ovu aktivnost provode
slube komunalnog sektora i sektora
poljoprivrede. Navedena ministarstva
raspolau posebnim slubama, koje se
bave zatitom bioloke i pejzane
raznolikosti (Sektor za zatitu okolia u
FBiH; OJ za vodu i prirodna stanita u RS).
U FBiH dalju nadlenost za imple-
mentaciju okolinskih zakona preuzimaju
kantonalna (upanijska) ministarstva.
Upravljanje genetikim i biolokim resur-
sima se nalazi u nadlenosti entitetskih
resornih ministarstava (Ministarstvo
poljoprivrede, vodoprivrede i umarstva
u FBiH i Ministarstvo poljoprivreda,
umarstvo i vodoprivreda u RS).
Zatita prirodnog nasljea i implemen-
tacija odredaba UNESCO-a su takoe u
nadlenosti entitetskih resornih ministar-
stava (Ministarstvo obrazovanja i nauke u
FBiH i Ministarstvo prosvjete i kulture u
RS).
B) INSTITUCIJE VLADINOG SEKTORA
Efikasnost institucija vladinog sektora
Iako se svakim danom otkine poneki
dragulj iz prirodne batine, na nivou
Bosne i Hercegovine ne postoji struna
institucija zaduena za pitanja evaluacije i
reevaluacije prirodnih vrijednosti i
nasljea, te razvoja zakonodavnog i
institucionalnog okvira za odrivo
upravljanje njima.
Zbog sloenosti implementacije zakona
na svim administrativnim nivoima u
posdejtonskoj Bosni i Hercegovini
stradaju bioloki i pejzano vrijedna
podruja (obale rijeka, kanjoni, planinska
podruja, itd.). Iako su pitanja iz domena
ouvanja prirodne raznolikosti takoe i
predmet Zakona o krivinom postupku,
njegova implementacija nije efikasna kad
se radi o ekolokim deliktima. Incidentne
situacije odnose se na unoenje otrovnih,
opasnih i drugih materija u prirodu,
nezakonitu sjeu uma, eksploataciju
zatienih biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta i
krivolov, koji nisu dovoljno i efikasno
sankcionisani. Postojea inspekcijska
mrea je nedovoljna, a monitoring
koritenja bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti
nije razvijen.
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t Lack of decking law on nature management in Bosnia and Herzegovina with targets and
mechanisms for the CBDs implementation at national level.
B) INSITUTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR
Te responsibility for environmental issues at
state level is by law on ministries and other
administrative bodies in Bosnia and Herze-
govina assigned to the Ministry of foreign
trade and economic relationships. Apart from
that, afore mentioned Ministry is in charge
for the enforcement of B&Hs jurisdiction
and harmonization of entity governments
plans with institutions from sectors of agri-
culture, energetics, environmental manage-
ment, development and exploitation of natu-
ral resources. Sector for natural resources,
energetics and environment protection of
the Ministry is divided in three departments
(department for coordinated management of
natural resources, department for energet-
ics and department for environment protec-
tion). Te biodiversity management is within
the competency of Ministry for tourism and
environment (Federation B&H) and Ministry
for physical planning, urbanism, construc-
tion and ecology (Republic of Srpska), while
in Brko District related activities are under-
taken by comunal sector services and sector
of agriculture. Named ministries encompass
special services engaged with the protection
of biological and landscapes diversity (Sector
for the environment protection in FB&H; OJ
for water and natural habitats in RS).
Further competency for the implementation
of environmental laws in FB&H comes to
cantonal (municipality) ministries.
Management of genetic and biological re-
sources is within the competency of entity
resors ministries (Ministry of agriculture,
water management and forestry in FB&H and
Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water
management in RS).
Te protection of natural heritage and imple-
mentation of UNESCOs terms are too within
the competency of entity resors ministries
(Ministry of education and science in FB&H
and Ministry of education and culture in RS).
Efciency of institutions from governmental sector
Although natural heritage of Bosnia and
Herzegovina looses each day some of its jew-
els, there isnt any state institution in Bosnia
and Herzegovina in charge for the evalua-
tion and re-evaluation of its natural heritage
and creation of legislative and institutional
framework for the sustainable management.
Because of poor efciency in application of
entity and state laws in Bosnia and Herze-
govina afer Dayton Peace Agreement, and
complex law implementation at any admin-
istrative level, stroke are areas that are valu-
able from biological and landcapes point of
view (river banks, canyons, mountain areas
etc.). Although the biodiversity protection
is an objective of the Law on criminal pro-
cedure, its implementation regarding eco-
logical criminal deeds isnt efcient enough.
Incidents related to disposal of toxic, danger-
ous and other substances in the nature, ille-
gal logging, exploitation of protected plants
and animals, poaching arent penalised in
sufcient and efective manner. Te inspec-
tion network in place can not meet all needs,
while the monitoring on usage of biological
and landscapes diversity doesnt exist.
C) Institucije za prouavanje, inventarizaciju i konzervaciju bioloke
raznolikosti
Nauno-istraivake institucije
Istraivanjima iz oblasti biodiverziteta i
pejzane raznolikosti danas se u Bosni i
Hercegovini uglavnom bave timovi
strunjaka pri fakultetima Univerziteta u
Sarajevu, Banja Luci, Tuzli, Mostaru,
Bihau i Zenici. I pored vrlo duge tradicije
u istraivanjima bioloke raznolikosti
dananji stepen inventarizacije i uree-
nosti podataka iz oblasti biodiverziteta
nije zadovoljavajui. Evidentan je nedo-
statak izdvojenih nauno-istraivakih
institucija, ija bi osnovna djelatnost bila
istraivanja iz oblasti biodiverziteta, te
utvrivanj e odgovaraj uih statusa
konzervacije vrsta, stanita i ekosistema.
Srodne institucije
Pitanjima bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti
se na odreeni nain bave i institucije ija
je osnovna djelatnost planiranje razvoja
( Zavodi za pl ani ranj e razvoj a i
Urbanistiki zavodi). Oblast upravljanja
umama je ureena kroz sistem javnih
preduzea ( umarst ava) . Obl ast
upravljanja vodenim resursima i u njima
sadranom biolokom raznolikou je
ureena kroz javna preduzea (Vode RS,
Slivno podruje Save, Slivno podruje
Neretve, Zavodi za vodoprivredu).
Konzervacija bioloke raznolikosti u Bosni i Hercegovini
Bosna i Hercegovina ima dugu tradiciju
zatite posebnih prirodnih vrijednosti. Jo
je Zakonom o zatiti prirode NR BiH iz
1946. godine bilo regulisano adekvatno
upravljanje onim dijelovima prirode, koje
karakteriu posebne bioloke i pejzane
vrijednosti. Isti zakon je nalagao
inventarizaciju i utvrivao stepen zatite
za objekte razliite prirodne vrijednosti.
Pored velikog broja podruja sa visokim
prirodnim vrijednostima s jedne strane, te
efekata razvoja s druge strane, u Bosni i
Hercegovini status zatienog podruja
ima izuzetno mali dio teritorije (0,67%).
Ovako nizak procenat zatiene teritorije
Bosnu i Hercegovinu dovodi na samo dno
evropske ljestvice.
Prema Zakonu o zatiti prirode FBiH i
Zakonu o zatiti prirode RS, u Bosni i
Hercegovini su definisana etiri tipa
zatienih podruja:
lZatieno podruje prirode (Ia, Ib i IV kategorija IUCN-a);
lNacionalni park (II kategorija IUCN-a);
lSpomenik prirode (III kategorija IUCN-a);
lZatieni pejza (V kategorija IUCN-a).
Nacionalni akcioni plan za okoli, prostorni planovi entiteta Bosne i Hercegovine i
Srednjorona razvojna strategija preporuuju proirenje teritorija zatienih podruja.
Osnovni problemi u konzervaciji bioloke raznolikosti Bosne i Hercegovine kroz efekte
zatienih podruja su:
lNerazvijeni i neodgovarajui oblici finansiranja;
lStepen neusaglaenosti prijeratnih i dananjih kategorija zatite podruja,
(donesenih u skladu sa IUCN kategorijama) je visok. Proces usaglaavanja kategorija
zatite podruja nije proveden;
lStvarna zatita se provodi nad veoma malim brojem podruja, to se odnosi na
nekoliko praumskih rezervata, dva nacionalna parka, dva movarna podruja od
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C) INSTITUTIONS FOR STUDY, INVENTORY AND CONSER-
VATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Scientifc and exploring institutions
Today in Bosnia and Herzegovina, exploring
of biological and landscapes diversity is car-
ried out mainly by expert teams within facul-
ties at the University of Sarajevo, Banja Luka,
Tuzla, Mostar, Biha and Zenica. Currently
achieved level of inventory and systematic
order of biodiversity records doesnt satisfy,
inspite of long research tradition. Tere is
obvious lack of independent scientifc and
exploring institutions dedicated exclusively
to biodiversity research and the assessment
of conservation status for species, habitats
and ecosystems.
Related institutions
Te biological and landscapes diversity are
in a way objectives of institutions occupied
by planning of development (Institute for
planning of development and Urbanistic
institute). Forest management is arranged
through a system of public enterprises (For-
estry). Water management, including the
biodiversity comprised by water resources, is
arranged through a system of public enter-
prises (Waterbodies of RS, Watershed of Sava
river, Watershed of Neretva river, Institute
for water management).
Conservation of biodiversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina has got a long tradition
in protection of natural values. Te law on na-
ture protection NR BiH from 1946 has regulated
an adequate management on nature character-
ized by special biological and landscapes values.
Te same law requires an inventory to be com-
pleted and designation of protection level for
natural objects possessing diferent values.
Despite to a large number of areas with high
natural values, and on the other hand, the way
that development has afected the nature, ex-
tremely small proportion of B&Hs territory
is designated as a protected area (0,67%). Tis
small amount of the protected territory places
Bosnia and Herzegovina at very bottom of the
European scale.
Afer Law on nature protection of FB&H and
Law on nature protection of RS, in Bosnia and
Herzegovina are defned four protected area
types:
t protected natural area (Ia, Ib and IV IUCNs category);
t national park (II IUCNs category);
t nature monument (III IUCNs category);
t protected landscape (V IUCNs category).
Te extention of protected territory is advised by National environmental Action Plan, Physi-
cal Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina and midle-termed Development Strategy.
Te biodiversity conservation in Bosnia and Herzegovina faces several crucial problems:
t undeveloped and inadequate fnancing modes;
t dissaccordance degree between before-war and present protected area categories (desig-
nated in accordance with IUCNs categorization) is high. Te adjustment of those catego-
ries has never been completed;
t real protection is conducted in very limited number of areas, which are several primeval
forest reserves, two national parks, two wetlands of international importance, two nature
monuments, one protected landscape and two parks of nature (protection category at can-
tonal level). Remaining areas protected by previous laws havent got a management plan
with clearly defned responsibilities.
meunarodne vanosti, dva spomenika prirode, jedan zatieni pejza i dva parka
prirode (kantonalna kategorija zatite). Sva ostala podruja, zatiena prethodnim
zakonima nemaju utvren plan upravljanja sa jasno definisanim obavezama.
Upravljanje zatienim podrujima je
povjereno posebnim javnim preduzeima
ili umarstvima u ijoj nadlenosti se
podruje nalazi. U oblasti upravljanja
poljoprivrednim i genetikim resursima
znaajnu ulogu imaju i ustanove kao to
su poljoprivredni instituti, institucije za
upravljanje zemljitem, te institucije ija je
djelatnost organska proizvodnja i
certifikacija odrive upotrebe divljih
biljaka i ivotinja.
U postdejtonskoj BiH stanje regulisane
zatite prirodnih vrijednosti je u daleko
nepovoljnijem poloaju usljed:
lUkidanja temeljnih institucija (Zavod za zatitu prirodnog i kulturnog nasljea);
lNedostatka dravnih interesa i strategije zatite prirode;
lIntenzivnih procesa tranzicije i privatizacije bez utemeljnih planskih dokumenata;
lNeadekvatne razvojne strategije;
lNerazvijenih mehanizama sticanja dobiti kroz zatitu prirodnih cjelina i nedostatka
finansijskih sredstava za istraivanja konzervacijskih vrijednosti;
lNeadekvatnog pozicioniranja biodiverziteta u procesu planiranja;
lNiskog stepena javne svijesti.
In situ konzervacija
Zatita u in situ uslovima predstavlja
sistem ekolokih i zakonodavnih normi za
ouvanje temeljnih biolokih i ambijental-
nih vrijednosti bioloke raznolikosti na
konkretnom prostoru u datoj dimenziji
vremena.
Zatita genetikog diverziteta podrazu-
mijeva njegovo ouvanje u okruenju u
kojem postie svoja prirodna svojstva i
ostvaruje najvii stepen prilagoenosti.
Zatita specijskog diverziteta ogleda se
kroz stvoreni zakonski okvir za zatitu
pojedinih biljnih i ivotinjskih vrsta na
njihovim stanitima.
Zatita pejzane raznolikosti i u njoj
sadranih ekosistema rezultira usposta-
vom zatienih podruja razliitog nivoa i
karaktera.
Slijedei evropske trendove s ciljem
prilagoavanja savremenom tempu u
procesi ma odri vog upravl j anj a
okolinom, Bosna i Hercegovina je postala
dio mree koju razvija Evropska agencija
za okoli. Kao drava, BiH nastoji razviti
vlastite i prihvatiti evropske indikatore o
stanju okolia, te ispuniti obaveze stalnog
izvjetavanja prema Agenciji. U oblasti
biodiverziteta, kao jedan od indikatora,
uspostavljene su osnove Common
Database of Designated Areas (CDDA),
koja i u domaim okvirima slui kao
osnova za registar i inventuru zatienih
podruja.
150
S
T
A
T
E

O
F

T
H
E

B
I
O
L
O
G
I
C
A
L

A
N
D

L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
S

D
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y

I
N

B
O
S
N
I
A

A
N
D

H
E
R
Z
E
G
O
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I
N
A
Te managament of protected area is assigned to special public enterprises or forestry, whose
jurisdiction the area is within. In the feld of agricultural and genetic resources management,
signifcant role comes to institutions like agricultural institutes, institutions for soil manage-
ment, institutions dealing with organic production and certifying of sustainable wild plants
and animals use.
In B&H afer Dayton Peace Agreement, the condition of well managed natural values protec-
tion is far from being satisfying because of:
t Dismissing of key institutions (Institute for protection of natural and cultural heritage);
t Lack of states interest and strategy for nature protection;
t Intensive transition and privatisation without fundamental documents;
t Inadequate development strategy;
t Undeveloped mechanisms for making a gain through protection of natural units and lack
of fnancial means for conservation values research purposes;
t Inadequate position of biodiversity issue within planning process;
t Low public awareness level.
In situ conservation
In situ protection represents a system of eco-
logic and legislative rules streaming to main-
tain key biological and ambiental values of
biodiversity in concrete space and given time
dimension.
The protection of genetic diversity means
its preservation within medium where it ful-
flls its natural features and accomplishes the
best adaptibility.
Te protection of species diversity is achieved
through a legal framework created for pro-
tection purpose of plant and animal species
at their habitats.
Te protection of landscapes diversity, in-
cluding all comprised ecosystems, results in
designation of protected areas with difer-
ent level and character. Trying to keep up
with the european trend of sustainable envi-
ronmental management and to adjust to its
modern tempo, Bosnia and Herzegovina has
become a member of the network developed
by the European Environment Agency. As a
state, B&H tends to develop its own and ac-
cept european indicators on environmental
state. As one of its obligations toward the
Agency is to submitt regular reports on the
environmental state. In terms of biodiver-
sity, as an indicator established is the Com-
mon Database of Designated Areas (CDDA),
which is some kind of fundament for the
register and inventory of protected areas at
national level.
Tabela 55 Pregled podruja zatienih zakonima SR BiH (NEAP, 2003)

Kategorija zatite Broj Podkategorija Broj
Strogi prirodni rezervat 3
Upravljani prirodni rezervat 2
Nacionalni park 2

Geoloki 2
Botaniki 5 Specijalni rezervat

Ornitoloki 1
Rezervat prirodnih predjela 9
Biljne vrste 7
ivotinjske vrste 5
* Ptice pjevice 153
* Ptice mocvarice 66
* Ptice grabljivice 38

Geoloki 3
Geomorfoloki 65
Paleontoloki 1
Pojedinana stabla 21

Spomenik prirode

Grupe stabala 1
Ex situ konzervacija
Ovaj nain konzervacije prirodnih
vrijednosti podrazumijeva sistem mjera
za ouvanj e odabranih elemenata
bioloke raznolikosti izvan prirodnih
stanita, to danas ima posebnu ulogu u
ouvanju izuzetno ugroenih vrsta svijeta
divljine.
Dananji oblici ex situ konzervacije
podrazumijevaju uspostavu posebnih
botanikih zbirki (botaniki vrtovi,
arboretumi i mediteranetumi). Ex situ
konzervacija genetikih resursa kao i
ugroenih autohtonih vrsta vri se u
rasadnicima, kroz uspostavu sjemenskih
kolekcija i uspostavu banaka gena.
U Bosni i Hercegovini ovaj oblik zatite
postaje sve vie zanemaren, sudei prema
stanju Botanikog vrta Zemaljskog
muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine.
Botaniki vrt je poeo rad odmah nakon
osnivanja Zemaljskog muzeja (1888.
godine), a zvanino ga je utemeljio Karlo
Maly. Meutim mnoge zbirke su u
proteklom ratu potpuno unitene. Nakon
tog perioda nisu izdvajana sredstva za
njegovu revitalizaciju i rekonstrukciju, te
ovaj dio Muzeja, kao znaajne kulturne i
naune institucije, nije sposoban za
aktivnosti efikasne ex situ konzervacije.
Na sjevernim padinama Trebevia nalazi
se Alpinetum, koji je odavno prestao
sluiti svojoj namjeni. Alpinetum (osniva
V. Gligi), je sluio konzervaciji mnogih
glacijalno-reliktnih vrsta.
Mediteranetum na poluotoku Klek je
uspostavljen prije pedeset godina s ciljem
ouvanja mediteranske flore i faune.
Danas ne slui svojoj primarnoj namjeni.
Odmah nakon osnivanja Zemaljskog muzeja uspostavljena je i Herbarijumska zbirka s ciljem do-
kumentiranja elemenata bioloke i genetike raznolikosti, do kojih se dolazilo kroz dugotrajna is-
traivanja i inventarizaciju. I pored tekih uslova u kojima se nalazi od 1992. godine Herbarijum
Zemaljskog muzeja jo uva neprocjenjivo blago sadrano u vie od dva miliona primjeraka flore
BiH. U okviru Prirodnjakog odjela Zemaljskog muzeja, od njenog osnivanja pa do danas, uspos-
tavljene su i veoma bogate zbirke ivotinja (beskimenjaka, riba, amfiba, reptila, ptica i sisara). Po-
sebnu vrijednost imaju bogate i vizuelno atraktivne zbirke leptira, tvrdokrilaca i ptica. Danas ove
zbirke trebaju materijalno-tehniku i kadrovsku pomo u rekonzervaciji u skladu sa IUCN krite-
151
S
T
A
T
E

O
F

T
H
E

B
I
O
L
O
G
I
C
A
L

A
N
D

L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
S

D
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y

I
N

B
O
S
N
I
A

A
N
D

H
E
R
Z
E
G
O
V
I
N
A
Table 55. Overview of areas protected by laws of SR B&H (NEAP, 2003)
Ex situ conservation
Tis method of nature conservation includes
a system of measures designed for the protec-
tion of selected biodiversity elements out of
their natural habitats, which plays a special
role in preservation of highly endangered
wild species.
At present, ex situ conservation means the
creation of botanic collections (botanic gar-
dens, arboretums and mediterranetums).
Ex situ conservation of both genetic resourc-
es and endangered autochtonuos species is
conducted in greeneries through the estab-
lishment of seed collections and gens bank.
Tis form of protection in B&H gets form
one day to another more and more neglected,
if it is to be judged by the state that Botanic
Garden of the National Museum is in.
Te Botanic Garden has begun to work in
1888, right afer the National Museum was
established. It was ofcialy established by
Karlo Maly. However, many of its collections
got destroyed entirely in recent war. Afer the
war, there was no fnancial means for its re-
vitalisation and reconstruction. Hence, this
part of the Museum, which is very important
scientifc institution, isnt in capacity to pro-
vide an efective ex situ conservation.
On the northern slopes of Trebevi Mt. is to
be found Alpinetum whose original purpose
was forgotten long time ago. It was estab-
lished by V. Gligi and intended for the con-
servation purpose of many glacial and relict
species.
Fify years ago, on Klek peninsula was estab-
lished Mediterranetum with purpose to pre-
serve mediterranean fora and fauna. Today,
it doesnt accomplish its original purpose.
Right afer the National Museum was established, initiated was Herbariums collection with
purpose to document biological and genetic diversity. Tis was accomplished through a longlast-
ing research and inventory. Despite hard conditions in which it has been working since 1992, the
Herbarium of the National Museum still preserves a priceless treasure contained in more than 2
milions specimens of B&Hs fora. In the nature department of the National Museum exist, since
it was founded, very rich animal collections (of avertebrates, fshes, amphibians, reptiles, birds
and mammals). Special value comes to rich and visually attractive butterfy collection, then col-
lections of beetles and birds. In order to ensure its re-conservation according to IUCN principles,
those collections require at the moment frm fnancial, technical and skilled manpower help.
Category of protection zatite number Under-category number
Strict nature reserve 3
Managed nature reserve 2
National park 2
Special reserve
Geologic 2
Botanic 5
Ornithologic 1
Reserve of natural areas 9

Plant species 7
Animal species 5
* Ptice pjevice 153
* Ptice mocvarice 66
* Ptice grabljivice 38
Nature monument
Geologic 3
Geomorphologic 65
Paleontologic 1
Individual trees 21
Group of trees 1
rijima.
Herbarijumske zbirke kao i kolekcije pojedinih skupina ivotinja koje su bile u funkciji edukacije i
istraivanja, situirane na Prirodno-matematikom, umarskom i Poljoprivrednom fakultetu, u
toku proteklog rata su u cjelosti unitene razornim poarima i eksplozijama.
U postdejtonskoj Bosni i Hercegovini nisu uspostavljeni nikakvi novi oblici ex situ
konzervacije.
D) Organizacije nevladinog sektora
Prema bazi podataka Regionalnog centra
za okoli, ured u Bosni i Hercegovini
egzistira sa preko 120 nevladinih
organizacija, sa preko 85.000 lanova.
(Environmental Performance Reviews,
UNECE, 2004.)NVO-i u svom programu
rada imaju i pitanja u vezi sa okoliem, sa
naglaskom na podizanje okolinske svijesti
i edukacije. U Bosni i Hercegovini su u
poslijeratnom periodu nevladine orga-
nizacije provele veliki broj okolinskih
projekata i programa.
Najvei problem rada i razvoja nevladinih
organizacija predstavlja izvor finansi-
ranja.
Rad nevladinih organizacija je regulisan
dravnim i entitetskim Zakonom o
drutvima i udruenjima, prema kojem
nevladine organizacije imaju status
pravnih lica. Prema podacima REC-a, za
2003. godinu, 34% od ukupnih prihoda
NVO-i ostvaruju preko internacionalnih
organizacija i bilateralnih donacija.
Podr ka od l okal ni h i nst i t uci j a
(ministarstva, lokalna zaj ednica i
privreda) postepeno raste. Neke od
nevladinih organizacija se samofinan-
siraju, najee kroz lanarinu.
Okolinska svijest i pristup informacijama
Stepen okolinske svijesti graana Bosne i
Hercegovine je generalno nezadovoljava-
jui. Meu razloge ovakvog stanja se
mogu ubrojati: nivo okolinske edukacije,
zastupljenost okolinske problematike u
medijima, informisanost o graanskim
pravima, informisanost o dunostima
odgovornih vladinih struktura, zakonska
osnova zatite okolia.
Iako je Zakon o slobodnom pristupu
informacijama u Bosni i Hercegovini
usvojen 2002. godine, slabo je iskoriten u
smislu ostvarivanja prava na pristup
informacijama o okoliu.
Mediji u Bosni i Hercegovini ne pokazuju
zadovoljavajui interes i educiranost u
lokalnim okolinskim pitanjima i proble-
mima. Meutim u lokalne, entitetske i
dravne radio i televizijske programe se
sve ee ukljuuju i ciljani dokumentarni
serijali (Eko leksikon, Eko-emisija,
Ekologika, Ekovizija, ivjeti s prirodom,
Prirodno naslijee Bosne i Hercegovine).
Jaanje okolinske svijesti
kao prvi zadatak
152
Environmentalawarness
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T
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T
E

O
F

T
H
E

B
I
O
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O
G
I
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A
L

A
N
D

L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
S

D
I
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E
R
S
I
T
Y

I
N

B
O
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N
I
A

A
N
D

H
E
R
Z
E
G
O
V
I
N
A
Tere has been herbariums and some animal groups collections situated at the Faculty of Sci-
ence, Faculty of Forestry and Agricultural Faculty that used be applied in education and re-
search, but got completely destroyed in recent war by fres and explosions.
In B&H afer Dayton, it hasnt been established any kind of new ex situ conservation forms.
D) Non-governmental organisations
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, afer database
created by the Regional Environmental Cen-
tre B&Hs Ofce, exist 120 NGOs with more
than 85.000 members (Environmental Per-
formance Reviews, UNECE, 2004.) that are
environmentally oriented by the programme
of their activities, underlining the environ-
mental awareness raising and education.
Since the war, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
have been ongoing numerous environmental
projects and programmes co-ordinated and
conducted by NGOs.
Te bigest issues for NGOs activities and fur-
ther development represents a fnancial sup-
port.
Te activity of NGOs is regulated by Law on
societies and unions at state and entity lev-
el, afer whome NGOs have got legal entity
status. Afer RECs records in 2003, 34% of
NGOs total product was reached through in-
ternational and bilateral donations. Te sup-
port from local institutions (ministries, local
community and economy) has been increas-
ing slowly. Some of NGOs fnance themselfs
through member fees.
Environmental awareness and approach to information
Te public awareness level regarding envi-
ronmental issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina
is not satisfactory. Reasons for that are: en-
vironmental education, presence of environ-
mental issues in media, information on civil
rights, information on duties of responsible
governmental structures, legal background
for the environment protection.
Te law on free approach to information
in Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted in
2002, yet it is poorly applied in terms of ac-
complishment the right of free approach to
environmental information.
Te media in Bosnia and Herzegovina dont
show enough interest and education regard-
ing local environmental issues and troubles.
However, there are many topic documenta-
ries (Eco-lexicon, Eco-show, Eco-logic, Eco-
vision, To live with nature, Natural heritage
of Bosnia and Herzegovina) included into lo-
cal, entity and state radio and TV shows.
OCJENA PROCESA UPRAVLJANJA BIOLOKOM
RAZNOLIKOU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Opte karakteristike i ocjena procesa upravljanja biolokom raznolikou u Bosni i
Hercegovini
lnedovoljna koliina podataka o prostornoj i vremenskoj organizaciji ukupne
bioloke i pejzane raznolikosti BiH kao i njihova heterogenost, operativnost i
pouzdanost sa naunog i strunog aspekta;
lnizak stepen implementacije postojeih zakonskih propisa i meunarodnih
konvencija iz oblasti upravljanja biolokom raznolikou (kao i okoliem u cjelini);
lnedostatak mehanizama i metodologija za zatitu bioloke raznolikosti;
lnedostatak infrastrukture i institucionalne podrke (centri, instituti, agencije te
organi dravne uprave) za adekvatnu zatitu i odrivo upravljanje biolokom
raznolikou;
Problemi u upravljanju biolokom raznolikou Bosne i Hercegovine:
lNefunkcionalan institucionalni okvir efikasne zatite i upravljanja biolokom
raznolikou, prirodnim resursima i integralnim prirodnim vrijednostima;
lVisok stupanj razuenosti postojee zakonske regulative;
lHorizontalna i vertikalna nepovezanost, nedostatak saradnje i protoka informacija
izmeu drutveno-politikih i svih drugih organizacionih sistema Bosne i
Hercegovine;
lNedovoljna implementacija raspoloivog zakonskog okvira;
lNedostatak strategije odrivog iskoritavanja prostornih resursa na nacionalnom,
entitetskim i lokalnom nivou;
lNeusklaenost i nepovezanost stratekih i pripadajuih razvojnih dokumenata (u
sektoru umarstva, popljoprivrede, vodoprivrede) sa oblau upravljanja
biodiverzitetom;
lNedostatak strategije i pripadajuih razvojnih dokumenata u oblasti herbalnog
sektora ( privredno vane vrste biljaka i ivotinja);
lNepostojanje jasnog zakonskog okvira i mehanizama monitoringa u prometu GMO,
te biotehnolokom i genetiko-ininjerskom prometu;
lNedostatak finansijskih sredstava i fondova za nauno istraivaki i struni rad u
oblasti bioloke raznolikosti;
lNedostatak definiranih drutveno ciljnih istraivanja s ciljem rjeavanja aktuelnih
problema u oblasti biodiverziteta i implementacije relevantnih meunarodnih
konvencija i direktiva;
lNedovoljni i nearanirani podaci o biolokoj i pejzanoj raznolikosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, te njihova dostupnost istraivaima, planerima i javnosti;
lNedovoljni nauni i struni kapaciteti,
lniska javna svijest o znaaju bioloke raznolikosti za ouvanje temeljnih vrijednosti
okolia, posebno s ciljem regulacije klimatskih promjena, te vanosti u sticanju dobiti
i smanjenju opteg siromatva;
lNedostatak raspoloivih i funkcionalnih podataka o stanju i potencijalima
bioraznolikosti kao resursa, u Millenium Development Goals kontekstu;
lNeefikasna provedba ciljeva u oblasti biodiverziteta i zatite prirodnog i kulturnog
nasljea identifikovanih kroz Nacionalni akcioni plan za okoli (NEAP, 2003);
153
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O
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T
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B
I
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O
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I
C
A
L

A
N
D

L
A
N
D
S
C
A
P
E
S

D
I
V
E
R
S
I
T
Y

I
N

B
O
S
N
I
A

A
N
D

H
E
R
Z
E
G
O
V
I
N
A
Characteristics and evaluation of the process of biodiversity management in Bosnia and Her-
zegovina are summarized as follows:
t Unsufcient data on spatial and temporal organisation of entire biological and landscapes
diversity in B&H, including its heterogeneity, operativity and reliability from scientifc and
expert standpoint;
t Low implementation level of current legislative and international conventions considering
biodiversity management (as well as environmental management);
t Lack of mechanisms and methodology for biodiversity protection;
t Lack of infrastructure and institutional support (from diverse centres, institutes, agencies and
state administration) for appropriate protection and sustainable biodiversity management;
t Lack of intersectoral connections in the process of decision making regarding biological
and landscapes diversity.
Problems in the process of biodiversity management in Bosnia and Herzegovina:
t Unefective institutional framework for protection and management of biodiversity, natu-
ral resources and integral natural values;
t Highly stretched current legal rules;
t Lack of horizontal and vertical connectivity, lack of co-operation and information fow
between social, political and the rest of organisation systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
of which the most serious consequences come from the level of decision maker;
t Unsufcient implementation of available legal framework;
t Lack of strategy considering use of spatial capacities at national, entity and local level;
t Mismatching and lack of connectivity between strategic, including all associated, docu-
ments (in the sectors of forestry, agriculture and water management) and biodiversity
management;
t Lack of strategy and associated development documents in the feld of herbal sector ( for
economically important plants and animals);
t Lack of clearly defnied legislative framework and mechanisms for GMOs monitoring and
biotechnological and genetic-engineering trade;
t Lack of fnancial means and funds for science and expert research in the biodiversity
feld;
t Lack of defnied association oriented topic research with intention to solve actuel problems
in the feld of biodiveristy and implementation of relevant international conventions and
directives;
t Unsufcient and unarranged data on biological and landscapes diversity of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, as well as their unavailability to the researchers, planneres and public;
t Unsufcient scientifc and expert capacities;
t Low public awarness on biodiversity signifcance in term of environmental values, espe-
cially when it comes to climate changes regulation and biodiversity importance in achiev-
ing an income and poverty reduction;
t Lack of available and functional data on biodiversity state and its potentials as a resource,
in MEAs context;
t Inefcient implementation of targets in the feld of biodiversity and protection of natural
and cultural heritage which were identifed through the National Environmental Action
Plan (NEAP, 2003);
t Inadequate understanding of ecological and environmental issues, as well as involvement
EVALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
lNeadekvatno poimanje ekolokih i okolinskih pitanja, te involviranje nereferentnih
institucija i pojedinaca u upravljanje, rjeavanje i istraivanje problema okolia, a
posebno biodiverziteta BiH;
lNepovezanost i slaba koordinacija izmeu vladinog, nevladinog sektora i
akademske i ope demokratske javnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini;
lMinoran uticaj i angaman resornih ministarstava na svim nivoima organizovanja
i neadekvatno pozicioniranje bioloke raznolikosti u sistemu opteg drutveno-
politikog ureenja u BiH.
BIOLOKA I PEJZANA RAZNOLIKOST BOSNE I
HERCEGOVINE U DODIRNIM SEKTORIMA
U Bosni i Hercegovini vie od polovine
povrine zauzimaju ume i umska
zemljita, a najvei dio u tome ine niske
ume i ikare (UNECE, 2004). Druga
istaknuta karakteristika su iroki prostori
pod nedirnutim umama sa skoro
potpuno ouvanim prirodnim stanjem,
to predstavlja rijetkost na naem kontin-
entu. Eksploatacija uma u Bosni i
Hercegovini je generalno niska, ali je
mjestimino neumjerena. Sa 8 km
umskih puteva/1000 ha teritorije, Bosna i
Hercegovina je ispod evropskog prosjeka.
Lovne aktivnosti su regulisane entite-
tskim zakonima, a bazirane na inventu-
rama, koje su nainila lovaka udruenja i
strunjaci.
umarstvo
Prema podacima za 2001. (UNECE, 2004)
12% GDP ini prihod od poljoprivredne
proizvodnj e. Domai prehrambeni
proizvodi pokrivaju tek 35-40% potreba,
to je mnogo manje u odnosu na predratni
period (60%). Izuzev krompira, Bosna i
Hercegovina ne proizvodi u dovoljnim
koliinama niti jedan od vanijih
poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Starosna
struktura zaposlenih u poljoprivredi je
Poljoprivreda
naruena, jer mladi ljudi odlaze u gradove
i inozemstvo, u potrazi za boljim ivotnim
uslovima. Prema podacima za istu
godinu, 33-50% (RS-FBiH) obradivog
zemljita je ostalo neiskoriteno. I pored
izvrenog agro-ekolokog zoniranja u
2003. godini, ne postoj i registar
poljoprivrednih preduzea, a takoe ni
monitoring koritenja zemljita.
Energetski sektor je u Bosni i Hercegovini
tradicionalno veoma vaan segment
privrede (UNECE, 2004). Proizvodnja
energije se dominantno bazira na
koritenju domaih resursa hidroenergije
i uglja, dok alternativni izvori energije,
kao snaga vjetra, solarna radijacija,
geotermalna energija i energija iz biomase
Energetika
nemaju ulogu u energetskom sektoru
danas. I pored visokih kapaciteta za
proizvodnju energije iz vodenih resursa i
uglja, Bosna i Hercegovina ima obavezu
prikljuenja jedinstvenom evropskom
tritu i proizvodnje zelene energije u
skladu sa EU Directive 2001/77/EC.
U predratnom periodu Bosna i Herce-
govina je imala razvijene kapacitete
uglavnom za tranzitni turizam, sa
izuzetkom jakog razvoja za potrebe
Turizam
Zimskih olimpijskih igara (Sarajevo,
1 9 8 4 ) . I s t or i j s ki s pome ni c i i z
srednjovjekovnog i Otomanskog perioda,
svetita i mediteranski turizam u Neumu
154
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B
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D

L
A
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of institutions and individuals which arent referent for the management, fnding solutions
and environmental research, especially when it comes to biodiversity in B&H;
t Lack of connectivity and poor co-ordination between governmental and non-governmental
sectors and academic, as well as general democratic, public in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
t Minor impact and engagement of resor ministiries at each organisation level and inad-
equate positioning of biodiveristy issue in the system of general socio-political constitution
of B&H.
BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPES DIVERSITY IN BOSNIA
AND HERZEGOVINA BY TANGENTIAL SECTORS
More than one half of B&Hs territory is
covered by woodland and appropriate type
of soil, whereby most of it are low forest and
scrubs (UNECE, 2004). The exploitation of
woods in Bosnia and Herzegovina is poor in
general, but it is from place to place unbal-
anced. Bosnia and Herzegovina is below
the European mean regarding wood roads,
which is 8 km of roads per 1000 ha of terri-
tory. Hunting activities based on conducted
inventories are regulated by entity laws. The
inventory is usually made by hunting soci-
eties and expert teams.
Forestry
Economy
Energetics
Tourism
By tradition, energetic sector in B&H ought
to be its highly important economy branch
(UNECE, 2004). Te power production is
mainly based on use of countrys resources
hydroenergy and coal, while the alterna-
tive source of energy, such as wind power,
sun radiation, geothermal energy and en-
ergy of biomass, havent got any signifcant
share in the energetic sector today. Despite
to high capacities for the energy production
based on water resources and coal, Bosnia
and Herzegovina is obliged to join the uni-
fed european market and to produce green
energy according to EU Directive 2001/77/
EC.
Afer in 2001 published records (UNECE,
2004), 12% of GNP made gain in agricultur-
al production. Domestic nutritional prod-
ucts cover for 35-40% needs, which is much
less than before the war (60%). Except for
potatoes, Bosnia and Herzegovina doesnt
produce any important agricultural prod-
uct in needed quantity. An age structure of
people employed in agriculture was changed,
for young people leave to cities and abroad,
searching afer better life. Afer records from
the same year, 33-50% (RS-FB&H) of arable
land remained unused. Tere is neither reg-
ister on agricultural enterprises nor moni-
toring on land use, despite agro-ecological
zoninig made in 2003.
Before the war, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
were developed capacities mainly for transit
tourism, except for massive development be-
cause of the Winter Olimpic Games (Sarajevo,
1984). Hystorical monuments from medieval
and Otoman empire, sacral places and medi-
terranean tourism in Neum used to be the
most visited touristic destinations. However,
Bosna i Hercegovina se karakterie
znaaj ni m pr i r odni m r esur si ma
sadranim u biolokoj raznolikosti, te
drugim segmentima prirode (vode,
Pritisci na bioloku i pejzanu raznolikost iz privrednih sektora BiH
Prirodni resursi Bosne i Hercegovine
oduvijek su imali presudnu ulogu u
razvoju civilizacije na ovom prostoru, od
doba neolita pa do danas. U tom procesu
umski ekosistemi su imali, kao i danas,
vodeu ulogu u sticanju dobiti za veliki
broj stanovnika Bosne i Hercegovine.
Dananju oblast umarstva u Bosni i
Hercegovini, meutim, definisala su
umarstvo, lov i ribolov
ratna deavanja i poslijeratni procesi
tranzicije. Raznovrsnost divlje faune je
oduvijek osnova razvijenog lovstva, a
izuzetno bogatstvo ihtiofaune osnov je
tradicionalnog ribolova na slatkim i
morskim vodama. Obje aktivnosti imaju
potrebu za razvojem i uspostavom
monitoringa.
U naoj zemlj i su razliiti oblici
poljoprivredne proizvodnje tradicionalno
razvijeni. U ravnicama su bile itnice, u
brdskom podruju voarstvo, a u
planinskom stoarstvo.
Iako poljoprivredna djelatnost nije
dovoljno razvijena u Bosni i Hercegovini,
ipak postoje identificirani pritisci, koji
prije svega, proizilaze iz nekontrolisane i
prekomj erne upotrebe pesticida i
fertilizatora.
Od priblino 5.000 oblika viih biljaka i
gljiva tradicionalno se upotrebljavalo oko
600 vrsta. Mnoge biljne vrste sa ljekovitim,
jestivim, vitaminskim i aromatinim svo-
Poljoprivreda i upotreba biolokih resursa i biotehnologija
jstvima su imale ulogu u razvoju
herbalnog sektora, koji, u sluajevima
neodrivog branja i prikupljanja ima
efekte na strukturu i stanje prirodnih
ekosistema, te znaajnog potencijala u
u p o l j a va n j u k va l i f i k o va n e i
nekvalifikovane radne snage. S druge
strane, potencijaI koji naa zemlja ima u
odrivom razvoju ove privredne grane,
nije dovoljno iskoriten
Razvoj bi ot ehnol ogi j e u Bosni i
Hercegovini je sve intenzivniji. Velikim
dijelom se oslanja na tradicionalna znanja,
te predstavlja potencijal u promociji
zdravih sorti i pasmina, razvijenih i
ouvanih na naem prostoru.
bile su najvee turistike atrakcije.
Meutim, Bosna i Hercegovina posjeduje
visoke potencijale za razvoj ekoturizma,
odnosno odrivog turizma, to ukljuuje:
planinski turizam, rafting, termalni,
kulturalni, seoski, pa i tranzitni turizam. S
ciljem razvoja ekoturizma, na podruju
Federacije BiH (UNECE, 2004) je
planirana uspostava novih zatienih
podruja (sliv rijeke Une, planine Igman-
Bjelanica kod Sarajeva, endemni centar
Prenj, vrsnica, abulja itd.).
mineralni resursi, zemljite) ija je
eksploatacija u direktnoj vezi sa stanjem
biodiverziteta.
155
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Pressures onto biological and landscapes diversity in B&H coming from dif-
ferent economy sectors
Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by substantial natural resources comprised by its
biodiversity, and other components of nature (water, mineral resources, soil) whose exploita-
tion is directly related to the biodiversity state.
Forestry, hunt and fshery
Te civilization development in the region has been since Neolit determined by natural re-
sources of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Te leading role hereby used to have forest ecosystems,
for even today they are crucial in proft gain for many people in B&H. Today, forestry in B&H
is defnied by war events and afer-war period of transition. Te diversity of wild fauna has
been since ever base for hunting, especially fshing in traditional way in both fresh and ma-
rine water. Both of those activities, hunting and fshing, require development and establish-
ment of a monitoring system.
Agriculture, use of biological resources and biotechnology
In our country, by the tradition, exist diverse forms of agricultural production. In the plain it
is cereals, in the hilly area fruits, and in the mountain area cattle breeding.
Although agricultural activity in Bosnia and Herzegovina isnt sufciently developed, there
are still some pressures arising from uncontrolled or over-use of pesticides and fertilisers.
Tere are approximately 5.000 species of higher plants and mushrooms, of which are being
used only 600. Many of these, because of their medicinal, edible, vitaminous and aromatic
features, were crucial for the development of herbal sector. If a gathering of herbal material
should be unsustainable, the structure and state of natural ecosystems could change. On the
other hand, the potential that our country could have if this economy branch is developed in
sustainable way, is not used enough.
In B&H, the biotechnology development gets in power every day. It relies mainly on tradi-
tional knowledge and represent needed potential to promote healthy sorts and breeds, which
are well preserved on our territory.
Bosnia and Herzegovina posses high poten-
tial for ecotourism, respectively sustainable
tourism, which includes: mountain tourism,
rafing, thermal, cultural, village and transit
tourism. In order to develop the ecotourism,
on the territory of Federation B&H (UNECE,
2004) forseen is the establishment of new pro-
tected areas (Una river confuence, Igman-
Bjelanica mountains near Sarajevo, endemic
centre Prenj, vrsnica, abulja etc.).
Razvoj energetskog sektora naroito u
posljednjih 50 godina je doprinio vidnom
uni tavanj u i degradaci j i i tavi h
kompleksa razliitih stanita (hidro-
akumulacije, termoelektrane) pri emu su
unitena i itava podruja od meuna-
rodnog znaaja (Buko blato, Popovo
polje). Slian trend nastavlja se i danas.
Specifini oblici industrijskog razvoja
Bosne i Hercegovine u posljednjih 100
godina (povrinska eksploatacija uglja,
topionice, teka industrija, hemijska
industrija, procesna), u izuzetno znaajnoj
mjeri su promijenile sliku biodiverziteta.
Energetika, industrija i urbanizacija
Nepostojanje jasnog i konzistentnog
okvira odrive upotrebe prostora u
posljednjih 50 godina intenzivirano je u
postdejtonskoj BiH. Rezultat ovakvog
stanja u upotrebi prostornih resursa je
proces neuravnoteene urbanizacije.
Uporedo sa procesom neplanskog irenja
urbanih i ruralnih cjelina tee i izgradnja
komunikacionih sistema, konverzija
poljoprivrednih zemljita i sve ee
umskih zemljita, danas posebno i
dijelova zemlje sa izuzetnim prirodnim
vrijednostima.
I pored visokih turistikih potencijala, ova
grana privrede u Bosni i Hercegovini je
nedovoljno i neadekvatno razvijena.
Pored slabog poznavanja potencijala i
planiranja potrebnih aktivnosti, poseban
uticaj na stanje ima nepostojanje potrebne
komunalne infrastrukture. Niska ekolo-
Turizam i rekreacija
ka i javna svijest rezultira zabrinja-
vajuom slikom du svih rijeka, saobra-
ajnica, u gradskim i ruralnim sredinama.
Neureenost prostora, koja je rezultat
razdvojenosti procesa prostornog i
okolinskog planiranja, unitava prirodnu
sliku i turistike potencijale nae zemlje.
Hutovo blato (Ramsar site): turistiki potencijal BiH
156
Hutovo blato, touristic potential of B&H
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Energetics, industry and urbanisation
Development of the energetic sector, especially in last 50 years, has been contributing to vis-
ible destruction and degradation of entire complexes of diverse habitats (hydro-accumula-
tions, thermal power plants), leaving internationally important areas destroyed (Buko blato,
Popovo polje). Te similar trend is still ongoing.
Specifc industrial development patterns in B&H over last 100 years (open coals mining, met-
allurgical plants, heavy industry, chemical industry, processing industry), have been severly
changing the biodiversity picture.
Lack of clear and consistent framework for the sustainable space use over last 50 years, has
became more obvious in B&H afer the Dayton Peace Agreement was signed. It is the result
of unbalanced urbanisation process. Along with the unplanned expansion of urban and rural
units, evolves construction of a communication system, conversion of arable land and more
ofen woodland with outstanding natural values.
Tourism and recreation
Inspite of its high touristic potentials, this economy branch in Bosnia and Herzegovina is
poorly and inadequately developed. Te situtation is like that because of limited knowledge
on what these potentials are, planning of required activities, lack of needed comunal infra-
structure. Tere is a troublesome sight along our rivers and roads, in cities and villages, which
is the result of low ecological and public awareness level. Due to the fact that physical and
environmental planning are separated, emerges disordered space that destroys the natural
picture and touristic potential of our country.
IZVOD IZ BIBLIOGRAFIJE
FLORA
l Beck-Mannagetta G.(1903): Flora Bosne, Hercegovine i Novopazarskog Sandaka, Gymnospermae i
Monocotyledones, I dio Dravna tamparija, Sarajevo.
l Beck, G., (1916): Flora Bosne i Hercegovine i Novopazarskog Sandaka 2, Glasn. Zem. Muz. Sarajevo
7: 52-168.
l Beck, G., Maly, K., & Bjeli, . (1974): Flora Bosne i Hercegovine, III, IV,Sympetalae 3: 70-81, Zem.
Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine (Posebno izdanje), Sarajevo.
l Bjeli, ., ili, . (1971): Karakteristine cvjetnice za hercegovaki endemni centar
l Bjeli, . (1987): Endemi u biljnom svijetu Bosne i Hercegovine i problem zatite. ANUBiH, posebna
izdanja, knjiga LXXXII, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knjiga 14: 95-102, nauni skup
Zatita endema u ivom svijetu Jugoslavije, Sarajevo.
l Boguni, F., Muratovi, E., iljak-Yakovlev, S. (2006): Chromosomal differentiation between Pinus
heldreichii and Pinus nigra. Ann. for Sci. 63: 1 8.
l Fiala, F., (1890): Prilozi flore Bosne i Hercegovine. Glasn. Muz. Bosni Herceg (Sarajevo), 3.
l Grgi, P., (1982): Fitocenoze briofita na vertikalnom profilu Igmana i Bjelanice. God. Biol. Inst. Univ.
u Sarajevu, 35, 47 69.
l Hafner, D., Jasprica, N,.Cari, M. (2000): Epiphytic diatoms on the Nymphaea alba L.leaves
l In the Sub-Mediterranean wetland. 19 th International Diatom Symposium. Irkutsk.Knjiga rezimea.
l Janji, N. (1980): Javljanje Frejnove jasike i srodnih oblika u evropsko-zapadnoazijskoj populaciji vrste
Populus tremula L., njihove taksonomske osobine i spontani hibridi. Radovi um. Fak. Inst. um.
Sar., XXV, sv. 1 2: 1 115, Sarajevo.
l Janji, N., (1984): Sistematika poljskog brijesta (Ulmus minor Mill. sensu latissimo) u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Radovi um. Fak. Inst. um. Sar., XXVI, 3 4: 1 115, Sarajevo.
l Kutlea, L., Lakui, R. (1964): Flora i vegetacija poluotoka Kleka. God. Biol. inst. Univ. Sarajevu
(Sarajevo), 17: 61-115.
l Lakui, R. (1973): Prirodni sistem populacija i vrsta roda Edraianthus DC. God. Biol. inst. Sarajevo,
posebno izdanje 26: 1-130, Sarajevo.
l Lakui, R. (1982): Planinske biljke. Svjetlost, OOUR Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva,
Sarajevo.
l Lakui, R., Kutlea, L. (1971): Ekologija endeminih oblika Lilium bosniacum Beck i L i l i u m
albanicum Grsb. Ekologija, 6/1: 93-104.
l Maly, K. (1919): Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 31: 68. Sarajevo
l Maly, K. (1920): Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 32: 129-139.
Sarajevo.
l Maly, K. (1928): Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 40: 107-166.
Sarajevo
l Maly, K. (1940): Notizen zur Flora von Bosnien-Hercegovina. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. 52: 21- 46.
Sarajevo
l Meedovi, S. (1976): Citogenetika istraivanja vrste Lilium bosniacum Beck. Glasnik Zemaljskog
muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, Prirodne nauke, 15: 80-89.
l Mii, Lj., Lakui, R. (1990): Livadske biljke. IP Svjetlost, Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva,
Sarajevo; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd.
l Muratovi, E., Boguni, F., oljan, D. & iljak-Yakovlev, S. (2005): Does Lilium bosniacum merit species
rank? A classical and molecular-cytogenetic analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 252:97-
109.
l Nedovi, B. (1984): Ekoloko - morfoloka diferencijacija populacija vrste Adiantum c a p i l l u s
veneris L. na Dinaridima, Institut zatite, Banja Luka
l Redi S. (1994): Morphological variability, ecological, chorologic and phenological characteristics of
157
BIBLIOGRAPHY ABSTRACTED
FLORA
t Beck-Mannagetta G.(1903): Flora Bosne, Hercegovine i Novopazarskog Sandaka, Gymnosper-
mae i Monocotyledones, I dio Dravna tamparija, Sarajevo.
t Beck, G., (1916): Flora Bosne i Hercegovine i Novopazarskog Sandaka 2, Glasn. Zem. Muz. Sara-
jevo 7: 52-168.
t Beck, G., Maly, K., & Bjeli, . (1974): Flora Bosne i Hercegovine, III, IV,Sympetalae 3: 70-81,
Zem. Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine (Posebno izdanje), Sarajevo.
t Bjeli, ., ili, . (1971): Karakteristine cvjetnice za hercegovaki endemni centar
t Bjeli, . (1987): Endemi u biljnom svijetu Bosne i Hercegovine i problem zatite. ANUBiH,
posebna izdanja, knjiga LXXXII, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knjiga 14: 95-102,
nauni skup Zatita endema u ivom svijetu Jugoslavije, Sarajevo.
t Boguni, F., Muratovi, E., iljak-Yakovlev, S. (2006): Chromosomal diferentiation between
Pinus heldreichii and Pinus nigra. Ann. for Sci. 63: 1 8.
t Fiala, F., (1890): Prilozi fore Bosne i Hercegovine. Glasn. Muz. Bosni Herceg (Sarajevo), 3.
t Grgi, P., (1982): Fitocenoze briofta na vertikalnom proflu Igmana i Bjelanice. God. Biol. Inst.
Univ. u Sarajevu, 35, 47 69.
t Hafner, D., Jasprica, N,.Cari, M. (2000): Epiphytic diatoms on the Nymphaea alba L.leaves
t In the Sub-Mediterranean wetland. 19 th International Diatom Symposium. Irkutsk.Knjiga rez-
imea.
t Janji, N. (1980): Javljanje Frejnove jasike i srodnih oblika u evropsko-zapadnoazijskoj populaciji
vrste Populus tremula L., njihove taksonomske osobine i spontani hibridi. Radovi um. Fak. Inst.
um. Sar., XXV, sv. 1 2: 1 115, Sarajevo.
t Janji, N., (1984): Sistematika poljskog brijesta (Ulmus minor Mill. sensu latissimo) u Bosni i Her-
cegovini. Radovi um. Fak. Inst. um. Sar., XXVI, 3 4: 1 115, Sarajevo.
t Kutlea, L., Lakui, R. (1964): Flora i vegetacija poluotoka Kleka. God. Biol. inst. Univ. Sarajevu
(Sarajevo), 17: 61-115.
t Lakui, R. (1973): Prirodni sistem populacija i vrsta roda Edraianthus DC. God. Biol. inst. Sara-
jevo, posebno izdanje 26: 1-130, Sarajevo.
t Lakui, R. (1982): Planinske biljke. Svjetlost, OOUR Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva,
Sarajevo.
t Lakui, R., Kutlea, L. (1971): Ekologija endeminih oblika Lilium bosniacum Beck i
Lilium albanicum Grsb. Ekologija, 6/1: 93-104.
t Maly, K. (1919): Prilozi za foru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 31: 68.
Sarajevo
t Maly, K. (1920): Prilozi za foru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 32: 129-
139. Sarajevo.
t Maly, K. (1928): Prilozi za foru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 40: 107-
166. Sarajevo
t Maly, K. (1940): Notizen zur Flora von Bosnien-Hercegovina. Glas. Zem. Muz. Bosne. 52: 21- 46.
Sarajevo
t Meedovi, S. (1976): Citogenetika istraivanja vrste Lilium bosniacum Beck. Glasnik Zemalj-
skog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, Prirodne nauke, 15: 80-89.
t Mii, Lj., Lakui, R. (1990): Livadske biljke. IP Svjetlost, Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sred-
stva, Sarajevo; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd.
t Muratovi, E., Boguni, F., oljan, D. & iljak-Yakovlev, S. (2005): Does Lilium bosniacum merit
species rank? A classical and molecular-cytogenetic analysis. Plant Systematics and Evolution,
252:97-109.
t Nedovi, B. (1984): Ekoloko - morfoloka diferencijacija populacija vrste Adiantum capillus
veneris L. na Dinaridima, Institut zatite, Banja Luka
t Redi S. (1994): Morphological variability, ecological, chorologic and phenological characteris-
the populations of the species Potentilla tommasiniana F.W. Schultz in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studia
Botanica 12: 219-235.
l Redi, S.(1997): Some taxonomic problems of the Potentilla L. genus. International Rosaceae 97
Conference, Edinburgh. Abstract Book, 12.
l Ritter-Studnika, H. (1953): Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine II. God. Biol. inst. Univ. Sarajevu
(Sarajevo), 6, 1-2: 21-38.
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l ili, . (1979): Acinos Miller. Monografija rodova Satureja L., Calamintha Miller, Micromeria Bentham,
Acinos Miller i Clinopodium L. u flori Jugoslavije. Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu,
Odjeljenje za prirodne nauke. Posebno izdanje: 262 355, Sarajevo.
l ili, . (1990): Endemine biljke. III izdanje, IP Svjetlost; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva,
l ili, . (1990): Atlas drvea i grmlja. IV izdanje, IP Svjetlost; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna
sredstva, Sarajevo; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd.
l ili, . (1990): umske zeljaste biljke. IV izdanje, IP Svjetlost; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna
l ili, . (1990): Ukrasno drvee i grmlje. IP Svjetlost; Zavod za udbenike i nastavna sredstva,
l ili, . (1996): Spisak biljnih vrsta (Pteridophyta i Spermatophyta) za Crvenu knjigu Bosne i
Hercegovine. GZM Ns sv. 31 1992_1995, 323-367, Sarajevo
l oljan, D. (1983): Ekoloko-morfoloka diferencijacija populacija vrste Edraianthus serpyllifolius
(Visiani) DC. God. Biol. Inst. Univerz. u Sarajevu, Vol. 36: 249-258.
FAUNA
l Bolkay, St. J. (1924) : Popis vodozemaca i gmizavaca, koje se nalaze u bos.-herc. Zemaljskom muzeju u
Sarajevu s morfolokim,biolokim i zoogeografskim biljekama. Spomenik Srp. Kralj. Akad.,
Beograd.
l Cvijovi, M. (1970): Prilog poznavanju faune Acerentomoidea (Protura) na planinama Magli,
Volujak i Zelengora. Posebni otisak iz GZM (PN) NS 19: 31-36.
l Cvijovi, M. (1984): Fauna Entomobryidae i Sminthuridae (Collembola) i Acerentomoidea (Protura) u
biocenozama u okolini Sarajeva. GZM (PN) NS 23: 113-132.
l utuk, R., Ibrovi, M., Kunovac, S., Hasanbegovi, A. (2000): Divlja fauna Bosne i Hercegovine, Sisari-
Mammalia. Veterinaria, 49: 453-463.
l Dizdarevi, M. (1973): Fauna Symphyla i Pauropoda Bosne i Hercegovine. Radovi Akademije nauka i
umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka, 46(13): 245-272.
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Sarajevo.
l Hadiselimovi, R., Hamzi, A. (1999): Biodiverzitet i biogeografija riba Bosne i Hercegovine. Soro
fondacija Fond Otvoreno drutvo Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo.
l Kaanski, D. (1976): A preliminary report of the Plecoptera fauna in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Proc.Biol.Soc. Washington, 88: 419-422.
l Kotroan, D., Mulaomerovi, J. & Habul, A. (2004): Ornithology and bird protection in Bosnia and
Herzegovina: situation and perspectives. Acrocephalus 25(122): 149-152.
l Lelo, S. (2000): Revised inventory of the butterflies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Insecta: Lepidoptera:
Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea). Natura Croatica, Zagreb, 9 (2): 139-156
l Lelo, S. (2006): Review of the Miki`s list of Dung Beatles (Insecta: Scarabaeoidea) in Bosnia.
Multidisciplinary International Conference on Europaean Geoheritage Integration, ProGeo
th
Sarajevo 2006 (with 11 ProGeo annual meeting), 22.-28. May, Faculty of Science and Mathematics,
University of Sarajevo, pp. 28.
l Marinkovi-Gospodneti, M. (1970): Fauna Trichoptera podruja Magli, Volujak i Zelengora.
Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 9: 107-120.
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Hercegovine. GZM Ns sv. 31 1992_1995, 323-367, Sarajevo
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serpyllifolius (Visiani) DC. God. Biol. Inst. Univerz. u Sarajevu, Vol. 36: 249-258.
FAUNA
t Bolkay, St. J. (1924): Popis vodozemaca i gmizavaca, koje se nalaze u bos.-herc. Zemalj-
skom muzeju u Srajevu s morfolokim,biolokim i zoogeografskim biljekama. Spomenik Srp.
Kralj. Akad., Beograd.
t Cvijovi, M. (1970): Prilog poznavanju faune Acerentomoidea (Protura) na planinama Magli,
Volujak i Zelengora. Posebni otisak iz GZM (PN) NS 19: 31-36.
t Cvijovi, M. (1984): Fauna Entomobryidae i Sminthuridae (Collembola) i Acerentomoidea (Protu-
ra) u biocenozama u okolini Sarajeva. GZM (PN) NS 23: 113-132.
t utuk, R., Ibrovi, M., Kunovac, S., Hasanbegovi, A. (2000): Divlja fauna Bosne i Hercegovine,
Sisari-Mammalia. Veterinaria, 49: 453-463.
t Dizdarevi, M. (1973): Fauna Symphyla i Pauropoda Bosne i Hercegovine. Radovi Akademije na-
uka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka, 46(13): 245-
272.
t urovi, E., Vukovi, T., Pocrnji, Z. (1979): Vodozemci Bosne i Hercegovine. Zemaljski muzej
BiH, Sarajevo.
t Hadiselimovi, R., Hamzi, A. (1999): Biodiverzitet i biogeografja riba Bosne i Hercegovine.
Soro fondacija Fond Otvoreno drutvo Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo.
t Kaanski, D. (1976): A preliminary report of the Plecoptera fauna in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Proc.Biol.Soc. Washington, 88: 419-422.
t Kotroan, D., Mulaomerovi, J. & Habul, A. (2004): Ornithology and bird protection in Bosnia and
Herzegovina: situation and perspectives. Acrocephalus 25(122): 149-152.
t Lelo, S. (2000): Revised inventory of the butterfies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Insecta: Lepidop-
tera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea). Natura Croatica, Zagreb, 9 (2): 139-156
t Lelo, S. (2006): Review of the Miki`s list of Dung Beatles (Insecta: Scarabaeoidea) in Bosnia.
Multidisciplinary International Conference on Europaean Geoheritage Integration, ProGeo Sa-
rajevo 2006 (with 11
th
ProGeo annual meeting), 22.-28. May, Faculty of Science and Mathematics,
University of Sarajevo, pp. 28.
t Marinkovi-Gospodneti, M. (1970): Fauna Trichoptera podruja Magli, Volujak i Zelengora.
Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 9: 107-120.
l Marinkovi-Gospodneti, M. (1971): The species of the genus Drusus in Yugoslavia. Godinjak
Biolokog instituta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 24: 105-109.
l Miki, S. (1980): Fauna Orthopthera Bosne i Hercegovine. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, Posebna izdanja, knjiga XLVII, Odjeljenje Prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knjiga 8.,
l Muibabi, S. (1980): Fauna Turbellaria Bosne i Hercegovine. U: Savjetovanje Problemi inventarizacije
ivotinjskog svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine: stanje i perspektive. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti,
Sarajevo, 1980, Posebna izdanja, knj. XLVII, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knj. 8, 43-51.
l Obratil, S. , Matvejev, S. (1989): Predlog Crvene liste ugroenih ptica SR Bosne i Hercegovine. Nae
starine, 18-19:227-235.
l Obratil, S. (1980): Avifauna Bosne i Hercegovine. Nauni skup "Problemi inventarizacije ivotinjskog
svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine", ANU BiH knj. 47, Odjeljenje za prirodnih nauka knj. 8: 131-144.
l Pavlovi B. (1989): Naselja suvozemnih Gastropoda i predvianje broja vrsta i podvrsta mekuaca u
podruju sliva Drine. U R.Lakui., M. Dizdarevi, P. Grgi, B. Pavlovi, S. Redi : Flora i vegetacija
viih biljaka i fauna Symphyla, Pauropoda i Mollusca u refugijalno-reliktnim ekosistemima kanjona
rijeka Tare, Pive, Komarnice, Lima i Drine. Glasnik Odjeljenja prirodnih nauka, Crnogorska akademija
nauka i umjetnosti, 7: 237-281.
l Pocrnji, Z., Vukovi, T., olaja, M. ( 1987) : Problemi zatite repatih vodozemaca. Akademija nauka i
umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Sarajevo.
l Popo, A., 1978: Faunistika monografija Buprestidae SR Bosne i Hercegovine (Coleoptera, Sternoxia).
GZM (PN) NS 17: 249-292
l Sket, B. (2003): ivotinjski svijet Vjetrenice. U: Lui, I., Vjetrenica pogled u duu zemlje, ArTresor
naklada, Zagreb.
l Sofradija, A. (1999): Slatkovodne ribe i kolouste Bosne i Hercegovine. Svjetlost, Sarajevo (u tampi).
l krijelj, R. (2002): Populacije riba neretvanskih jezera: ihtioloka monografija. Prirodno-matematiki
fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.
l oljan, T. (1980): Morska fauna Bosne i Hercegovine. u: Savjetovanje Problemi inventarizacije
ivotinjskog svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine: stanje i perspektive, Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 21-31, Posebna izdanja, knjiga XLVII, odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih
nauka, knjiga 8.
l Tanasijevi, M. (1970): Fauna Ephemeroptera na podruju planina Magli, volujak I Zelengora.
Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, Sarajevo, 9: 179-184.
l Troi-Borovac, S. (1997): Diverzitet oribatida u zajednicama vertikalnog profila planine Ozren kod
Sarajeva. Magistarski rad. Prirodno-matematiki fakultet Univerzitet u Sarajevu
l Vagner, D. (1983): Distribucija i ekoloka uvjetovanost populacija oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) u
tekuicama Bosne i Hercegovine. Doktorska disertacija. Sveuilite u Zagrebu
l Vukovi, T. (1977): Ribe Bosne i Hercegovine. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.
l ivadinovi, J. (1980): Mezofauna tla u Bosni i Hercegovini. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, Posebna izdanja, knjiga XLVII, Odjeljenje Prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knjiga
8.,Savjetovanje - Problemi inventarizacije ivotinjskog svijeta BiH - stanje i perspektive, pp. 75-81.
FUNGIA
l Nimis, P.L. (1996): Towards a cheklist of Mediterranean lichens. Bocconea 6: 5-17.
l Usupli, M. (2004): Svijet gljiva, ANUBiH, Sarajevo.
l Usupli, M., Treti, T. (2003): Gljive praumskih rezervata Ravna vala na Igmanu i Trstionica pored
Kaknja.- Radovi umarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, No 1.
EKOSISTEMI I PEJZAI
l Baji, D. (1959/1960): Brdske i dolinske livade i panjaci u slivu reka Une i Sane. Radovi
Poljoprivrednog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, VIII-IX, 10-11, 237-268
l Beck, M. G. (1901): Die Vegetationsverhltnisse der illyrischen Lnder. VerJ. yon W. Englemann, Lepizig.
159
t Marinkovi-Gospodneti, M. (1971): Te species of the genus Drusus in Yugoslavia. Godinjak
Biolokog instituta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 24: 105-109.
t Miki, S. (1980): Fauna Orthopthera Bosne i Hercegovine. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, Posebna izdanja, knjiga XLVII, Odjeljenje Prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knjiga 8.,
t Muibabi, S. (1980): Fauna Turbellaria Bosne i Hercegovine. U: Savjetovanje Problemi inventarizacije
ivotinjskog svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine: stanje i perspektive. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Sarajevo,
1980, Posebna izdanja, knj. XLVII, Odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knj. 8, 43-51.
t Obratil, S. , Matvejev, S. (1989): Predlog Crvene liste ugroenih ptica SR Bosne i Hercegovine. Nae
starine, 18-19:227-235.
t Obratil, S. (1980): Avifauna Bosne i Hercegovine. Nauni skup Problemi inventarizacije ivotinjskog
svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine, ANU BiH knj. 47, Odjeljenje za prirodnih nauka knj. 8: 131-144.
t Pavlovi B. (1989): Naselja suvozemnih Gastropoda i predvianje broja vrsta i podvrsta mekuaca u
podruju sliva Drine. U R.Lakui., M. Dizdarevi, P. Grgi, B. Pavlovi, S. Redi: Flora i vegetacija
viih biljaka i fauna Symphyla, Pauropoda i Mollusca u refugijalno-reliktnim ekosistemima kanjona
rijeka Tare, Pive, Komarnice, Lima i Drine. Glasnik Odjeljenja prirodnih nauka, Crnogorska aka-
demija nauka i umjetnosti, 7: 237-281.
t Pocrnji, Z., Vukovi, T., olaja, M. ( 1987): Problemi zatite repatih vodozemaca. Akademija nauka
i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Sarajevo.
t Popo, A., 1978: Faunistika monografja Buprestidae SR Bosne i Hercegovine (Coleoptera, Sternoxia).
GZM (PN) NS 17: 249-292
t Sket, B. (2003): ivotinjski svijet Vjetrenice. U: Lui, I., Vjetrenica pogled u duu zemlje, ArTresor
naklada, Zagreb.
t Sofradija, A. (1999): Slatkovodne ribe i kolouste Bosne i Hercegovine. Svjetlost, Sarajevo (u tampi).
t krijelj, R. (2002): Populacije riba neretvanskih jezera: ihtioloka monografja. Prirodno-matematiki
fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.
t oljan, T. (1980): Morska fauna Bosne i Hercegovine. u: Savjetovanje Problemi inventarizacije ivo-
tinjskog svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine: stanje i perspektive, Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Her-
cegovine, Sarajevo, 21-31, Posebna izdanja, knjiga XLVII, odjeljenje prirodnih i matematikih nauka,
knjiga 8.
t Tanasijevi, M. (1970): Fauna Ephemeroptera na podruju planina Magli, volujak I Zelengora.
Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja, Sarajevo, 9: 179-184.
t Troi-Borovac, S. (1997): Diverzitet oribatida u zajednicama vertikalnog profla planine Ozren kod
Sarajeva. Magistarski rad. Prirodno-matematiki fakultet Univerzitet u Sarajevu
t Vagner, D. (1983): Distribucija i ekoloka uvjetovanost populacija oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) u
tekuicama Bosne i Hercegovine. Doktorska disertacija. Sveuilite u Zagrebu
t Vukovi, T. (1977): Ribe Bosne i Hercegovine. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.
t ivadinovi, J. (1980): Mezofauna tla u Bosni i Hercegovini. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne
i Hercegovine, Posebna izdanja, knjiga XLVII, Odjeljenje Prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knjiga
8.,Savjetovanje - Problemi inventarizacije ivotinjskog svijeta BiH - stanje i perspektive, pp. 75-81.
FUNGIA
t Nimis, P.L. (1996): Towards a cheklist of Mediterranean lichens. Bocconea 6: 5-17.
t Usupli, M. (2004): Svijet gljiva, ANUBiH, Sarajevo.
t Usupli, M., Treti, T. (2003): Gljive praumskih rezervata Ravna vala na Igmanu i Trstionica
pored Kaknja.- Radovi umarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, No 1.
ECOSYSTEMS AND LANDSCAPES
t Baji, D. (1959/1960): Brdske i dolinske livade i panjaci u slivu reka Une i Sane. Radovi Poljoprivrednog
fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, VIII-IX, 10-11, 237-268
t Beck, M. G. (1901): Die Vegetationsverhltnisse der illyrischen Lnder. VerJ. yon W. Englemann, Lepizig.
l Barudanovi, S. (2003): Ekoloko-vegetacijska diferencijacija liarsko-listopadnih uma planine
Vranice. Ph.Thesis, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 373 p.
l Beck, G. (1888) Die alpine Vegetation der sudbosnisch herecgovinischen Hochgebirge. Verh. Zool.-
Bot. Ges. Wien.
l Bjeli, . (1966): Vegetacija pretplaninskog pojasa planine Jahorine. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja
Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu, V, 31-101.
l Bucalo V, (2002): Tipologija uma, umarski fakultet Banja Luka
l Cvijovi, J. M, (1982): Naselja Entomobrydae i Sminthuridae (Collembola) u biocenozama krakih
polja jugoistone Hercegovine. Godinjak biolokog Instituta Sarajevo. Vol.35.
l Dizdarevi, M., (1991): Refugijalne i Reliktne karakteristike vrsta Symphyla i Pauropoda u kanjonima
rijek Une. Bilten drutva ekologa B i H, b, 6. Zbornik referata i rezimea. Biha Sarjevo.
l Dizdarevi, M., Lakui, R., Pavlovi, D. & Abadi, S. (1979): Pregled ekosistema planine Vranice u
Bosni. Zbornik radova II kongresa ekologa Jugoslavije, knjiga 1: 435-482.
l ug, S. 2003. Diverzitet i konzervacija vegetacije pretplaninskog pojasa planine Vranice. Ph.Thesis.
Prirodno-matematiki fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu.
l Fukarek, P. & Stefanovi, V. (1958): Prauma Peruica i njena vegetacija. Radovi Poljoprivredno-
umarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, 3 (3): 93-146.
l Fukarek, P. (1979): Forest plant communites of Yugoslavia.Proc. Book od Second Congress of
ecologists of Yugoslavia. Zadar-Plitvice, Book 1: 55-69.
l Hafner,D., Troi-Borovac,S.(2005): Bioloki monitoring povrinskih voda sliva rijeke Neretve na
podruju FBiH. .J.P. zaVodno podruje slivova Jadranskog mora, Mostar. Elaborat.
l Hayek, A. (1924-1933): Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae.Band I, II,III, Berlin-Dahlem -Berlin.
l Horvat, I. (1960): Pretplaninske livade i rudine planine Vlasic u Bosni. Biol. glasnik, 13: 113-157.
l Isajev, V., Beus, V., Mataruga, M. (2006): Biodiverzitet zatienih podruja u Bosni i Hercegovini i
njihov znaaj za konzervaciju. Zbornik radova. Nauna konferencija: "Gazdovanje umskim
ekosistemima nacionalnih parkova i drugih zatienih podruja". Jahorina.
l Kaanski, D. (1987): Zatita endeminih vrsta Plecoptera u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zbornik radova
ANUBIH Prirodne nauke
l Lakui, R., Redi, S. (1989): Flora i vegetacija vaskularnih biljaka u refugijalno-reliktnim
ekosistemima kanjona rijeke Drine i njenih pritoka. Glasnik Odjeljenja prir. nauka CANU, 7: 107-205.
l Lakui, R., Redi, S. (1991): Vegetacija refugijalno-reliktnih ekosistema sliva rijeke Une. Bilten
Drutv. ekol. BiH, B, 6: 25-73.
l Lakui, R. (1970): Die Vegetation der sudostlichen Dinariden. Vegetatio 21: 321-373.
l Lakui, R. (1975) Prirodni sistem geobiocenoza na planinama Dinaridima. God. Biol. inst. Univ. u
Sarajevu, 28: 175-191.
l Lakui, R., Bjeli, ., ili, ., Kutlea, L., Mii, LJ., Grgi, P. (1969): Planinska vegetacija Maglia,
Volujaka i Zelengore. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti BiH, Posebna izdanja, knj. XI, Odjeljenje
prirodnih i matematikih nauka, knj. 3, Osnovne prirodne karakteristike, flora i vegetacija
nacionalnog parka "Sutjeska", 181-187.
l Lakui, R., Grgi, P., Kutlea, L., Muratspahi, D., Redi, S., Vukorep, Omerovi, S. (1991): Struktura
i dinamika fitocenoza u ekosistemima tresetita na planinama Bosne. Bilten drutva ekologa BiH, ser.
A, Vol 7: 35-84, Sarajevo
l Lakui, R., Pavlovi, D., Abadi, S., Grgi P. (1978): Prodromus biljnih zajednica Bosne i
Hercegovine. God. Biol.inst.Univ.u Sarajevu, 30: 5-87 (pos.izdanje).
l Lakui, R., Pavlovi, D., Abadi, S., Kutlea L., Mii, Lj. (1982): Ekosistemi planine Vlai. Bilten
Drutva ekologa BiH, serija A Ekoloke monografije, 1: 7-131.
l Lakui, R., Pavlovi-Muratspahi, D., Redi, S. (1982): Vegetacija ekosistema krakih polja
Hercegovine. Godinjak Biolokog instituta, 35. 81-92.
l Marinkovi-Gospodneti, M. (1981): Endemini vodeni insekti u Bosni i Hercegovini Trihoptere.
Elaborat. Bioloki institut Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 29-81.
l Mii, Lj.(1984): Vegetacija livada i panjaka planine Treskavice, Doktorska teza, PMF Sarajevo.
l Pavlovi, B. P., N.Pavlovi (1999): Bogatstvo limnofaune izvorskim oblicima i korienje vode izvora.
Resursi prirodne vode za pie s ekolokim poreklom. (M. Matovi, N. Baji). Poega, Epoha: 67-72..
160
t Barudanovi, S. (2003): Ekoloko-vegetacijska diferencijacija liarsko-listopadnih uma planine
Vranice. Ph.Tesis, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 373 p.
t Beck, G. (1888) Die alpine Vegetation der sudbosnisch herecgovinischen Hochgebirge. Verh. Zool.-
Bot. Ges. Wien.
t Bjeli, . (1966): Vegetacija pretplaninskog pojasa planine Jahorine. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja
Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu, V, 31-101.
t Bucalo V, (2002): Tipologija uma, umarski fakultet Banja Luka
t Cvijovi, J. M, (1982): Naselja Entomobrydae i Sminthuridae (Collembola) u biocenozama krakih
polja jugoistone Hercegovine. Godinjak biolokog Instituta Sarajevo. Vol.35.
t Dizdarevi, M., (1991): Refugijalne i Reliktne karakteristike vrsta Symphyla i Pauropoda u kanjo-
nima rijek Une. Bilten drutva ekologa B i H, b, 6. Zbornik referata i rezimea. Biha Sarjevo.
t Dizdarevi, M., Lakui, R., Pavlovi, D. & Abadi, S. (1979): Pregled ekosistema planine Vranice u
Bosni. Zbornik radova II kongresa ekologa Jugoslavije, knjiga 1: 435-482.
t ug, S. 2003. Diverzitet i konzervacija vegetacije pretplaninskog pojasa planine Vranice. Ph.Tesis.
Prirodno-matematiki fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu.
t Fukarek, P. & Stefanovi, V. (1958): Prauma Peruica i njena vegetacija. Radovi Poljoprivredno-
umarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, 3 (3): 93-146.
t Fukarek, P. (1979): Forest plant communites of Yugoslavia. Proc. Book od Second Congress of ecolo-
gists of Yugoslavia. Zadar-Plitvice, Book 1: 55-69.
t Hafner,D., Troi-Borovac,S.(2005): Bioloki monitoring povrinskih voda sliva rijeke Neretve na
podruju FBiH. .J.P. zaVodno podruje slivova Jadranskog mora, Mostar. Elaborat.
t Hayek, A. (1924-1933): Prodromus forae peninsulae Balcanicae.Band I, II,III, Berlin-Dahlem -Ber-
lin.
t Horvat, I. (1960): Pretplaninske livade i rudine planine Vlasic u Bosni. Biol. glasnik, 13: 113-157.
t Isajev, V., Beus, V., Mataruga, M. (2006): Biodiverzitet zatienih podruja u Bosni i Hercegovini i
njihov znaaj za konzervaciju. Zbornik radova. Nauna konferencija: Gazdovanje umskim eko-
sistemima nacionalnih parkova i drugih zatienih podruja. Jahorina.
t Kaanski, D. (1987): Zatita endeminih vrsta Plecoptera u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zbornik radova
ANUBIH Prirodne nauke
t Lakui, R., Redi, S. (1989): Flora i vegetacija vaskularnih biljaka u refugijalno-reliktnim eko-
sistemima kanjona rijeke Drine i njenih pritoka. Glasnik Odjeljenja prir. nauka CANU, 7: 107-205.
t Lakui, R., Redi, S. (1991): Vegetacija refugijalno-reliktnih ekosistema sliva rijeke Une. Bilten
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t Lakui, R. (1970): Die Vegetation der sudostlichen Dinariden. Vegetatio 21: 321-373.
t Lakui, R. (1975) Prirodni sistem geobiocenoza na planinama Dinaridima. God. Biol. inst. Univ. u
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t Lakui, R., Bjeli, ., ili, ., Kutlea, L., Mii, LJ., Grgi, P. (1969): Planinska vegetacija Maglia,
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nih i matematikih nauka, knj. 3, Osnovne prirodne karakteristike, fora i vegetacija nacionalnog
parka Sutjeska, 181-187.
t Lakui, R., Grgi, P., Kutlea, L., Muratspahi, D., Redi, S., Vukorep, Omerovi, S. (1991): Struk-
tura i dinamika ftocenoza u ekosistemima tresetita na planinama Bosne. Bilten drutva ekologa
BiH, ser. A, Vol 7: 35-84, Sarajevo
t Lakui, R., Pavlovi, D., Abadi, S., Grgi P. (1978): Prodromus biljnih zajednica Bosne i Herce-
govine. God. Biol.inst.Univ.u Sarajevu, 30: 5-87 (pos.izdanje).
t Lakui, R., Pavlovi, D., Abadi, S., Kutlea L., Mii, Lj. (1982): Ekosistemi planine Vlai. Bilten
Drutva ekologa BiH, serija A Ekoloke monografje, 1: 7-131.
t Lakui, R., Pavlovi-Muratspahi, D., Redi, S. (1982): Vegetacija ekosistema krakih polja Herce-
govine. Godinjak Biolokog instituta, 35. 81-92.
t Marinkovi-Gospodneti, M. (1981): Endemini vodeni insekti u Bosni i Hercegovini Trihoptere.
Elaborat. Bioloki institut Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 29-81.
t Mii, Lj.(1984): Vegetacija livada i panjaka planine Treskavice, Doktorska teza, PMF Sarajevo.
t Pavlovi, B. P., N.Pavlovi (1999): Bogatstvo limnofaune izvorskim oblicima i korienje vode izvora.
Resursi prirodne vode za pie s ekolokim poreklom. (M. Matovi, N. Baji). Poega, Epoha: 67-72.
l Pavlovi, B., 1991: Naselja suvozemnih Gastropoda i predvianja broja vrsta i podvrsta mekuaca u
podruju sliva Une. Bilten Drutva ekologa Bosne i Hercegovine, serija B, br. 6. Sarajevo.
l Pavlovi, B. (1981): Predvianje broja vrsta i podvrsta u limnofauni Bosne i Hercegovine. Godinjak
Biolokog institute Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 34: 79-84.
l Pavlovi-Muratspahi, D. (1990): Biljne vrste i njihove zajednice kao indikatori degradiranosti
ekosistema u zoni klimatogene vegetacije hrasta kitnjaka i obinog graba (Querco-Carpinetum
illyricum Ht et al. 1974), PhD, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Sarajevo
l Radevi, M. (2003): Kvalitet vode jezera ribnjaka Prnjavor. Zbornik prirodno-matematikih nauka,
godina III, broj 4 i 5, str. 193-219, Knjievna zadruga Banjaluka, Grafo Mark Beograd.
l Radevi,M. (2006): jaanje svijesti o ivotnoj sredini. Zbornik apstrakata 1.meunarodnog
kongresa Ekologija, zdravlje, rad, sport, s.249
l Redi, S. (1990): Singeneza vegetacije u ekosistemima na vertikalnom profile planine Ozren kod
Sarajeva. PhD, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Sarajevo
l Redi, S. ((1999): The syntaxonomical differentiation of the Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943 ex
Klika & Hada 1944 in the Balkans. Annali di Botanica 57: 167-180.
l Redi, S. (2003): The syntaxonomy and syngenesis of the Elyno-Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948 in the Balkan
peninsula. Annali di Botanica (nuova serie), 3: 53-74.
l Redi, S., Dizdarevi, M. (1998): Biogeografska karta Bosne i Hercegovine. Geografski atlas BiH,
Sejtarija. Sarajevo
l Riter-Studnika H. (1972): Kraka polja BiH. Bot. Jahrb. Syst., 92, 1, Stuttgart.
l Spahi, M. (2001): Prirodna jezera Bosne i Hercegovine. Limnoloka monografija. Harfo-Graf, Tuzla,
170.p.
l Stefanovi, V., Beus, V., Burlica, ., Dizdarevi, H., Vukorep, I. (1983). Ekoloko-vegetacijska
rejonizacija Bosne i Hercegovine. umarski fakultet, Posebna izdanja 17: 1-49
l oljan,D.(1987): Vrste roda Campanula L kao indikatori stanja ivotne sredine, Ekoloke monografije,
Bilten serija 1987.Sarajevo.
l Topali, LJ., umati, N. (2000): Ekoloke karakteristike korovske flore zajednice Nardetum strictae
sensu lato na Niikoj visoravni. Herboloko drutvo Srbije, esti kongres o korovima, Zbornik
radova, Banja Koviljaa, 185-197.
l umati, N., Topali, Lj., Pavlovi-Muratspahi, D. (2001): Zajednica Polygono-Bidentetum tripartitae
(W. Koch. 26) Lohm. 50 na Bardai. Zbornik radova Naunog skupa "Zasavica 2001". Sremska
Mitrovica, 122-128.
l Troi-Borovac, S., krijelj, R., Muhamedagi, S. (2004): Hidrobioloke karakteristike
hidroakumulacija na rijeci Neretvi u funkciji proizvodnje ribe. Radovi Poljoprivrednog fakulteta.
Univerzitet u Sarajevo, 54: 70-83
INVAZIVNE VRSTE
l Abadi, S. (1986/87): Prilog poznavanju horologije i ekologije dviju adventivnih vrsta - Echinocystis
lobata (Michx) Torrey et Gray i Bidens bipinnata L. u flori Bosne i Hercegovine. Glasnik Zemaljskog
muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, NS 25-26, 71-77, Sarajevo.
l Bjeli, Z. & Stefanovi, V. (1986): Phytolacca americana L. u flori i vegetaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.
Godinjak Biol. Inst. Vol. 39: 5-11, Sarajevo.
l Pehar, J. (2005): Vrtlarstvo, II izdanje, Mostar.
l Kovaevi, J. (1957): Rasprostranjenost sjevernoamerikog korova limundika (Amrosia artemisiifolia
L.) u korovskim fitocenozama Srednje Podravine. Godinjak Biolokog instituta u Sarajevu. God. X,
Fasc. 1-2, 173-176.
l Slavni, . (1960): O useljavanju, irenju i odomaivanju nekih adventivnih biljaka u Bosni i
Hercegovini. Godinjak Biolokog instituta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, XIII, 1-2, 117-143.
l ari, T. Atlas korova. V. izdanje, Pedagoki zavod Sarajevo, Sarajevo.
l ari, T., iki, M, Gado, D, Elezovi, Z. (2000): Promjene korovske flore u BiH pod uticajem
agrotehnike. Herbologija Vol. I, br. 1: 15-26, Sarajevo.
161
t Pavlovi, B., 1991: Naselja suvozemnih Gastropoda i predvianja broja vrsta i podvrsta mekuaca u
podruju sliva Une. Bilten Drutva ekologa Bosne i Hercegovine, serija B, br. 6. Sarajevo.
t Pavlovi, B. (1981): Predvianje broja vrsta i podvrsta u limnofauni Bosne i Hercegovine. Godinjak
Biolokog institute Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 34: 79-84.
t Pavlovi-Muratspahi, D. (1990): Biljne vrste i njihove zajednice kao indikatori degradiranosti eko-
sistema u zoni klimatogene vegetacije hrasta kitnjaka i obinog graba (Querco-Carpinetum illyricum
Ht et al. 1974), PhD, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Sarajevo
t Radevi, M. (2003): Kvalitet vode jezera ribnjaka Prnjavor. Zbornik prirodno-matematikih nauka,
godina III, broj 4 i 5, str. 193-219, Knjievna zadruga Banjaluka, Grafo Mark Beograd.
t Radevi,M. (2006): jaanje svijesti o ivotnoj sredini. Zbornik apstrakata 1.meunarodnog kongresa
Ekologija, zdravlje, rad, sport, s. 249
t Redi, S. (1990): Singeneza vegetacije u ekosistemima na vertikalnom profle planine Ozren kod
Sarajeva. PhD, Prirodno-matematiki fakultet, Sarajevo
t Redi, S. ((1999): Te syntaxonomical diferentiation of the Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. & R. Tx. 1943
ex Klika & Hada 1944 in the Balkans. Annali di Botanica 57: 167-180.
t Redi, S. (2003): Te syntaxonomy and syngenesis of the Elyno-Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948 in the Bal-
kan peninsula. Annali di Botanica (nuova serie), 3: 53-74.
t Redi, S., Dizdarevi, M. (1998): Biogeografska karta Bosne i Hercegovine. Geografski atlas BiH,
Sejtarija. Sarajevo
t Riter-Studnika H. (1972): Kraka polja BiH. Bot. Jahrb. Syst., 92, 1, Stuttgart.
t Spahi, M. (2001): Prirodna jezera Bosne i Hercegovine. Limnoloka monografja. Harfo-Graf, Tu-
zla, 170.p.
t Stefanovi, V., Beus, V., Burlica, ., Dizdarevi, H., Vukorep, I. (1983). Ekoloko-vegetacijska re-
jonizacija Bosne i Hercegovine. umarski fakultet, Posebna izdanja 17: 1-49
t oljan,D.(1987): Vrste roda Campanula L kao indikatori stanja ivotne sredine, Ekoloke monogra-
fje, Bilten serija 1987.Sarajevo.
t Topali, LJ., umati, N. (2000): Ekoloke karakteristike korovske fore zajednice Nardetum strictae
sensu lato na Niikoj visoravni. Herboloko drutvo Srbije, esti kongres o korovima, Zbornik ra-
dova, Banja Koviljaa, 185-197.
t umati, N., Topali, Lj., Pavlovi-Muratspahi, D. (2001): Zajednica Polygono-Bidentetum triparti-
tae (W. Koch. 26) Lohm. 50 na Bardai. Zbornik radova Naunog skupa Zasavica 2001. Sremska
Mitrovica, 122-128.
t Troi-Borovac, S., krijelj, R., Muhamedagi, S. (2004): Hidrobioloke karakteristike hidroakumu-
lacija na rijeci Neretvi u funkciji proizvodnje ribe. Radovi Poljoprivrednog fakulteta. Univerzitet u
Sarajevo, 54: 70-83
INVASIVE SPECIES
t Abadi, S. (1986/87): Prilog poznavanju horologije i ekologije dviju adventivnih vrsta - Echinocystis
lobata (Michx) Torrey et Gray i Bidens bipinnata L. u fori Bosne i Hercegovine. Glasnik Zemaljskog
muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine, NS 25-26, 71-77, Sarajevo.
t Bjeli, Z. & Stefanovi, V. (1986): Phytolacca americana L. u fori i vegetaciji Bosne i Hercegovine.
Godinjak Biol. Inst. Vol. 39: 5-11, Sarajevo.
t Pehar, J. (2005): Vrtlarstvo, II izdanje, Mostar.
t Kovaevi, J. (1957): Rasprostranjenost sjevernoamerikog korova limundika (Amrosia artemisiifo-
lia L.) u korovskim ftocenozama Srednje Podravine. Godinjak Biolokog instituta u Sarajevu. God.
X, Fasc. 1-2, 173-176.
t Slavni, . (1960): O useljavanju, irenju i odomaivanju nekih adventivnih biljaka u Bosni i Herce-
govini. Godinjak Biolokog instituta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, XIII, 1-2, 117-143.
t ari, T. Atlas korova. V. izdanje, Pedagoki zavod Sarajevo, Sarajevo.
t ari, T., iki, M, Gado, D, Elezovi, Z. (2000): Promjene korovske fore u BiH pod uticajem
agrotehnike. Herbologija Vol. I, br. 1: 15-26, Sarajevo.
l ili, ., Abadi, S. (2000): Prilog poznavanju neofitske flore Bosne i Hercegovine. Herbologija Vol. I,
br. 1: 29-39, Sarajevo.
l oljan, D., Muratovi, E. (2004): Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Bosni i Hercegovini
II.). Herbologija Vol. 5, No. 1: 1-5, Sarajevo.
l oljan, D., Abadi, S., Muratovi, E. (2003): Neophytes in flora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Third
International Balkan Botanical Congress, Abstracts: 197, Sarajevo.
l umati, N. (1990): Korovsk avegetacija sjeveroistone Bosne. Nauni skup Populacija, vrsta,
biocenoza, Rezimei referata, str. 69, Sarajevo.
l Topali-Trivunovi, Lj., umati, N. (2004): Reynoutria japonica Houtt. invasive species in ruderal
flora of Banja Luka. Acta herbologica, Vol. 13, No.1, 13-18.
162
t ili, ., Abadi, S. (2000): Prilog poznavanju neoftske fore Bosne i Hercegovine. Herbologija Vol.
I, br. 1: 29-39, Sarajevo.
t oljan, D., Muratovi, E. (2004): Rasprostranjenost vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Bosni i Herce-
govini II.). Herbologija Vol. 5, No. 1: 1-5, Sarajevo.
t oljan, D., Abadi, S., Muratovi, E. (2003): Neophytes in fora of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Tird
International Balkan Botanical Congress, Abstracts: 197, Sarajevo.
t umati, N. (1990): Korovsk avegetacija sjeveroistone Bosne. Nauni skup Populacija, vrsta, bioce-
noza, Rezimei referata, str. 69, Sarajevo.
t Topali-Trivunovi, Lj., umati, N. (2004): Reynoutria japonica Houtt. invasive species in ruderal
fora of Banja Luka. Acta herbologica, Vol. 13, No.1, 13-18.
SADRAJ:
Biozemljopisne znaajke bosne i hercegovine .......................................................... 14
Paleozooloki nalazi u Bosni i Hercegovini .............................................................15
RAZNOLIKOST VRSTA ............................................................................................................19
RAZNOLIKOST FLORE ....................................................................................................20
Raznolikost cijanobakterija i algi ..............................................................................20
Raznolikost vaskularne fore ..................................................................................... 21
Raznolikost Bryophyta ...............................................................................................22
Raznolikost Pteridophyta...........................................................................................24
Raznolikost Spermatophyta .......................................................................................25
Endemina fora bosne i hercegovine .......................................................................28
Alohtona fora .............................................................................................................32
GLOBALNA RAZNOLIKOST FAUNE .....................................................................................35
Raznolikost faune u Bosni i Hercegovini ..........................................................................35
Raznolikost beskraljenjaka ......................................................................................36
Znaajke bioraznolikosti limnofaune .......................................................................38
Raznolikost kraljenjaka ............................................................................................42
Raznolikost riba (Pisces) ............................................................................................42
Raznolikost ptica ........................................................................................................48
Raznolikost sisavaca ...................................................................................................50
Raznolikost gljiva i liajeva .................................................................................................53
Raznolikost gljiva i liajeva ........................................................................................55
RAZNOLIKOST KRAJOBRAZA ............................................................................................... 61
Mediteranski pejzai bosne i hercegovine ........................................................................63
Submediteranski krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine .............................................................68
Mediteranskobrdski (montani) krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine...................................60
Gorski krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine ..............................................................................63
Brdski krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine ..............................................................................73
Peripanonski krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine ...................................................................75
Panonski krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine ..........................................................................77
SPECIFINI KRAJOBRAZI BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE ....................................................... 81
Visokoplaninski krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine.............................................................. 81
Refugijumi glacijalne fore i faune ............................................................................83
Reliktno-refugijalni krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine ....................................................... 91
Krajobrazi reliktno-refugijalnih ekosustava
u klisurama i kanjonima bosanskohercegovakih rijeka........................................98
Refugijalni i reliktni ekosustavi u slivnom podruju rijeke Une ...........................99
Refugijalni i reliktni ekosustavi u slivnom podruju rijeke Vrbas ......................102
Refugijalni i reliktni ekosustavi u slivnom podruju rijeke Bosne
i njenih pritoka ..........................................................................................................105
Refugijumi peripanonskog podruja ...................................................................... 110
Refugijalni i reliktni ekosustavi u slivnom podruju rijeke Drine
i njenih pritoka .......................................................................................................... 111
Refugijalni i reliktni ekosustavi u slivnom podruju rijeke Neretve .................. 114
Movarni krajobrazi bosne i hercegovine ....................................................................... 118
Krajobrazi krakih polja bosne i hercegovine.................................................................123
GENETIKA RAZNOLIKOST ................................................................................................ 131
Biljni genetiki resursi Bosne i Hercegovine................................................................... 131
Genetika raznolikost autohtonih pasmina domaih ivotinja .................................... 133
Tradicionalne biotehnologije ............................................................................................134
INVAZIVNE VRSTE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI ...............................................................139
Invazivne biljne vrste ........................................................................................................139
Invazivne vrste ivotinja ................................................................................................... 141
STANJE BIOLOKE I KRAJOBRAZNE RAZNOLIKOSTI
U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI ..................................................................................................... 143
Upravljanje biolokom i krajobraznom raznolikou bosni i hercegovini ................. 145
OCJENA PROCESA UPRAVLJANJA BIOLOKOM RAZNOLIKOU
U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI ..................................................................................................... 153
BIOLOKA I KRAJOBRAZNA RAZNOLIKOSTBOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
U DODIRNIM SEKTORIMA ..................................................................................................154

BiH - LAND OF DIVERSITY (1. National Report of BiH For The Convention On Biological Diversity and Landscape)

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Bosnia and Herzegovina Land of Diversity, First national Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the

Convention on Biodiversity, Sarajevo, 2008

Canyon of Sana river,

Seslerio autumnalis Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. et H-ic. 1950

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