Latin America I. Early Indian Civilizations A.

Aztecs (1200s 1521) occupied much of central/southern Mexico (capital: Tenochtitlan, built on an artificial island which was present-day Mexico City; built on Lake Texcoco) 1. RELIGIOUS PEEPS: Sun God Lots of human sacrifices to satisfy him LARGE TEMPLES 2. Great military power 3. Roads and causeways which connected capital to mainland for trade and conquest 4. Contributions accurate calendar, paintings, aqueducts 5. Nauhatl Writing 6. Montezuma II last leader during the arrival of Hernando Cortes in 1521; this ruler thought that Cortes and his men were gods completely welcomed them. (You can guess what happens next! Cortes is thinking that he can ask the Aztecs for gold and the building of churches at first completely MANIPULATING/TAKING ADVANTAGE of him. And then later, his men kidnap Montezuma) 7. And that was the end of their incredible reign B. Mayas (300-900 C.E.) - southern Mexico/Central America e.g. modern-day Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador 1. city-states (Major City: Tikal) 2. pyramid temples 3. FULLY DEVELOPED WRITTEN LANGUAGE hieroglyphs communication/recordkeeping 4. Contributions concept of zero, accurate 365-day calendar, astronomical advancements, complex irrigation network 5. Reason for downfall unknown (perhaps abandonment, perhaps violence, perhaps famine/epidemic) C. Incas (1400s -1532) - Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia (Capital: Cuzco) 1. quipu (knotted string) for record-keeping 2. No written language 3. Known for extensive roads throughout the Andes 4. Terrace farming for non-flat terrain 5. Temple of Sun in Cuzco 6. Contributions/Advancements roads, terrace farming, brain surgery, herbal remedies 7. Ended with the arrival of Francisco Pizarro (a conquistador), who quickly conquered and defeated Incas II. Arrival of the Spaniards A. Columbus discovers the Americas in 1492 B. Magellan (Portuguese) circumnavigates the globe C. CONQUISTADORS Spaniards who conquered areas 1. THREE MOTIVES FOR EXPLORATION (THREE Gs): Gold, Glory and God (riches, power through obtaining as many colonies as possible that was the European game or competition of the time, and to spread Christianity) 2. Spain and Portugal divide the newly-conquered Latin America in 1494 along a meridian (line of longitude) because the competition caused conflict between them (TREATY OF TORDESILLAS)

3. Hernan Cortes conquers Aztecs in 1521 4. Francisco Pizarro conquers Incas in 1532 5. Triangular trade & Mercantilism i. Trade among Americas, Europe and later Africa ii. Mercantilism colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country; colonies send raw materials to mother country and it sells the final manufactured goods back iii. Attempted to enslave Native Americans but they were less suited for plantation work, knew the land better and could easily run away AND they were all dying of diseases (e.g. small pox deadly not good) iv. African leader accepts slave trade because he gets the dough and rum III. Social structure of Latin America 1. PENINSULARES those that were born on the Iberian Peninsula (in Spain or Portugal) 2. CREOLES born in the Americas but of Spanish descent (They had the $, no political power though) 3. MESTIZOS part Native American, part Spanish 4. MULATTOS part African American, part Spanish 5. NATIVE AMERICANS 6. AFRICAN AMERICANS/SLAVES IV. INDEPENDENCE!!! (Early 1800s) (Pink = CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTIONS) A. Creoles had little political power even though they had money and wanted to rebel B. Native Americans and African slaves werent too fond of them either C. Napoleon (from France) invades Spain making Spain less powerful D. Napoleons brother, who took the thrown in Spain after the invasion, imposed high taxes for Latin Americans E. U.S. beat Great Britain and whats this? HAITI BEAT FRANCE (1804)? DOMINO EFFECT!!!! They were motivated by these successes! F. Plus, ideas of philosophy spread to the Americas during this time called the Enlightenment (John Locke talks about how every person has natural rights, right to rebel against an unjust government, DEBATE!!). This further persuades Latin Americans to rebel. G. Leaders in the revolutions *these were violent rebellions* ALL RESULTED IN INDEPENDENCE 1. Toussaint LOuverture Haiti 1804 2. Simon Bolivar (Creole) SOUTH AMERICA (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina) (1810 mid 1820s) 3. Jose de San Martin SOUTH AMERICA (Argentina, Chile with Simon Bolivar, and Peru) (1818 1820) 4. Miguel Hidalgo (Catholic priest) MEXICO 1821 V. Post-independence problems (Blue = EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTIONS) A. Many deaths occurred in the wars B. New nations need to build new governments/constitutions C. Civil wars break out These nations are highly unstable now because they have no authority from Europe or economic/financial assistance They dont know what to do! D. Caudillos take power strict and corrupt military rulers that keep power through corruption because the government is weak E. New nations become economically dependent on Europe (their economies are in a horrible state) F. Wide gap between rich and poor (increased poverty)

G. New countries do not protect the rights of the people; colonial hierarchy still exists (mestizos/mulattos/natives/Africans are still at the bottom) H. Lack of unity VI. History of U.S. involvement/intervention in Latin America A. Why we care about Latin America: (1) Theyre so close, we need good relations, and we need to keep Europe out (2) Build the Panama Canal (3) Invest in industries/trade/U.S. economic benefit B. Monroe Doctrine (1823) 1. Pres. says out of the blue EUROPE, dont try to re-colonize Latin America, its off limits to you because of instability in Europe, this somehow WORKS 2. Protected Latin America and promoted trade/better relations between Latin America and U.S. C. Mexican-American War (1846-1848) 1. U.S. wins BIG TIME we get California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico in part, Colorado D. Spanish-American War (1898) 1. Cuban Revolts anger U.S. 2. Mysterious sinking of the U.S.S. Maine causes public to blame it on Spain (not really Spains fault) 3. Ulterior motive gain territory/imperialize 3. US wins and gets territory (Guantanamo Bay, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines (until 1940s)) E. Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Diplomacy 1904) this is Teddy, not Franklin 1. military intervention into Latin America to protect it from the threat of European control 2. Dont speak, but carry a big stick (intimidate the Latin Americans) F. Construction of the Panama Canal also Teddy (1904-1914) 1. Ted helps Panama gain independence from Colombia and in return asks for the building of the canal as a U.S. zone (strategic waterway, gives US economic and political power) 2. Many died while building through yellow fever 3. Zone given back to Panama in 2000 G. Dollar Diplomacy (early 1900s) 1. US government and private companies invest in Latin America, giving US economic control there H. Good Neighbor Policy (1933-1945) THIS is Franklin Roosevelt 1. America tries to win allies for WWII and agrees not to intervene in Latin American Issues 2. Be a good neighbor Lets be friends Mexico/Latin America I. Organization of America States (1948) 35 countries involved in promoting cooperation in Latin America J. Alliance for Progress (1961) JFK program to assist Latin American economic development K. Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba sides with Soviets during Cold War and it nearly starts a nuclear war L. Bay of Pigs Cold War US attempts to kill Fidel Castro through sending troops to the Bay of Pigs in Cuba it was a miserable failure VII. Modern Latin America & U.S. Relations

A. Cuba We have embargos with Cuba, it is Communistits economy is falling apart and people cant speak out against their government However, Raul Castro came into power and seems a bit more rational and grounded than Fidel B. Lack of industry, inflation by printing the $ to meet expenses, theyre in debt, population growth, deforestation C. DRUG CARTELS wars between drug companies - theyre killing innocent civilians for money or for misunderstandings (thinking theyre part of other drug cartels) 1. smuggled drugs into U.S. and selling them here 2. smuggle cash and weapons into Mexico 3. fight against Mexican government with economic power (through US cash & weapons) 4. endangering and killing innocent civilians 5. breaking Mexican/US law D. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement 1990) 1. US, Canada and Mexico can trade with each other without taxes/tariffs