Road and Bridge design 1.

INTRODUCTION For rapid economic, industrial and cultural growth of any country, a good system of transportation is very essential. One of the transportation systems that is economical for developing countries like Ethiopia, is road. A well designed road network plays an important roll in transporting people and other industrial products to any direction with in short time. Roads, to satisfy their intended purpose, must be constructed to be safe, easy, and economical environmentally friendly and must full fill the needs of inhabitants. Being safe, the number of accidents that can occur will be minimized. Easiness decreases operation cost, pollution and even time cost. Economical roads assure their feasibility according to their plans and initiate further construction of roads; environmentally friendly roads avoid excessive and unnecessary deforestation, agricultural land usage and pollution from high gradients. Schemes that do not satisfy the needs of localities may not get the maximum utilization of the surplus man power that is really to exit in the rural community and also its economical value may also decrease.

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Road and Bridge design

2.GEOMETIC DESIGN High way geometric design involves the design of geometric elements of a high way fixation of standards with respect to various components. Its dictated with in economic limitations to satisfy the requirement of traffic in designing elements such as, cross section, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, sight distance, lateral and vertical alignment, intersections, etc The safety, efficiency and economic operation of a high way is governed to a large extent by the care with which the geometric design is worked out. The engineer has to consider the following points when selecting the design standards. o Volume and composition of traffic in the design year should be the basis of design. o Faulty geometrics are costly to rectify at a later date. o The design should be consistent and the standards used for the different elements should be compatible with one another. o The design should embrace all aspects of design including signs, markings, lightings, etc o The road should be considered as an element of the total environment and ats location and design should enhance rather than degrade the environment. o The design should minimize the total transportation cost. o Safety should be built in the design. o The design should be enable all road users to use the facility

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Road and Bridge design

3.HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
3.1.Details of the first horizontal curve Available informations Design standard -Ds4 Terrain classification flat From table 2-6 of ERA design manual Speed = 85Km/h Transition curve is required Maximum supper elevation 8% Rmin = VD2/(127(e+f)) =852/127(0.08+0.14) = 270m 3.1.1 Calculations of the horizontal curve setting out information 1) Length of transtion Lt= V3/(cR) = 853/(3.63*0.3*270) = 146.25m C is radial acceleration and taken as 0.3m/s3 2) shift distance (s) S = Lt2/24R =3.3m 3) Tangent length T= Lt/2 +(R+S) tan/2 =180.78m 4) from the plan chianage of PI = 11+186.42 5) Station of TS = station of PI-T = 11+186.42-180.78 =11+005.64

=43deg.

o
CS

SC =430 ch.TS =11+005.64 ch. PI = 11+186.42 3

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Road and Bridge design

6) station of SC =ch.TS +Lt = 11+151.89m offset calculation table for the first transtion curve of first curve deflection angle = 430 transtion curve length =146.25m ch.TS =11+005.64m ch.SC=11+151.89m

offset distance from the tangent to the curve is calculated as y=X3/ (6RLt) where: Y is offset distance X is distance measured along the tangent Lt is length of transition R is the radius of the curve

Station TS 11+005.64 11+020 11+040 11+060 11+080 11+100 11+120 11+140 11+151.89

X(m) 0.00 14.36 34.36 54.36 74.36 94.36 114.36 134.36 146.25

Y(m) 0.00 0.012 0.171 0.678 1.735 3.546 6.313 10.238 13.203

Offset calculation for the circular curve of the first curve Semester Project 4

Road and Bridge design

Offset distance from long chord

-2

-2
but

the angle subtended by the circular curve is

=Lt/2R=1503131 -2= 1105658

length of the circular curve l=R(-2)/180 =56.3m station of CS=Station of Sc+ l(curve length) = 11+151.89+56.3 =11+208.19 station of ST = station of CS +Lt =11+208.19+146.25 = 11+354.44 Half of the circular curve length = 56.3/2 =28.15 The chianage of the mid point of the curve = ch.SC+L/2 = 11+382.89 o Let l distance measured along the curve from N o - angle subtended by l o X distance measured along long chord from E o Y offset distance from long chord to cuve points Semester Project 5

Road and Bridge design

From these formulae l = R/180 and X= 180l/R = Rsin EN- offset distance = ON-OE = since ON =R =R-OE R(1-cos(-2/2) But Y=(R2-X2) - OE =(R2-X2) - R cos(-2)/2 According to these formulas we have the following tables showing offset distance from long chord. Offset to the left of N Chord length from SC to CS = 2Rsin (-2)/2) = 2*270 *sin (-2)/2) = 56m L/2=28m Curve length From N 2.59 7.59 12.59 17.59 22.59 28.0 I subtended by li(in deg.) =180li/R 003259.6 103641 204023 304405 404746 505641 Xi= Rsin
Offset from the long chord to curve points Yi=(R2-X2)-Rcos(2)/2)

2.59 7.59 12.59 17.58 22.57 27.96

1.45 1.36 1.17 0.89 0.52 0.00

Offset to the right of N Curve length From N 2.41 7.41 12.41 17.41 22.41 28.0 I subtended by li(in deg.) =180li/R 003042 103424 203805 304147 404529 505641 Xi= Rsin
Offset from the long chord to curve points Yi=(R2-X2)-Rcos(2)/2)

2.41 7.41 12.41 17.40 22.39 27.96

1.46 1.36 1.18 0.90 0.54 0.00

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Road and Bridge design Offset calculation for the exit transtion curve of first curve

Station TS 11+354.44 11+340 11+320 11+300 11+280 11+260 11+240 11+220 11+208.19

X(m) 0.00 14.44 34.44 54.44 74.44 94.44 114.44 134.44 146.25

Y(m) 0.00 0.013 0.172 0.681 1.741 3.555 6.326 10.256 13.203

3.1.2. Designing of widening on the curve Design standard Ds4 terrian classifcation flat design speed 85Km/h R=270 km

Since R is > 195m no widening is required. 3.1.3. Design of supperelevation Semester Project 7

Road and Bridge design From table 8-1 of ERA manual e= 0.08 B=6.7m (width of the road) Lt=146.25m E=e*B = 0.536 Raising of pavement due to super elevation 0.08 m/m (6.7m) =0.536m Assuming rotation of super elevation about the center, raising of outer edge involved = 0.536/2 =0.268m E Using 2.5% camber slope 0.025X(3.35) =0.08m 2.5% Total raising at the center 0.08m + 0.268m = 0.348m 3.35m

supper elevation ratio =E/Lt =0.536/146.25 =1/272 <<1/140 ok!

SC 1/272 0.08 TS
21.6m

CS 1/272 0.08 ST
21.6m

3.2. Details of the second horizontal curve

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Road and Bridge design Available informations Design standard -Ds4 Terrian classification flat From table 2-6 of ERA design manual Speed = 85Km/h Transtion curve is requured Maximum supper elevation 8% Rmin = VD2/(127(e+f)) =852/127(0.08+0.14) = 270m 3.2.1. Calculations of the horizontal cutve setting out informations 3) Length of transtion Lt= V3/(cR) = 853/(3.63*0.3*270) = 146.25m C is radial acceleration and taken as 0.3m/s3 4) shift distance (s) S = Lt2/24R =3.3m 3) tangent length T= Lt/2 +(R+S)tan/2 =186.33m 7) from the plan chianage of PI = 11+704 8) Station of TS = station of PI-T = 11+704-186.33 =11+517.67

=45deg.

o
CS

SC =450 ch.TS =11+517.67 ch. PI = 11+704

9) station of SC =ch.TS +Lt = 11+663.92

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Road and Bridge design offset calculation table for the first transtion curve of first curve deflection angle = 450 transtion curve length =146.25m ch.TS =11+517.67m ch.SC=11+663.92m

offset distance from the tangent to the curve is calculated as y=X3/ (6RLt) where: Y is offset distance X is distance measured along the tangent Lt is length of transtion R is the radius of the curve

Station X(m) Y(m) TS 11+517.67 0.00 0.00 11+520 2.33 0.001 11+540 22.33 0.047 11+560 42.33 0.32 11+580 62.33 1.022 11+600 82.33 2.355 11+620 102.33 4.523 11+640 122.33 7.727 11+660 142.33 12.690 11+663.92 146.25 13.203 Offset calculation for the circular curve of the first curve Offset distance from long chord Semester Project 10

Road and Bridge design

-2

the angle subtended by the circular curve is

-2

but

=Lt/2R=1503131 -2= 1305657

length of the circular curve l=R(-2)/180 =65.7m station of CS=Station of Sc+ l(curve length) = 11+663.92+65.7 =11+729.62 station of ST = station of CS +Lt =11+729.92+146.25 = 11+875.87 Half of the circular curve length = 65.7/2 =32.85 The chianage of the mid point of the curve = ch.SC+L/2 = 11+696.77 o Let l distance measured along the curve from N o - angle subtended by l o X distance measured along long chord from E o Y offset distance from long chord to cuve points

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Road and Bridge design

From these formulae l = R/180 and X= 180l/R = Rsin EN- offset distance = ON-OE = since ON =R =R-OE =R(1-cos(-2/2) But Y=(R2-X2) - OE =(R2-X2) - R cos(-2)/2 According to these formulas we have the following tables showing offset distance from long chord. Offset to the left of N Chord length from SC to CS = 2Rsin (-2)/2) = 2*270 *sin (-2)/2) = 65.6m L/2=32.8m Curve length From N 1.77 6.77 11.77 16.77 21.77 26.77 31.77 32.8 I subtended by li(in deg.) =180li/R 002233 102615 202956 303338 403719 504101 604443 605750 Xi= Rsin
Offset from the long chord to curve points Yi=(R2-X2)-Rcos(2)/2)

1.77 6.77 11.77 16.77 21.76 26.74 31.71 32.74

2.00 1.91 1.74 1.48 1.12 0.67 0.13 0.00

Offset to the right of N

Curve length From N 3.23 8.23 12.23

I subtended by li(in deg.) =180li/R 004109 104450 203641

Xi= Rsin

Offset from the long chord to curve points Yi=(R2-X2)-Rcos(2)/2)

0.00 3.23 8.23

1.98 1.87 1.72 12

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Road and Bridge design 17.23 22.23 27.23 32.80 303929 404311 504653 605750 12.23 22.22 27.20 32.74 1.45 1.08 0.624 0.00

Offset calculation for the exit transtion curve of second curve

Station TS 11+875.87 11+860 11+840 11+820 11+800 11+780 11+760 11+740 11+729.62

X(m) 0.00 15.87 35.87 55.87 75.87 95.87 115.87 135.87 146.25

Y(m) 0.00 0.017 0.195 0.736 1.843 3.719 6.567 10.587 13.2

3.2.2. Designing of widening on the curve Semester Project Design standard Ds4 13

Road and Bridge design terrian classifcation flat design speed 85Km/h R=270 km

Since R is > 195m no widening is required. 3.2.3. Design of supperelevation From table 8-1 of ERA manual e= 0.08 B=6.7m (width of the road) Lt=146.25m E=e*B = 0.536 Raising of pavement due to super elevation 0.08 m/m (6.7m) =0.536m Assuming rotation of super elevation about the center, raising of outer edge involved = 0.536/2 =0.268m E Using 2.5% camber slope 0.025X(3.35) =0.08m 2.5% Total raising at the center 0.08m + 0.268m = 0.348m 3.35m

supper elevation ratio =E/Lt =0.536/146.25 =1/272 <<1/140 ok!

SC 1/272 0.08 TS
21.6m

CS 1/272 0.08 ST
21.6m

4. VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

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Road and Bridge design In road alignment, when two different or contrary gradient meet they form curve in the vertical plane called vertical curve. Vertical curve are classified as Summit( crest) curve Sag curves The first vertical curve curve is a sag curve with -3.88% and -1.96% gradient The second curve is a crest curve with -1.96% and -2.63% gradient. And the third curve is a sag curve with -2.63% and -1.24%.

4.1.GRADIENT CALCULATIONS TO CALCULATE THE FIRST GRADIENT elevation of the first point =2454.186 elevation of the second point =2441 horizontal distance b/n the two points = 340m h = -13.186 slope (gradient) = elevation difference/H.D slope (gradient) g1 = -3.88% TO CALCULATE THE SECOND GRADIENT elevation of the first point =2441 elevation of the second point =2430 horizontal distance b/n the two points = 560m h = -11 slope (gradient) = elevation difference/H.D slope (gradient) g2 = -1.96% TO CALCULATE THE THIRD GRADIENT elevation of the first point =2430 elevation of the second point =2420 horizontal distance b/n the two points = 380m h = -10 slope (gradient) = elevation difference/H.D slope (gradient) g3 = -2.63% TO CALCULATE THE FOURTH GRADIENT elevation of the first point =2420 Semester Project 15

Road and Bridge design elevation of the second point =2417.276 horizontal distance b/n the two points =220m h = -10 slope (gradient) = elevation difference/H.D slope (gradient) g4 = -1.24% 4.2. CALCULATION OF VERTICAL CURVE LENGTH parameters velocity (85Km/h) gradient o For the first sag curve the change in gradient is -2.63 - (-1.96) =0.67reading from ERA table which relates change in gradient with speed the curve length of 50m is found. o For the second crest curve the change in gradient is -1.96 - (-3.88) =1.92 reading from ERA table which relates change in gradient with speed the curve length of 100m is found. o For the third sag curve the change in gradient is -1.24 - (-2.63) =1.39 reading from ERA table which relates change in gradient with speed the curve length of 60m is found.

4.3.Calculation of vertical curve setting out informations

The First sag curve L=100m g1=-3.88% r = (g2-g1)/100L r = 0.000192 g2=-1.96% station of BVC = station of PVI - L/2 = 11+340 - 50 =11+290 Elevation of BVC = EPVI - (g1*L/2)/100 = 2441-(-3.88*50)/100 = 2442.94

STATION

LENGTH (X) m

g1*X

r/2(X2)

EBVC

Y (Elevation on the curve)

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Road and Bridge design

11+290 11+300 11+320 11+340 11+360 11+380 11+390 0 10 30 50 70 90 100 0 -0.388 -1.164 -1.94 -2.716 -3.492 -3.88 0.00000000 0.00960000 0.08600000 0.24000000 0.47000000 0.77700000 0.96000000 2442.94 2442.94 2442.94 2442.94 2442.94 2442.94 2442.94 2442.940 2442.562 2441.862 2441.240 2440.694 2440.225 2440.020

The second crest curve

L=50m g1=-1.96% r = (g2-g1)/100L r = - 0.000134 g2=-2.63% station of BVC = station of PVI - L/2 = 11+900 - 25 =11+875 Elevation of BVC = EPVI - (g1*L/2)/100 = 2430-(-1.96*25)/100 = 2430.49 STATION LENGTH (X) m 0.000 5 25 45 50 g1*X r/2(X2) EBVC Y (Elevation on the curve) 2430.490 2430.390 2429.958 2429.472 2429.343

11+875 11+880 11+900 11+920 11+925

0.000 -0.098 -0.49 -0.882 -0.98

0.000 -0.001675 -0.041875 -0.135675 -0.1675

2430.49 2430.49 2430.49 2430.49 2430.49

Third sag curve

L=60m g1=-2.63% r = (g2-g1)/100L r = 0.000231667 g2=-1.24% station of BVC = station of PVI - L/2 = 12+280 - 30 =11+250 Elevation of BVC = EPVI - (g1*L/2)/100 = 2420-(-2.63*30) = 2420.789

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Road and Bridge design

STATION LENGTH (X) m 0.000 10 30 50 60 g1*X r/2(X2) EBVC Y (Elevation on the curve) 2420.789 2420.538 2420.104 2419.764 2419.628

12+250 12+260 12+280 12+300 12+310

0.000 -0.263 -0.789 -1.315 -1.578

0.000 0.012 0.104 0.290 0.417

2420.789 2420.789 2420.789 2420.789 2420.789

5.Calculation of crossectional area and volume

The calculations are calculated below in a tabular fashion.

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