SYNOPSIS OF RELATIVISTIC AND MANY-BODY EFFECTS IN MULTIPOLE PHOTOIONIZATION OF ATOMS AND IONS

A THESIS

to be submitted by GAGAN BIHARI PRADHAN

for the award of the degree

of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS CHENNAI-600036 MARCH 2011

Introduction

Photoionization remains one of the most effective tools for probing electron correlations in atoms and ions. The electrons ejected out as a result of photoionization are referred as photoelectrons. Studies of these photoelectrons provide information about the electronic structure and also about the electron correlations that are present in the atomic systems. An atom is a many-body system and hence very sophisticated theoretical methods and experimental techniques are required to investigate the photoionization processes. In the photoabsorption/photoionization studies reported in the present work, the following sophisticated theoretical techniques: Relativistic Random Phase Approximation (RRPA) [Johnson and Lin, 1979], Relativistic Random Phase Approximation with Relaxation (RRPA-R) [Radojevi et al., 1989] and Multiconfiguration Tamm-Dancoff approximation (MCTD) [Radojevi and Johnson, 1985] have been used to study the electron correlations and relativistic effects in atoms. While RRPA has been used substantially hitherto, studies with RRPA-R are only a few, and those with MCTD fewer still. The present work thus provides significant experience with the RRPA-R and the MCTD methodologies in dealing with some problems of current interest. Chapter I provides a brief introduction to the thesis. In chapter II, photoionization studies along the Mg and Ar isonuclear sequences using the RRPA-R are reported [Pradhan et al., 2009a]. It is for the first time that the effects of relaxation on photoionization along the isonuclear sequences have been investigated. A study of the variation of photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameters along the Ar and Ca isonuclear sequences using the RRPA is also reported in this chapter. Furthermore, nondipole photoionization studies along the Kr isonuclear sequence using the RRPA are reported in chapter II. To the best of our knowledge, the present work [Pradhan et al., 2010] reports the first results on the photoionization studies of the angular distribution asymmetry parameter of the photoelectrons along an isonuclear sequence. In chapter III of this thesis are reported results of our studies [Pradhan et al., DAMOP-2011] of the effects of nondipole terms (both first order, and second order) on photoionization of 3s subshell of Mg using the RRPA. It has been believed for many years that nondipole effects arising from the interference of E1-E2 terms are not 1

detectable against the background of dipole (E1) effects at photon energies up to as high as several keV [Bethe and Salpeter, 1957; Manson and Dill, 1978] above the ionization threshold. With the development of high precision instruments and brighter light sources, it has been found lately that even at much lower energies, such as at hundreds or even tens of eV above the ionization thresholds, complete description of photoionization demands the inclusion of higher order terms in the expansion of the electromagnetic vector potential
GG ik . r

[Krssig et al., 1995; Hemmers et al., 2003;

Hemmers et al., 2004]. In the present work is reported an experimentally observable effect of the nondipole terms at energies as low as a mere ~10eV above the Mg 3s ionization threshold. The effect of interchannel coupling on dipole and nondipole photoionization of Ca 4s is also reported in this chapter. In chapter IV, 2 s np autoionization resonances in the argon isoelectronic sequence have been studied [George et al., ICPEAC-2011] using the RRPA and RMQDT (relativistic multichannel quantum defect theory) [Lee and Johnson, 1980]. Finally, in chapter V are reported the photoionization studies of Sr [Pradhan et al., TC-2010] and Cd [Pradhan et al., 2009b] using the MCTD to demonstrate the importance of coupling between channels from different configurations and the inclusion of interchannel coupling between simultaneous excitation and ionization channels.

Motivation, Objective and Scope

2.1 Photoionization along isonuclear sequence

Studies of atomic systems in an isonuclear or isoelectronic sequences are of particular interest since they enable a systematic evaluation of the evolution of both the resonances and the background (nonresonant) cross sections [Bizau et al., 2000]. A number of theoretical calculations of the photoionization of inner shells of isonuclear sequences for Fe [Reilman and Manson, 1978], and Hg [Chao and Manson, 1981] and so on , based on the Hartree-Slater (HS) and Dirac-Slater (DS) methods as well as Mg and Ar [Nasreen, Manson, and Deshmukh, 1989] using the relativistic random phase approximation (RRPA) have been reported. These theoretical investigations led to the conclusion that removal of electrons from outer shells has virtually no effect on the

photoionization cross section of inner subshell except for the shift in threshold towards higher energy. However, the relaxation of the atomic core that takes place when electrons are removed was not included in the earlier theoretical studies. Thus the present study is aimed at investigating the relaxation effects on the photoionization along isonuclear sequences. The theoretical approach RRPA-R is used for this investigation. We have found that removal of the outer electrons has additional effects than those mentioned above, on account of the core relaxation. The photoionization cross section is determined by the square of the matrix elements, but the photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameter is sensitive also to the phases of the continuum functions. To the best of our knowledge, no studies with these details have yet been reported for isonuclear sequences. In our studies [Pradhan et al., 2010], we have found that photoelectrons from inner shells have an angular distribution that is quite sensitive to the removal of an outer electron. Finally, we report the first studies of the quadrupole photoionization along the (Kr) isonuclear sequences.

2.2 Effect of Cooper minimum in dipole and quadrupole photoionization

Nondipole effects in low-energy photoionization have been the subject of a number of studies, both theoretical and experimental, for over a decade now [Krssig et al., 1995; Hemmers et al., 2003; Hemmers et al., 2004]. In all of these investigations, quadrupole effects have been seen in the photoelectron angular distribution, but have never been found large enough to be manifest experimentally in the total (integrated) cross sections. At low photon energies, the quadrupole photoionization cross section is about five orders of magnitude smaller than the dipole cross section. However, at a Cooper minimum [Cooper, 1962] in the photoionization of dipole channels from an sstate, we have found [Pradhan et al., DAMOP-2011] that quadrupole effects could become not merely significant, but also become dominant, leading to experimentally observable effects even at very low energies (~10eV above threshold). In the region of dipole Cooper minimum, albeit in a narrow energy region, we have found that the Mg 3s quadrupole cross section is actually larger than the dipole cross section. Interferences between the electric dipole-dipole, dipole-quadrupole,

quadrupole-quadrupole, and dipole-octopole amplitudes leads to an angular distribution of the photoelectrons which we predict to be measurable, thereby directly observing nondipole effects at very low energies.

2.3 Autoionization resonance studies in atoms and ions

In this work, autoionization resonances in the 2p photoionization cross section converging to the 2s threshold, due to configuration interaction between the 2p3/2+2p1/2 open channels with discrete excitation channels from the 2s subshell, are analysed for the Ar isoelectronic sequence (Ar, K+, Ca2+, Zn12+, Kr18+). The theoretical approaches used for this investigation are the RRPA and relativistic multichannel quantum defect theory (RMQDT). These studies have been undertaken to gain experience with photoabsorption processes leading to interference between discrete excitation and continuum channels leading to autoionization resonances.

2.4 Photoionization studies using the MCTD

For closed shell systems, such as the inert gas elements, where the ground state is well isolated from the excited states, quantum states of multi-electron atoms are commonly described by their dominant single configuration in the initial state. For the alkaline earth metals atoms, for example, which have low lying excited states, simultaneous excitation and ionization from more than a single configuration play a significant role in determining the photoionization parameters. Such systems are well described by the many-particle theory with multi-configuration nature of the initial state. In our present study, we have studied photoionization of atomic Sr and Cd using the MCTD. The present work is aimed at understanding the importance of correlations in the energy region near ionization thresholds in those cases where a multi-configuration description of initial state is essential.

Summary of the Research work

3.1 Photoionization along isonuclear sequence

From an earlier RRPA study [Nasreen, Deshmukh, and Manson, 1989] it was concluded that the removal of outer shell electrons has virtually no effect on the 4

photoionization cross section of inner shells, except for a shift in thresholds to higher values. In the present work, we have studied the 2s photoionization of some members of Mg (Z=12) and Ar (Z=18) isonuclear sequences (Mg, Mg2+, Mg8+, Ar, Ar6+ and Ar8+ using the RRPA-R formalism which includes both relaxation of atomic core and significant aspect of electron correlation along with the RRPA for comparison. The results [Pradhan et al., 2009a] of our RRPA and RRPA-R calculations for the cross section for 2s photoionization of Mg and Ar isonuclear sequences are shown in Fig. 1; the vertical solid lines are the DHF thresholds and vertical dotted lines are the corresponding ESCF thresholds. Comparison of results obtained using the RRPA and the RRPA-R reveals an important effect of relaxation, namely, that the inner shell photoionization cross section, particularly for neutral atoms and low-charge ions, can be quite sensitive to the removal of outer shell electrons, contrary to what is generally believed. The relaxation introduces two effects: (1) in some cases it lowers the cross section due to the reduced overlap of relaxed and unrelaxed orbitals and (2) in some other cases, it increases the cross section, because the field effect due to the higher nuclear charge more than compensates for the overlap effect.

Figure 1: Photoionization cross sections for 2s subshell of Mg isonuclear sequence (left panel) and of Ar isonuclear sequence (right panel). Now, the cross section is determined only by the square of the matrix elements, but the photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameter is also sensitive to the phases of the continuum functions. To understand the behaviour of the asymmetry parameter along the isonuclear sequences, in the present work [Pradhan et al., 2010]

we have studied photoionization of the 2p subshell of the members Ar, Ar6+, Ar8+ of the Ar isonuclear sequence and the members Ca, Ca2+ and Ca8+ of the Ca isonuclear sequence. Shown in Fig. 2 are the dipole asymmetry parameters for 2p subshell of the Ar and the Ca isonuclear sequences. It is found that even when the effects of relaxation are not included, the angular distribution of photoelectrons show a different dependence on photon energies near the corresponding thresholds. This is because of the fact that the asymmetry parameters depend on the Coulomb phase shift, which depend not on the photon energy but only on photoelectron kinetic energy and the asymptotic charge of the residual ion. We have also carried out the nondipole photoionization study for 2s subshell of Kr isonuclear sequence (Kr, Kr6+ and Kr8+) using the RRPA. From these studies, it has been found that the quadrupole cross section is essentially invariant along the isonuclear sequences whereas nondipole asymmetry parameter shows a different dependence on photon energies near respective thresholds much like the case for dipole photoionization.

Figure 2: 2p dipole angular distribution asymmetry parameter for the Ar isonuclear sequence (left panel) and for the Ca isonuclear sequence (right panel). Vertical lines indicate the DF 2p1/2 thresholds.

3.2 Quadrupole transition effects near a dipole Cooper minimum in atomic photoionization
In the present work using the RRPA, are studied the quadrupole transition amplitudes near a dipole Cooper minimum. Effect of both the first and the second order

nondipole terms on the photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameters for 3s subshell of Mg (Z=12) has been studied. Nondipole effects have been known to be important in photoionization processes at high energy. At energies less than ~5 keV above the ionization threshold, they have been found to have observable effects in the angular distribution of the photoelectrons, but not in the cross sections [Krssig et al., 1995; Hemmers et al., 2003; Hemmers et al., 2004]. Such effects have been seen, for example, at ~100 eV above the ionization threshold. In the region of autoionization resonances, the nondipole terms have been found to be important at ~15 eV above the ionization threshold [Martin et al., 1998, Krssig et al., 2002]. Also at photon energy of about 1 keV, significant second order nondipole effects on photoionization of 2s subshell of Ne is observed by Derevianko et al. [Derevianko et al., 2000]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case where significant second order nondipole effects are observed. In the background photoionization, however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report available in literature that indicates the importance of the nondipole terms at low energies. This occurs because the quadrupole matrix element includes a factor of k, the photon wave number, which is very small at low energy. For a photon having energy of 1 Rydberg, for example, k = /2 in atomic units, being the fine structure constant. Thus, the magnitude of the quadrupole photoionization matrix element, which enters the lowest-order nondipole correction terms to the angular distribution linearly, is typically about a factor of ~275 smaller than dipole. The total cross section, where the correction goes as k2 , the quadrupole 20

cross section is about five orders of magnitude smaller than the dipole. Nevertheless, at a Cooper minimum in the dipole photoionization, the present work [Pradhan et al., DAMOP-2011] reveals that it is possible that quadrupole effects could become significant, or even dominant. Our results for the dipole and quadrupole total 3s subshell cross sections are shown in Fig. 3 in the region of the dipole Cooper minimum. This figure shows clearly that the quadrupole cross section is actually larger than the dipole cross section even if over only a narrow photon energy range of approximately 0.05 eV. This is the first case found where quadrupole cross section is larger than the dipole and only at ~10eV above the Mg 3s ionization threshold, and in the region of background photoionization. The present work shows that these effects are well 7

within experimental observational capabilities by measuring the angular distributions which have been predicted in the present work to have dramatic effects.

Figure 3: Dipole (E1) and quadrupole (E2) photoionization cross sections for Mg 3s in the region of dipole Cooper minimum.

Figure 4: Dipole asymmetry parameters, calculated by considering the effect of E2 (solid line) and without considering E2 (dotted line), in the region of dipole Cooper minimum. The present study brings out another important finding concerning the dipole angular distribution parameter . This parameter has been studied theoretically in many cases, and in virtually all of these investigations, it has been calculated omitting any nondipole effects. However, in spectral regions where the quadrupole cross section is not completely ignorable, this method is not correct. The difficulty is that the denominator in the expression for is essentially the total subshell cross section. In spectral regions where the quadrupole cross section is not negligible, as in the present case, the denominator must therefore include the quadrupole cross section. In

the present case, for example, in the vicinity of the Cooper minimum, drops to a value of about -0.4. If one excluded the quadrupole cross section in the denominator, the calculated value would be about -1.0 (as shown in Fig. 4).

Figure 5: Dipole asymmetry parameter and first order nondipole asymmetry parameter presented in left scale and second order nondipole angular distribution parameters, , , and presented in right scale, for Mg 3s in the neighborhood of the dipole Cooper minimum. The results of our calculations of the angular distribution parameters are shown in Fig. 5. It is seen that the dipole angular distribution parameter , which is usually 2 for the photoionization of s-states of a closed shell atom, exhibits a deep dip in the vicinity of the Cooper minimum, reflecting the splitting of the minima in the sp1/2 and the sp3/2 channels. Furthermore, the results exhibit several exciting features. First is the huge magnitude of the first order nondipole asymmetry parameter in the vicinity of the dipole Cooper minimum. Second are the dramatic changes in , as a function of photon energy, in the vicinity of the Cooper minimum. Third is the existence (and rapid change with energy) of the second-order nondipole parameters
, , and near the minimum. This is the first indication of significant second-

order nondipole contributions to the photoelectron angular distribution below ~1 keV. These effects therefore cannot be neglected in dealing with processes such as those studied in the present work. Several studies, both theoretical and experimental, of Cooper minimum in dipole channels over the entire periodic table have been reported in literature [Manson, 1985; Yin and Pratt, 1987]. However there are very few studies of the Cooper minimum in quadrupole channels. Though it was predicted quite some time 9

back [Wang et al., 1982], only recently has it been confirmed experimentally [Deshmukh et al., 2008] in case of the photoionization of 5s subshell of Xe. In the present study, the Cooper minimum in quadrupole photoionization of 3s subshell of Mg is reported using the RRPA. Presented in Fig. 6 are the asymmetry parameter and the quadrupole cross section. It is noticed that the parameter has near zero value over a broad energy range 16.5 eV to 20 eV. From the detailed analysis of the quadrupole channels it has been found that the zero in parameter is due to the 3s Cooper minimum in quadrupole channels ~17.3 eV.

Figure 6: Mg 3s nondipole asymmetry parameter (red solid line, left scale). Also shown is the quadrupole cross section (black solid line, right scale). In chapter III is also reported an investigation of the interchannel coupling effects on dipole (E1) and quadrupole (E2) photoionization of Ca 4s subshell using the RRPA. In this case, interchannel coupling results in multiple Cooper minima and also a relocation of the first Cooper minimum. For E2 amplitudes, interchannel coupling however was found to cause negligible effect. However, since the nondipole angular distribution asymmetry parameter is due to an interference of E1 and E2 amplitudes, it was found to be quite sensitive to interchannel coupling.

3.3 Autoionization resonance studies in atoms and ions

In the present work, the 2p photoionization of some members of Ar isoelectronic sequence (Ar, K+, Ca2+, Zn12+, Kr18+) has been studied in the region of 2s autoionization using the Relativistic Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory (RMQDT). The photoionization cross section and asymmetry parameter

10

 for 2p subshells are obtained as a function of photon energy and the effective quantum number n* = n , being the quantum defect. Shown in Fig.7 are the 2s9p3/2, 9p1/2 autoionization resonances in the cross section and in the angular distribution asymmetry parameter in the 2p photoionization of Ca2+. The quantum defect obtained using the RMQDT (1.27 for p3/2 and 1.26 for p1/2) is in better agreement with the experimental value of 1.24 than the value 1.173 obtained using Hartree-Slater [Theodosiou et al., 1986].

Figure 7: Autoionization resonances in the cross section (left panel) and in the corresponding angular distribution asymmetry parameter (right panel) for Ca2+.

3.4 Photoionization studies using the MCTD

In the present work (chapter V), photoionization studies of 5s subshell of Sr and 4d subshell of Cd are reported toward an understanding of the correlations resulting from two electron excitations. Simultaneous excitation of two valence electrons by a single photon has been a subject of interest both for theorists and experimentalists. Photoionization study of Sr [Wu, Chi, and Huang, 1992] demonstrates the importance of correlations in the energy region near thresholds and highlights the importance of employing a multi-configuration description of the initial state. Shown in Fig. 8 are the photoionization cross section and asymmetry parameter of 5s subshell of Sr obtained using the MCTD. It is observed from the differences in the RRPA and MCTD results that the presence of doubly excited configurations in the initial state influences both the photoionization cross section and asymmetry parameter significantly.

11

Figure 8: Photoionization cross section (left panel) and angular distribution asymmetry parameter (right panel) for 5s subshell of Sr. RPA result is from [Altick and Glassgold, 1964] and MBPT result is from [Frye and Kelly, 1987]. RRPA and MCRRPA results are from [Wu, Chi, and Huang, 1992]. Vertical dotted line and solid line are the DHF and MCDF thresholds, respectively.

Conclusions
Core-relaxation studies of photoionization of members of Mg and Ar isonuclear sequences reveal that inner shell photoionization cross section profiles are not merely shifted corresponding to a different photoionization threshold. The near-threshold profile of the cross section is also affected. Core relaxation causes a reduction of the overlap of relaxed and unrelaxed orbitals thereby lowering the photoionization cross section. For higher members of the isonuclear sequence, however, this effect is sometimes more than compensated for by the increased coulomb field of the nucleus. Even in the absence of core relaxation, the angular distribution of the photoelectrons in the near threshold region show additional structural effects, and not merely a shift corresponding to ionization thresholds, in members of an isonuclear sequence. This is due to the dependence of on Coulomb phase shifts which depend only on the photoelectron kinetic energy and the asymptotic charge of the residual ion. The quadrupole photoionization terms can have dominant and measurable effects in the region of a dipole Cooper minimum. Even at only ~10 eV above ionization threshold, large and rapidly changing nondipole parameters, both first and second order, have been found. This is

12

the first report of second order nondipole effects be significant at such low energies. The importance of these terms is due to the Cooper minimum in the dipole term. One can thus conclude that all earlier computations of the dipole angular distribution parameter , particularly for s-state photoionization in the vicinity of Cooper minima, need to be re-examined for possible effects of quadrupole photoionization. A Cooper minimum exists in the quadrupole photoionization channel from the 3s subshell of Mg. The effect of interchannel coupling in Ca 4s photoionization is dramatic for dipole amplitudes whereas for E2 amplitudes it is not significant. The energy profile of the asymmetry parameter for 4s subshell is however significantly modified by interchannel coupling, primarily due to coupling from 3p subshells due to the interference of E1 and E2 transition amplitudes. RRPA+MQDT provide a better estimate of the quantum defects than the single particle approximation. Two-electron correlations are of significant importance in the photoionization studies of Sr 5s and Cd 4d subshells thus requiring techniques such as MCTD where a multi-configuration description of initial state is employed.

REFERENCES
Altick, P. L., and A. E. Glassgold (1964) Correlation effects in atomic structure using the Random Phase Approximation, Phys. Rev. 133, A632-A646. Bethe, H. A. and E. E. Salpeter (1957) Quantum Mechanics of One and Two electron atoms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Bizau, J. M., J. M. Esteva, D. Cubaynes, F. J. Wuilleumier, C. Blancard, A. C. La Fontaine, C. Couillaud, J. Lachkar, R. Marmoret, C. Rmond, J. Bruneau, D. Hitz, P. Ludwig, and M. Delaunay (2000) Photoionization of highly charged ions using an ECR ion source and undulator radiation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 435-438. Chao, K. D. and S. T. Manson (1981) Photoionization of positive ions. III. Mercury, Phys. Rev. A 24, 2481-2484. Cooper, J. W. (1962) Photoionization from outer atomic subshells. A model study, Phys. Rev. 128, 681-693. Derevianko, A., O. Hemmers, S. Oblad, P. Glans, H. Wang, S. B. Whitfield, R. Wehlitz, I. A. Sellin, W. R. Johnson, and D. W. Lindle (2000) Electric-octupole

13

and pure-electric-quadrupole effects in soft X-ray photoemission, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2116-2119. Deshmukh, P. C., T. Banerjee, H. R. Varma, O. Hemmers, R. Guillemin, D. Rolles, A. Wolska, S. W. Yu, D. W. Lindle, W. R. Johnson, and S. T. Manson (2008). Theoretical and experimental demonstrations of the existence of quadrupole Cooper minima, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41, 021002(1-5). Frye, D. and H. P. Kelly (1987) Photoionization cross section and single electron excitation resonance structure of neutral strontium, Phys. Rev. A 36, 5143-5150. George, J., G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, and P. C. Deshmukh (2011) Autoionization resonances in Ar isoelectronic sequences, ICPEAC, Belfast, 27 July -2 August. Hemmers, O., R. Guillemin, D. Rolles, A. Wolska, D. W. Lindle, K. T. Cheng, W. R. Johnson, H. L. Zhou, and S. T. Manson (2004) Nondipole effects in the photoionization of Xe 4d5/2 and 4d3/2: Evidence of quadrupole satellites, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 113001(1-4). Hemmers, O., R. Guillemin, E. P. Kanter, B. Krssig, D. W. Lindle, S. H. Southworth, R. Wehlitz, J. Baker, A. Hudson, M. Lotrakul, D. Rolles, W. C. Stolte, I. C. Tran, A. Wolska, S. W. Yu, M. Ya. Amusia, K. T. Cheng, L. V. Chernysheva, W. R. Johnson, and S. T. Manson (2003) Dramatic nondipole effects in low energy photoionization: Experimental and theoretical study of Xe 5s, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 053002(1-4). Johnson, W. R. and C. D. Lin (1979) Multichannel relativistic random phase approximation for the photoionization of atoms, Phys. Rev. A 20, 964-977. Krssig, B., E. P. Kanter, S. H. Southworth, R. Guillemin, O. Hemmers, D. W. Lindle, R. Wehlitz, and N. L. S. Martin (2002) Photoexcitation of a dipoleforbidden resonance in helium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 203002(1-4). Krssig, B., M. Jung, D. S. Gemmell, E. P. Kanter, T. LeBrun, S. H. Southworth, and L. Young (1995) Nondipolar asymmetries of photoelectron angular distributions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4736-4739. Lee, C. M. and W. R. Johnson (1980) Scattering and spectroscopy: Relativistic multichannel quantum defect theory, Phys. Rev. A 22, 979-988. Manson, S. T. (1985) Systematics of zeros in dipole matrix elements for photoionizing transitions: Nonrelativistic calculations, Phys. Rev. A 31, 3698 (1985). Manson, S. T. and D. Dill (1978) in Electron Spectroscopy: Theory, Techniques and Applications, edited by Brundle C R and Baker A D, Academic Press, New York, Vol. 2, 157-195. Martin, N. L. S., D. B. Thompson, R. P. Bauman, C. D. Caldwell, M. O. Krause, S. P. Frigo, and M. Wilson (1998) Electric-dipole-quadrupole interference of overlapping autoionizing levels in photoelectron energy spectra, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1199-1202. Nasreen, G., S. T. Manson, and P. C. Deshmukh (1989) Photoionization of inner shells of the Mg and Ar isonuclear sequences, Phys. Rev. A 40, 6091-6094. Pradhan, G. B., J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, S. T. Manson, L. A. LaJOHN, and R. H. Pratt (2011) Dramatic quadrupole effects in the low energy photoionization of 3s subshell of atomic Mg, http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/DAMOP11/Event/147550.

14

Pradhan, G. B., J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson (2009a) Photoionization of Mg and Ar isonuclear sequences, Phys. Rev. A 80, 053416(1-5). Pradhan, G. B., J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson (2010) Variation of photoelectron angular distributions along the Ar and Ca isonuclear sequence, Phys. Rev. A 81, 063401(1-4). Pradhan, G. B., J. Jose, V. Radojevi, S. T. Manson, and P. C. Deshmukh (2010) Photoionization of Sr using the Multi-configuration Tamm-Dancoff Approximation, Topical Conference(TC), RRCAT, Indore, March 3-6. Pradhan, G. B., J. Jose, V. Radojevi, S. T. Manson, and P. C. Deshmukh (2009b) Photoionization cross section of atomic cadmium using the Multiconfiguration Tamm-Dancoff Approximation, J. Phys. B: Conference Series 194, 022042. Radojevi, V., M. Kutzner, and H. P. Kelly (1989) Photoionization of the barium 4d subshell including relativistic and relaxation effects, Phys. Rev. A 40, 727-734. Radojevi, V. and W. R. Johnson (1985) Multi-configuration Tamm-Dancoff approximation applied to photoionization of the outer shells of Be and Mg, Phys. Rev. A 31, 2991-2994. Reilman, R. F. and S. T. Manson (1978) Photoionization of positive ions. II. Iron, Phys. Rev. A 18, 2124-2130. Theodosiou, C. E., S. T. Manson, and M. Inokuti (1986) Spectral and electron collision properties of atomic ions: Thresholds phase shifts, Phys. Rev. A 34, 943-953. Wang, M. S., Y. S. Kim, R. H. Pratt, and A. Ron (1982) Observation of zeros and amplification of quadrupole-matrix element contributions to photoelectron angular distributions, Phys. Rev. A 25, 857-861. Wu, C. M., H. C. Chi, and K. N. Huang (1992) Double excitation effects on the angular distribution of photoelectrons from strontium, Phys. Rev. A 46, 1680-1683. Yin, R. Y. and R. H. Pratt (1987) Survey of relativistic Cooper minima, Phys. Rev. A 35, 1149-1153.

Proposed Contents of the Thesis

1. Introduction and brief overview of various theoretical approximations 2. Photoionization of isonuclear sequences using RRPA and RRPA-R 3. Effect of Cooper minimum on photoelectron angular distribution:

The outline of the thesis is as follows:

Photoionization of Mg 3s and Ca 4s 4. Autoionization resonances studies in atoms and ions in the Ar isoelectronic sequence. 5. Photoionization studies of atomic Sr and Cd using Multi-configuration TammDancoff approximation 6. Summary and Conclusions, and scope for future work 15

Publications 6.1
1.

Papers in Refereed Journals

Relaxation effects in photodetachment of intermediate p shells of the chlorine and bromine negative ions V. Radojevi, J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, and S. T. Manson, Can. J. Phys. 87(1), 49-54(2009). Photoionization of Mg and Ar isonuclear sequences G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson Phys. Rev. A 80, 053416 (2009). Photoionization cross section of atomic cadmium using the Multiconfiguration Tamm-Dancoff approximation G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, V. Radojevi, S. T. Manson, and P. C. Deshmukh, J. Phys. B: Conference Series 194, 022042 (2009). Variation of photoelectron angular distributions along the Ar and Ca isonuclear sequence G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson Phys. Rev. A 81, 063401 (2010). Cooper minima: A window on nondipole photoionization at low energy G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, S. T. Manson, L. A. LaJOHN, and R. H. Pratt (slated for Phys. Rev. Lett.). Autoionization resonances in the argon isoelectronic sequence J. George, G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, and P. C. Deshmukh (Manuscript to be submitted).

2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

6.2 Presentations in Conferences

1. G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson, Poster titled Photoionization of isonuclear sequence at the 40th DAMOP University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, May 19-23, 2009. 2. G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson, Poster titled Photoionization cross section of atomic cadmium using the Multi-configuration Tamm-Dancoff Approximation at the XXVI ICPEAC Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA, July 22-28, 2009. 3. G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, V. Radojevi, S. T. Manson, and P. C. Deshmukh, Poster titled Photoionization of Sr using the Multi-configuration TammDancoff Approximation at the TC on Atomic and Molecular Physics RRCAT Indore, March 2010. 4. G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi, and S. T. Manson, Poster titled Variation of photoelectron angular distributions along Ar and Ca isonuclear sequences at the 41th DAMOP Houston, Texas, May 25-29, 2010. 5. G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, S. T. Manson, L. A. Lajohn, and R. H. Pratt, Poster titled Dramatic quadrupole effects in the low-energy photoionization of the 3s subshell of atomic Mg at the 42nd DAMOP Atlanta, Georgia, June 13-17, 2011.

16