American Psychological Association (APA) style examples APA style is an author-date citation style.

It was developed mainly for use in psychology, but has also been adopted by other disciplines. There are two major components to the APA author-date style - the in-text authordate citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document, e.g. (Smith, 2010), and the detailed reference list at the end of the document. All in-text citations must have a corresponding reference list entry, and the converse applies for reference list entries. Headings The use of headings aids in establishing the hierarchy of the sections of a paper to help orient the reader. Headings can also function as an outline to reveal the paper's organization.

APAs 5 levels of subordination. Level 1: Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 2: Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 3: ___Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with period. Level 4: ___Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period. Level 5: ___Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with period

Insert an in-text citation: when your work has been influenced by someone else's work, for example: when you directly quote someone else's work when you paraphrase someone else's work The in-text citation consists of: author surname(s) (in the order that they appear on the actual publication), followed by the year of publication of the source that you are citing. include page or paragraph numbers for direct quotes, and for paraphrasing where

appropriate The in-text citation is placed immediately after the text which refers to the source being cited If quoting or citing a source which is cited within another, secondary reference, mention the source with the secondary reference details: e.g. Smith (as cited in Jones, 2010). Only the secondary reference should be included in the reference list

The APA style guide prescribes that the Reference section, bibliographies and other lists of names should be accumulated by surname first, and mandates inclusion of surname prefixes.

MLA

Ignore any titles, designations or degrees, etc. which appear before or after the name, e.g., The Honourable, Dr., Mr., Mrs., Ms., Rev., S.J., Esq., Ph.D., M.D., Q.C., etc. Exceptions are Jr. and

Sr. Do include Jr. and Sr. as John Smith, Jr. and John Smith, Sr. are two different individuals. Include also I, II, III, etc. for the same reason. Examples: a) Last name, first name: Berkel, Catharina van.

Last name, first and middle names: Price, David Robert James. c) Last name, first name and middle initial: Schwab, Charles R. d) Last name, initial and middle name: Holmes, A. William. e) Last name, initials: Meister, F.A. f) Last name, first and middle names, Jr. or Sr. designation: Davis, Benjamin Oliver, Jr. g) Last name, first name, I, II, III, etc.: Stilwell, William E., IV. TITLE a) If the title on the front cover or spine of the book differs from the title on the title page, use the title on the title page for your citation. b) UNDERLINE the title and subtitle of a

book, magazine, journal, periodical, newspaper, or encyclopedia, e.g., Oops! What to Do When Things Go Wrong, Sports Illustrated, New York Times, Encyclopaedia Britannica. c) If the title of a newspaper does not indicate the place of publication, add the name of the city or town after the title in square brackets, e.g. National Post [Toronto]. d) DO NOT UNDERLINE the title and subtitle of an article in a magazine, journal, periodical, newspaper, or encyclopedia; put the title and subtitle between quotation marks e) CAPITALIZE the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, as well as all important words except for articles, prepositions, and conjunctions, e.g., Flash and XML: A Developer's Guide. f) Use LOWER CASE letters for conjunctions such as and, because, but, and however; for prepositions such as in, on, of, for, and to; as well as for articles: a, an, and the, unless they occur at the beginning of a title or subtitle, or are being used

emphatically, e.g., "And Now for Something Completely Different: A Hedgehog Hospital," PUBLICATION-BOOK a) DO NOT use the name of a country, state, province, or county as a Place of Publication, e.g. do not list Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Great Britain, United States of America, California, Ontario or Orange County as a place of publication. b) Use only the name of a city or a town. c) Choose the first city or town listed if more than one Place of Publication are indicated in the book. d) It is not necessary to indicate the Place of Publication when citing articles from major encyclopedias, magazines, journals, or newspapers. If the city is well known, it is not necessary to add the State or Province after it f) If the city or town is not well known, or if there is a chance that the name of the city or town may create confusion, add the abbreviated letters for State, Province,

Example: Austin, TX:

np or no place of publication. a) Be sure you write down the Publisher, NOT the Printer. b) If a book has more than one publisher, not one publisher with multiple places of publication, list the publishers in the order given each with its corresponding year of publication, e.g.: Conrad, Joseph. Lord Jim. 1920. New York: Doubleday; New York: Signet, 1981. c) Shorten the Publisher's name, e.g. use Macmillan, not Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. Omit articles A, An, and The, skip descriptions such as Press, Publishers, etc. d) No need to indicate Publisher for encyclopedias, magazines, journals, and newspapers. ss e) If you cannot find the name of the publisher anywhere in the book, use "n.p." to indicate there is no publisher listed.

) Page numbers are not needed for a book, unless the citation comes from an article or essay in an anthology, i.e. a collection of works by different authors. If there is no page number given, use "n. pag." d) Frequently, page numbers are not printed on some pages in magazines and journals. Where page numbers may be counted or guessed accurately, count the pages and indicate the page number or numbers. If page numbers are not consecutive, it is not necessary to list all the page numbers on which the article is found Do not type author on one line, title on a second line, and publication information on a third line. Type all citation information continuously until you reach the end of the line. Indent the second line and continue with the citation. If the citation is very long, indent the third and subsequent lines.