TYPES OF LIBRARIES (HISTORY) 1.

. Libraries of Clay The greatest contribution of the Sumerians to mankind is the earliest known from of writing called cuneiform . The word cuneiform , which describes their style of writing, is from cuneus, the Latin word for wedge. The materials used were softly clay and a wedge-shaped stylus or metal, ivory, or wood. These are the earliest known writing materials which were used as we now use paper and pencil. The ancient Babylonians made tablets of clay and cut symbols into them in a system of writing called cuneiform. After about 4000 B.C., the Babylonians, the Assyrians, and many other peoples used similar tablets for keeping records. The also used them to write messages. Through commerce and conquest, these peoples carried cuneiform tablets westward to Egypt. The Babylonians and Assyrians kept huge libraries of cuneiform tablets. Many of them lay buried for thousands of years. In 1953, A British Archeologist, Sir Henry Layard, discovered a great public library at Nineveh, near what is now Mosul, Iraq. The library held 10,000 clay tablets. An Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal, built the library during the 600 B.C. Other great collections of of tablets have been recovered from such ancient cities as Ur, Nippur, Kish, and Tello. Tablets in these collections contain history, mythology, mathematics, and legal and commercial records. Some of the tablets found at Nippur contained part of the Code of Hammurabi, the law giver of Babylon. Another famous record, the story of Gilgamesh, was found in Nineveh. It tells the Babylonian story of the flood. 2. Libraries of Papyrus About the same time the Babylonians were developing cuneiform writing, the Egyptians learned to make beautiful writing material from the papyrus plant. Papyrus became the standard writing material in all the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. Papyrus could be joined easily, and the Egyptians used long papyrus scrolls for books. The Geeks also used papyrus. Pisistratus, a ruler of Athens, probably founded the library there in the 500 B. C. The Greeks set up libraries in all the cities they founded, from Sicily to the Black Sea. Aristotles scrolls were passed on until they became part of the most famous library in the ancient world, at Alexandria. Alexander the Great was Aristotles pupil, and he learned the value of books form his teacher. He built Alexandria n 332 B. C, and his successor, Ptolemy I, founded a library there soon afterward. Scholars believe the library contained more than 500,000 scrolls, representing the literature of all the known world, as far as India. Two famous librarians of the Alexandria library are: (a) Zenodotus who was a Greek historian who edited the works of Homer, and (b) Callimachus who classified and catalogued the library collections. The partial destruction of the library was in 47 B. C. and its total destruction was in 391 A. D. This was brought about due to Roman invasions and conquest when the Roman Empire expanded very extensively at the height of its glory. 3) Libraries of Parchment other successors of Alexander the Great developed the city Pergamum, near Constatinople as a center of learning. When the library at Pergamum threatened to become more important than the one at Alexandria, the Alexandrians cut off its supply of papyrus. The people of Pergamum began writing on animal skins and developed an improved material. They called this material pergamentum, the origin of our word parchment. But, in 41 B. C., Mark Anthony took 200,000 scrolls from Pergamum and gave them to Cleopatra for the library at Alexandria. When the Roman Empire fell apart (476 A. D.), scholars and monks preserved many of the parchment books. An important room in every monastery was the scriptorium, where monks reached great heights of artistic creation in illuminating (decorating) their books. 4) Libraries of Paper The Chinese built libraries as early as the 300 B. C. But they made their greatest contribution to the development of libraries when they invented paper about 105 A. D. The use of paper spread westward through Arabia, and finally reached Europe about the year 1100. When Johannes Gutenberg, a German, printed with movable type on paper about 1440, he made it possible for more and more people to own books. The Latin Bible was the first book printed. PRINTED MATTER HISTORY Use of Signs and Symbols as means of Communication. During the early times, man was able to communicated with his fellowmen by means of grunts and cries. These supplemented with gesture as sort of sign language. These went on for a while until men became masters of his language. Later, they discovered that his language was not enough, so they begun to think of something more to enable them to communicate and be able t store what was believed to be of importance. Man finally discovered the use of symbols to express themselves. They used drawings or some sorts of pictures to make themselves understood. These symbols led to a turning point as a great achievement which later served as a foundation of mens rank in the living world. The development of the early means of communication are commemorating the lives and experiences of pre-historic men. This served as papers of the past which is most useful to history. In the early United States, the early cave dwellers were the American Indians. These people made use of signs and symbols that they almost lived on them. At present, caves are still preserved. Their works are very

much taken cared off; their writings, and even their primitive arrangement of rocks and sand which they used as sort of furniture still exist in almost perfect condition. Along the walls of the caves, one may find carves of animals and other objects symbolizing for instance: the sun, tree, lightning, etc. They also went to the extent of carving traces of human beings especially of people they adore or love. In Europe, the Paleolithic cave dwellers have almost the same works that the American Indians have. Like the American Indians, they also made use of the crudest tools to enable them to carve and draw pictures of animals and objects. Therefore, pre-historic man have thought of signs and symbols and handed to humanity the beginning of writings. ORIGIN OF ALPHABET Alphabet is the series of letters used in writing a language. The name means exactly what the terms ABC means as a name for the 27 letters of our alphabet. The word comes from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. Most books, magazines, and newspapers are printed in the 27 letters alphabet called Roman. But the Romans did not invents it. They put finishing touches on a system that had been growing for thousands of years. Thousands of years passed when men begun to realize the difficulty of interpreting objects that they represent due to the innumerable pictographs that appeared. Many of these could not be identified although, undoubtedly had different meanings at least to men who used them. Primitive as they were, they tried to invent and think of more possible way to enable better understanding among themselves. Thru some unknown explanation, pictographs came into writing. Man, of course have a quite difficulty of grasping the idea and associating the interpretation of an object with certain alphabetic characters, thus pictographs little by little developed into ideographs or symbols that interpret or represent objects. Later, the development of the Egyptian Phonetic system of writing came about; but then seemed to have confused them due to so many characters that were invented to represent a particular thing. The Babylonians, Mesopotamians, and the Assyrians who were the Egyptians contemporary developed phonetic system of writing but this resulted to a syllabic system of writing. The system of writing were just sort of skeleton frames. From Sinai, these system of writing seemed to have brought to Palestine and Arabia. The Palestine Alphabet was said to be the pro-genitor (direct ancestor) of the earliest Phoenician Alphabet. The Phoenician Alphabet at the earliest stage seemed to have developed for maturely that it would give an impression that it has been used for quite while. CHARACTERISTICS of the early Phoenician Alphabet: 1. It is purely consonantal with no letters for true vowel sounds. 2. It has occasional sort of vertical strokes which is used to divide words or groups of word. The Greeks realized the difficulty of lack of vowel sounds in this alphabets. They used to have certain voiceless breathings to emphasizes vowel sounds. Finally, they thought that an invention of some characters to represent some vowel sounds will do a great deal to facilitate pronunciation. Some of the Phoenician characters were no doubt adopted to the Greeks but after sometime, the Greeks introduced the use of diphthongs such as: ai, ei, ou. This was an outstanding contribution of the Greeks to us. With the distinguished contribution of the evolution of the Greek Alphabet ---- this resulted to the so called Eastern and Western Alphabet. 1) The eastern alphabet was revived in Greece with some minor changes. This found its way toward the beginning of the alphabets of Serbia, Bulgaria, Russia and the rest of the Slavic Nations. The importance of the eastern Greece alphabet was that it became the ancestors of our alphabet. 2) Western alphabet the early Romans were said to have learned the architecture. No one knew when the Roman writing first spread but a historical evidence was found at the modern Palestrina (a town near Rome). This was about 600 B. C. This was incised in gold fibula and the incision was said to have inscription in which was said to have been written from left to right. Here was written the 4 words in the inscription in which was said to be the oldest form of Roman Alphabet. The Romans have written these alphabets to almost nearly like ours but have eliminated the use of K and used of C instead. But later, letter C was used everywhere with an equivalent of letter G. So in order to differentiate these two, they put a little dash on letter C. G.] The Romans kept the letter F called di-gamma or double gamma by the Greeks. This has a V sound but this V sound disappeared when the Greeks strengthened it and this has an equivalent sound of our F at present. The Greeks and the Etruscans did not recognize the use of letter q as in quotation. But the Romans proved that this letter is very much indispensable in their alphabet. The Romans established the usage of QV. The letter V was used both as vowel and semi-vowel

. As a vowel, v was used like the English double 0.00 / as a semi-vowel, it was used as in English double W. V was taken from the Greek letter upsilon y. Letter Z this was discarded by the Romans during the earlier times. Z, the 7 th in the English alphabet was replaced by letter g during the earlier time. Letter J was entirely unknown to the Romans. They added a tail to letter I, thus letter j was formed. Letter W was formed by putting 2 letters vs together. During the early part of the Christian era, the Romans used almost a perfect unity of style in writing. But because of the bulk of work to be done, lots of modification appeared in the style of writing. These were partially true in writing books and other important documents. The Rustic Capital thus became the outcome of these modifications. This rustic capital are similar to those which some of us are still using. Through transitional changes our small letters came into existence. These were the result of the unconscious tendency of the scribes who became more and more familiar with the letter they were using. Some changes came in the form of style writing when some innovators started using traditional capitals which were named majuscules. These involves 2 forms of majuscules: 1. Square capital they are more informal and similar in style with the letters seen in the monumental inscriptions. 2. Rustic capital the letters are thinner and more elongated. (majuscules capital letters of our alphabet now, minuscules small letters) During the 4th century, another style of writing came about and this is the so called uncial from the Latin word uncia. This is characterized by the exaggeration of size. This style of writing merely show the beginning of our small letters. Before the uncial letters disappeared, the so called half-uncials were beginning to appear. This led the steps toward the development of the small letters. This style was carried to Ireland by St. Patrick during the 5th century. This was carried further and further by the monks to England and to other places where they went. Through Irish influences, the art of writing revived. One of their finished work that was produced was the so called Lindisfarne Gospel. This came about the year 700 A.D. in the north of England and was said to have been made by Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne. The uncial style begun to be less used during the 8 th century. The scribes found sit inadequate for their use since this requires skill and time. They also found it too expensive to maintain due to the space it requires in order to display itself. There was scarcity in vellum (oalf skin) and papyrus which were used for writing materials. As a result of the scribe indifference toward the uncial styles, a great mixtures of styles appeared. Uncials, half-uncials, cursive and even abbreviations and ligatures which had nothing to do with the alphabet were used. These brought about confusion for the scholars. Before the 9th century, Charlemagne came into power in Europe. He advocate change in the art of writing and even gave aid to the cause of scholarship. He established a school a school of writing at Tours. Another style of writing was developed and this called the Caroline Minuscules and this style was based on a careful selection from other styles and this also introduced the practice of separation of words to aid an easy reading. The Tours school gave valuable reforms but after the days of its influence had passed, local and national characteristics in penmanship once more appeared. The Gothic style came into existence during the 12th century. This was influenced by the increasing tendency towards angularity in forming of letters but it has never lost the fine features of its Carolingian predecessor. The forms of capital letters were particularly striking in style. This style did not last long. It was not in its best form when the invention of printing put a start in its evolution. The scholars during this time felt that manuscript copies of the classics should be written in purer and simpler form which was most suitable than the elaborated script then in used. They, therefore, went back to the Carolingian style which was described to be clearer and legible style that much suited for writing manuscripts. The evolution of the alphabet from the rustic capitals of ancient Rome to the forms of letters we are now using have given 2 things: 1. our capital letters 2. small letters have separate functions in their uses. Early materials used for writings were: 1. leaves 5. Animal skin or parchment or vellum 2. bark of trees 6. Baked clay (not all nations have clay, too difficult to get and once written that is the end of it 3.bamboos 4.rocks or any flat surface objects 7. Papyrus PAPER CHINA, 105 A. D.

There were two factors that hindered the spread of paper in the western world. These were: religion and military conquest. The Buddhist missionaries whose aims were endless repetition and multiplication of their sacred sect, seized on paper as means of spreading their faith throughout China and Japan. The Mohammedans who represented the conquering Arabs at the time put a close to Europe the ancient trade routes from the east thus diverted the spread of paper in the Muslim world. The earliest paper mill in Christendom was probably erected at Fabriano, an Italian city, considered the worlds important center for the production of beautifully made papers. For some time in Europe, especially in France and Germany, paper was used but then a sudden decrease of paper became noticeable. After its introduction in Europe the use of paper became too small due to the following reasons: 1. Parchment was highly satisfactorily material and this was much better than the earliest paper. 2. Education in Europe at that time was backward and there were relatively few who could read and write. 3. It also suffered at first from laws which forbade its use for public documents and important written instruments. The decree of Emperor Frederick II in 1221 declared that instruments written on paper had no validity in law. EARLY PRINTERS In England, the first printer was William Caxton, born about 1422 in Kent, England. He began his career as an apprentice to a prominent London merchant. He prospered after a year of hard work and even became a holder of government position. He must have relinquished the office in 1470 and having no great change of occupation, he undertook the work of translating the Recuereil Des Historie. This is a compilation from Latin sources by Raoule Le Fevre. The translation begun at Burges, Belgium, continued at Kent and completed in Cologne in 1471. It was learned that Caxton learned the art of printing in order that he might produce the copies of the translation in book form. He became familiar with printing when he was in Cologne and it was believed that he went on a voluntary exile due to the insurrection of his native country and to master the art of printing. In his return to Bruges, he established a printing office and listed as an associate and talented calligrapher by the name of Colard Mansion. The first production of the press was the Recuyell of the Historyes of Torye which Caxton has translated into a small folio of 351 leaves. This contains the prologue, printed in red. The Recuyell was said to be the first book printed in English and it appeared in 1474 76. In 1477, Caxton published the Dictes or Sayings of the Philosophers, the first book printed in England. PRINTING PRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES Printing in China was known even before the coming of the Europeans to the orient. Letters were engraved to the wooden block and impression was said to be xylographic. In 1590, the Chinese in the Philippines were said to be somewhat neglected in terms of conversion to Christianity, due to the language barrier. Through the help of Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, the Chinese were gathered together in a place Parian where ministers could study their language and instruct them at the same time. This was successful due to the friendly relation that existed after a long struggle and hard work. The Chinese brought xylography to the Philippines but insignificant to use because no one to start printing by this process. During the year 1587 1588, two noted theologians were assigned to the service of the Chinese both of whom were masters of Chinese language. Fr. Benavidez constructed the church and convent of Binondo and Fr. Juan de Cobo translated the Beng-Sin-Po-Cam from Chinese to Spanish. He also wrote the Doctrina Christian which was said to be the first printed book in Chinese characters. This was printed under the direction of Fr. Juan de Cobo. Binondo was the origin of the first printing press in the Philippines. This was later transferred to Bataan, then to Manila, tehn to Pila and then in 1618 transferred to Pampanga. Finally to University of Sto. Tomas in 1625 where it remains up to the present day.

HOLY CROSS OF DAVAO COLLEGE BSLIS IN-HOUSE REVIEW FOR LIBRARIANS BOARD EXAM TYPES OF LIBRARIES (HISTORY) 1. Libraries of Clay The greatest contribution of the Sumerians to mankind is the earliest known from of writing called cuneiform . The word cuneiform , which describes their style of writing, is from cuneus, the Latin word for wedge. The materials used were softly clay and a wedge-shaped stylus or metal, ivory, or wood. These are the earliest known writing materials which were used as we now use paper and pencil. The ancient Babylonians made tablets of clay and cut symbols into them in a system of writing called cuneiform. After about 4000 B.C., the Babylonians, the Assyrians, and many other peoples used similar tablets for keeping records. The also used them to write messages. Through commerce and conquest, these peoples carried cuneiform tablets westward to Egypt. The Babylonians and Assyrians kept huge libraries of cuneiform tablets. Many of them lay buried for thousands of years. In 1953, A British Archeologist, Sir Henry Layard, discovered a great public library at Nineveh, near what is now Mosul, Iraq. The library held 10,000 clay tablets. An Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal, built the library during the 600 B.C. Other great collections of of tablets have been recovered from such ancient cities as Ur, Nippur, Kish, and Tello. Tablets in these collections contain history, mythology, mathematics, and legal and commercial records. Some of the tablets found at Nippur contained part of the Code of Hammurabi, the law giver of Babylon. Another famous record, the story of Gilgamesh, was found in Nineveh. It tells the Babylonian story of the flood. 2. Libraries of Papyrus About the same time the Babylonians were developing cuneiform writing, the Egyptians learned to make beautiful writing material from the papyrus plant. Papyrus became the standard writing material in all the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. Papyrus could be joined easily, and the Egyptians used long papyrus scrolls for books. The Greeks also used papyrus. Pisistratus, a ruler of Athens, probably founded the library there in the 500 B. C. The Greeks set up libraries in all the cities they founded, from Sicily to the Black Sea. Aristotles scrolls were passed on until they became part of the most famous library in the ancient world, at Alexandria. Alexander the Great was Aristotles pupil, and he learned the value of books form his teacher. He built Alexandria n 332 B. C, and his successor, Ptolemy I, founded a library there soon afterward. Scholars believe the library contained more than 500,000 scrolls, representing the literature of all the known world, as far as India. Two famous librarians of the Alexandria library are: (c) Zenodotus who was a Greek historian who edited the works of Homer, and (d) Callimachus who classified and catalogued the library collections. The partial destruction of the library was in 47 B. C. and its total destruction was in 391 A. D. This was brought about due to Roman invasions and conquest when the Roman Empire expanded very extensively at the height of its glory. 3) Libraries of Parchment other successors of Alexander the Great developed the City Pergamum, near Constantinople as a center of learning. When the library at Pergamum threatened to become more important than the one at Alexandria, the Alexandrians cut off its supply of papyrus. The people of Pergamum began writing on animal skins and developed an improved material. They called this material pergamentum, the origin of our word parchment. But, in 41 B. C., Mark Anthony took 200,000 scrolls from Pergamum and gave them to Cleopatra for the library at Alexandria. When the Roman Empire fell apart (476 A. D.), scholars and monks preserved many of the parchment books. An important room in every monastery was the scriptorium, where monks reached great heights of artistic creation in illuminating (decorating) their books. 4) Libraries of Paper The Chinese built libraries as early as the 300 B. C. But they made their greatest contribution to the development of libraries when they invented paper about 105 A. D. The use of paper spread westward through Arabia, and finally reached Europe about the year 1100. When Johannes Gutenberg, a German, printed with movable type on paper about 1440, he made it possible for more and more people to own books. The Latin Bible was the first book printed. PRINTED MATTER HISTORY Use of Signs and Symbols as means of Communication. During the early times, man was able to communicated with his fellowmen by means of grunts and cries. These supplemented with gesture as sort of sign language. These went on for a while until men became masters of his language. Later, they discovered that his language was not enough, so they begun to think of something more to enable them to communicate and be able to store what was believed to be of importance. Man finally discovered the use of symbols to express themselves. They used drawings or some sorts of pictures to make themselves understood. These symbols led to a turning point as a great achievement which later served as a foundation of mens rank in the living world. The development of the early means of communication are

commemorating the lives and experiences of pre-historic men. This served as papers of the past which is most useful to history. In the early United States, the early cave dwellers were the American Indians. These people made use of signs and symbols that they almost lived on them. At present, caves are still preserved. Their works are very much taken cared off; their writings, and even their primitive arrangement of rocks and sand which they used as sort of furniture still exist in almost perfect condition. Along the walls of the caves, one may find carves of animals and other objects symbolizing for instance: the sun, tree, lightning, etc. They also went to the extent of carving traces of human beings especially of people they adore or love. In Europe, the Paleolithic cave dwellers have almost the same works that the American Indians have. Like the American Indians, they also made use of the crudest tools to enable them to carve and draw pictures of animals and objects. Therefore, pre-historic man have thought of signs and symbols and handed to humanity the beginning of writings. ORIGIN OF ALPHABET Alphabet is the series of letters used in writing a language. The name means exactly what the terms ABC means as a name for the 27 letters of our alphabet. The word comes from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. Most books, magazines, and newspapers are printed in the 27 letters alphabet called Roman. But the Romans did not invent it. They put finishing touches on a system that had been growing for thousands of years. Thousands of years passed when men begun to realize the difficulty of interpreting objects that they represent due to the innumerable pictographs that appeared. Many of these could not be identified although, undoubtedly had different meanings at least to men who used them. Primitive as they were, they tried to invent and think of more possible way to enable better understanding among themselves. Thru some unknown explanation, pictographs came into writing. Man, of course have a quite difficulty of grasping the idea and associating the interpretation of an object with certain alphabetic characters, thus pictographs little by little developed into ideographs or symbols that interpret or represent objects. Later, the development of the Egyptian Phonetic system of writing came about; but then seemed to have confused them due to so many characters that were invented to represent a particular thing. The Babylonians, Mesopotamians, and the Assyrians who were the Egyptians contemporary developed phonetic system of writing but this resulted to a syllabic system of writing. The system of writing were just sort of skeleton frames. From Sinai, these system of writing seemed to have brought to Palestine and Arabia. The Palestine Alphabet was said to be the pro-genitor (direct ancestor) of the earliest Phoenician Alphabet. The Phoenician Alphabet at the earliest stage seemed to have developed for maturely that it would give an impression that it has been used for quite while. CHARACTERISTICS of the early Phoenician Alphabet: 1. It is purely consonantal with no letters for true vowel sounds. 2. It has occasional sort of vertical strokes which is used to divide words or groups of word. The Greeks realized the difficulty of lack of vowel sounds in this alphabets. They used to have certain voiceless breathings to emphasizes vowel sounds. Finally, they thought that an invention of some characters to represent some vowel sounds will do a great deal to facilitate pronunciation. Some of the Phoenician characters were no doubt adopted to the Greeks but after sometime, the Greeks introduced the use of diphthongs such as: ai, ei, ou. This was an outstanding contribution of the Greeks to us. With the distinguished contribution of the evolution of the Greek Alphabet ---- this resulted to the so called Eastern and Western Alphabet. 3) The eastern alphabet was revived in Greece with some minor changes. This found its way toward the beginning of the alphabets of Serbia, Bulgaria, Russia and the rest of the Slavic Nations. The importance of the Eastern Greece alphabet was that it became the ancestors of our alphabet. 4) Western alphabet the early Romans were said to have learned the architecture. No one knew when the Roman writing first spread but a historical evidence was found at the modern Palestrina (a town near Rome). This was about 600 B. C. This was incised in gold fibula and the incision was said to have inscription in which was said to have been written from left to right. Here was written the 4 words in the inscription in which was said to be the oldest form of Roman Alphabet.

The Romans have written these alphabets to almost nearly like ours but have eliminated the use of K and used of C instead. But later, letter C was used everywhere with an equivalent of letter G. So in order to differentiate these two, they put a little dash on letter C. G.] The Romans kept the letter F called di-gamma or double gamma by the Greeks. This has a V sound but this V sound disappeared when the Greeks strengthened it and this has an equivalent sound of our F at present. The Greeks and the Etruscans did not recognize the use of letter q as in quotation. But the Romans proved that this letter is very much indispensable in their alphabet. The Romans established the usage of QV. The letter V was used both as vowel and semi-vowel . As a vowel, v was used like the English double 0.00 / as a semi-vowel, it was used as in English double W. V was taken from the Greek letter upsilon y. Letter Z this was discarded by the Romans during the earlier times. Z, the 7th in the English alphabet was replaced by letter g during the earlier time. Letter J was entirely unknown to the Romans. They added a tail to letter I, thus letter j was formed. Letter W was formed by putting 2 letters vs together. During the early part of the Christian era, the Romans used almost a perfect unity of style in writing. But because of the bulk of work to be done, lots of modification appeared in the style of writing. These were partially true in writing books and other important documents. The Rustic Capital thus became the outcome of these modifications. This rustic capital are similar to those which some of us are still using. Through transitional changes our small letters came into existence. These were the result of the unconscious tendency of the scribes who became more and more familiar with the letter they were using. Some changes came in the form of style writing when some innovators started using traditional capitals which were named majuscules. These involves 2 forms of majuscules: 1. Square capital they are more informal and similar in style with the letters seen in the monumental inscriptions. 2. Rustic capital the letters are thinner and more elongated. (majuscules capital letters of our alphabet now, minuscules small letters) During the 4th century, another style of writing came about and this is the so called uncial from the Latin word uncia. This is characterized by the exaggeration of size. This style of writing merely show the beginning of our small letters. Before the uncial letters disappeared, the so called half-uncials were beginning to appear. This led the steps toward the development of the small letters. This style was carried to Ireland by St. Patrick during the 5th century. This was carried further and further by the monks to England and to other places where they went. Through Irish influences, the art of writing revived. One of their finished work that was produced was the so called Lindisfarne Gospel. This came about the year 700 A.D. in the North of England and was said to have been made by Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne. The uncial style begun to be less used during the 8 th century. The scribes found sit inadequate for their use since this requires skill and time. They also found it too expensive to maintain due to the space it requires in order to display itself. There was scarcity in vellum (calf skin) and papyrus which were used for writing materials. As a result of the scribe indifference toward the uncial styles, a great mixtures of styles appeared. Uncials, half-uncials, cursive and even abbreviations and ligatures which had nothing to do with the alphabet were used. These brought about confusion for the scholars. Before the 9th century, Charlemagne came into power in Europe. He advocate change in the art of writing and even gave aid to the cause of scholarship. He established a school a school of writing at Tours. Another style of writing was developed and this called the Caroline Minuscules and this style was based on a careful selection from other styles and this also introduced the practice of separation of words to aid an easy reading. The Tours School gave valuable reforms but after the days of its influence had passed, local and national characteristics in penmanship once more appeared. The Gothic style came into existence during the 12th century. This was influenced by the increasing tendency towards angularity in forming of letters but it has never lost the fine features of its Carolingian predecessor. The forms of capital letters were particularly striking in style. This style did not last long. It was not in its best form when the invention of printing put a start in its evolution. The scholars during this time felt that manuscript copies of the classics should be written in purer and simpler form which was most suitable than the elaborated script then in used. They, therefore, went back to the Carolingian style which was described to be clearer and legible style that much suited for writing manuscripts. The evolution of the alphabet from the rustic capitals of Ancient Rome to the forms of letters we are now using have given 2 things: 1. our capital letters 2. small letters have separate functions in their uses.

Early materials used for writings were: 1. leaves 5. Animal skin or parchment or vellum 2. bark of trees 6. Baked clay (not all nations have clay, too difficult to get and once written that is the end of it 3.bamboos 4.rocks or any flat surface objects 7. Papyrus PAPER CHINA, 105 A. D. There were two factors that hindered the spread of paper in the western world. These were: religion and military conquest. The Buddhist missionaries whose aims were endless repetition and multiplication of their sacred sect, seized on paper as means of spreading their faith throughout China and Japan. The Mohammedans who represented the conquering Arabs at the time put a close to Europe the ancient trade routes from the east thus diverted the spread of paper in the Muslim world. The earliest paper mill in Christendom was probably erected at Fabriano, an Italian city, considered the worlds important center for the production of beautifully made papers. For some time in Europe, especially in France and Germany, paper was used but then a sudden decrease of paper became noticeable. After its introduction in Europe the use of paper became too small due to the following reasons: 1. Parchment was highly satisfactorily material and this was much better than the earliest paper. 2. Education in Europe at that time was backward and there were relatively few who could read and write. 3.It also suffered at first from laws which forbade its use for public documents and important written instruments. The decree of Emperor Frederick II in 1221 declared that instruments written on paper had no validity in law. EARLY PRINTERS In England, the first printer was William Caxton, born about 1422 in Kent, England. He began his career as an apprentice to a prominent London merchant. He prospered after a year of hard work and even became a holder of government position. He must have relinquished the office in 1470 and having no great change of occupation, he undertook the work of translating the Recuereil Des Historie. This is a compilation from Latin sources by Raoule Le Fevre. The translation begun at Burges, Belgium, continued at Kent and completed in Cologne in 1471. It was learned that Caxton learned the art of printing in order that he might produce the copies of the translation in book form. He became familiar with printing when he was in Cologne and it was believed that he went on a voluntary exile due to the insurrection of his native country and to master the art of printing. In his return to Bruges, he established a printing office and listed as an associate and talented calligrapher by the name of Colard Mansion. The first production of the press was the Recuyell of the Historyes of Torye which Caxton has translated into a small folio of 351 leaves. This contains the prologue, printed in red. The Recuyell was said to be the first book printed in English and it appeared in 1474 76. In 1477, Caxton published the Dictes or Sayings of the Philosophers, the first book printed in England. PRINTING PRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES Printing in China was known even before the coming of the Europeans to the orient. Letters were engraved to the wooden block and impression was said to be xylographic. In 1590, the Chinese in the Philippines were said to be somewhat neglected in terms of conversion to Christianity, due to the language barrier. Through the help of Don Gonzalo Ronquillo, the Chinese were gathered together in a place Parian where ministers could study their language and instruct them at the same time. This was successful due to the friendly relation that existed after a long struggle and hard work. The Chinese brought xylography to the Philippines but insignificant to use because no one to start printing by this process. During the year 1587 1588, two noted theologians were assigned to the service of the Chinese both of whom were masters of Chinese language . Fr. Benavidez constructed the church and convent of Binondo and Fr. Juan de Cobo translated the Beng-Sin-Po-Cam from Chinese to Spanish. He also wrote the Doctrina Christian which was said to be the first printed book in Chinese characters. This was printed under the direction of Fr. Juan de Cobo. Binondo was the origin of the first printing press in the Philippines.

This was later transferred to Bataan, then to Manila, then to Pila and then in 1618 transferred to Pampanga. Finally to University of Sto. Tomas in 1625 where it remains up to the present day.

TYPES OF LIBRARIES (HISTORY) 1. Libraries of Clay The greatest contribution of the Sumerians to mankind is the earliest known from of writing called cuneiform . The word cuneiform , which describes their style of writing, is from cuneus, the Latin word for wedge. The materials used were softly clay and a wedge-shaped stylus or metal, ivory, or wood. In 1953, A British Archeologist, Sir Henry Layard, discovered a great public library at Nineveh, near what is now Mosul, Iraq. The library held 10,000 clay tablets. An Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal, built the library during the 600 B.C. -Some of the tablets found at Nippur contained part of the Code of Hammurabi, the law giver of Babylon. Another famous record, the story of Gilgamesh, was found in Nineveh. It tells the Babylonian story of the flood. 3. Libraries of Papyrus About the same time the Babylonians were developing cuneiform writing - Egyptians learned to make beautiful writing material from the papyrus plant. Papyrus became the standard writing material in all the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. The Greeks also used papyrus. Pisistratus, a ruler of Athens, probably founded the library there in the 500 B. C. The Greeks set up libraries in all the cities they founded, from Sicily to the Blac k Sea. Aristotles scrolls were passed on until they became part of the most famous library in the ancient world, at Alexandria. Alexander the Great was Aristotles pupil, and he learned the value of books form his teacher. He built Alexandria n 332 B. C, and his successor, Ptolemy I, founded a library there soon afterward. Scholars believe the library contained more than 500,000 scrolls, representing the literature of all the known world, as far as India. Two famous librarians of the Alexandria library are: a)Zenodotus who was a Greek historian who edited the works of Homer, and b)Callimachus who classified and catalogued the library collections. 3) Libraries of Parchment other successors of Alexander the Great developed the City Pergamum, They called this material pergamentum, the origin of our word parchment 4) Libraries of Paper The Chinese built libraries - 300 B. C. - they invented paper about 105 A. D. The use of paper spread westward through Arabia, and finally reached Europe about the year 1100. When Johannes Gutenberg, a German, printed with movable type on paper about 1440, he made it possible for more and more people to own books. The Latin Bible was the first book printed. PRINTED MATTER HISTORY Use of Signs and Symbols as means of Communication. -grunts and cries. -discovered the use of symbols to express themselves.

-drawings or some sorts of pictures to make themselves understood. -early United States, American Indians-caves walls of the caves, one may find carves of animals and other objects: the sun, tree, lightning, etc. -In Europe, the Paleolithic cave dwellers - pre-historic man - signs and symbols and handed to humanity the beginning of writings. ORIGIN OF ALPHABET Alphabet is the series of letters used in writing a language. The name means exactly what the terms ABC means as a name for the 27 letters of our alphabet. The word comes from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet. Most books, magazines, and newspapers are printed in the 27 letters alphabet called Roman. 3 systems of writings: -pictographs representing an object -ideographs or symbols that interpret idea suggested by the object. -phonographic-representing the sound of the object or idea -Egyptian Phonetic system of writing - Babylonians, Mesopotamians, and the Assyrians -developed phonetic system of writing but this resulted to a syllabic system of writing. CHARACTERISTICS of the early Phoenician Alphabet: 1. It is purely consonantal with no letters for true vowel sounds. 2.It has occasional sort of vertical strokes which is used to divide words or groups of word. Some of the Phoenician characters were no doubt adopted to the Greeks but after sometime, the Greeks introduced the use of diphthongs such as: ai, ei, ou. This was an outstanding contribution of the Greeks to us. With the distinguished contribution of the evolution of the Greek Alphabet ---- this resulted to the so called Eastern and Western Alphabet. 4. The eastern alphabet was revived in Greece with some minor changes. This found its way toward the beginning of the alphabets of Serbia, Bulgaria, Russia and the rest of the Slavic Nations. The importance of the Eastern Greece alphabet was that it became the ancestors of our alphabet. 5. Western alphabet the early Romans were said to have learned the architecture. No one knew when the Roman writing first spread but a historical evidence was found at the modern Palestrina (a town near Rome). This was about 600 B. C. This was incised in gold fibula and the incision was said to have inscription in which was said to have been written from left to right. Here was written the 4 words in the inscription in which was said to be the oldest form of Roman Alphabet. -The Romans have written these alphabets to almost nearly like ours but have eliminated the use of K and used of C instead. But later, letter C was used everywhere with an equivalent of letter G. So in order to differentiate these two, they put a little dash on letter C. G.] The Romans kept the letter F called di-gamma or double gamma by the Greeks. This has a V sound but this V sound disappeared when the Greeks strengthened it and this has an equivalent sound of our F at present. The Greeks and the Etruscans did not recognize the use of letter q as in quotation. But the Romans proved that this letter is very much indispensable in their alphabet. The Romans established the usage of QV. The letter V was used both as vowel and semi-vowel -As a vowel, v was used like the English double 0.00 / as a semi-vowel, it was used as in English double W. V was taken from the Greek letter upsilon y. Letter Z this was discarded by the Romans during the earlier times. Z, the 7th in the English alphabet was replaced by letter g during the earlier time. Letter J was entirely unknown to the Romans. They added a tail to letter I, thus letter j was formed. Letter W was formed by putting 2 letters vs together. Some changes came in the form of style writing when some innovators started using traditional capitals which were named majuscules. These involves 2 forms of majuscules: 1. Square capital they are more informal and similar in style with the letters seen in the monumental inscriptions. 2. Rustic capital the letters are thinner and more elongated. (majuscules capital letters of our alphabet now, minuscules small letters) -During the 4th century, another style of writing came about and this is the so called uncial from the Latin word uncia. -One of their finished work that was produced was the so called Lindisfarne Gospel. This came about the year 700 A.D. in the North of England and was said to have been made by Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne. -The uncial style begun to be less used during the 8th century -There was scarcity in vellum (calf skin) and papyrus which were used for writing materials.

-Before the 9th century, Charlemagne came into power in Europe. He advocated the change in the art of writing and even gave aid to the cause of scholarship. He established a school a school of writing at Tours. Caroline Minuscules and this style was based on a careful selection from other styles and this also introduced the practice of separation of words to aid an easy reading. The Gothic style came into existence during the 12th century. Carolingian style which was described to be clearer and legible style that much suited for writing manuscripts. The evolution of the alphabet from the rustic capitals of Ancient Rome to the forms of letters we are now using have given 2 things: 1.our capital letters 2. small letters have separate functions in their uses. Early materials used for writings were: 1. leaves 6. Animal skin or parchment or vellum 2.bark of trees 7. Baked clay (not all nations have 3.bamboos clay, too difficult to get and once written 4.rocks or any flat surface objects that is the end of it 5. Papyrus PAPER CHINA, 105 A. D. There were two factors that hindered the spread of paper in the western world. These were: religion and military conquest. The Buddhist missionaries whose aims were endless repetition and multiplication of their sacred sect, seized on paper as means of spreading their faith throughout China and Japan. The Mohammedans who represented the conquering Arabs at the -diverted the spread of paper in the Muslim world. - Fabriano, an Italian city earliest paper mill in Christendom, considered the worlds important center for the production of beautifully made papers. -After its introduction in Europe the use of paper became too small due to the following reasons: 1.Parchment was highly satisfactorily material and this was much better than the earliest paper. 2. Education in Europe at that time was backward and there were relatively few who could read and write. 3.It also suffered at first from laws which forbade its use for public documents and important written instruments. The decree of Emperor Frederick II in 1221 declared that instruments written on paper had no validity in law. EARLY PRINTERS In England, the first printer was William Caxton, born about 1422 in Kent, England. -he translated the Recuereil Des Historie. This is a compilation from Latin sources by Raoule Le Fevre. The translation begun at Burges, Belgium, continued at Kent and completed in Cologne in 1471. -Bruges, established a printing office and talented calligrapher by the name of Colard Mansion. -The first production of the press was the Recuyell of the Historyes of Torye which Caxton has translated into a small folio of 351 leaves. This contains the prologue, printed in red. -The Recuyell was said to be the first book printed in English and it appeared in 1474 76. In 1477, Caxton published the Dictes or Sayings of the Philosophers, the first book printed in England. PRINTING PRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES Chinese-xylographic- xylograph 1587 1588, two noted theologians -Fr. Benavidez constructed the church and convent of Binondo and Fr. Juan de Cobo translated the Beng-Sin-Po-Cam from Chinese to Spanish. -wrote the Doctrina Christian which was said to be the first printed book in Chinese characters. Binondo was the origin of the first printing press in the Philippines. This was later transferred to Bataan, then to Manila, then to Pila and then in 1618 transferred to Pampanga. Finally to University of Sto. Tomas in 1625 where it remains up to the present day. -----------------------------------------------------------------------