GRAY SCALE IMAGE PROCESSING FOR ENEMY IDENTIFICATION USING MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOL BOX

Project submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY In M.Sc. ELECTRONICS (Instrumentation) By SURYA (Regd.No. 710212141026) Under the esteemed guidance of Ms.A.SARVANI &

Ms.G.S.KUMARI
Department of Systems Design

Department of Systems Design A.U. College of Science and Technology Visakhapatnam - 530 003

2012-13

DECLARATION

I Ms.SURYA (R.No: 710212141026) hereby declare that the project Work entitled GRAY SCALE IMAGE PROCESSING FOR ENEMY IDENTIFICATION USING MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOL BOX submitted by me is not in full part for any course or any other institute or Andhra university.

Place: Visakhapatnam Date:

SURYA (R.No: 710212141026)

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ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF SYSTEMS DESIGN

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled GRAY SCALE IMAGE PROCESSING FOR ENEMY IDENTIFICATION USING MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOL BOX is a Bonafide work done by Ms.SURYA (710212141026) under the esteemed guidance of Ms.A.SARVANI & Ms.G.S.KUMARI in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree M.Sc. (Tech.) Electronics & Instrumentation, in the Dept. of Systems Design, A.U.College of Science & Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam during the academic year 2012-13.

GUIDES

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

A.SARVANI & G.S. KUMARI

Prof. M.PURNACHANDRARAO

EXTERNAL IN-CHARGE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We sincerely thank Prof. M. Purnachandrarao, head, and department of systems design, and Andhra University for awarding us this project work. It is our proud and unique privilege to express our sincerest and overwhelming gratitude to Assoc. Prof. D.B.Venkatadri department of systems design, Andhra university, Visakhapatnam, for his invaluable guidance and scholarly advice imparted during our project work. We express our sincere and heartfelt gratitude to A. Sarvani and G.S.Kumari for her valuable guidance, supervision, invaluable help and encouragement that enabled us to sustain we efforts

SURYA (R.No. 710212141026)

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ABSTRACT

GRAY SCALE IMAGE PROCESSING FOR ENEMY IDENTIFICATION USING MATLAB IMAGE PROCESSING TOOL BOX

The project "Gray Scale Image Processing for Enemy Identification using MATLAB image processing tool box" is intended to design for army purpose to identify the enemy at long distance by capturing the image. Thus if the captured image is blurred or noise with environmental effects like fog, sunlight and shadows of near objects then the identification of enemy may be difficult. Here in this project, image is going to be reconstructed by equalizing the grayscale characteristics of the image and going to eliminate the noises, so that we can easily identify the enemy within a short period of time, approximately 45 to 60 seconds. This technique can also be used in industries to find the cracks and brakes in furnace walls and other important areas.

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CONTENTS
Abstract
List of Figures List of Tables

v
x x

Chapter-1
1 1.1

MATLAB FUNDAMENTALS
Introduction MATLAB windows 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.2 MATLAB desktop Command window Current directory pane (File) Details pane Workspace pane Command history pane

01
01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 05

Basics of MATLAB 1.2.1 Editor Window

1.3

On-line help 1.3.1 1.3.2 On-line documentation Demo

1.4

Input-output 1.4.1 1.4.2 Data type Dimensioning

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1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.4.6 1.4.7 1.5

Case sensitivity Output display Paged output Output format Command history

05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 08 09 09 09 10

File types 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4 1.5.5 M-Files Mat-Files Fig-Files P-Files Mex-Files

1.6 1.7

General Commands Arithmetic calculations 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 Exponential and logarithms Trigonometry Complex Numbers

1.8

Creating & working with arrays of numbers

Chapter-2
2.1 2.2

IMAGE COMPRESSION
Introduction Lossless versus lossy compression 2.2.1 Lossless compression [vii]

12
13 16 16

2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

Lossy compression

17 19 20 21 22 22

Issues in compression method selection The source coder Elements of introduction theory Image enhancement 2.6.1 2.6.2 Preliminaries Spatial domain: Enhancement by point processing

23 2.7 Global histogram equalization 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.8 Local histogram equalization Histogram specification 24 26 28

Spatial domain: Enhancement in the case of Many realizations of an image 2.8.1 Image averaging 28 28

2.9

Spatial domain: Enhancement in the case of Single image 2.9.1 2.9.2 Spatial masks Low pass & high pass spatial filtering 29 29 29 30 30 30

2.10

Popular techniques for low pass spatial filtering 2.10.1 Uniform filtering 2.10.2 Gaussian filtering [viii]

2.10.3 Median filtering 2.10.4 Directional smoothing 2.10.5 High boost filtering

31 32 32

Chapter-3
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

IMAGE RESTORATION
What is image restoration? How well can we do? Image restoration & image enhancement differences Image observation models Detector & recorder models Noise models General model of a simplified image degradation Process 3.8 3.9 Possible classification of restoration methods Linear position invariant degradation models 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.10 3.11 3.12 Definition Typical linear invariant degradation models

34
35 35 35 35 36 36

37 37 38 38 38

Some characteristic metrics of degradation models 39 40 42 43 43

1-D Discrete degradation model circular convolution 2D Discrete degradation model Direct deterministic approaches to restoration 3.12.1 Inverse filtering [ix]

3.12.2 Computational issues concerning inverse Filtering 3.12.3 Constrained least squares restoration 3.12.4 Computational issues concerning CLS method 3.13 Iterative deterministic approaches to restoration 3.13.1 Least squares iteration 3.13.2 Constrained least squares iteration 3.13.3 Projection & convex lens 3.13.4 Spatially adaptive iteration 3.14 Stochastic approaches to restoration 3.14.1 Wiener estimator 3.14.2 Computational issues 3.14.3 Wiener smoothing filter 3.14.4 Relation with inverse filtering 3.14.5 Iterative Wiener filters 44 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50

Chapter-4
4.1

IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
Unitary transforms 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 1D signals 2D signals

52
53 53 53 54 54

Fundamental properties of unitary transforms 4.2.1 The property of energy preservation [x]

4.2.2 4.3

The property of energy compactation

55 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 58 58

The 2D Fourier transform 4.3.1 4.3.2 Continuous space & continuous frequency Discrete space & continuous frequency

4.4

Discrete space & discrete frequency: the 2D DFT 4.4.1 4.4.2 Properties of 2-D DFT Importance of phase in 2D DFT

4.5

The discrete cosine transform 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 1D signals 2D signals Properties of DCT transform

4.6 58

Walsh transform (WT)

4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.7

1D signals 2D signals Properties of WT

58 59 60 60 60 60 61 61

Hadamard Transform (HT) 4.7.1 4.7.2 Definition Properties of HT

4.8

Karhunen-Loeve Transforms (KLT) 4.8.1 The case of many realizations of a signal/image

[xi]

4.8.2 4.8.3

The case of one relation of a signal/image Properties of KLT

63 64

Chapter-5
5.1

IMAGE COMPRESSION
Methods for lossless compression 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.2 Preliminaries Manage to symbol partitioning Differential coding

65
66 66 67 68 69 71 72 75 75 75

Huffman encoding 5.2.2 5.2.3 Properties of Huffman coding External huffman codes

5.3

Huffman decoding 5.3.1 5.3.2 Bit-serial decoding Lookup table based decoding

Chapter-6

MATLAB PROGRAMMING

77

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Types of images Reading of image file Converting the image to grayscale Adjusting gray scale values Final image displaying [xii]

78 79 80 81 83

REFERENCES

92

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Figure 2.1: Figure 2.2: Figure 2.3: Figure 5.1: Figure 5.2: Figure 5.3: Figure 6.1: Figure 6.2: Figure 6.3: Figure 6.4:

The MATLAB environment Generic compression system Trade-offs in lossless compression Trade-offs in lossy compression A generic model for lossless compression Typical distribution of pixel values An example of Huffman codeword construction Signal image before gray scale Signal image after gray scale Output of function imshow('board.tif') Output of function [X,map] = imread('trees.tif')

04 14 17 18 66 68 71 83 84 86 86

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Figure 6.5: Figure 6.6:

Output of function cameraman Output of a function

88 88

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Table 5.1: Table 5.2: Table 5.3: Table 6.1: Application for image, video and audio compression The extended alphabet & corresponding Huffman code Huffman code for three symbol alphabet The extended alphabet & corresponding Huffman code Type of still image formats 14 73 74 74 78

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