MODES OF TRANSPORT

The exporter can send the shipment of goods using anyone of the following modes of transport as specified in the export contract. The exporter can send the shipment of goods using anyone of the following modes of transport as specified in the export contract.

A) AIR TRANSPORT
The least utilized and most costly (about 50 cents per ton-mile) freight mode is air shipment. The first large all-cargo air carrier was Flying Tiger. Other large airlines earn most of their revenue from passenger service. Airfreight is confined to high-value items, emergency shipments, and perishable products (such as cut flowers). One advantage of air shipment is that pilots tend to land gently. This is a benefit to business marketers who ship computers, electronic equipment, and other sensitive devices that might be damaged by truck or rail shipment. The air transport of the goods involves sending shipment of goods through one of the international airlines. The exporter need not directly approach the airline for booking of the cargo. The C&F agents who generally negotiate with the airlines lower freight fates as they provide bulk cargo to them do this job in a cost effective manner. Some of the C&F agents act as consolidators for the airlines. In practice, the airlines are known to offer huge amounts of discount to the C&F agents for booking of the cargo. Such discounts may not be available to an individual exporter, as the total cargo offered may not have the substantial load. While selecting the airline, the exporter should be guided by the considerations of cost and timely delivery

of the goods. It should, however, be ensured that the cargo shall be carried in the manner as specified in the export order. The export order may provide for direct shipment or transshipment. Direct shipment means that the same airline should carry the cargo from port of loading to the port of discharge. Transshipment of the goods permits change of plane on the way to the destination of the cargo. In this case, the loading and unloading takes place at least twice. The exporter may find transshipment attractive, as the cost of transportation is generally lower as compared to direct shipment. Against this cost advantage of transshipment over direct shipment, the exporter runs the risk of delay in transportation of goods and possible damage to the goods during loading/unloading at the intermediate ports. The decision should be based mainly on the terms as given in the export contract. Transshipment should not be preferred unless the buyer permits it. The reason since in case there is a delay in shipment or damage to the goods, the importer may not accept the goods or even if he accepts, may raise a claim against the exporter for compensation for the damaged goods. This would spoil the reputation of the exporter, which would adversely affect the growth of his business. Various international conventions have laid down basic rules for the air freighting of the goods. The first international convention was concluded in 1929 at Warsaw, known as 1929 Warsaw Convention. This convention relating to international air carriage was amended by the 1955 Hague Protocol and further supplemented by the 1961 Guadalajara Convention and the Montreal Additional Protocol of 1975. 3 GOALS Provide transportation terminals and related facilities for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods.

Advantages of Air Transport

The transportation of goods by air offers many advantages to the exporter. Some of them are as follows: 1. The movement of the goods is very fast. 2. The warehousing costs are reduced to the minimum. 3. It is suitable for the transportation of the perishable goods. 4. The risks associated with deterioration and obsolescence of the goods are reduced. 5 The insurance premium in the case of air transport is lower as compared to the sea transport in view of the reduced level of risks.

6. The losses due to rough handling, breakage and pilferage are also reduced to the minimum.

Disadvantages Price will be too high Non-direct points It will carry for only perishable goods Necessary

B) RAIL TRANSPORT
Rail carry the greatest amount of freight (see Exhibit), typically because of the volumes of forest products, grain, chemicals, metals, and bulk materials that are handled over great distances. 'Truck traffic includes for-hire and private carriers, also mail and express. .Water traffic includes both domestic and foreign traffic moving through U.S. rivers, canals, and the Great Lakes, but excludes domestic coastal and intercostals movements. Source: From Transportation in America, December 1991 Supplement, p. 10. ENO Foundation for Transportation Rail shipments can accommodate a wide range of types and sizes of goods-dry, liquid, frozen, controlled atmosphere, and awkwardly shaped-in carload (CL) shipments of up to 30,000 pounds or in less than carload quantities (LCL). At an average rate of just a few cents per ton-mile, rail is an inexpensive transport mode. However, rail shipments have limited accessibility. Goods must be moved to and from railroad terminus points, unless shippers or receivers have spur lines into their plants or warehouses. Railroads primarily are used to transport low-value, high-density, large-volume shipments over long distances. As an indication of the large scale of a rail shipment, manufactured goods shipments by rail average 36 tons, whereas forestry, mining, and mining products average 62 tons per shipment. Sensitive equipment may be damaged by the impact of rail cars being shunted in train assembly, so other modes are preferable for such shipments

. Advantages Low cost, high volume (Products: Heavy industry, minerals, chemicals, Agriculture ducts Autos, etc.)

Improving flexibility

Disadvantages: The railway requires a large investment of capital. The cost of construction, maintenance and overhead expenses are very high as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the investments are specific and immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the investments may mean wastage of huge resources .Another disadvantage of railway transport is its inflexibility. It routes and timings cannot be adjusted to individual requirements. Rail transport cannot provide door to door service as it is tied to a particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading involves greater cost, more wear and tear and wastage of time. The time cost of terminal operations are a great disadvantage of rail transport Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances and small traffic of goods. It involves much time and labour in booking and taking delivery of goods through railways as compared to motor transport. Because of huge capital requirements and traffic, railways cannot be operated economically in rural areas. Thus, large rural areas have no railway even today. This causes much inconvenience to the people living in rural areas.

Difficulties of rail transportation

Heavy-duty bridge structures needed Railroad-type grade, ballast, rails & cross-ties

On-street lines often take two traffic lanes Heavy-duty & costly structures Massive support columns Need additional right of way

Street stations Take away two to three traffic lanes Large & costly structures Open Passenger Platforms Stations can block traffic lanes Long construction time Major traffic disruptions

Dedicated right right-of-way Environment damage Noise, visual & drainage impacts

Service not attractive to most people Only carless people and limited others will ride system

C) PIPE LINE TRANSPORT

Pipelines are limited to transporting gases, liquids, and slurries (suspensions of solid particles in a liquid), operate at a low speed (about 10 miles per hour), and have limited accessibility. Their third rank in ton-miles carried is mainly due to the huge volume of liquid petroleum products they carry.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPE LINE TRANSPORT

Not suitable for general commodity transportation, restricted for liquid petroleum products Limited accessibility In addition require another accessible mode of transport Speed is quite low Longer transit time

movement of

High Fixed cost (i.e. investment in line , terminals and pumping stations) low Variable cost

Types of Pipelines The following are the main types of pipelines:1

1. Natural Gas Transmission and Storage. These lines are mostly interstate, transporting natural gas over 310,000 miles of pipelines from sources to communities, operated by more than 700 operators. More than 400 natural gas storage facilities are in the United States.

2. Hazardous Liquid Pipelines and Tanks. These pipelines predominately consist of interstate pipelines transporting crude oil to refineries and refined petroleum products (e.g., fuels) to marketing terminals and airports; they carry diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, anhydrous ammonia, and carbon dioxide to product terminals and airports. Nationwide, there are about 160,000 miles of these pipelines in operation, operated by more than 200 operators

3. Natural Gas Distribution. These are typically local distribution company pipelines, mostly intrastate, that transport natural gas from transmission pipelines to residential, commercial, and industrial customers. Included in this segment of the industry are the local distribution companies, i.e., natural gas utilities. More than 1,300 operators operated approximately 1.9 million miles of natural gas distribution pipelines nationwide

4. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Processing and Storage Facilities. More than 104 facilities nationwide either directly receive LNG from tank ship or truck or receive

D) ROAD/TRUCK TRANSPORT
The exporters from India can send their export shipments by road to Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Myanmar. Shipment to Bangladesh are sent b) road to Beanpole (border) where the customs formalities are completed and cargo is handed over to Bangladesh Customs. Similar land customs stations have been set up for export of goods to Nepal, Pakistan and Myanmar. The most popular mode of transportation is truck. Its importance in shipment of selected industrial products can be seen in the fact that more than 80 percent of the weight of all machinery, fabricated metal products, and rubber and plastic products shipped in the United States, and more than 90 percent of the otal weight of leather and leather products, moves by truck. Truck transport is the most available and accessible of the modes because motor

vehicles are not restricted by terminal-to-terminal operation but can provide service from the shipper's loading point to the receiver's dock. Highway transport is used mostly for short hauls of high-value manufactured goods, because trucks have higher operating costs and less capacity than trains.

GOALS

Provide a system of [thoroughfares and streets] roadways for the safe, efficient and comfortable movement of people and goods [between and within the various sections of the County]. Provide an integrated State and County transportation system so that new major routes will complement and encourage proposed land [uses.] policies Transportation Advantages: The capital cost of vehicles is relatively small. This produces several key characteristics of road transport. Low vehicle costs make it comparatively easy for new users to gain entry, which helps ensure that the trucking industry, for example, is highly competitive. Low capital costs also ensure that innovations and new technologies can diffuse quickly through the industry. Another advantage of road transport is the high relative speed of vehicles, the major constraint being government-imposed speed limits. One of its most important attributes is the flexibility of route choice, once a network of roads is provided. Road transport has the unique opportunity of providing door to door service for both passengers and freight
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD/TRUCK TRANSPORT

Unit of loading as well as transport is a vehicle, which is self, propelled. Automobile moves on metal led roads, contraction of which is cheap, easy, and quick. Automobile are user friendly in design and can be made to order Automobile mainly depend primarily on oil for its fuel and earth has limited storage of same

Automobile is considered as main source of environmental pollution. Provides Door-2-Door service

DIFFICULTIES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION

Traffic congestion and parking difficulties. Congestion is one of the most prevalent transport problems in large urban agglomerations. It is particularly linked with motorization and the diffusion of the automobile, which has increased the demand for transport infrastructures. However, the supply of infrastructures has often not been able to keep up with the growth of mobilitys.

Public transport inadequacy. Many public transit systems, or parts of them, are either over or under used. During peak hours, crowdedness creates discomfort for users as the system copes with a temporary surge in demand. Low rider ship makes many services financially unsustainable, particularly in suburban areas. .

Difficulties for pedestrians. These difficulties are either the outcome of intense traffic, where the mobility of pedestrians and vehicles is impaired, but also because of a blatant lack of consideration for pedestrians in the physical design of facilities.

Loss of public space. The majority of roads are publicly owned and free of access. Increased traffic has adverse impacts on public activities which once crowded the streets such as markets, agoras, parades and processions, games, and community interactions. .

Environmental impacts and energy consumption. Pollution, including noise, generated by circulation has become a serious impediment to the quality of life and even the health of urban populations. Further, energy consumption by urban transportation has dramatically increased and so the dependency on petroleum.

Accidents and safety. Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a growing number of accidents and fatalities, especially in developing countries. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring delays. As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the streets.

Land consumption. The territorial imprint of transportation is significant, particularly for the automobile. Between 30 and 60% of a metropolitan area may be devoted to transportation, an outcome of the over-reliance on some forms of urban transportation. Yet, this land consumption also underlines the strategic importance of transportation in the economic and social welfare of cities.

Freight distribution. Globalization and the materialization of the economy have resulted in growing quantities of freight moving within cities. As freight traffic commonly shares infrastructures with the circulation of passengers, the mobility of freight in urban areas has become increasingly problematic. City logistics strategies can be established to mitigate the variety of challenges faced by urban freight distribution.

D) SEA TRANSPORT
The prime advantage of water transport is its capability to move very large shipments. Water offers lowest-cost transport, but at a slow speed and restricted access. Deep-water shipments are primarily intercontinental, whereas domestic shipments move along the coasts and through the Great Lakes, canals, and navigable rivers such as the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri rivers and the St. Lawrence Seaway. Water carriers primarily move low-value, high-density cargoes such as cement, chemicals, grain, mined items, and basic bulk commodities. Sea transport involves carriage of goods by ship to the port of discharge. The contract of carriage of goods by sea refers to the contract between the shipper and the shipping line (referred to as the carrier) for transportation of goods against payment of remuneration (i.e. freight) to the carrier. The shipper may be the seller (exporter) of goods or freight forwarder or any other person sending shipment on behalf of the exporter. One who sends the shipment is called the consignor / shipper and the person to whom the goods are shipped is called the consignee. The consignee may be the buyer, a clearing agent, or any other person acting for the importer. It may so happen that the buyer may be importing goods on behalf of a customer in his country and in such a case may request the exporter to consign the goods to the customer directly. In this case, the consignee would be different from the buyer who placed the export order. The carrier may be the owner of the ship or a chartered. The latter is an agent who books the cargo on behalf of the shipping line. The legal carrier of the goods is the party contracting with the shipper to carry the goods; the carrier may be the actual carrier or may arrange for shipment by another carrier. In the latter case, he is usually responsible for the acts and omission of the other carrier. The shipper may pay the amount of freight or the consignee of the goods may pay it. With the development of combined or multi-modal transport systems, many of the

freight forwarders now contract as carriers even though they may not be personally involved in sea transport.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA TRANSPORT

Comparatively slow, depends on Tide Inflexible Reduces Door-2-Door capability Highly fuel-efficient system-Consumption of HSD is only 5.6 liters for 100Kms. Depends on availability of infrastructure, incase of Canals

FORMS OF SHIPPING

The forms of shipping represent the organization of shipping services. There are three basic forms of shipping as explained below: 1. Liner Shipping 2. Tramp shipping 3. Conference Shipping .Liner Shipping In case of Liner Shipping, a regular shipping line carries the merchandise. These shipping lines provide the shipping service by calling regularly at specified ports irrespective of quantity of cargo available. Such ships usually carry general cargo i.e. an accumulation of small loads belonging to many shippers. Each shipper pays the freight in accordance with the tariff based on volume, weight or the value of the cargo. The Liner Shipping companies provide commitment of regular service on specified sea routes at specified freight rates. Thus, such liner services are very useful for small exporters.

. Tramp Shipping Tramps are those ships, which are usually used for transportation of homogenous cargo, which is moved in bulk quantities. The examples of such cargoes are grain, coal, are, phosphates, timber, sugar, wheat etc. Such ships operate on single (specific voyage) or consecutive voyages (i.e. one voyage after another is taken up to transport the cargo). Such ships work on inducement~ basis and ply indiscriminately between the ports of the world depending upon the laws of demand and supply in the market. The rates in the tramp market are determined purely by the free inter play of the forces of demand and supply. The shipment of goods through tramps is known as tramp shipping. The shipping lines operating 10

as tramps can operate on any route for which the freight cargo is available. Thus, such shipping lines are not committed to any discipline in terms of service schedule and the freight rates. The market for shipping services for the carriage of bulk commodities is also referred to as the charter market and the shipping service is known as chartering.

. Conference Shipping A conference is an association of two or more liner shipping companies operating in a welldefined trade, plying on a fixed route or routes within certain geographical limits. The groups of liners in the conference operate based on common freight rates and tariffs as well as conditions of carriage. The shipping services provided by a conference are known as Conference Shipping. This form of shipping is for a particular trade only and represents specialization of the shipping companies to handle a particular type of cargo.

TYPES OF SHIPS

There are primarily four types of ships as explained below: Single deck vessels The twin deck vessels Shelter deck vessels Miscellaneous category ships
COST STRUCTURE VARIES BY MODE TRANSPORT COST CHARACTERISTICS FOR EACH MODE

Rail High Fixed cost, Low variable cost High Volume result in lower per unit(variable)cost Road/Truck Lower fixed cost(dont need to maintain roads) High unit cost than rail due to lower capacity per truck Terminal expenses and line haul expenses Sea Transport High terminal (port) costs and high equipment costs(both fixed) Very low unit costs

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Air Transport Substantial fixed cost Variable cost depend highly on distance traveled Pipeline transport Highest proportion of fixed cost of any mode due to pipeline ownership andMaintenance and extremely low variable cost.

Logistics Industry-current status in India

India is being touted as the land of opportunity for logistics service providers all over the world.

Indians logistics industry is fast coming into its own, poised to touch $125 billion in 2010.From $90 billion at present

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Environment Scan

India Logistics in India

Despite its favorable location between Asia and Europe and a population of more than 1 billion people, India has hardly been able to position itself on the economic market. It has only been in recent years that the country has been able to increasingly flex its economic muscle. But, India has much catching-up to do in logistics terms before it can reach the same level as the worlds leading industrial nations.

Geographic challenges in India

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for India is bordered on the north by the Himalaya Mountains. For this reason, creating road and rail connections from this direction is a major undertaking. In the south, though, the Indian peninsula is well suited for sea harbors. India is indeed the country with the worlds second-largest population. But the population is unequally distributed, creating major challenge logistics service providers.

Core countries for trade

The most important export countries for Indian products are the United States, the United Arab Emirates, China, Singapore and Great Britain. The biggest import trading partners are China, the United States, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates and Belgium .

Indian infrastructure A vital step in Indias further development is expanding the road and rail networks, and modernizing harbors and airports. In the process of globalization , which is expanding Indias position in world trade, transport volume has climbed rapidly in recent years. The expansion of the logistics infrastructure has been unable to keep up with this pace. For this reason, transport capacities have already reached their limits. The transshipping times for ships in Indian harbors are three to four times longer than the average time in the West. Logistics costs are also very high in international comparison because of the poor infrastructure. For this reason, India will have difficulties positioning itself as a global logistics hub in years ahead. Road transport is especially important for Indias transport system. After all, Transport hubs in India India has one of the worlds largest road networks, with a total length of 3.3 million kilometers. But much of this network does not meet Western standards. For instance, a truck takes five to six days to cover the 2,061-kilometer-long route between Bangalore and Delhi. The government is indeed trying to introduce counter-measures and shift freight transports 14

from the roads to the rails. But, first, the rail infrastructure must be expanded and the connections to harbors and airports improved. Many sub-areas of the 63,000-kilometer-long rail network still use the technology of 1947, the year that British colonialists left. Only about onequarter of the routes are electrified. One other challenge is the four gauge widths used in the rail network .

Logistics requirements and service areas

Road transports are characterized by small forwarders who frequently use antiquated technology. In addition, the splintered political structure requires an excellent understanding of local conditions . As national highways in India are built and road transports are increasingly liberalized, the productivity of road shipping will rise in years ahead. The network business with LTL in India has excellent potential. The Indian road transport market is forecast to rise to $40 billion by 2012 - it is currently $28 billion. The CEP market on the subcontinent is growing rapidly. In the last five years, revenue has experienced double-digit growth, climbing to about $650 million. Its share of the entire logistics market totals only about 3 percent. International service providers are working to set up or acquire domestic networks in India . Logistics service providers have been focusing more extensively on traditional storage functions and distribution. But the number of high-bay warehouses that meet European standards is extremely small. Typical added-value services that meet Western standards also are hardly offered. For this reason, the contract logistics market in India has a share of only about 6 percent of the entire logistics market .

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Logistics centers in India

In terms of logistics, India remains a developing country in many areas. For instance, it has hardly any multimodal logistics centers. Despite its good geographic position, India has also been unable to evolve into a hub for international freight transports, like Dubai. In regional terms, India lags behind logistics centers like Singapore, Thailand and Hong Kong. Currently, India is moving forward with a plan to turn the countrys 12 main harbors into integrated freight hubs. Many of these harbors do not have the rail and road connections needed to handle the transport volume of ships. Containers frequently sit for weeks in the harbor before they can be transported .

Important logistics service providers

The largest Indian logistics service providers are Shipping Corporation of India, Container Corporation of India, Great Eastern Shipping, Reliance Ports / Terminals, Essar Shipping, Transport Corporation of India, Reliance Logistics, Blue Dart Express, Varun Shipping Company and BLR India. International service providers are Schenker, DHL, Arvato, Khne & Nagel and TNT .

Indian Road Network

India has the second highest largest road network-3.3 million km. US has the largest road network with 6.4 million km & China-1.8 Million km .National highway 2% of total road length. .But carry goods traffic of India. 40% of

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Indian Rail Logistics

The Indian Railways boasts of being the worlds 2nd largest rail network spread over 81,511 km and covering 6896 stations The freight segment accounts for roughly two thirds of railways revenues.

Indias Sea Logistics

India now has the largest merchant shipping fleet among the developing countries.

.India ranks 17thin the world in shipping tonnage

Indian share of maritime transport services is 1% of world market

The container traffic has registered an impressive growth of 15 per cent over the last five years.

Indian Ports

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Indias Aviation Logistics Sector

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 Aviation holds a small share of India s freight market Air Freight is very expensive in India in comparison to road and rail.. India accounts for meager 3% of the global air cargo market As per an expert estimate, Indian air cargo industry is going to be double by the year 2010. Cargo-garments, machinery, components, pharmaceuticals, dyes, chemicals and perishables [fruit, vegetables, flowers, fish and meat]. Major International cargo airports-Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, Trichy, Hyderabad, Delhi, Coimbatore, Cochin.

.Major domestic cargo airports Ahmedabad, Goa, Lucknow, Visakhapatnam,Madurai in addition to the above.

OBJECTIVES 19

 To understanding logistic services and system toward the transportation of the goods. To know the modes of transportation procedure and benefits of transportation To know the current status of Indian logistics services To know complete details of transportation. To understand which transportation is better for demotic market

Needs for the study

The study helps me to understand best transportation in logistic service. It makes me to know the transportation and logistics service.

It helps to know the difficulties faced by while transporting the goods It helps to know which service is good road rail. It help me to understand which mode of service is good in logistic in a region.

Methodology
The methodology adopted for the present study is the outline a under.

The research as started with using for this study is descriptive research forces on providing to accurate description of the variables in the problem model. It better describes marketing problems, situation or markets, such as the current status studies for modes of transportation and their difficulties

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Study has taken customers opinion about the transportation and their difficulties

Primary data

These are the data have been collected for the first time through survey, observation; the researchers records experimentation for the first time to their knowledge .As the data collection methods 1. Surveys 2. Observation

Questionnaire is measurement technique for the required information. Which is having set of questions is used to seek details of the research objectives. The researcher has been surveyed using questionnaire for data collection modes of transportation and their difficulties how is the service facilities , competitors & other requirements. Questionnaire includes close ended questions and open ended question.

Secondary data
Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else & which have been used and published or kept for public .in this research, primary data has strength and essential which has been adopted and also secondary data.

Sources 1. Board 2. Magazines 3. Websites 4. Pamphlet

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5. Advertisement

A] SIZE OF THE SAMPLE

Sample size of Hubli and logistics has been taken into consideration .sample size is taken on the bases of study. Sampling selected because it is one of the largest city in the Karnataka. Where we find more information in logistic services and railway service in twin city

AREA HUBLI CITY DHARWAD TOTAL

SAMPLE SIZE 15 O5 2o

Total size of sample of 20 is obtained in the survey. b] SAMPLING DESINE [TOOLS]

To know the response I have used the questionnaire method in sample survey. If one wishes to find what people think or know, the logical procedure is to ask them. This has leads study to use the questionnaire technique for collecting data more than any other method.

In this method questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and they were asked to answer the questions in the questionnaire. The questionnaires were structured non-disguised questionnaire because the questions, which the questionnaire contained, were arranged in a specific order besides every question asked was logical for the study; no question can be termed as irrelevant.

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The questionnaire, were non-disguised because of the questionnaire were constructed so that the objective is clear to the respondent. The respondents were aware of the objective. They knew why they asked to fill the questionnaire.

C] SAMPLE TECHNIQE

The methodology adopted for the present study is the outline as under. The research as started with using for this study is descriptive research forces on providing to accurate description of the variables in the problem model. It better describes marketing problems, situation or markets, such as the transportation studies for which service is better in logistic

Study has taken to customers opinion about the modes of transportation and their difficulties and which transportation is better for giving the service

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Data collection Primary data

These are the data have been collected for the first time through study, observation; the researchers records experimentation for the first time to their knowledge .As the data collection methods.

Surveys Observation

Questionnaire is measurement technique for the required information. Which is having set of questions is used to seek details of the research objectives. The researcher has been surveyed using questionnaire for data collection for transportation we can come to know the flexibility , competitors & other requirements. Questionnaire includes close ended questions and open ended question.

Secondary data
Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else & which have been used and published or kept for public .in this research, primary data has strength and essential which has been adopted and also secondary data. Sources 1. Magazines

2. Websites 3. Pamphlet

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GEOGROPHICALE STUDY

The study was conducted in a transportation area of hubli and railway station and logistic services it is survey on modes of transportation and their difficulties an opinion by organization associates of transportation and whomsoever having knowledge about modes information about modes of transportation

they have given all

geographical area of study in hubli itself

Data analysis
Data analysis by using the software excel Data analysis by various group and methods

1) Did you aware about transportation

Did you aware about transportation

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 YES NO Series1

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2) Which transportation is better for demotic market?

Which transportation is better for Series1, domestic market

Pipelineway , 5, 6% Series1, Waterway, 10, 11% Series1, Airway, 15, 17% Series1, Railway, 20, 22%

Road way Series1, Road way, 40, 44% Railway Airway Waterway Pipelineway

3) Is the logistic is needed for public service

Is the logistic needed for public service

NO, 30, 30% YES NO YES, 70, 70%

4) Is there any competition between road transport & rail transport

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Is ther any competetor between road &rail transportaton

Rail, 45, 41% Road, 65, 59%

Road Rail

LIMITATION

The survey was conducted transportation area of hubli Limited expression and interaction

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 Lack of contextual understanding The survey need to be complete in given period only

CHAPTER-2

Overview of the study

The main thing in the study report is the proper identification of the city and then setting of the study objectives. As we have clearly maintained in the objectives that we need to find out the transportation and logistic service of in hubli to find out these things we need to go for

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the collection of the data that determine required results about the logistics .So with the help of data elements we were able find out the reasons for the transportation After finding out the data needs the next task is to go for identifying the data sources .these are the sources, which are capable of providing us with the relevant data depending customer satisfaction. In the research decision was made on the data collection methods. for the primary data we went for questionnaires ,which basically helped us to find out the which transportation is better the answer got by research . Thus through this research we could verify the insights & to make decision for selecting course of action. Researcher has got complete knowledge about modes of transportation Researcher came to know there are many difficulties will come After researching we came to know which transportation is leading

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CONCLUSIONS
This project is an effort to throw some light on current situation of transpiration and logistics industry in India .as we know logistics industry is growing industry in India it has immense scope of development provided it gets right kind of infrastructure and strategies, . Indian infrastructure is nothing much to write about because of its pathetic road and poor connectivity though efforts have been made by government to improve its condition. Several infrastructure projects are under way, which is definitely going to boost this industry. In initial part of this project I have tried to explain modes transportation and logistics and I have talked about various sectors of logistics industry like road, air, railway, and sea, all these four sectors have to be equally developed to boost the growth. Then we will study about railway transportation service..

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CHAPTER-4

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

They are should provide food item to the rural resident. They should make aware of the customers which are better There should not be any compulsion that customer wanted to get enjoy while drunk this is the main drawback of all food product. They should make advantage for aware of the people

If heat processing is used the vitamins are lost so maintain that quality

Should not use Preservatives always

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Business India research work logistics management magazine government supply chain and logistics: direction for future world bank report on logistics sector WWW.LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT.COM

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Institute of management studies Hubli

Questionnaires A study on modes of transportation and their difficulties

Name Gender.. Age.. Qualification. Cell No

1) Did you aware about transportation? Yes No

2) Which transportation is better for demotic market? Road way Railway Air way Water way Pipeline

3) Which transportation do you like? Road way Railway Air way Water way Pipeline

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4) For what purpose do you like it? Good service Time management Flexible

5) Is the logistic is needed for public service? Yes No

6) Is there any competition between road transport & rail transport? Yes No

8) Transportation service is convenient for you? Yes No

9) Do you have any opinion regarding the transportation? ..

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