Mechanical Engineering interview questions and answers

What are the different types of fits? Explain? On the basis of Indian standards fits can mainly be categorized into three groups: > Clearance Fit: These types of fits are characterized by the occurrence of a clearance between the two mating parts. The difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft is called the minimum clearance, the difference between the maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft is known as maximum clearance. > Interference Fit: In these types of fits the size of the mating parts are predefined so that interference between them always occurs. The tolerance zone of the hole is completely below the tolerance zone of the shaft. > Transition Fit: As the name suggests these type of fit has its mating parts sized limited to allow either clearance or interference. The tolerance zone of the hole and the shaft overlaps in case of such fits. For a shaft designated as 40 H8/f7, calculate the tolerances. Given: Shaft designation = 40 H8/f7 The shaft designation 40 H8/f 7 means that the basic size is 40 mm and the tolerance grade for the hole is 8 ( i. e. I T 8) and for the shaft is 7 ( i. e. I T 7). Since 40 mm lies in the diameter steps of 30 to 50 mm, therefore the geometric mean diameter, D = Square root of (30 x 50) = 38.73 mm We know that standard tolerance unit, i = 0.45 x Cube root of (D) + 0.001 D i = 0.45 3.38 + 0.03873 = 1.559 73 or 1.56 microns i = 1.56 0.001 = 0.001 56 mm ...(1 micron = 0.001 mm) The standard tolerance for the hole of grade 8 (IT8) = 25 i = 25 0.001 56 = 0.039 mm The standard tolerance for the shaft of grade 7 (IT7) = 16 i = 16 0.001 56 = 0.025 mm What are the factors that can affect the Factor of safety selection? The factor of safety is used in designing a machine component. Prior to selecting the correct factor of safety certain points must be taken into consideration such as: > The properties of the material used for the machine and the changes in its intrinsic properties over the time period of service. > The accuracy and authenticity of test results to the actual machine parts. > The applied load reliability. > The limit of stresses (localized). > The loss of property and life in case of failures. > The limit of initial stresses at the time period of manufacture. > The extent to which the assumptions can be simplified.

The factor of safety also depends on numerous other considerations such as the material, the method of manufacturing , the various types of stress, the part shapes etc. What is heat treatment and why is it done? Heat treatment can be defined as a combination of processes or operations in which the heating and cooling of a metal or alloy is done in order to obtain desirable characteristics without changing the compositions. Some of the motives or purpose of heat treatment are as follows: > In order to improve the hardness of metals. > For the softening of the metal. > In order to improve the machinability of the metal. > To change the grain size. > To provide better resistance to heat, corrosion, wear etc. Heat treatment is generally performed in the following ways: > Normalizing > Annealing > Spheroidising > Hardening > Tempering > Surface or case hardening What are the rules that must be kept in mind while designing castings? Some of the points that must be kept in mind during the process of cast designing are as follows: > To avoid the concentration of stresses sharp corners and frequent use of fillets should be avoided. > Section thicknesses should be uniform as much as possible. For variations it must be done gradually. > Abrupt changes in the thickness should be avoided at all costs. > Simplicity is the key, the casting should be designed as simple as possible. > It is difficult to create true large spaces and henceforth large flat surfaces must be avoided. > Webs and ribs used for stiffening in castings should as minimal as possible. > Curved shapes can be used in order to improve the stress handling of the cast. What are the points that should be kept in mind during forging design? Some of the points that should be followed while forging design are: > A radial flow of grains or fibers must be achieved in the forged components. > The forged items such as drop and press forgings should have a parting line that should divide the forging into two equal halves. > The ribs in a forging should not be high or thin. > In order to avoid increased die wear the pockets and recesses in forgings should be minimum. > In forgings the parting line of it should lie as far as possible in a single plane. > For ease of forging and easy removal of forgings the surfaces of the metal should contain sufficient drafts.

Describe briefly the different cold drawing processes. Some of the important cold drawing processes are as follows: > Bar and Rod Drawing: In the case of bar drawing the hot drawn bars are at first pickled, washed and coated to prevent oxidation. Once this is done a draw bench is used for the process of cold drawing. In order to make an end possible to enter a drawing die the diameter of the rod is reduced by the swaging operation. This end is fastened by chains to the draw bench and the end is gripped by the jaws of the carriage. In this method a high surface finish and accuracy dimensionally is obtained. The products of this process can be used directly without any further machining. > Wire Drawing: Similar to the above process the bars are first pickled, washed and coated to prevent any oxidation. After this the rods are passed through several dies of decreasing diameter to provide a desired reduction in the size ( diameter ). The dies used for the reduction process is generally made up of carbide materials. >Tube Drawing: This type of drawing is very similar to the bar drawing process and in majority of cases it is accomplished by the use of a draw bench. What are the different theories of failure under static load, explain briefly? The main theories of failure of a member subjected to bi-axial stress are as follows: > Maximum principal stress theory ( Rankines theory): This theory states that failure occurs at a point in member where the maximum principal or normal stress in a bi-axial system reaches the maximum strength in a simple tension test. > Maximum shear stress theory ( Guests or Trescas theory): This theory states that failure occurs when the biaxial stress reaches a value equal to the shear stress at yield point in a simple tension test. > Maximum principal strain theory ( Saint Venant theory): This theory states that failure occurs when bi-axial stress reaches the limiting value of strain. > Maximum strain energy theory ( Haighs theory): This theory states that failure occurs when strain energy per unit volume of the stress system reaches the limiting strain energy point. > Maximum distortion energy theory ( Hencky and Von Mises theory): This theory states that failure occurs when strain energy per unit volume reaches the limiting distortion energy. 8. What are the assumptions made in simple theory of bending? The assumptions made in the theory of simple bending are: > The material of the beam is homogeneous this implies that it is uniform in density, strength and have isotropic properties meaning possessing same elastic property in all directions. > Even after bending the cross section of the beam remains constant. > During the initial stages the beam is straight and unstressed. > All the stresses in the beam are within the elastic limit of its material. > The layers of the beam are free to contract and expand longitudinally and laterally > On any cross section the perpendicular resultant force of the beam is zero. > Compared to the cross-sectional dimension of the beam the radius of curvature is very large. 9. Why is stress considered important in a shaft?

The following types of stresses are prevalent in shafts: > At the outermost surface of the shaft the max shear stress occurs on the cross-section of the shaft. > At the surface of the shaft on the longitudinal planes through the axis of the shaft the maximum longitudinal shear stress occurs. > At 45 degrees to the maximum shearing stress planes at the surface of the shafts the major principal stress occurs. It equals the max shear stress on the cross section of the shaft. > For certain materials where the tensile and compressive strengths are lower in measure as compared to the shear strength, then the shaft designing should be carried out for the lowest strengths. > All these stresses are of significance as they play a role in governing the failure of the shaft. All theses stresses get generated simultaneously and hence should be considered for designing purposes 10. What do you understand by the Hooke`s Coupling what are its purposes? The Hooke`s coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axes intersect at a small angle. The two shafts are inclined at an angle and is constant. During motion it varies as the movement is transferred from one shaft to another. One of the major areas of application of this coupling is in gear boxes where the coupling is used to drive the rear wheels of trucks and other vehicles. In such usage scenarios two couplings are used each at the two ends of the coupling shaft. they are also used to transfer power for multiple drilling machines. The Hooke`s coupling is also known as the Universal coupling. The torque transmitted by the shafts is given by : T= (pie/16) x t x (d) cube Where T = torque, t = shear stress for the shaft material and d the diameter of the shaft. 11. What kind of materials should be used for shafts manufacturing? Some of the qualities that should be present in materials for shafts are as follows: > The material should have a high index of strength. > Also it should have a high level of machinability. > The material should possess a low notch sensitivity factor. > The material must also have wear resistant properties. > Good heat treatment properties should also be present The common material used to creates shafts of high strengths an alloy of steel like nickel is used. The shafts are manufactured by hot rolling processes and then the shaft is finished using drawing or grinding processes. 12. Why should a chain drive be used over a belt or rope driven drive? State pro`s and con`s? The advantages of using a chain drives are: > In a chain drive no slip occurrence takes place. > The chains take less space as compared to rope or belts as they are made of metal and offer much strength. > The chain drives can be used at both short and long ranges and they offer a high level of transmission efficiency.

> Chain drives can transmit more load and power as compared to belts. > A very high speed ratio can be maintained in one step of chain drives. Some of the cons of using a chain drive are: > The cost of producing chain drives is higher as compared to that of belts. > The chain drives must be serviced and maintained at regular intervals and henceforth their cost of ownership is high comparatively. 13. What are the different types of springs and explain them briefly? Springs can be broadly classified into the following types: > Helical Springs: These springs as their name suggests are in coil form and are in the shape of helix. The primary purpose of such springs are to handle compressive and tensile loads. They can be further classified into two types: compression helical spring and tension helical spring each having their own unique areas of application./ > Conical and volute springs: Both these spring types have specialized areas of usage where springs with adaptable rate according to the load is required. In case of conical springs they are wound so as to have a uniform pitch while on the other hand volute springs are wound in a slight manner of a parabloid. > Torsion Springs: The characteristics of such springs is that they tend to wind up by the load. They can be either helical or spiral in shape. These types of springs are used in circuit breaker mechanisms. > Leaf springs: These types of springs are comprised of metal plates of different lengths held together with the help of bolts and clamps. Commonly seen being used as suspensions for vehicles. > Disc Springs: As the name suggests such types of springs are comprised of conical discs held together by a bolt or tube. > Special Purpose Springs: These springs are all together made of different materials such as air and water. 14. During the design of a friction clutch what are the considerations that should be made? In order to design a friction clutch the following points must be kept in mind: > The material for the contact surfaces must be carefully selected. > For high speed devices to minimize the inertia load of the clutch, low weight moving parts must be selected. > The contact of the friction surfaces must be maintained at all the times without the application of any external forces. > Provisions for the facilitation of repairs must be there. > In order to increase safety the projecting parts of a clutch must be covered. > A provision to take up the wearing of the contact surfaces must be present. > Heat dissipaters to take away the heat from the point of contacting surfaces must be there. 15. What are the different types of brakes and explain them briefly? Brakes can be classified on the basis of their medium used to brake, they are as follows: > Hydraulic Brakes: These brakes as their name suggest use a fluid medium to push or repel the

brake pads for braking. > Electric Brakes: These brakes use electrical energy to deplete or create a braking force. Both the above types of breaks are used primarily for applications where a large amount of energy is to be transformed. > Mechanical Brakes: They can be further classified on the basis of the direction of their acting force: Radial Brakes: As their names suggests the force that acts on the brakes is of radial direction. They can further be classified into internal and external blades. Axial Brakes: In these types of brakes the braking force is acting in an axial direction as compared to radial brakes. 16. On what basis can sliding contact bearings be classified? Explain? Sliding contact bearings can be classified on the basis of the thickness of the lubricating agent layer between the bearing and the journal. They can be classified as follows: > Thick film bearings: These type of bearings have their working surface separated by a layer of the lubricant. They are also known as hydrodynamic lubricated bearings. > Thin film bearings: In this type of bearings the surfaces are partially in direct contact with each other even after the presence of a lubricant. The other name for such type of bearings is boundary lubricated bearings. > Zero Film Bearings: These type of bearings as their name suggests have no lubricant present between the contact layers. > Externally or hydrostatically pressurized lubricated bearings: These bearings are able to without any relative motion support steady loads 17. What are the basis on which the best material for Sliding Contact Bearings manufacturing? Some of the important properties to lookout for in the material for sliding contact bearings are as follows: > Compressive Strength: In order to prevent the permanent deformation and intrusion of the bearing the material selected should be possess a high compressive strength to bear the max bearing pressure. > Fatigue Strength: the material selected for the bearing should be able to withstand loads without any surface fatigue cracks getting created. This is only possible if the material has a high level of fatigue strength. > Comfortability: The material should be able to adjust or accommodate bearing inaccuracies and deflections without much wear and heating. > Embeddability: The material should allow the embedding of small particles without effecting the material of the journal. > Bondability: The bearings may be created by bringing together ( bonding ) multiple layers of the material. Due to the above reason the bondability of the material should be sufficiently high. > Thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance: Thermal conductivity is an essential property for bearing materials as it can help in quickly dissipating the generated heat. Also the material should have a level of corrosion resistance against the lubricant. 18. Briefly explain the advantages of Cycloidal and Involute gears?

The advantages of the Cycloidal gears are as follows: > Having a wider flank as compared to Involute gears they are considered to have more strength and hence can withstand further load and stress. > The contact in case of cycloidal gears is between the concave surface and the convex flank. This results in less wear and tear. > No interference occurs in these types of gears. The advantages of Involute gears are as follows: > The primary advantage of involute gears is that it allows the changing of the centre distance of a pair without changing the velocity ratio. > The pressure angle remains constant from start to end teeth, this results in less wear and smooth running of the gears. > The involute gears are easier to manufacture as they can be generated in a single curve ( the face and flank ). 19. How can the reaction of support of a frame be evaluated? Generally roller or hinged support are used to support the frames. The conditions of equilibrium are used to determine the reaction support of a frame. The condition of equilibrium takes place when the sum of the horizontal and vertical forces sum equal to zero. The system must form a state of equilibrium even after considering the external loads and the reactions at the supports. For equilibrium to be prevalent in the system the following conditions are required to be in occurrence: > Summation of V = 0. This implies that the summation of all the forces in the vertical direction results to zero. > Summation of H = 0 . This implies that the total of all the forces acting in horizontal direction is also zero. > Summation of M = 0. The sum of all the moment of forces around a point must be zero. 20. Explain in an orderly manner how the force in the member of a truss be detected using the method of joint. The steps required to calculate the force are as follows: > The reaction at the support has to be first calculated. > Once the reaction is calculated the direction of force of the member is made to make it tensile. On getting the result to be negative the direction assumed is wrong and this implies the force being compressive in nature. > A joint needs to be selected whose 2 members are not known. The lami`s theorem is used on the joint on which less than three forces are acting. > After the above process is complete the free body diagrams of the joint needs to be made. Since the system is in equilibrium the condition of Summation of V and H must result in zero. > After the above step the resolution of forces method needs to be used on the joint on which more than 4 forces are acting. 21. In order to derive the torsional formulas what are the assumptions taken?

The torsion equation is derived on the basis of following assumptions: > The shaft material is uniform, throughout the shaft. > Even after loading the shaft circular remains circular. > After the application of torques the plain section of a shaft remains plain. > Any twist that occurs in the shaft remains uniform and constant. > After the application of torque the distance between any two cross-sectional references remains constant. > The elastic limit value of a shaft is never exceeded even after the shear stress induced because of torque application. 22. What are Bevel Gears and what are its types? Bevel gears are the type of gears in which the two shafts happen to intersect. The gear faces which are tooth bearing are conical in shape. They are generally mounted on shafts which are 90 degrees apart but they can be made to work at other angles as well. The bevel gears are classified into the following types on the basis of pitch surfaces and shaft angles: > Mitre Gears: These types of gears are similar to each other ie. they have the same pitch angles and contain the same number of teeth. The shaft axes intersect at 90 degrees angle. > Angular bevel gears: When two bevel gears connect at any angle apart from 90 degrees. > Crown bevel gears: When the two shaft axes intersect at an angle greater than 90 and one of the bevel gears have a pitch angle of 90 degrees they are known as crown bevel gears. > Internal bevel gears: In these type of gears the teeth on the gears is cut on the inside area of the pitch cone. 23. What are the different values that need to be determined in order to design a cylinder for an ICE? The following values are needed to be determined: > Thickness of the cylinder wall: The cylinder walls in an engine is made witness to gas pressure and the side thrust of a piston. This results in two types of stresses: longitudinal and circumferential stress. Both the types of stresses are perpendicular to each other and hence it is aimed to reduce the resulting stress as much as possible. > Length and bore of the cylinder: The length of the cylinder and the length of the stroke is calculated on the basis of the formula: length of cylinder L = 1.15 times the length of the stroke (l). L = 1.15(l) > Cylinder flange and studs: The cylinders are always cast integral as a part of the upper crankcase or in some cases attached to it by means of nuts and bolts. The flange is integral to a cylinder and henceforth its thickness should be greater than that of the cylinder wall. The thickness of flange should generally be between 1.2t-1.4t where t is the cylinder thickness. The stud diameter is calculated by equating gas load ( due to max pressure ) to the grand total of all the resisting forces of the studs. 24. What are considerations taken into account while creating a piston head? The piston head is designed on the basis of the following considerations: > The crown should have enough strength to absorb the explosion pressure inside the engine

cylinder. > The head must always dissipate the heat of the explosion as quickly as possible to the engine walls. The thickness of the head is calculated on the basis of another formula which takes into consideration the heat flowing through the head, the conductivity factor of the material. The temperature at the center and edges of the head. > The thickness of the piston head is calculated on the basis of the Grashoff`s formula which takes into consideration the maximum gas pressure of an explosion , the permissible bending and the outside diameter of the piston. 1. What is mechanism? 2. How Sap is useful for mechanical engineers? 3. What is Newton law, explain it. 4. Explain the law of thermodynamics? What is a importance of it in a field of Mechanical Engineering? 5. What is Hess law? 6. What is PS? 7. What is bearing? Explain types of it. 8. What is the process flow diagram? 9. What is a time and motion theory? 10. Which is the hardest material on earth? 11. One unit of BTU has how much number of Joules? 12. Explain the procedure of operating a pump? 13. What does a pump develop, Give reason to support your answer 14. Pipe Explain the concept behind it 15. Explain the difference between pipe and a tube? 16. Explain the formula of heal loss in a pipe. 17. What kind of pipes are used for steam lines? 18. Who invented a four stroke engine? According to you which one is more efficient Four stroke engine and a two stoke engine and why? 19. What do you understand by the concept of 6 stroke engine? Explain how it work. 20. Explain what is torque? 21. What is the difference between torque and power? 22. Explain why diesel engine called as high torque and petrol engine as high speed engine? 23. Why heavy vehicles are made by diesel engine? 24. How does length and initial angel effect period in a simple pendulum? 25. Explain the difference between projectile motion and rocket motion? 26. According to you which one is stronger thick steel wire or thick steel wire and why? 27. Between steel copper and brass,which conduct faster heat. 28. Explain the types of sensor and their explanation. 29. What all are the mineral needed to make a car? 30. With the help of which instrument we can measure a speed in a car? 31. Advantage and disadvantage of using LPG in a car? 32. Why gas container are mostly in a cylindrical shape? 33. Explain, why re-heater is used in gas turbine? 34. How can a square section cut in lathe? 35. how many types of suspension is used in automobiles?

36. What is DTSI? Why it is used in motor bikes? 37. What are the advantages of DTSI over normal engines? 38. What is meant by gear ratio? 39. What is the ratio of specific heat of air? 40. What is the percentage of carbon present in pig iron?

Automobile Engineering interview questions and answers

Explain the reason that why big tyres are used in rear of vehicles. Large tyres provide larger surface area touching the ground, thus providing the more pulling power. Basically tractors have larger rear tyres because tractors dont have to operate at higher speeds, thus getting the same ground speed with larger tyres. Moreover gear ratios dont have to be as high as b/c of the tyres. What is kingpin offset? State some of its application. The kingpin offset is the part, basically called as pivot used in the steering of the vehicles. This offset helps in rotating of the steering and thus its very useful in steering mechanism of the cars. Applications: This is also used to measure scrub radius with the help of geometric parameters of wheel plane above and below ground level. It provides directional stability to the vehicles when it i combined with the caster. Explain the basic difference between BS2 and BS3 engine. The basic difference of BS2 and BS3 engines is the presence of catalytic convertor. Catalytic convertor is present in BS3 engine which helps in reducing the formation of HC and CO. While in BS2 engine, no catalytic convertor is present which forms HC and CO. Thus in BS3 engine there is no emission of harmful CO and HC. The full form of BS is bharat stage, which is a standard of emission in India. What is an injector pressure in heavy vehicles? Why it is used? Injector pressure i s the pressure at which the fuel can be injected into the vehicle. In heavy vehicles, injector pressure is 220 kg/cm square. It is used to set up the standard fuel injection in the vehicles. With the help of injector pressure we can calculate the amount of fuel needed, through the following formula: Est. Horsepower x B.S.F.C / No. of injectors x duty cycle = lb/hr per injector cc = lb/hr x 10.5 During the drive torque, what will be the weight shift? In case of cars the torque is applied to the rear wheels, thus limiting accelerator due to front wheel drive due to weight transfer. This drive is bolted to the chassis of the car. Modern manufacturers therefore design rear wheel drive to have similar handling to front wheel drive wherever possible via suspension tuning.

In a tractor, how the hydrostatic propulsion systems work? This system is based on Pascals law. In a tractor the pressure is same, so the force given by the liquid to the surrounding is equal to the pressure X area. Thus, obeying the Pascals law hydrostatic propulsion system is designed, similarly small piston feels small force and the large piston feels larger area. Explain the reason that why the tyres are always black in colour. Is this phenomena related to the heat conduction? Tyres colour is black due to the proportion of carbon mixed in it during the vulcanization of the rubber, to make the tyre shear resistant. Without vulcanization tyres won't be able to bear the friction heat and stress of the road. Thus carbon is responsible for giving tyres the prominent black colour. Adding of carbon prevents tyres from rapidly deteriorating because when ozone combines with the ultraviolet light from the sun. It attacks the polymer of the tyre. What is BHP? How can you measure BHP? BHP is Brake Horsepower. It reflects the powerfulness of the brakes of the vehicles. BHP stands for how much power will be required to make the engine stop working i.e. to stop the rotation of the engine. BHP = 2 times pi times torque times revolutions; all this divided by 550. Pi is 3.1416 and torque is in pounds-feet, and revolutions are revs per second What will happen if someone adds oil to the fuel of four stroke bike engine? This will result in damaging of the engine faster. Adding oil will lead to the higher wear and tear of the cylinder liner, piston and damage to the piston. It will lead to abnormal combustion and knocking and detonation. Dark smoke and abnormal sounds will be generated by the engine. One should not mix oil with the fuel of four stroke engine. How will you differentiate between two stroke engine and four stroke engine? In case of two stroke engine, rotation of crank shaft will be power stroke for every two rotations. During compression stroke, fuel will flow towards the crank case(suction) and during power stroke, exhaust will emit the burnt fuel through the transfer ports. While in case of four stroke engine, rotation of crank shaft will be power stroke for every four rotation. Moreover, suction compression power and exhaust strokes are separate as there will be inlet and exhaust valves. What is the size of the recommended compressor CFM? Where it can be used? It is generally used in spray painting of very small areas. It can be used where painting with brush is very difficult. thus to improve the rate of painting the spray painting is used as this method is very fast and efficient. Usually reciprocating compressors are used but size depends on requirements.

What is the range of engine efficiency in case of two stroke engine? The two stroke engines have very high range to be compared to the four stroke engines. Because power stroke is generated every two revolution while in four stroke, power stroke is generated every four revolutions. What do you understand by CC of engine? The meaning of CC is cubic centimeters. It represents the total volume of the engine cylinder. This reflects that the engines with more CC can generate more powers than the other engines. CC can also be related as inversely proportional to the fuel consumption. What is back compressor in engines? Back compression means the compression capability of the engine. An diesel engine can compress at the ratio of 14:1 to as high as 25:1. Thus the higher compression leads to better efficiency of the engine. Thick black smoke is emitted when the engines compression is reduced which leads to the deformed ead-gasket lead into crankcase. How air conditioners work in cars? Air conditioners are based on the principles of evaporation and condensation and then compression and expansion. The hot air of the car is removed by the process of evaporation and then the condensation of the evaporated air takes places which is then further compressed by the compressor and then finally expanded to us in the form of cold breeze. Somehow, Air conditioning reduces the average of the car, as the energy is required to remove the hot air and then compression and expansion. What are three methods of heat transfer? Three methods of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction: The transfer of energy by collisions between the atoms and molecules in a material. Convection: Transfers heat when particles move between objects or areas that differ in temperature. Radiation: The transfer of energy by waves. Why the plastic materials used in the screwdriver's handles? Due to non-conducting nature of plastic, it is widely used for the electricity purposes. Moreover, plastic is cheap and strong so it is less prone to damage. Furthermore, plastic does not bend and does not slips from the users hands. Does diesel engine powered automobile use unit pump and unit injector?

In the case of the engines powered by diesel fuel supply systems, unit pump & unit injector are operated by camshaft & thus pressure of injected fuel depends on engine speed. Whereas,in common rail systems it is independent of engine speed. If we use gasoline in diesel engine, what will happen? Adding gasoline to the diesel engine may blast off the engine. Compression ratio of the petrol engine is 6 to 10 and diesel engine is 15 to 22. Thus gasoline will get very highly compressed and might result in blast off engine. What is octane number and cetane number? Octane number can be defined as the percentage, by volume, of iso-octane in the mixture of isooctane and h-heptane. It is the measure of rating of SI engine. While cetane number can be defined as the percentage,by volume, of n-cetane in the mixture of n-cetane and alpha methyl naphthalene. It is the measure of rating of CI engine. Explain the significance of governor in automobiles? Governor is an important component of automobile engine. It is used to regulate the main speed of engine during the variations in loads. With the variations in the load, fuel supply has to be maintained. This task is performed by the governor. In the case of high load on the engine, speed decreases, hence fuel supply has to be increased and similarly when load decreases then the fuel supply has to be decreased. What is the reason for emitting the white exhaust smoke during start of the vehicle? How will you prevent this? The main cause of white smoke is water or anti-freeze entering the cylinder, so the engine starts to burn it with the fuel. That white smoke is nothing but steam. Prevention measures: There are special gaskets i.e. head gaskets and primary gaskets that prevent the anti-freeze from entering into the cylinder area. This anti-freeze will produce a white steam which will accumulate at the tailpipe area. What are MPFI and TPFC systems? MPFI stands for Multi Point Fuel Injection. In this system fuel is injected into the intake ports which is situated just upstream of each cylinders intake valve. These systems are sequential systems, in which injection is timed to coincide with intake stroke of each cylinder. TPFC stands for transient power fuel control system. In this type of systems constant choke carburetor is used. The salient feature of this carburetor is that it provides jerk less engine raise. In these systems, throttle valve creates vacuum which opens the slide which controls the air fuel ratio through a tapered jet. What is SAE? Mention the importance of SAE to the automobile domain.

SAE stands for society of automotive engineers. This society is responsible for developing the standards for the engineering of powered vehicles of all kind. The vehicles may include car, boat, truck and even aircraft. SAE has developed standards for ground vehicles and aerospace vehicles. SAE also encourages students of engineering, technology, science and maths disciplines. This society has been publishing technical information since 1906. What is DTSI? Why this technology is used in motor bikes? DTSI stands for Digital Twin Spark Ignition. This is used to get better combustion in the combustion chamber. In this technique double spark plugs are used to obtain better combustion of fuel in cylinder head. Through this technique fuel is ignited properly. Moreover it provides better efficiency and it is economical in fuel consumption. How does the thermostat work? When the engine is too cold the thermostat closes the main valve, thus stopping the flow to the radiator. When the engine is too hot, it opens the main valve for normal circulation through the radiator. What is a pressure cap in the radiator? It is a seal in the radiator that maintains the selected pressure in the cooling system when the engine is hot. Why does a compression engine use high octane fuel? The property of a fuel, which describes how fuel will or will not self-ignite, is called the octane number or just octane. Engines with low compression ratios can use fuels with lower octane number, but high compression engines must use high-octane fuels to avoid self-ignition and knock. What is the use of hydrogen in automobile? Low emissions. Essentially no CO or HC in the exhaust as there is no carbon in the fuel. Most exhaust would be H2O and N2 Fuel availability. There are a number of different ways of making hydrogen, including electrolysis of water. What is the use of Natural gas in automobiles? High octane number makes it very good S.I engine fuel Low engine emissions. Less aldehydes than with methanol What is pitching in the suspension system?

Pitching is a rocking action about a transverse axis through the vehicle, parallel to the ground. The front suspension moves out of phase with the rear, experiencing the rocking effect due to pitching. What do you mean by Independent suspension? Independent suspension refers to the mounting of the wheel on a separate axle, so that road shocks affect only the particular wheel. What is pan hard rod or track bar? A pan hard rod is a bar or tube running from one side of the axle to the frame on the other side of the vehicle. It helps the leaf spring in keeping the axle centered under the body during turning a corner. What is clutch drag? When the clutch is not disengaging fully and provides some difficulty in changing the gears then this defect is called clutch drag. 1. What is the significance of BS 3 or 4 engines? 2. Explain the consequences of using BS3 engine fuel with BS4 engines. 3. What will happen if wrong fuel is burnt in engine? 4. Why oil is mixed with coolant and what are causes of this? 5. What is an injector pressure in heavy vehicle? 6. What is engine efficiency? 7. What is the engine efficiency range in two stroke engine? 8. Why two stroke engine cant be used in cars? 9. What is the function of commutator in starting system? 10. Explain the crankshafts used in two piston system. 11. What is a stage time? 12. How power can be generated in engine? 13. Why front wheel is bigger than rear wheel in tractor? 14. How efficiency can be calculated in 500 k.v.a diesel generator? 15. Due to drive torque,What is transverse weight shift? 16. Why black colour are used for tyres?Is there anything related with heat conduction? 17. Explain the working principle of hydrostatic propeltion system in a tractor? 18. Can servomotor be used for applying torque or load to the gear box drive shaft at various speeds for gear box testing purpose. 19. Why rear wheels are bigger in vehicles? 20. What is king pin offset? 21. How BHP can be calculated in SI units? 22. Differentiate between two stroke engines four stroke engines. 23. What size of a compressor (CFM) is recommended for the purpose of inflating car tyres, spray painting, etc.? 24. Do the design & fittings depend on the type of the vehicle engine? Why is petrol used for

engines only & vice versa. 25. Will engine performance be damaged by mixing oil in fuel of four stroke bike ? 26. How to calculate the Speedometer ratio in the vehicle? 27. What is BHP? 28. How BHP is measured? 29. What is the difference between BS2 & BS3 engine? 30. Explain the concept of CC of engines? 31. What is back compressor in engine? 32. Explain Terminal Engine Meltdown? 33. What is meant by1.8 TSI 4V 1798cc turbocharged? 34. What is CPK value? 35. Why wheel type steerig is used in cars instead of hand steering used in auto-rickshaw? 36. Where is fan located in car? 37. Why oil with petrol can be used in two stroke engines but not in four stroke engines (two wheelers)? 38. What stands for AC in AC mechanical fuel pump? 39. Which engines have the high mechanical efficiency either 2 stroke engines or 4 stroke engines? 40. What happens if you use petrol in diesel engine? 41. How the engine does start working when we start our two wheeler? 42. Why are I/P transducer connected with 24V DC not to 220V AC? 43. What is the engine rating required for 1000 KVA generator set? 44. How much diesel does 1000 KVA rating DG set at full load consume? 45. How can you test the Speedo meter? 46. What is the allowable -ve crankcase pressure (vacuum) in the gas engine of 1.5 MW, 47. What is the fundamental equation for correct steering? 48. Is filter Generated (Diesel filter & Air Filter) from Diesel Generators are Hazardous waste? 49. What is meaning of 1640 write on the trailor? 50. What is the composition of Cast Iron Grade: GG P70? 51. What are the troubles in inaccurate gauge reading? 52. How air condition work in the car? 53. What is the three method of heat transfer?