Sri Wildayani

109014000040 Book Response Form

VA

Book title

: Classroom Techniques: Foreign languages and English as a second language : Edward David Allen and Rebecca M. Valette : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. : 1977 : Reference Number of pages: 418

Author Publisher Date published Genre

Part one: The language classan overview

1. The teacher and the course This chapter talk about the role of teacher of the course. Teacher is an important role of the successful of the course because they are the one who gain the learning in classroom. In my opinion this chapter will going to discuss about what should the teacher do in the class to raise the success of the course. 2. Preparing supplementary materials This chapter talk about the guidelines for teacher in classroom. That is the equipment that supports the materials. I think this chapter will going to discuss about some suitable equipment for teaching materials. 3. In the classroom This chapter talk about the time for teacher in teaching students in classroom. That is the teacher concern to the amount of time of learning. According to me, this chapter will going to discuss about what will do both teacher and learners in learning.

Part two: Presenting the language

4. Teaching the sound system

In chapter four talk about teaching the sound system of language. This tells about some technique in learning and acquiring pronunciation. I think this chapter will going to discuss about the way students learn to understand sounds correctly. 5. Teaching grammar This chapter talk about approaches to teach grammar also the exercises for learning grammar. In my opinion this chapter will going to discuss about methods to teach grammar in the best way. 6. Teaching grammar: Techniques arranged by grammatical categories This chapter talk about the range of technique in teaching the specific elements of grammar. In my opinion this chapter will going to discuss about how the learners do some technique for their benefit to learn grammar. 7. Teaching vocabulary This chapter talk about the manner and role in acquiring vocabulary in ESL or EFL learners. In my opinion, this chapter will going to discuss about the role of learner to acquire the vocabulary.

Part three: Developing the skills

8. Listening comprehension This chapter tells us about the techniques in developing students in learning comprehension. I think this chapter will going to discuss about the way learners comprehend the learning practice. 9. Speaking This chapter talk about some activities in speaking. That is guided conversation even free conversation. I think this chapter will going to discuss about how the learners gaining conversation lo learn speaking. 10. Reading comprehension This chapter talk about reading comprehension for students. They require comprehending the written text. I think this chapter will going to discuss about the way students learn the text to raise their comprehension in reading. 11. Writing

This chapter talk about students mastering the act in writing correctly in ESL or EFL learners and get high proficiency in writing. I think this chapter will going to discuss about the manner for students in learning writing correctly.

Part four: Beyond language

12. Teaching culture This chapter talk about the culture of language itself. That is teaching language involving its culture of the country. I think this chapter will going to discuss about how culture involved in learning language.

Table of Content
Part one: The language classan overview 1. The teacher and the course...3 1.1. the teacher....3 1.2. scheduling....7 1.3. team teaching.10 1.4. the student-centered classroom.11 1.5. the basic program..13 2. Preparing supplementary materials..15 2.1. general considerations..15

2.2. non-projected visuals17 2.3. Dittos.21 2.4. Projected visuals..21 2.5. recordings..25 3. In the classroom...29 3.1. lesson planning..29 3.2. individual and group instruction...33 3.3. recorded speech.37 3.4. music and games....41 3.5. homework..43 3.6. testing48 3.7. classroom management.50 Part two: presenting the language 4. Teaching the sound system.55 4.1. General considerations..56 4.2. initial listening practice.56 4.3. initial speaking practice.57 4.4. developing listening discrimination..64 4.5. pronunciation practice...67 4.6. sound-symbol correspondences70 4.7. remedial work....75 5. Teaching grammar general procedures81 5.1. general considerations...81

5.2. supplementing the textbook..82 5.3. presenting rules: a deductive approach.85 5.4. presenting rules: an inductive approach...90 5.5. oral exercises.99 5.6. written exercises..109 5.7. remedial work.111 6. Teaching grammar: techniques arranged by grammatical categories.115 6.1. noun phrases...115 6.2. verb forms...123 6.3. complements...132 6.4. basic sentence patterns140 7. Teaching vocabulary.149 7.1. general considerations.149 7.2. techniques presentation..150 of

7.3. improving students retention..155 7.4. cognates...158 7.5. vocabulary building.164 7.6. problem areas..173 Part three: Developing the skills 8. Listening comprehension..179 8.1. general considerations179 8.2. understanding individual words..180 8.3. identifying and understanding sentences183

8.4. hearing structure signals.190 8.5. listening to unfamiliar material...194 8.6. understanding short oral passages..196 8.7. understanding colloquial speech.204 8.8. understanding extended passages....207 9. Speaking.211 9.1. general considerations.211 9.2. initial presentation: dialog technique..212 9.3. initial presentation: contextual sentences...220 9.4. practicing sentence patterns.224 9.5. guided presentation..231 9.6. communicative practice...239 9.7. free conversation.244 10. Reading comprehension...249 10.1. general considerations..284 10.2. initial steps....250 10.3. guided reading techniques....255 10.4. reading longer selections..264 10.5. communicative practice....269 10.6. literature in the classroom.272 11. Writing284 12.1. general considerations...284 12.2. copying..285

12.3. writing from dictation...293 12.4. practicing word and sentence patterns..298 12.5. guided composition...309 12.6. writing letters....315 12.7. free composition....317 Part four: Beyond language 12. Teaching culture325 12.1. General .326 considerations..

12.2. awareness of the target culture...327 12.3. using culture to stimulate students interest.....336 12.4. learning to get along in the target culture...340 12.5. understanding the target culture: beginning and intermediate classes...349 12.6. analyzing the target culture: advanced classes..361

Questions and Answers Part one: The language classan overview 1. The teacher and the course

1.1.

the teacher What is the teacher? Teacher is the key figure in the language course. That because they have primary role in learning activities in classroom. Teacher also determine of what will do in classroom.

1.2.

Scheduling What is scheduling? Scheduling is the determiner of what should do in classroom. It means that the arrangement of classroom activities.

1.3.

team teaching What is team teaching? It is two or more students at the same group that they work together and share their responsibility.

1.4.

the student-centered classroom What is the student-centered classroom? It means that as an individualized instruction in learning progress. They prescribe their own rate and might be the material of each student in classroom is different.

1.5.

the basic program What is the basic program? It is the defining of the course. That is the sequence of material to teach is based on the program of the course. The content of material also determine by the program.

2. Preparing supplementary materials 2.1. general considerations What are general considerations in preparing supplementary materials?

That is many teachers hesitate of the quality of the book from the publisher. So it is the reason why teacher can use supplementary materials from another sources. 2.2. non-projected visuals What are non-projected visuals? It is commercial materials. For examples charts, posters, maps, and so on. 2.3. Dittos What are dittos? It means sheet materials that duplicated from the machine such. 2.4. Projected visuals What are projected visuals? It is provide the teacher large images of materials for students to learn. For example slide. 2.5. Recordings What are recordings? It is mean for teacher for showing the supplementary materials in recorded speech. 3. In the classroom 3.1. lesson planning What is lesson planning? It is the plan for teacher teaches in the class later. The plan will realize in the classroom when teacher teach. Teacher should consider determining the aims of the lesson and its objective. 3.2. individual and group instruction What is individual and group instruction? It is about students instruction. In group if the amount of students in classroom is high.

3.3.

recorded speech What is recorded speech? It is the recorded speech from native language of target language. This is kind of activity for students learn in classroom.

3.4.

music and games What is music and games? The games and music is proposed for the learning activities become as leisure materials for students.

3.5.

homework What is homework? Homework provides students an additional work. They can learn it outside the classroom. It also may build the competence of students.

3.6.

testing What is testing? It is a diagnostic instrument for teacher to measure the students success or failure and also to let them know their competence and to make them improve their ability.

3.7.

classroom management What is classroom management? It is managing the matters of classroom. This consist of two categories, first is maximizing available class time. It means the teacher should fill up the activities inn free time. Second is maintaining discipline. it is the teacher should solve the problem occur in classroom and the students itself.

Part two: presenting the language 4. Teaching the sound system 4.1. general considerations What are general considerations?

That is many teachers agree that students should learn pronunciation. It is also to reduce remedial time. The good pronunciation is to help them in prevent mistake in communication. 4.2. initial listening practice What is initial listening practice? It is students in initial practice they learn about the phrases before they learn about the similar sounds. 4.3. initial speaking practice What is initial speaking practice? It is students learn to practice simple sentence and phrases contextually. 4.4. developing listening discrimination How to develop listening comprehension? it is students learn the differentiate of correct and incorrect pronunciation. This for develop students sensitivity in learning pronunciation. It can do by minimal pairs of sound that differentiate to another sound. 4.5. pronunciation practice What is pronunciation practice? It is mean after students can discriminate sounds so after that they should practice it. This for them in memorizes the basic sentence. 4.6. sound-symbol correspondences What is sound-symbol correspondence? It means student can learn first the symbol and then introduce that sound. So it is about the correspondence between word and sound. 4.7. remedial work What is remedial work? It is time for teacher to correct students mistake. That they need effective techniques to correct and also need much time

5. Teaching grammar: general procedures 5.1. general considerations What are general considerations? Students considered that grammar is difficult and tedious learning. But they need it to express their thought or idea. So students must to learn grammar. 5.2. supplementing the textbook How to supplement the book? It means that textbook are sometime are not completely provide the guidelines in textbook. So this is the reason for teacher to supplement another vehicle. 5.3. presenting rules: a deductive approach What is a deductive approach in presenting rules? It is means that teacher gives about the explanations of grammar and then they practice it. 5.4. presenting rules: an inductive approach What is an inductive approach? It is contrast with deductive one. In inductive approach students first learn about the learning regular verb grammar and patters. 5.5. oral exercises What are oral exercises? This is to help students practice orally abut new grammatical pattern after they learned. 5.6. written exercises What is written exercises? It is beside students practice orally they also should practice in written. It is for help them in control their writing.

5.7.

remedial work What is remedial work? It is students are continually making a mistake in their structure. It is students problem in comprehend noun adjective, agreement also irregular verbs.

6. Teaching grammar: techniques arranged by grammatical categories 6.1. noun phrases What are noun phrases? It is included noun-adjective agreement, definite articles, possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective, and so on. 6.2. verb forms What are verb forms? In teaching verb forms should in contextual situations, this for make students easy to understand. Verb forms include subject-verb agreement, present to past, subjunctive, etc. 6.3. complements What are complements? It is include the terms of direct and indirect objects, prepositional phrases, infinite clauses, relative clauses and predicate adjective. 6.4. basic sentence patterns What are basic sentence patterns? It is include the problems of word order, that is imperative, negative, and interrogatives sentences. 7. Teaching vocabulary 7.1. general considerations What are general considerations?

It is the younger students or older students have difficulties in learning number, days of week, etc. so it is needs to teach vocabulary in context. 7.2. techniques of presentation what is technique of presentations? It is give students the meaning of new word and continue to practice make a sentence from it. 7.3. improving students retention How to improve students retention? It is making students remember of new words by practice in and keep the word in mind. It is to help the in memorize. 7.4. Cognates What are cognates? It is means word have same meaning. It will help them to facilitate to learn new vocabulary. 7.5. vocabulary building What is vocabulary building? It is in advance level, they have to build their vocabulary. It can do by learning word formations. 7.6. problem areas What are problem areas? It is the problem occur when the word in native language and target language that different range of meaning. Part three: Developing the skills 8. Listening comprehension 8.1. general considerations What are general considerations?

It is in understanding spoken of foreign language need much time and continuous process. So teacher should give them exercise in normal speed speech. 8.2. understanding individual words How to understand individual words? The important things to listen individual word are by listen to numbers, new vocabulary, and minimal pairs. 8.3. identifying and understanding sentences How to identify and understand sentences? That is they recognize the sentences. It can be done by giving physical response. 8.4. hearing structure signals How to hear structure signals? To hear structure signals is by listen to number, verb forms, listen to gender, and so on. 8.5. listening to unfamiliar material How to listen to unfamiliar material? It is we have to identify the language and listen to the stories and listen to the newscasts. 8.6. understanding short oral passages How to understand short oral passages? Students at level instruction need to practice short oral passages, in order for children combine new vocabulary and unfamiliar expression. 8.7. understanding colloquial speech How to understand colloquial speech? The materials should appropriate for students, and contextualize, it is for students understand he colloquial speech.

8.8.

understanding extended passages How to understand extended passages? It is students in intensive reading they can use the practice termed as audio immersion. It prefers to read extensively.

9. Speaking 9.1. general considerations What are general considerations? Speaking is different in writing. In speaking have no much for making the mistake, but in writing we have to do not make a mistake. 9.2. initial presentation: dialog technique What is dialogue technique in initial presentation? In initial presentation, students should memorize basic sentence. it is to help them for less hesitate when they speaking. 9.3. initial presentation: contextual sentences Before we say that we have to memorize. So students have to learn in contextualize that is such in question and answer. Teacher gaining question and answer for students in classroom? 9.4. practicing sentence patterns How to practice sentence patterns? It is after students present basic elements, so they have to memorize it. 9.5. guided presentation What is guided presentation? ` It is students given the framework and then they continue to explain it based on their thought and ideas. 9.6. communicative practice What is communicative practice?

It is students given the chance to speak based on their thought? 9.7. free conversation What is free conversation? It is students speak when they already speak and confidence to speak. 10. Reading comprehension 10.1. general considerations What are general considerations? Reading is developmental work. It is because reading is gradual time students. 10.2. initial steps What are initial steps? The steps are, reading memorized sentence, new sentence with familiar word, reading aloud in laboratory and reading aloud in classroom. 10.3. guided reading techniques What are guided reading techniques? The techniques are locating suitable materials, format and presentations and sample reading exercises. 10.4. reading longer selections How to read longer selections? It is after students understand about techniques so they have to practice it. 10.5. communicative practice What is communicative practice? It is students concern about students attachment in reading and their reaction of reading. One of the Examples of this activity is experience charts 10.6. literature in the classroom

In classroom, literature is an introduction to literature such as poems and proverb. In advance they learn about literary work. 11. Writing 11.1. general considerations What are general considerations? It is students can write because of their experience before in listening, speaking and reading. 11.2. Copying What is copying? It is an easy activity, but they also must be careful of the error. For example is filling in the blank exercises. 11.3. writing from dictation In this activity students have to concentrate of what they hear to write down on the paper. 11.4. practicing word and sentence patterns How to practice word and sentence patterns? It is they select the appropriate one for learning. For example sentence completion. 11.5. guided composition What is guided composition? It is students write connected sentence. For example of this activity is changing a narrative dialog. 11.6. writing letters What is writing alters. It is a meaningful if students can use it to send a letter and receive the answer. 11.7. free composition What is free composition?

It is diagnose an individual problem. It hopes that students will write their writing based on their experience. Part four: Beyond language 12. Teaching culture 12.1. general considerations What are general considerations? Teaching culture is have a big risk, that their reactions about the different ethnic, language, country, etc. 12.2. awareness of the target culture What is awareness of the target culture? The awareness is appearing in a teacher, that is students explain material involving teaching culture. 12.3. using culture to stimulate students interest How to use culture to stimulate students interest? That is using arts, folksongs and folkdances, cooking, celebrating foreign holidays. 12.4. learning to get along in the target culture How to learn to get along in target culture? It is learning by role playing, gesture and body movements, etc. 12.5. understanding the target culture: beginning and intermediate classes What is beginning and intermediate classes in understanding the target culture? It can do by the Socratic Method, culture capsules, mini drama, and so on? 12.6. analyzing the target culture: advanced classes What is advanced classes in analyzing the target culture?

It is the ability of students in explore the depth culture.