Machine code In most computers, information and instructions are stored as machine code, each being given a unique

number. While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember A mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP, are examples. These type of functions are used in computer assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand, which is machine language. The use of these functions over just a list of binary numbers is where we start to see the advantages of programmable control over traditional control. Likewise, in the role of programs in control systems, we begin our system with a programming language which provides ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages translated into machine code by a compiler before being run in the computer memory storage. Once a program is executed, A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers are stored. Each cell has an address. The computer can be instructed to put the number 123 for example, into cell 135, or to add 123 in cell 135 to the number that is in cell 246 and put the answer into cell 159, and so on. This brings to mind the importance of programmable computers in solving engineering problems . The engineering errors that we use to have with human skills are now virtually non-existent, so long as we know how to get data to be properly processed through the use of the memory cells in our computer. It is by far more productive and accurate to use computer devises if we hope to illuminate engineering mistakes, which in the past, due to poor design has been very costly. Stored memory cells may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (2^8 = 256). A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory. These bytes need to be able to flow through an Input/output processing path so that the function of the programs weve written work properly. Input/output (I/O) is the means by which a computer exchanges these bits of information. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are often called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard drives, and optical disc drives, etc., serve as both input and output devices. These computer Input/output devices processes our critical information with speed and ease. As a result, weve learned that the best means for solutions to engineering problems in todays world of modern engineering, is with the use of well written programs by which we can process all the computers Input and outputs with perfect accuracy.