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1.
2.
3.

4.
36

11

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2006 4

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1.

2.
3.

1.

2.

1
2
3

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3.

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1.
1

H2 O2CuO N2

H2+O2
2

3H2+N2

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2.

2
21

2.3551010 /

3
1

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3.

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1.
Ec( )
Ec
1
0
E

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1
1 E Ec Ec
Ec E

2
2

t1
2 t1
t2 (t2>t1) t1 A1
t2
t2 A1+A2

Ea

2.

NO2+CONO+CO2

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NO2 CO
NO2 CO

(1) NO2 CO N-O C-O

3

3 NO2 CO
N-O C-O

(2) NO2 CO

N-O
CO NO2 CO
NO

CO2 4

4 NO2 CO

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4 A NO2+CO NO2 CO

NO2 CO B ( B )

E
ONOCOC NO+CO2 4

1
E2 E2 E1

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

1.

13

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2.
1

3.

14

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mol
H2 1 mol Cl2 2 mol HCl
1

H +-

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1.

2.
1 H kJ/mol
2
3

4
H

-H<0H +
H>0

3.
H

1 mol H2 1 mol Cl2 2 mol HCl

H-HCl-ClH-Cl

184.6 kJ/mol
1-2

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1. H
101 kPa 25
2. H
3.
H
4. H +-

1.

2. NaOH NaOH
NaOH

17

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3.
0.1
4.

1.
H= H kJ/mol 1 mol H2 (g) 1 mol H2O(g)
241.8 kJ/mol
2.

1
A
B
C

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D
2

A
B
C
D
3 CH40.5 mol CH4 CO2 H2O 445 kJ

4.
Aac 0

Bbd0

C2ab0

D2cd0

1 A2BC3C4 C

19

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1 mol

1. 25 101 kPa1 mol

H<0
1

1 mol

2.

3.

4. 2

20

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1.

2.
3.

1.

1995 2001
131 176
58 478.1 95 933.3 39%

132 000 0.62% 7

21

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2.
12%~17%

3.

4.

1.

2.

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3.

4.
2

5.

6.

1/5

1


A

21.5 g CH3-NH-NH-CH3 50 kJ

A1 000 kJ/mol

B1 500 kJ/mol

C2 000 kJ/mol

D3 000 kJ/mol

4 10 kg

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5105 kJ

5 CNG
0.16 g 224 mL CO2 0.36 g
8.903 kJ CNG

1D2C3B

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1.

2. CO2 CO

Cs)+1/2
O2 (g) == CO(g)
CO2

3.

4.
5.
1 A D A D H
A B C C D H1H2H3

1
2
1 mol 1 kg C2H5OH
3

25

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1.

2. 1 mol
H

1 mol
3.

4.

5.
1
2
3
4

1. C(s)+O2 (g) == CO2 (g)

H=-393.5 kJ/mol
2.5 mol C H=2.5 mol(-393.5 kJ/mol=-983.8 kJ/mol
2. H2 (g) H=-285.8 kJ/mol
H2 1 000 kJ H2 1 000 kJ285.8
kJ/mol=3.5 mol
3. S H
S(s)+O2 (g) == SO2 (g)

26

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32 g/mol
4g

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H
-37 kJ

H=32 g/mol(-37 kJ)4 g

=-296 kJ/mol
4. CH4 H
CH4 (g)+O2 (g) == CO2 (g)+2H2O(g)
16 g/mol
1g

H
-55.6 kJ

H=16 g/mol(-55.6 kJ)1 g

=-889.6 kJ/mol
5. 1 3.00 mol C2H2 Q
C2H2 (g)+5/2O2 (g) == 2CO2 (g)+H2Ol)
26 g/mol
2.00 g

H
-99.6 kJ

H=26 g/mol(-99.6 kJ)2.00 g

=-1 294.8 kJ/mol
Q=3.00 mol(-1 294.8 kJ/mol)=-3 884.4 kJ-3 880 kJ
CH4 -889.6 kJ/mol C2H2
2 4

6. NH3
NH3 (g)+5/4O2 (g) == NO2 (g)+3/2H2O(g)
1 3/2
3/2H2 (g)+3/4O2 (g) == 3/2H2O(g)
3/2H1=3/2(-241.8 kJ/mol)
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=-362.7 kJ/mol
2
1/2N2 (g)+O2 (g) == NO2 (g)

H2=+33.9 kJ/mol

3
NH3 (g) == 1/2N2 (g)+3/2H2 (g)

-H3=46.0 kJ/mol

7. 1 kg 32 200 kJ

1 km 170 kJ

5 km1

170 kJ/km5 km/d365 d32 200 kJ/kg=9.64 kg

8. 4.2105 kJ 1 km 420 kJ

4.2105 kJ420 kJ/km=1 000 km

9. 1 t 2.9107 kJ
50 t 20 100 100 -20 =80
50103 kg80 4.184 kJ/(kg)=1.673 6107 kJ
=(1.673 6107 kJ2.9107 kJ100%
=57.7%
10.

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5 m34.2104 kJ/m3=21104 kJ

50 m31.6104 kJ/m3=80104 kJ

5 m31.8104 kJ/m3=9104 kJ
40 m31.5104 kJ/m3=60104 kJ

21104 kJ+80104 kJ+9104 kJ+60104 kJ=170104 kJ=1.7106 kJ

1 25 101 kPa
C( )O2gCO2gH393.51 kJ/mol
C()O2gCO2gH395.41 kJ/mol

A
B
C
D
2 2H2g+O2g=2H2OlH571.6 kJ/mol
COg1/2O2g2CO2gH283.0 kJ/mol
H2 CO 113.74 kJ 3.6 g
H2 CO
A. 21

B. 12

C11

D23

3 1 mol 241.8 kJ_____

__
1 g 2.444 kJ H2g+1/2O2g=H2Ol) H =____ kJ/mol
____kJ/mol

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4N2H4
N2g+2O2g=2NO2g H=+67.7 kJ/mol

N2H4g+O2g=N2g+2H2Og

H=-534 kJ/mol

N2H4 NO2 _____________________

5 CH4g2O2gCO2g2H2Ol H890 kJ/mol CH4 CO
0.75 mol CO2 18 g H2O 515 kJ CO
______________

1A2C
3H2g+1/2O2g=H2Og H=-241.8 kJ/mol-285.8
H
H2g+1/2O2g=H2Og H2Og=H2Ol)

2g+1/2O2g=H2Ol)
42N2H4g+2NO2g=3N2g+4H2Og

H=-1 135.7 kJ/mol

5 CO CO2 18 g CH4 18 g
CH4 y
x
CH4g2O2gCO2g2H2OlH890 kJ/mol
1 mol
y

218 g
18 g

890 kJ/mol
x

x=445 kJ/mol CO 515 kJ-445 kJ=70 kJ

y=05

moln(CO)=0.75 mol-0.5 mol=0.25 mol

CO
2COgO2g2CO2gH560 kJ/mol

30

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1.

2.

3.
4.

1.

2.

31

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32

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3.

5
1

11

1.
1

19

()

101 kPa 25

33

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2
?

1780 (A.L.Lavoisier 17431794)(P.Laplace 17491827)

1836 (G.H.Hess18021850)

1840

19 50 (RA.Farue18131880)(TSilbermann18061865)

(JThomson18261909)
1882~1886

M.Berthelot

(H.V Helmholtz18211894)

(1842 )(1865 )

()

1869

2.

34

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HUPV

1 UPV UPV

2 U PV
1 2
HH2H1
H Qp

QpH H H
H<0 H>0
3.
H
H

2(g) O2 (g) H2O(g)

H2 (g)1/2O2 (g) == H2O(g)
2H2 (g)O2 (g)==2H2O(g)

H=241.8 kJ/mol(1)
H=483.6 kJ/mol(2)

H2 O2 1 mol
1922 Domder
mol

DEFG

35

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B nB B 0 nB
B

nB/mol=B,
1 mol

O2 H2
nO2=-0.2 mol

nH2=-0.4 mol nH2O=0.4 mol

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11 2 1 2
2=nB/B
31>1,2>2,

4
nB n

4.

mol?
H r reaction m
KH
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101 kPa 1 molkg1

1 moldm-3
298 K(25 )

298

K H

kJmol-1 H
T H

298 K

H kJmol-1H
298 K

mol-1 1 mol H2 1 mol O21 mol 1 mol 1 mol H2 1/2 mol O2

2 mol H2 1 mol O2 286 kJ 572 kJ
1977 IUPAC H
1 mol kJmol-1

H 298 K H2Ol H2Og H2O

H2O H2g 1/2O2g H2Og H2Ol

38

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5.

6.

H
TK 1 mol
TK

298
T H f
K

298 K

H H

39

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298 K

40

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7.

(1)
57.3 kJmol
(2)
57.3 kJmol
57.3 kJmol

57.3 kJmol1 mol CH3COOH 1 mol NaOH

56.0 kJmol
1 mol
67.7 kJmol
l mol NaOH

10.4 kJmol

(3)
H+ H+
57.3 kJmol H+ H1 H+

57.3 kJmol H+ H2
H

H-257.3 kJmol(H1+H2)
(4)
H H+
H1H2H3H-357.3 kJmol(H1+H2+H3)
8.

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9.

1973 1979 (OPEC)

0.37 t0.9 t 1.3 t

1 t
1.6

80
5.08 t 5.38 t 26 t
4 2 1

65
()

()

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( 4 )

21
21 H2
H2 H2
H+

H2

2-1

1.
2.
3.
4. 21
5. 1~2

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2-1
2-1
H2 21

1
1. H2=1.2 mol/Lmin
2.

1111

SO2O2SO3 212

2
H+

1
2

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1.
2. 132
3. 1A2C3B
4. D
5. A

t C m mol/LB

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22 23 24

1.

2.
3.
1 Na2S2O3 H2SO4
2 FeSO4 O2

3 30% H2O2 2 mL
2H2O2 == 2H2O+O2
4.

1
2
*3

2-2

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1KMnO4
0.01 molL-1 KMnO4
2 KMnO4 1 3

3 Mn2+

2-3

2-4
MnO2 H2O2
30%H2O2 3
cm
H2O2 MnO2
H2O2
2cm

MnO2

1
1. 4I-+O2+4H+ == 2I2+2H2OO2 I-
KI

2. 14-- 6

I2
2
1. 5% H2O2 FeCl3 CuSO4 FeCl3
2-1
2. 2-2
Mn2+ KMnO4 Mn2+

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Mn()+Mn() Mn()+Mn()
Mn()+Mn() 2Mn()
Mn()+Mn() 2Mn()
Mn() C2O42-MnC2O4+Mn(C2O4)2-Mn(C2O4)33-
Mn() CO2
MnC2O4+ Mn2++CO2+ CO2Mn()+CO2- Mn2++CO2
2MnO4-+5C2O42-+16H+ 2Mn2++5CO2+8H2O
3.

1. 1
2 N2

3 N2
H2 I2
4

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2. A
2CO+2NO== N2+2CO2

1.

2.

t1=75 s t2>200>t3 mG>mF>mB

A.

B.

C.

D.

1. AC2. C
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2HI
H2(g)+I2 (g)

Kc

1.
2.
3.

51

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1.
2.
3. 2NO2

N2O4

4.
5. K

2-5
K2Cr2O7

2-6
0.005 mol/L FeCl3 0.01 mol/L KSCN
Fe(SCN) 3 FeCl3KSCN

Fe(OH) 3 NaOH
Fe

3++3OH- == Fe(OH) 3 Fe3+

NaOH
2-7
NO2

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1. FeCl3 KSCN
Fe(SCN)

3 NaOH
Fe(SCN) 3
2.

1.

2.

3.

4. 11 mol N2 3 mol H2 2 mol NH3

92.4 kJ
2
5. B 6. C 7. C 8. C
9. CO x

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1. 2Ag
Bg+D(g)BD
A

1 1
-1
____molL
min-1
1 10 20 min

2A c2=____molL-1
3 v31 v1 v3 ___ v1= c3 ___ 1.0 molL-1
=
441____
2. 2Ag+B(g)
2C(g)
AB
C
4 mol2 mol 4 mol

A. B.
C. 1 mol D. 1 mol

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1. 10.013

21.0

3 4

12
2
n=0 223
32314
4
2. C

ABC 212 ABC 1

mol ABC 1 mol05 mol1 mol
2
12
05 mol B
1 mol

G=H-TS

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NaOH

NO2
NO2

HCl HCl
HCl KCl

1.
2.
H0
1
1.

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aA(g)+bB(g)

cC(g)+dD(g)

A wB
bw/a AB abCD cd

ABCD=abcd
A

ABCD=abcd

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2.

()

CH3CHO CH4+CO
518 190 kJ

CH3CHO+I2 CH3IHI+CO
CH3I+HI CH4+I2
136 kJ 54 kJ 1

H+ OH-
H+
( )

(1)

01
()
()
(2)
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()

(3)

3.
1
mA+nB

pC+qD

1 gmL 55.6 molL

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Kc(CO

2)

K(K)2
KK

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2H2+O2
2H2O 2 000

2 000
H2OH2O2 2 000

K,
Kp
Kc,
rGm?

UHFG

(101 325 Pa)

4.

(
(

61

)(K)

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RT lnK

k k

2
5.

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()
()

N2+3H22NH3

N
)

2(
c2(N2)>c1(N2)c2(H2)<c1(H2)c2(NH3)>c1(NH3)
H2 c(NH3) N2
H
c(NH

3) N2 H2
2

()
p2pN2H2NH3 1
N
2c1
2H2 NH3
c3(NH3)>2c1(NH3)2c1(N2)>c3(N2)>c1(N2)H2 N2
N
c1
2H2NH3 NH3
N
2H2
pp/2N2H2NH3
N
c1/2
2H2 NH3 c4(N2)>c1(N2)/2(H2
N2)c4(NH3)<c1(NH3)/2 c1 N2H2NH3 NH3
(1)(2)(3) AB
A B A

()

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4.1 kJmol 510

KClO4 == KCl+2O2

45 kJmol 380

KClO3 == KCl+3/2O2
(

k1k2 T1T2

:
a. K
b.

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()

a. 4NH35O2 == 4NO+6H2O

=907 kJmol NH3 O2

Pt-Rh (Pt-Rh )
4FeS211O2 == 2Fe2O3+8SO2

-3 411 kJmol FeS2

( FeS2 S 35)

b. SO21/2O2 == SO3

=99 kJmol

SO2 SO3
7()SO2 11 O2 450
70 SO2 600 450
SO2 94 480 1/3
()
SO2 7O2 11

N2+3H2 == 2NH3

=92.4 kJmol

1418( )NH3 1418NH3

( SO2 )
c. C+H2O(g) == CO+H2

131.5 kJmol,

()
6.

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G HTS
G
G0()
G0
G0

G HTSG HTS

1 H S
G 2 H
S G
G
G 3 4
G
HS

1
NH3g+HCl(g) == NH4Cl(s)

H=-176 kJ/mol

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298 K1.01105 Pa
SNH3 192 J/(molK)
SHCl 187 J/(molK)
SNH4Cl 95 J/(molK)
S=S -S =95-192+87=-284 J/molK
S=H/T
H=-176 kJ/mol
S H

S =-H /T
S =--176/T
298 K(25 )
S =--176/298
=0.59 kJ/(molK)
=590 J/(molK)
S=-284 J/(molK)

S =S -S
=-284+590
=360 J/(molK)
S

2
Al2O3
298 K 2Al2O3(s)+3C(s) == 4Al(s)+3CO2(g)
H=2 171 kJ/mol
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S=635.5 J/(molK)
G=H-TS
=2 171 kJ/mol-298 K635.510-3 kJ/(molK)
=1 981 kJ/mol

H-TS0

G0 2 1711 000-T635.50
T3 416 K
T3 416 K

7.

1956

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1.
2.
3. pH pH pH

4.

5.

1.

pH

2.

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3.

(1)

() 4
1~3

4
(2)

()

(3)

(4)
2~4

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2
10

1.

2. 3-1

1HCl CH3COOH
2 H+
3
c(H+) pH

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4 pH c(H+
HCl

1 c(H+)
HCl CH3COOH
2 pH
H+ HCl CH3COOH

3.

3-1-1

0.1

mol/L 0.1 mol/L 5 mL pH

50 mL 1 0.05 mL0.1
mol/L 1 0.1 mol/L pH
1000 pH 3
1/1000 1000 pH 2
c(H+) 1/100
1000 c(H+)
HCl

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CH3COOH CH3COO- H+

CH3COOH

3-1-2

3-1-1 0.5 g NaCl

0.5 g CH3COONH4 pH
NaCl pH
CH3COONH4 pH
c(CH3COO-, pH c(H+

3-1-1 3-1-2

4. 3-3

1 0.1 mol/L
CH3COOH
CH3COOH CH3COO- H+
CH3COO- H+ CH3COOH

CH3COOH

CH3COO- + H+

CH3COOH
c(CH3COOH)
CH3COOH

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3-1
c(CH3COO- c(H+CH3COO- H+

3-1
2

NaOH

5.

1
c(H+c(CH3COO- c(CH3COOH)

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3
3-2

0.01
1 mol/L CH3COOH

-4
+
mol/L HFK = 7.210 c(H )

3-1
1. pH 1 mol/L pH 0 1 mol/L
pH 2.4 pH
2. pH
c(H+ HCl CH3COOH
3-2
1 mol/L
pH 5 Na2CO3

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3-3

1. HA

H+ + A -

BOH

B+ + OH-

2.
3-1 HA

3-2 BOH

()

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1.

2. NH3H2ONH4+OHCl2Cl-H+ClO3. (1)

(2)
H
(3)
OH
(4) H
(5)
4(1)

(2) 4.18104 mol/L

5. (1) ;
(2)
()
1. 25 50 mL 0.10 mol/L ________________________________

1________ c(H+____
2________ c(H+
3 0.10 mol/L ________ c(H+

77

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________
c(H+
4 20 mL 0.10 mol/L NaCl

2. CH3COOH
CH3COO- H+
2 mL 0.001 mol/L

1. 123
4

2.

78

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3-2

c(H+ c(OH
pH
pH pH pH
pH pH pH

c(H+pH
pH

1.

47

79

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1
2 H3O+ OH-
3

2. Kw

pH

3 c(H+c(OH-

c(H+ c(OH- c(H+c(OH- = Kw

Kw c(H+c(OH-

25 10 mL c(H+ c(OH- 10 mL 0.2 mol/L HCl

c(H+ c(OH-

c(H+
c(OH-
c(OH-

HCl
c(H+ c(H+

80

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c(H+
c(H+ H+
H+ OH-

4.
5. pH
1 pH
2

pH

3 pH
c(H+ c(OH-1 mol/L pH
c(H+ c(OH-
pH pH
pH
4 pH
pH pH pH pH
pH pH
6. pH
pH
pH

11 mL pH = 3 H2SO4 100 mL pH

pH 5

2pH = 12 NaOH 199 pH

c(OH-=10-2 mol/L

81

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pOH = -lg c(OH- =-lg 10-4=4

pHpH=14-pOH=14-4=10
pH 10
120
380 mL NaOH
mL pH 2 NaOH

c(H+)=0.01 mol/Ln(HCl)=(0.08+0.12)L0.01 mol/L=0.002 mol

c
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
1
0.08Lc

1
0.12Lc 0.002 mol

0.08 Lc = 0.12 Lc-(0.002 mol)c=0.05 mol/L

NaOH 0.05 mol/L
7. pH pH
pH
pH
pH

82

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1
0.01 mL
0.1 mL

1 0.1000 mol/L NaOH

4 NaOH
5 NaOH HCl pH
()

83

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c(H+c(OH- = 1.010-14
OH- H+

()
1.
2. NH4OHNH3H2OH
3. C4A5D6D7A8AD
9. pH

10.

84

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11. (1) (2) 10, 110-4 (3) 9 mL

()
1. 1 mL 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 2 L , H+
A110-4 mol/LB110-8 mol/L
C110-11 mol/LD110-10 mol/L
2. 99 Kw = 110-12 1 mL 0.1 mol/L KOH 1 L
pH 1000 L pH

1. A
2. 1 L pH 8 1000 L pH 6

85

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H+ OH-

c(H+ c(OH-
c(H+ c(OH- Kw

(1)
(2)
(3)

25 HF 7.2104
H2CO3 4.310-7NH3H2O 1.7710-5 NH4F

NH4HCO3
CH3COONH4 NaCl
2
NaHCO3 NaHSO4

86

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1. pH

1
1

2
2

pH

2.

1 H+ OH- H+ OH-
H++OH H2 O
2 H+ OH-
c(H+ c(OH-
c(H+ c(OH-
c(H+ c(OH-

87

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(
)
3. NH4Cl

1 HCl NH4Cl Cl- NH4Cl NH4+

H2O OH- NH3H2O OH-
OH- NH4+
c(OH- H2O c(H+
NH4Cl
2 c(H+ NH4+
H+NH4H2O NH4+

NH4+ + H2O

NH3H2O+H+

Al2(SO4)3
NH4Cl

4. Na2CO3

CO32-+H2O
HCO3-+H2O

HCO3-+OHH2CO3+OH-

5.
1
H+ OH-

88

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6.
NH4Cl
NH4++H2O

NH3H2O+H+

NH4Cl
NaOH
Na2CO3

NH4Cl NH4+

c(NH3H2O) c(H+
c(NH4+) c(H2O)
c(H2O)

7. Fe3+

Fe3+ + 3H2O

Fe(OH)3+3H+

8.

1. FeCl3 Fe(OH)3 FeCl3

Fe3+ + 3H2O

Fe(OH) 3+3H+

2. FeCl3 FeCl3 c(Fe3+

+
3+
+
c(Fe NaHCO3 c(H
c(H NaF

FeCl3 pH
NaHCO3 Fe3+

89

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3. Fe3+
Fe3+
Fe3+

()
1. D 2. B3. C 4. D
5. A- H HA c(A

c(M
6. >Al3+2SO42+2Ba2+4OH = 2BaSO4+AlO2+2H2O
=2Al3+3SO42+3Ba2+6OH = 3BaSO4+2Al(OH)3
7. CO32+H2O=HCO3+OH, Ca2+CO32=CaCO3
8. Na2CO3 pH>NaHCO3 pH, HCO3 CO32 H2CO3 HCO3
Na2CO3 NaHCO3
9. (1) SOCl2 +H2O

90

SO2+ 2HCl

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(2) AlCl3 AlCl36 H2O SOCl2 SOCl2 AlCl36 H2O

AlCl3 SO2 HCl

10. cSbCl3 HCl,

cH+
11. MgCl26H2O HCl
MgSO47H2O

()
NaHCO3 _____________

Al2(SO4) 3 ____________

CO2 Al(OH)3
HCO3+H2O

Al3+ + 3H2O

H2CO3+OHAl(OH)3+3H+

Al3+ + 3HCO3

Al(OH)3+3CO2

91

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1.

2.

BaSO4 Al(OH) 3

1.

92

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3-4-1
NaCl
NaCl

1 NaCl NaCl

2 mL NaCl NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
2 NaCl


3-4-24 mL NaCl 12 12 mol/L
NaCl 26.5%
1.20 g/cm3 5.43 mol/L

NaCl c(Cl-
, Na+ Cl-, NaCl
Na+ Cl-
NaCl
NaCl NaCl

2.

93

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NaCl
AgNO
AgNO3

3 Ag+
NaCl Ag+ Cl-

AgCl Ag+ Cl-

AgCl
1Ag+ Cl-
2AgCl
3AgCl
NaCl
AgCl AgNO3

3.

Fe3+

2
pH
3

pH

94

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4.

3-4

AgCl c(Ag+ AgI

c(Ag+ AgCl
AgI

I- + AgCl(s)

AgI(s)+ Cl-

3-3
NaOH
Mg(OH) 2 MgCl2

NH4Cl Mg(OH) 2
NH
NH
Mg(OH) 2
4Cl Mg(OH) 2
4Cl MgCl2
NH3H2O MgCl2 Mg(OH) 2 Mg2+
pH 9.5 pH 11.0
Mg(OH)2

95

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3-4
KI
Na
10
NaCl

2S

23
AgClAgIAg2S

3-5
Mg(OH)2 Fe(OH)3 FeCl3

1.
2.
2

1.
2.

1105 mol/L
3
1. Mg(OH)2+2HCl == MgCl2+H2O

96

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Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl == MgCl2+2NH3H2O
2. Mg(OH) 2 OH H

NH4 H2O NH3H2O Mg(OH) 2

OHH2O NH3H2O Mg(OH) 2

4
1.
2.

()
1.

2. C 3. D 4. C
5. (1) S2 H
H2S FeS
(2)
H CO32-
CO

2
(3)

SO42- BaSO4

6.
()
1. MgCl2 FeCl3

97

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AMgO

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BMgCO3 CNaOH

DMg(OH)2

2. 25 AgI c(Ag+ 1.2210-8 mol/LAgCl c(Ag+

1.2510-5 mol/L 5 mL KCl KI 0.01 mol/L 8 mL 0.01 mol/L AgNO3
____________

1. C 2. c(K+)c(NO3-)c(Cl-)c(Ag+)c(I-)

1.

1
NaOHKOHBa(OH)2NaClCaCl2 HClH2SO4

CH3COOHHCNNH3H2O

HF

2HFHClHBrHI

HF
HF
HF H3O+ F- F-
1
mol/L HF F- 1%HF2- 10%
HF HF2-H2F3-H3F4-
H2F3-H3F4- HF HClHBrHI
HClHI

H-Cl 431.3 kJ/mol H-S 365.8 kJ/mol

HCl H2S
3
BaSO4CaF2

98

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0.3% 10 mol/L HCl

10 mol/L

k Q1Q2 r
=81 LiClKCl

=27=2

2.

Hg2+ Cd2+
Cl-I-

HgCl2
/

276

388

302

713

CdI2

HgCl2
0.5% HgCl2 HgCl+Hg2+ Cl-

3.

99

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NH4Ac NH4Ac
NH4+

NH3+H2O
NH4+ + OH-

HAc NH4Ac Ac-

HAc

H++Ac- HAc

0.1 mol/L HAc 0.1 mol/L NaCl cH+ 1.3310-3mol/L 1.68103

mol/L 1.33% 1.68%

HAc NaCl

0.1 mol/L HAc

0.1 mol/L NaCl 1.33% 1.68%c(H+) 1.3310-3mol/L 1.6810-3mol/L
25%
0.1 mol/L NH4Ac 0.1 mol/L HAc 1.33%
0.0176%c(H+) 1.3310-3 mol/L 1.7610-5 mol/L
100

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4.

FeCl3 Fe(OH)3

Ac-+H2O

HAc+OH-

c(HAc) c(OH-)
c(Ac-)
3

Na2CO3 H+ OH-
SnCl2 SnCl2
CO2

SnCl2+H2O

Sn(OH)Cl+HCl

1.
2.
3.

101

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4.

1.

2.

CuCl2

102

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3.
2

1
1
2
1

103

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1.

2.

3. 4-1

104

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4-1-1

CuSO4

4-1-2
CuSO4
1

4-1-1

CuSO4 Cu2+

Cu2+
4-1

105

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4-1-3

H+ Cu2+
4-1-4Cu+2AgNO3 == Cu(NO3) 2+2Ag

4.
1
2

4-1

1 mol/L

11g 100 mL KCl

U
KCl U
2

106

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4-1
CuAgZnFeAl
Cu Ag
Zn FeAl
NaCl 4-1

1.

2. 4

3. CuAg ZnFeAl

2
3

107

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1.
2. Cu-2e- == Cu2+Ag++e- == Ag
3. acdb
4. B; 5. BD

4-2
6. 4-2
Zn-2e- == Zn2+
Fe2++2e- == Fe

108

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1.

2.

3.
1

109

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2
3
4

4-1

110

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1.
1
2
2.
1
2

3
4
5
3.
4.
111

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1. A

2. C 3. C

4.
Pb(s)+SO42-(aq)2e- == PbSO4(s)
PbO2 (s)+4H+(aq)+SO42-(aq)+2e- == PbSO4 (s)+2H2O(l)

PbSO4 (s)+2e- == Pb(s)+SO42-(aq)

112

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PbSO4 (s)+2H2O(l)2e- == PbO2(s)+4H+(aq)+SO42-(aq)

Cl-OH-SO42-
PtAuTi

113

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1.
2.

1799

1807

3.

1 4-8

2
3

U CuCl2

114

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U CuCl2

U CuCl2

CuCl2 CuCl2
Cu Cl2
4.

4-2 4-3
4-2

4-3

115

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5.

1
2
3
4

Na+

6.

4-4

116

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7. NaCl

8.

4-2
1 25% CuCl2

612 V

3
4
5Cl2+I2+6H2O == 2HIO3+10HCl
CuCl
5 23 cm
2

1 min 3 min

117

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4-3-1

2
2 V 23 A/dm2

3 1 mol/L CuSO4

10 s

4
175250 g CuSO45H2O2238 mL 98%H2SO41.01.5 g
mL 12 A/dm2 2030

1 000

CuCl2 4-8

H2 Cl2
NaCl == Na++ClH2 O

H++OH-

2Cl--2e- == Cl2
2H++2e- == H2

H2O H+ c(OH-)

118

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1. A 2. D
3.

Zn-2e- == Zn2+
Cu2++2e- == Cu

CuCl2

2Cl--2e- == Cl2
Cu2++2e- == Cu

4.

Cu-2e- == Cu2+
Cu2+2e- == Cu

Zn-2e- = Zn2+
119

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Ni2e- = Ni2+

Zn2+ Ni2+ Cu2+
Zn2+ Ni2+ Cu2+

5.
2Cl--2e- == Cl2
2H++2e- == H2
2H2O+2e- == H2+2OH-
2NaCl+2H2O == 2NaOH+H2+Cl2
1. 42 L H2 1.42 L Cl2
6. XCl
2

M(X)=3.2 g22.4 L/(1 mol1.12 L)=64 g/mol

X 64
2Cl- - 2e- == Cl2
2 mol
n(e-)

22.4L
1.12L

n(e-)=2 mol1.12 L/22.4 L=0.1 mol

0.1 mol

120

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2%4%

1.

2.

121

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3. 4-3
4-17

1
2

420

4.
1

122

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4-21 4-3

14%18%Cr7%9%Ni

5.

4-5

4-6

4-3

123

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3
O2

4-4-1

4-3
1 100 mL 50 mL
2
43

31 min K3Fe(CN)6
Fe2+
4
pH
4-3

Zn Fe

NaCl Zn Fe

124

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Zn-2e- == Zn2+
2H++2e- == H2
H+ H2O H2O c(H+) NaCl
Fe Fe
K3Fe(CN) 6 Fe2+ Fe

1.
2.
3.

1. Fe-2e- == Fe2+2H++2e- == H2

2H2O+O2+4e- == 4OH-

2. 1
22Fe-4e- == 2Fe2+2H2O+O2+4e- == 4OHFe2++2OH- == Fe(OH)24Fe(OH) 2+O2+2H2O == 4Fe(OH) 3
3. C

4. BD

5. AC

6. AD

7. O2Cl2SO2

8.
H+ H2

125

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2Fe-4e- == 2Fe2+ 2H2O+O2+4e- == 4OH2Fe+2H2O+O2 == 2Fe(OH) 2

9.

126

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