APPENDICES A. Data sheet ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1.

Give the Keq expression for the overall reactions which occurred in test tubes 1 to 6 in part A in terms of the equilibrium constants of each reaction step involved. Calculate the value of the new Keq for each overall reaction using the constants given in the manual. Test tube 1: ( [ ) ]
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( ( ( ) ) )

Test tube 2: ( )

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Test tube 3: ( )

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Test tube 4: ( )

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Test tube 5: ( )

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Test tube 6: ( )

[ [

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( ) [ [ ] ]

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2. Which test tubes in part A satisfy the following conditions? a. Q of ([Cu2+][OH-]) = Ksp of Cu(OH)2 Test tube # 2 b. Q of ([Cu2+][OH-]) < Ksp of Cu(OH)2 Test tube # 3 c. [OH-] > [OH-] in test tube 1 Test tube #5 d. [OH-] < [OH-] in test tube 1 Test tube #4 e. [Cu2+] > [Cu2+] in test tube 1 Test tube #7 f. [Cu2+] <[Cu2+] in test tube 1 Test tube #6

3. Briefly explain the results in part B of the procedure. a.) In the addition of 95% ethanol, the medium was changed from water to ethanol. Ethanol is less polar than water and is weaker in dissociating crystal NaCl. Thus, in the saturated solution, some of the ions precipitated as crystals because the ethanol medium cannot dissolve as much as water medium. Due to the addition of ethanol to the equilibrium system, it will be changed. As an action of

the equilibrium to that change, it will favor the formation of the NaCl solid. After the addition of concentrated HCl, the NaCl equilibrium will be altered due to the increase in the amount of chloride ion. As a result, the equilibrium will shift to the left, thus favoring the formation of NaCl solid, to counter that sudden change in the equilibrium. b.) In the addition of concentrated HCl, the common-ion effect is observed. The added HCl dissociated into Na+ and Cl- increasing the concentration of Cl-. And since the equilibrium equation is , the stress on [Cl-] is balanced by shifting the equilibrium towards the NaCl salt (as explained by Le Chateliers Principle). As a result, more crystals are seen to precipitate in the system. c.) In the addition of MgSO4, the diverse ion effect is observed. Since the original solution is already saturated with Na+ and Cl- ions, adding more ions (Mg2+ and SO42-) will cause some ions to revert to solid salts. And because Mg2+ and SO42- have more tendency to ionize than Na+ and Cl- , Mg2+ and SO42are more likely to be dissolved and NaCl to be precipitated as crystals. Magnesium sulfate is soluble in water, thus it will easily dissociate to its ion component. The presence of magnesium ion will compete alter the NaCl equilibrium because it will react with chloride ion. To counter that change, the equilibrium will favor the dissociation of NaCl to its ion component.