ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

Petr Vanysek
There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25C), and at a pressure
of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedes
those for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In
Table 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to + 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reduction
potentials which have E negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potential
and range from 0.0000 V to 4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figures
have lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasional
revisions.
Abbreviations: ac = acetate; bipy = 2,2-dipyridine, or bipyridine; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline.
REFERENCES
1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.
2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.
3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 121, 1989.

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing
Reaction
Ac3+ + 3 e 1 Ac
Ag+ + e 1 Ag
Ag2+ + e 1 Ag+
Ag(ac) + e 1 Ag + (ac)
AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br
AgBrO3 + e 1 Ag + BrO3
Ag2C2O4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + C2O42
AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl
AgCN + e 1 Ag + CN
Ag2CO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CO32
Ag2CrO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + CrO42
AgF + e 1 Ag + F
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4
AgI + e 1 Ag + I
AgIO3 + e 1 Ag + IO3
Ag2MoO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + MoO42
AgNO2 + e 1 Ag + 2 NO2
Ag2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Ag + 2 OH
Ag2O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 2 AgO + 2 OH
Ag3+ + 2 e 1 Ag+
Ag3+ + e 1 Ag2+
Ag2O2 + 4 H+ + e 1 2 Ag + 2 H2O
2 AgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Ag2O + 2 OH
AgOCN + e 1 Ag + OCN
Ag2S + 2 e 1 2 Ag + S2
Ag2S + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 Ag + H2S
AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN
Ag2SeO3 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SeO42
Ag2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + SO42
Ag2WO4 + 2 e 1 2 Ag + WO42
Al3+ + 3 e 1 Al
Al(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Al + 3 OH

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E/V
2.20
0.7996
1.980
0.643
0.07133
0.546
0.4647
0.22233
0.017
0.47
0.4470
0.779
0.1478
0.15224
0.354
0.4573
0.564
0.342
0.739
1.9
1.8
1.802
0.607
0.41
0.691
0.0366
0.08951
0.3629
0.654
0.4660
1.662
2.31

Reaction
Al(OH)4 + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
H2AlO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Al + 4 OH
AlF63 + 3 e 1 Al + 6 F
Am4+ + e 1 Am3+
Am2+ + 2 e 1 Am
Am3+ + 3 e 1 Am
Am3+ + e 1 Am2+
As + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 AsH3
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O
AsO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 As + 4 OH
H3AsO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e1 HAsO2 + 2 H2O
AsO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 AsO2 + 4 OH
At2 + 2 e 1 2 At
Au+ + e 1 Au
Au3+ + 2 e 1 Au+
Au3+ + 3 e 1 Au
Au2+ + e 1 Au+
AuOH2+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Au+ + H2O
AuBr2 + e 1 Au + 2 Br
AuBr4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Br
AuCl4 + 3 e 1 Au + 4 Cl
Au(OH)3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 Au + 3 H2O
H2BO3 + 5 H2O + 8 e 1 BH4 + 8 OH
H2BO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 B + 4 OH
H3BO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 B + 3 H2O
B(OH)3 + 7 H+ + 8 e 1 BH4 + 3 H2O
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba
Ba2+ + 2 e 1 Ba(Hg)
Ba(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ba + 2 OH
Be2+ + 2 e 1 Be
Be2O32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Be + 6 OH

E/V
2.328
2.33
2.069
2.60
1.9
2.048
2.3
0.608
0.234
0.248
0.68
0.560
0.71
0.3
1.692
1.401
1.498
1.8
1.32
0.959
0.854
1.002
1.45
1.24
1.79
0.8698
0.481
2.912
1.570
2.99
1.847
2.63

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
pbenzoquinone + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 hydroquinone
Bi+ + e 1 Bi
Bi3+ + 3 e 1 Bi
Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+
Bi + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 BiH3
BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl
Bi2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Bi + 6 OH
Bi2O4 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 BiO+ + 2 H2O
BiO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + H2O
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O
Bk4+ + e 1 Bk3+
Bk2+ + 2 e 1 Bk
Bk3+ + e 1 Bk2+
Br2(aq) + 2 e 1 2 Br
Br2(l) + 2 e 1 2 Br
HBrO + H+ + 2 e 1 Br + H2O
HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) + H2O
HBrO + H+ + e 1 1/2 Br2(l) + H2O
BrO + H2O + 2 e 1 Br + 2 OH
BrO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 + 3 H2O
BrO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Br + 3 H2O
BrO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Br + 6 OH
(CN)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HCN
2 HCNO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 (CN)2 + 2 H2O
(CNS)2 + 2 e 1 2 CNS
CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HCOOH
Ca+ + e 1 Ca
Ca2+ + 2 e 1 Ca
Ca(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ca + 2 OH
Calomel electrode, 1 molal KCl
Calomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)
Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KCl
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE)
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)
Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd
Cd2+ + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg)
Cd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) + 2 OH
CdSO4 + 2 e 1 Cd + SO42
Cd(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Cd + 4 OH
CdO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cd + 2 OH
Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce
Ce3+ + 3 e 1 Ce(Hg)
Ce4+ + e 1 Ce3+
CeOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ce3+ + H2O
Cf4+ + e 1 Cf3+
Cf3+ + e 1 Cf2+
Cf3+ + 3 e 1 Cf
Cf2+ + 2 e 1 Cf
Cl2(g) + 2 e 1 2 Cl
HClO + H + + e 1 1/2 Cl2 + H2O
HClO + H+ + 2 e 1 Cl + H2O
ClO + H2O + 2 e 1 Cl + 2 OH
ClO2 + H+ + e 1 HClO2
HClO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO + H2O
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 2 H2O

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E/V
0.6992
0.5
0.308
0.2
0.8
0.16
0.46
1.593
0.320
0.1583
1.67
1.6
2.8
1.0873
1.066
1.331
1.574
1.596
0.761
1.482
1.423
0.61
0.373
0.330
0.77
0.199
3.80
2.868
3.02
0.2800
0.2801
0.3337
0.2412
0.2360
0.4030
0.3521
0.809
0.246
0.658
0.783
2.336
1.4373
1.72
1.715
3.3
1.6
1.94
2.12
1.35827
1.611
1.482
0.81
1.277
1.645
1.628

Reaction
HClO2 + 3 H+ + 4 e 1 Cl + 2 H2O
ClO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO + 2 OH
ClO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Cl + 4 OH
ClO2(aq) + e 1 ClO2
ClO3 + 2 H+ + e 1 ClO2 + H2O
ClO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HClO2 + H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 3 H2O
ClO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Cl + 3 H2O
ClO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO2 + 2 OH
ClO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 Cl + 6 OH
ClO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 ClO3 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 + 4 H2O
ClO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Cl + 4 H2O
ClO4 + H2O + 2 e 1 ClO3 + 2 OH
Cm4+ + e 1 Cm3+
Cm3+ + 3 e 1 Cm
Co2+ + 2 e 1 Co
Co3+ + e 1 Co2+
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+
Co(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Co + 2 OH
Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH
Cr2+ + 2 e 1 Cr
Cr3+ + e 1 Cr2+
Cr3+ + 3 e 1 Cr
Cr2O72 + 14 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
CrO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr + 4 OH
HCrO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Cr3+ + 4 H2O
CrO2 + 4 H+ + e 1 Cr3+ + 2H2O
Cr(V) + e 1 Cr(IV)
CrO42 + 4 H2O + 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 + 5 OH
Cr(OH)3 + 3 e 1 Cr + 3 OH
Cs+ + e 1 Cs
Cu+ + e 1 Cu
Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu
Cu2+ + 2 e 1 Cu(Hg)
Cu3+ + e 1 Cu2+
Cu2O3 + 6 H+ + 2e 1 2Cu2+ + 3 H2O
Cu2+ + 2 CN + e 1 [Cu(CN)2]
CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I
Cu2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Cu + 2 OH
Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu + 2 OH
2 Cu(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Cu2O + 2 OH + H2O
2 D+ + 2 e 1 D2
Dy2+ + 2 e 1 Dy
Dy3+ + 3 e 1 Dy
Dy3+ + e 1 Dy2+
Er2+ + 2 e 1 Er
Er3+ + 3 e 1 Er
Er3+ + e 1 Er2+
Es3+ + e 1 Es2+
Es3+ + 3 e 1 Es
Es2+ + 2 e 1 Es
Eu2+ + 2 e 1 Eu
Eu3+ + 3 e 1 Eu

E/V
1.570
0.66
0.76
0.954
1.152
1.214
1.47
1.451
0.33
0.62
1.189
1.39
1.389
0.36
3.0
2.04
0.28
1.92
0.108
0.73
0.17
0.913
0.407
0.744
1.232
1.2
1.350
1.48
1.34
0.13
1.48
3.026
0.521
0.153
0.3419
0.345
2.4
2.0
1.103
0.00
0.360
0.222
0.080
0.013
2.2
2.295
2.6
2.0
2.331
3.0
1.3
1.91
2.23
2.812
1.991

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
Eu3+ + e 1 Eu2+
F2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HF
F2 + 2 e 1 2 F
F2O + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 H2O + 2 F
Fe2+ + 2 e 1 Fe
Fe3+ + 3 e 1 Fe
Fe3+ + e 1 Fe2+
2 HFeO4 + 8 H+ + 6 e 1 Fe2O3 + 5 H2O
HFeO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 FeOOH + 2 H2O
HFeO4 + 7 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O
[Fe(CN)6]3 + e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4
FeO42 + 8 H+ + 3 e 1 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
[Fe(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2+
[Fe(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2+
Fe(OH)3 + e 1 Fe(OH)2 + OH
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+
[Fe(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2+ (1 molar H2SO4)
[Ferricinium]+ + e 1 ferrocene
Fm3++ e 1 Fm2+
Fm3+ + 3 e 1 Fm
Fm2+ + 2 e 1 Fm
Fr+ + e 1 Fr
Ga3+ + 3 e 1 Ga
Ga+ + e 1 Ga
GaOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Ga + H2O
H2GaO3 + H2O + 3 e 1 Ga + 4 OH
Gd3+ + 3 e 1 Gd
Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge
Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge
Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+
GeO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 GeO + H2O
H2GeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Ge + 3 H2O
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2
H2 + 2 e 1 2 H
HO2 + H+ + e 1 H2O2
2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2 + 2 OH
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2O
Hf4+ + 4 e 1 Hf
HfO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + H2O
HfO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Hf + 2 H2O
HfO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Hf + 4 OH
Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg
2 Hg2+ + 2 e 1 Hg22+
Hg22+ + 2 e 1 2 Hg
Hg2(ac)2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2(ac)
Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br
Hg2Cl2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Cl
Hg2HPO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + HPO42
Hg2I2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 I
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH
HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH
Hg(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 H2O
Hg2SO4 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + SO42
Ho2+ + 2 e 1 Ho

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E/V
0.36
3.053
2.866
2.153
0.447
0.037
0.771
2.09
2.08
2.07
0.16
0.358
2.20
0.78
1.03
0.56
1.147
1.06
0.400
1.1
1.89
2.30
2.9
0.549
0.2
0.498
1.219
2.279
0.24
0.124
0.00
0.118
0.182
0.00000
2.23
1.495
0.8277
1.776
1.55
1.724
1.505
2.50
0.851
0.920
0.7973
0.51163
0.13923
0.26808
0.6359
0.0405
0.123
0.0977
1.034
0.6125
2.1

Reaction
Ho3+ + 3 e 1 Ho
Ho3+ + e 1 Ho2+
I2 + 2 e 1 2 I
I3 + 2 e 1 3 I
H3IO62 + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 OH
H5IO6 + H+ + 2 e 1 IO3 + 3 H2O
2 HIO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 I2 + 2 H2O
HIO + H+ + 2 e 1 I + H2O
IO + H2O + 2 e 1 I + 2 OH
2 IO3 + 12 H+ + 10 e 1 I2 + 6 H2O
IO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 I + 3 H2O
IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH
IO3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 IO + 6 OH
In+ + e 1 In
In2+ + e 1 In+
In3+ + e 1 In2+
In3+ + 2 e 1 In+
In3+ + 3 e 1 In
In(OH)3 + 3 e 1 In + 3 OH
In(OH)4 + 3 e 1 In + 4 OH
In2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 In + 6 OH
Ir3+ + 3 e 1 Ir
[IrCl6]2 + e 1 [IrCl6]3
[IrCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Ir + 6 Cl
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH
K+ + e 1 K
La3+ + 3 e 1 La
La(OH)3 + 3 e 1 La + 3 OH
Li+ + e 1 Li
Lr3+ + 3 e 1 Lr
Lu3+ + 3 e 1 Lu
Md3+ + e 1 Md2+
Md3+ + 3 e 1 Md
Md2+ + 2 e 1 Md
Mg+ + e 1 Mg
Mg2+ + 2 e 1 Mg
Mg(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mg + 2 OH
Mn2+ + 2 e 1 Mn
Mn3+ + 3e 1 Mn2+
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Mn2+ + 2 H2O
MnO4 + e 1 MnO42
MnO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 2 H2O
MnO4 + 8 H+ + 5 e 1 Mn2+ + 4 H2O
MnO4 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
MnO42 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 MnO2 + 4 OH
Mn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Mn + 2 OH
Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH
Mn2O3 + 6 H+ + e 1 2 Mn2+ + 3 H2O
Mo3+ + 3 e 1 Mo
MoO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Mo + 4 H2O
H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH
3 N2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HN3
N5+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NH4+

E/V
2.33
2.8
0.5355
0.536
0.7
1.601
1.439
0.987
0.485
1.195
1.085
0.15
0.26
0.14
0.40
0.49
0.443
0.3382
0.99
1.007
1.034
1.156
0.8665
0.77
0.098
2.931
2.379
2.90
3.0401
1.96
2.28
0.1
1.65
2.40
2.70
2.372
2.690
1.185
1.5415
1.224
0.558
1.679
1.507
0.595
0.60
1.56
0.15
1.485
0.200
0.152
0.082
0.075
0.092
3.09
1.275

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
N2O + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + H2O
H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2 + 2 H2O
N2O4 + 2 e 1 2 NO2
N2O4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 NHO2
N2O4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 NO + 2 H2O
2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 N2H5+ + 2 H2O
2 NO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O + H2O
2 NO + H2O + 2 e 1 N2O + 2 OH
HNO2 + H+ + e 1 NO + H2O
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 H2N2O2 + 2 H2O
2 HNO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 N2O + 3 H2O
NO2 + H2O + e 1 NO + 2 OH
2 NO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O22 + 4 OH
2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH
NO3 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 HNO2 + H2O
NO3 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 NO + 2 H2O
2 NO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 2 H2O
NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH
2 NO3 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 N2O4 + 4 OH
Na+ + e 1 Na
Nb3+ + 3 e 1 Nb
NbO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 NbO + H2O
NbO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Nb + 2 H2O
NbO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Nb + H2O
Nb2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Nb + 5 H2O
Nd3+ + 3 e 1 Nd
Nd2+ + 2 e 1 Nd
Nd3+ + e 1 Nd2+
Ni2+ + 2 e 1 Ni
Ni(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Ni + 2 OH
NiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ni2+ + 2 H2O
NiO2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 + 2 OH
No3+ + e 1 No2+
No3+ + 3 e 1 No
No2+ + 2 e 1 No
Np3+ + 3 e 1 Np
Np4+ + e 1 Np3+
NpO2 + H2O + H+ + e 1 Np(OH)3
O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O2
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 2 H2O
O2 + H2O + 2 e 1 HO2 + OH
O2 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2O2 + 2 OH
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 4 OH
O3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 O2 + H2O
O3 + H2O + 2 e 1 O2 + 2 OH
O(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2O
OH + e 1 OH
HO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 3 OH
OsO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Os + 4 H2O
OsO4 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 OsO2 + 2 H2O
[Os(bipy)2]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2+
[Os(bipy)3]3+ + e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2+
P(red) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g)
P(white) + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 PH3(g)
P + 3 H2O + 3 e 1 PH3(g) + 3 OH

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E/V
1.766
2.65
0.867
1.065
1.035
1.42
1.591
0.76
0.983
0.86
1.297
0.46
0.18
0.15
0.934
0.957
0.803
0.01
0.85
2.71
1.099
0.646
0.690
0.733
0.644
2.323
2.1
2.7
0.257
0.72
1.678
0.490
1.4
1.20
2.50
1.856
0.147
0.962
0.695
1.229
0.076
0.146
0.401
2.076
1.24
2.421
2.02
0.878
0.838
1.02
0.81
0.80
0.111
0.063
0.87

Reaction
H2P2 + e 1 P + 2 OH
H3PO2 + H+ + e 1 P + 2 H2O
H3PO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO2 + H2O
H3PO3 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 P + 3 H2O
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 H2PO2 + 3 OH
HPO32 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 P + 5 OH
H3PO4 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H3PO3 + H2O
PO43 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 HPO32 + 3 OH
Pa3+ + 3 e 1 Pa
Pa4+ + 4 e 1 Pa
Pa4+ + e 1 Pa3+
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb
Pb2+ + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg)
PbBr2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Br
PbCl2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 Cl
PbF2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 F
PbHPO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + HPO42
PbI2 + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 I
PbO + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 2 OH
PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pb2+ + 2 H2O
HPbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Pb + 3 OH
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH
PbO2 + SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb + SO42
PbSO4 + 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) + SO42
Pd2+ + 2 e 1 Pd
[PdCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 4 Cl
[PdCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2 + 2 Cl
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH
Pm2+ + 2 e 1 Pm
Pm3+ + 3 e 1 Pm
Pm3+ + e 1 Pm2+
Po4+ + 2 e 1 Po2+
Po4+ + 4 e 1 Po
Pr4+ + e 1 Pr3+
Pr2+ + 2 e 1 Pr
Pr3+ + 3 e 1 Pr
Pr3+ + e 1 Pr2+
Pt2+ + 2 e 1 Pt
[PtCl4]2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 4 Cl
[PtCl6]2 + 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2 + 2 Cl
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH
PtO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO2 + H2O
PtO3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22+ + H2O
PtOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Pt + H2O
PtO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 PtO + H2O
PtO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Pt + 2 H2O
Pu3+ + 3 e 1 Pu
Pu4+ + e 1 Pu3+
Pu5+ + e 1 Pu4+
PuO2(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4
PuO2(OH)2 + H+ + e 1 PuO2OH + H2O
Ra2+ + 2 e 1 Ra
Rb+ + e 1 Rb
Re3+ + 3 e 1 Re

E/V
1.82
0.508
0.499
0.454
1.65
1.71
0.276
1.05
1.34
1.49
1.9
0.1262
0.1205
0.284
0.2675
0.3444
0.465
0.365
0.580
1.455
0.537
0.247
1.6913
0.3588
0.3505
0.951
0.591
1.288
0.07
2.2
2.30
2.6
0.9
0.76
3.2
2.0
2.353
3.1
1.18
0.755
0.68
0.14
1.7
1.5
1.2
1.01
1.00
2.031
1.006
1.099
1.325
1.062
2.8
2.98
0.300

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
ReO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 ReO2 + 2 H2O
ReO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Re + 2 H2O
ReO4 + 2 H+ + e 1 ReO3 + H2O
ReO4 + 4 H2O + 7 e 1 Re + 8 OH
ReO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Re + 4 H2O
Rh+ + e 1 Rh
Rh+ + 2e1 Rh
Rh3+ + 3 e 1 Rh
[RhCl6]3 + 3 e 1 Rh + 6 Cl
RhOH2+ + H+ + 3 e 1 Rh + H2O
Ru2+ + 2 e 1 Ru
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
RuO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ru2+ + 2 H2O
RuO4 + e 1 RuO42
RuO4 + e 1 RuO4
RuO4 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22+ + 2 H2O
RuO4 + 8 H+ + 8 e 1 Ru + 4 H2O
[Ru(bipy)3)3+ + e1 [Ru(bipy)3]2+
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+
[Ru(CN)6]3 + e1 [Ru(CN)6]4
S + 2 e 1 S2
S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)
S + H2O + 2 e 1 SH + OH
2 S + 2 e 1 S22
S2O62 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 H2SO3
S2O82 + 2 e 1 2 SO42
S2O82 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 HSO4
S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32
2 H2SO3 + H+ + 2 e 1 HS2O4 + 2 H2O
H2SO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 S + 3 H2O
2 SO32 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 S2O42 + 4 OH
2 SO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 S2O32 + 6 OH
SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O
2 SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 S2O62 + H2O
SO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SO32 + 2 OH
Sb + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 SbH3
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O
Sb2O5 (senarmontite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O
Sb2O5 (valentinite) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sb2O3 + 2 H2O
Sb2O5 + 6 H+ + 4 e 1 2 SbO+ + 3 H2O
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O
SbO2 + 2 H2O + 3 e 1 Sb + 4 OH
SbO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 SbO2 + 2 OH
Sc3+ + 3 e 1 Sc
Se + 2 e 1 Se2
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se(aq)
H2SeO3 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Se + 3 H2O
Se + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Se
SeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Se + 6 OH
SeO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SeO3 + H2O
SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH
SiF62 + 4 e 1 Si + 6 F
SiO + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 Si + H2O

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E/V
0.510
0.2513
0.768
0.584
0.368
0.600
0.600
0.758
0.431
0.83
0.455
0.2487
1.120
0.59
1.00
1.40
1.038
1.24
0.23
0.10
0.210
0.86
0.47627
0.142
0.478
0.42836
0.564
2.010
2.123
0.08
0.056
0.449
1.12
0.571
0.172
0.22
0.93
0.510
0.152
0.671
0.649
0.581
0.212
0.66
0.59
2.077
0.924
0.399
0.74
0.082
0.366
1.151
0.05
1.24
0.8

Reaction
SiO2 (quartz) + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Si + 2 H2O
SiO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Si + 6 OH
Sm3+ + e 1 Sm2+
Sm3+ + 3 e 1 Sm
Sm2+ + 2 e 1 Sm
Sn2+ + 2 e 1 Sn
Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e1 Sn2+ + 2 H2O
SnO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Sn + 2 H2O
SnO2 + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 SnOH+ + H2O
SnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 Sn + 4 OH
HSnO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 Sn + 3 OH
Sn(OH)62 + 2 e 1 HSnO2 + 3 OH + H2O
Sr+ + e 1 Sr
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr
Sr2+ + 2 e 1 Sr(Hg)
Sr(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Sr + 2 OH
Ta2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 Ta + 5 H2O
Ta3+ + 3 e 1 Ta
Tc2+ + 2 e 1 Tc
TcO4 + 4 H+ + 3 e 1 TcO2 + 2 H2O
Tc3+ + e 1 Tc2+
TcO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Tc + 4 H2O
Tb4+ + e 1 Tb3+
Tb3+ + 3 e 1 Tb
Te + 2 e 1 Te2
Te + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2Te
Te4+ + 4 e 1 Te
TeO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Te + 2 H2O
TeO32 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 Te + 6 OH
TeO4 + 8 H+ + 7 e 1 Te + 4 H2O
H6TeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 TeO2 + 4 H2O
Th4+ + 4 e 1 Th
ThO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Th + 2 H2O
Th(OH)4 + 4 e 1 Th + 4 OH
Ti2+ + 2 e 1 Ti
Ti3+ + e 1 Ti2+
TiO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 Ti2+ + 2 H2O
Ti3+ + 3 e 1 Ti
TiOH3+ + H+ + e 1 Ti3+ + H2O
Tl+ + e 1 Tl
Tl+ + e 1 Tl(Hg)
Tl3+ + 2 e 1 Tl+
Tl3+ + 3 e 1 Tl
TlBr + e 1 Tl + Br
TlCl + e 1 Tl + Cl
TlI + e 1 Tl + I
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH
TlOH + e 1 Tl + OH
Tl(OH)3 + 2 e 1 TlOH + 2 OH
Tl2SO4 + 2 e 1 Tl + SO42
Tm3+ + e 1 Tm2+
Tm3+ + 3 e 1 Tm
Tm2+ + 2 e 1 Tm

E/V
0.857
1.697
1.55
2.304
2.68
0.1375
0.151
0.142
0.094
0.117
0.194
0.945
0.909
0.93
4.10
2.899
1.793
2.88
0.750
0.6
0.400
0.782
0.3
0.472
3.1
2.28
1.143
0.793
0.568
0.593
0.57
0.472
1.02
1.899
1.789
2.48
1.630
0.9
0.502
1.37
0.055
0.336
0.3338
1.252
0.741
0.658
0.5568
0.752
0.02
0.34
0.05
0.4360
2.2
2.319
2.4

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)

TABLE 1
Alphabetical Listing (continued)
Reaction
U3+ + 3 e 1 U
U4+ + e 1 U3+
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O
UO22+ + e 1 UO+2
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 U4+ + 2 H2O
UO22+ + 4 H+ + 6 e 1 U + 2 H2O
V2+ + 2 e 1 V
V3+ + e 1 V2+
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 V3+ + H2O
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + H2O
V2O5 + 6 H+ + 2 e 1 2 VO2+ + 3 H2O
V2O5 + 10 H+ + 10 e 1 2 V + 5 H2O
V(OH)4+ + 2 H+ + e 1 VO2+ + 3 H2O
V(OH)4+ + 4 H+ + 5 e 1 V + 4 H2O
[V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+
W3+ + 3 e 1 W
W2O5 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 2 WO2 + H2O
WO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 W + 2 H2O
WO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 W + 3 H2O
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O

E/V
1.798
0.607
0.612
0.062
0.327
1.444
1.175
0.255
0.337
0.991
0.957
0.242
1.00
0.254
0.14
0.1
0.031
0.119
0.090
0.036

Reaction
2 WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 W2O5 + H2O
H4XeO6 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 XeO3 + 3 H2O
XeO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Xe + 3 H2O
XeF + e 1 Xe + F
Y3+ + 3 e 1 Y
Yb3+ + e 1 Yb2+
Yb3+ + 3 e 1 Yb
Yb2+ + 2 e 1 Yb
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn
Zn2+ + 2 e 1 Zn(Hg)
ZnO22 + 2 H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
ZnSO4 7 H2O + 2 e = Zn(Hg) + SO42 + 7 H2O
(Saturated ZnSO4)
ZnOH+ + H+ + 2 e 1 Zn + H2O
Zn(OH)42 + 2 e 1 Zn + 4 OH
Zn(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZnO + H2O + 2 e 1 Zn + 2 OH
ZrO2 + 4 H+ + 4 e 1 Zr + 2 H2O
ZrO(OH)2 + H2O + 4 e 1 Zr + 4 OH
Zr4+ + 4 e 1 Zr

E/V
0.029
2.42
2.10
3.4
2.372
1.05
2.19
2.76
0.7618
0.7628
1.215
0.7993
0.497
1.199
1.249
1.260
1.553
2.36
1.45

TABLE 2
Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
Reaction
2 H+ + 2 e 1 H2
CuI2 + e 1 Cu + 2 I
Ge4+ + 2 e 1 Ge2+
NO3 + H2O + 2 e 1 NO2 + 2 OH
Tl2O3 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 2 Tl+ + 6 OH
SeO42 + H2O + 2 e 1 SeO32 + 2 OH
WO3 + 2 H+ + 2 e 1 WO2 + H2O
UO22+ + e = UO2+
Pd(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pd + 2 OH
AgBr + e 1 Ag + Br
MoO3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 Mo + 3 H2O
S4O62 + 2 e 1 2 S2O32
H3Mo7O243 + 45 H+ + 42 e 1 7 Mo + 24 H2O
AgSCN + e 1 Ag + SCN
N2 + 2 H2O + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 NH4OH
HgO + H2O + 2 e 1 Hg + 2 OH
Ir2O3 + 3 H2O + 6 e 1 2 Ir + 6 OH
2 NO + 2 e 1 N2O22
[Ru(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2+
W3+ + 3 e 1 W
[Co(NH3)6]3+ + e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2+
Hg2O + H2O + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 OH
Ge4+ + 4 e 1 Ge
Hg2Br2 + 2 e 1 2 Hg + 2 Br
Pt(OH)2 + 2 e 1 Pt + 2 OH
[V(phen)3]3+ + e 1 [V(phen)3]2+
S + 2H+ + 2 e 1 H2S(aq)

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

E/V
0.00000
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.036
0.062
0.07
0.07133
0.075
0.08
0.082
0.8951
0.092
0.0977
0.098
0.10
0.10
0.1
0.108
0.123
0.124
0.13923
0.14
0.14
0.142

Reaction
Sn(OH)3+ + 3 H+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+ + 3 H2O
Np4+ + e 1 Np3+
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 4 e 1 4 Ag + [Fe(CN)6]4
IO3 + 2 H2O + 4 e 1 IO + 4 OH
Mn(OH)3 + e 1 Mn(OH)2 + OH
2 NO2 + 3 H2O + 4 e 1 N2O + 6 OH
Sn4+ + 2 e 1 Sn2+
Sb2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 Sb + 3 H2O
Cu2+ + e 1 Cu+
BiOCl + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Bi + Cl + H2O
BiCl4 + 3 e 1 Bi + 4 Cl
Fe2O3 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 2 FeOH+ + H2O
Co(OH)3 + e 1 Co(OH)2 + OH
SO42 + 4 H+ + 2 e 1 H2SO3 + H2O
Bi3+ + 2 e 1 Bi+
[Ru(en)3]3+ + e 1 [Ru(en)3]2+
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e 1 Sb + 2 H2O
AgCl + e 1 Ag + Cl
[Ru(H2O)6]3+ + e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2+
As2O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e 1 2 As + 3 H2O
Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)
Ge2+ + 2 e 1 Ge
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+
Calomel electrode, saturated KCl
PbO2 + H2O + 2 e 1 PbO + 2 OH
HAsO2 + 3 H+ + 3 e 1 As + 2 H2O
Ru3+ + e 1 Ru2+

E/V
0.142
0.147
0.1478
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.151
0.152
0.153
0.1583
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.172
0.2
0.210
0.212
0.22233
0.23
0.234
0.2360
0.24
0.24
0.2412
0.247
0.248
0.2487

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI

The molar conductivity of an electrolyte solution is defined as the conductivity divided by amount-of-substance concentration. The customary
unit is S cm2mol-1 (i.e., -1 cm2mol-1). The first part of this table gives the molar conductivity of the hydrohalogen acids at 25C as a function of the
concentration in mol/L. The second part gives the temperature dependence of for HCl and HBr. More extensive tables and mathematical
representations may be found in the reference.
REFERENCE
Hamer, W.J., and DeWane, H.J., Electrolytic Conductance and the Conductances of the Hydrohalogen Acids in Water, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.Natl. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 33, 1970.
c/mol L1

HF

HCl

HBr

HI

Inf. dil.
0.0001
0.0005
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

405.1

426.1
424.5
422.6
421.2
415.7
411.9
398.9
391.1
360.7
332.2
305.8
281.4
258.9
237.6

427.7
425.9
424.3
422.9
417.6
413.7
400.4
391.9
361.9
334.5
307.6
281.7
257.8
236.8

426.4
424.6
423.0
421.7
416.4
412.8
400.8
394.0
369.8
343.9
316.4
288.9
262.5
237.9

c/mol L1

128.1
96.1
50.1
39.1
26.3
24.3

20C

10C

0C

c/mol L1

HF

3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10C

HCl

HBr

HI

218.3
200.0
183.1
167.4
152.9
139.7
127.7
116.9
107.0
98.2
90.3
83.1
76.6
70.7

217.5
199.4
182.4
166.5
151.8
138.2
125.7
114.2
103.8
94.4
85.8

215.4
195.1
176.8
160.4
145.5
131.7
118.6
105.7

20C

30C

40C

50C

336.4
312.2
287.5
262.9
239.8
219.3
201.6
185.6
170.6
156.6
143.6
131.5
120.4
110.2
100.9
92.4
84.7
77.8
71.5
65.8
60.7
56.1
51.9
48.0
44.4

386.8
359.0
331.1
303.3
277.0
253.3
232.9
214.2
196.6
180.2
165.0
151.0
138.2
126.4
115.7
106.1
97.3
89.4
82.3
75.9
70.1
64.9
60.1
55.6
51.4

436.9
402.9
371.6
342.4
315.2
289.3
263.9
242.2
222.5
204.1
187.1
171.3
156.9
143.3
131.6
120.6
110.7
101.7
93.6
86.3
79.6
73.6
68.0
62.8
57.9

482.4
445.3
410.8
378.2
347.6
319.0
292.1
268.2
246.7
226.5
207.7
190.3
174.3
159.7
146.2
134.0
123.0
112.9
103.9
95.7
88.4
81.7
75.6
70.0
64.8

HCl
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5

85.5
79.3
73.7
68.5
63.6
58.9
54.4
50.2
46.3
42.7
39.4
36.4
33.6
31.2
28.9
26.8
24.9
23.1
21.4

131.7
120.8
111.3
102.7
94.9
87.8
81.1
74.9
69.1
63.7
58.6
54.0
49.8
45.9
42.3
39.1
36.1
33.4
31.0
28.7
26.7

228.7
211.7
196.2
182.0
168.5
154.6
139.6
129.2
119.5
110.3
101.7
93.7
86.2
79.3
73.0
67.1
61.7
56.8
52.3
48.2
44.5
41.1
38.0
35.3
32.7

283.0
261.6
241.5
222.7
205.1
188.5
172.2
158.1
145.4
133.5
122.5
112.3
103.0
94.4
86.5
79.4
72.9
67.1
61.8
57.0
52.7
48.8
45.3
42.0
39.0

5-90

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS HF, HCl, HBr, AND HI (continued)

c/mol

L1

20C

10C

0C

10C

20C

30C

40C

50C

347.0
329.0
298.9
271.8
244.8
222.2
203.2
186.8
171.2
155.7
142.1
129.6
118.0
107.1

398.9
380.4
340.6
314.1
281.7
255.0
234.4
214.2
195.1
178.2
162.8
148.0
134.1
121.4

453.6
418.6
381.8
350.5
316.0
287.8
263.7
239.7
218.8
199.6
181.4
165.4
150.5
136.3

496.8
465.2
421.4
387.4
349.1
318.6
291.9
266.9
242.6
221.3
201.8
183.4
166.3
150.8

HBr
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0

84.0
78.0
72.3
67.0
61.8
56.8
51.9

150.8
136.8
125.7
116.1
107.5
99.0
91.4
84.2
77.2
70.7
64.6

240.9
229.6
209.5
188.6
171.7
157.2
144.1
132.3
123.0
112.6
103.1
94.3
86.0
78.4

295.9
276.0
254.9
231.3
208.3
189.5
174.6
160.2
146.4
134.0
122.7
112.0
102.0
92.6

5-91

STANDARD KCl SOLUTIONS FOR CALIBRATING CONDUCTIVITY CELLS

This table presents recommended electrolytic conductivity (k) values for aqueous potassium chloride solutions with molalities of 0.01 mol/kg,
0.1 mol/kg and 1.0 mol/kg at temperatures from 0C to 50C. The values, which are based on measurements at the National Institute of Standards
and Technology, provide primary standards for the calibration of conductivity cells. The measurements at 0.01 and 0.1 molal are described in
Reference 1, while those at 1.0 molal are in Reference 2. Temperatures are given on the ITS-90 scale. The uncertainty in the conductivity is about
0.03% for the 0.01 molal values and about 0.04% for the 0.1 and 1.0 molal values. The conductivity of water saturated with atmospheric CO2 is
given in the last column. These values were subtracted from the original measurements to give the values in the second, third, and fourth
columns. All k values are given in units of 10-4 S/m (numerically equal to mS/cm).
The assistance of Kenneth W. Pratt is appreciated.

REFERENCES
1. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., and Pratt, K.W., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 96, 191, 1991.
2. Wu, Y.C., Koch, W.F., Feng, D., Holland, L.A., Juhasz, E., Arvay, E., and Tomek, A., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 99, 241, 1994.
3. Pratt, K.W., Koch, W.F., Wu, Y.C., and Berezansky, P.A., Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1783, 2001.

104 k/S m-1

t/C

0.01 m KCl

0.1 m KCl

1.0 m KCl

0
5
10
15
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50

772.92
890.96
1 013.95
1 141.45
1 219.93
1 273.03
1 408.23
1 546.63
1 687.79
1 831.27
1 976.62
2 123.43

7 116.85
8 183.70
9 291.72
10 437.1
11 140.6
11 615.9
12 824.6
14 059.2
15 316.0
16 591.0
17 880.6
19 180.9

63 488
72 030
80 844
89 900
99 170
108 620
118 240
127 970
137 810
147 720
157 670

5-91

H2O (CO2 sat.)

0.58
0.68
0.79
0.89
0.95
0.99
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.51
1.61

EQUIVALENT CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Petr Vanysek
This table gives the equivalent (molar) conductivity at 25C for some common electrolytes in aqueous solution at concentrations up to 0.1 mol/
L. The units of are 104 m2 S mol1.
For very dilute solutions, the equivalent conductivity for any electrolyte of concentration c can be approximately calculated using the DebyeHckel-Onsager equation, which can be written for a symmetrical (equal charge on cation and anion) electrolyte as
= (A + B)c1/2
For a solution at 25C and both cation and anion with charge *1*, the constants are A = 60.20 and B = 0.229. can be found from the next table, Ionic
Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution. The equation is reliable for c < 0.001 mol/L; with higher concentration the error increases.

Compound

Infinite
dilution

Concentration (mol/L)
0.0005

0.001

0.005

AgNO3
1/2BaCl2
1/2CaCl2
1/2Ca(OH)2
1/2CuSO4
HCl
KBr
KCl
KClO4
1/3K3Fe(CN)6
1/4K4Fe(CN)6
KHCO3
KI
KIO4
KNO3
KMnO4
KOH
KReO4
1/3LaCl3
LiCl
LiClO4
1/2MgCl2
NH4Cl
NaCl
NaClO4
NaI
NaOOCCH3
NaOH
Na picrate
1/2Na2SO4
1/2SrCl2
1/2ZnSO4

133.29
139.91
135.77
258
133.6
425.95
151.9
149.79
139.97
174.5
184
117.94
150.31
127.86
144.89
134.8
271.5
128.20
145.9
114.97
105.93
129.34
149.6
126.39
117.42
126.88
91.0
247.7
80.45
129.8
135.73
132.7

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

121.35
119.03
115.59
214
72.16
407.04
140.41
138.27
127.86

122.76
107.17
139.38
114.08
132.34

114.49
115.3
104.60
96.13
109.99
138.25
115.70
106.91
116.64
81.20

106.73
115.48
74.20

115.18
111.42
108.42

59.02
398.89
135.61
133.30
121.56

107.65

134.90
106.67
126.25

219
106.40
106.2
100.06
92.15
103.03
133.22
111.01
102.35
112.73
76.88

66.3
97.70
108.20
61.17

109.09
105.14
102.41

50.55
391.13
131.32
128.90
115.14

97.82

131.05
98.2
120.34
113
213
97.40
99.1
95.81
88.52
97.05
128.69
106.69
98.38
108.73
72.76

61.8
89.94
102.14
52.61

131.29
135.89
131.86

121.6
422.53
149.8
147.74
138.69
166.4

116.04
148.2
125.74
142.70
132.7

126.03
139.6
113.09
104.13
125.55
147.5
124.44
115.58
125.30
89.2
245.5
78.7
125.68
131.84
121.3

130.45
134.27
130.30

115.20
421.15
148.9
146.88
137.80
163.1
167.16
115.28
143.32
124.88
141.77
131.9
234
125.12
137.0
112.34
103.39
124.15
146.7
123.68
114.82
124.19
88.5
244.6
78.6
124.09
130.27
114.47

127.14
127.96
124.19
233
94.02
415.59
146.02
143.48
134.09
150.7
146.02
112.18
144.30
121.18
138.41

230
121.31
127.5
109.35
100.52
118.25
134.4
120.59
111.70
121.19
85.68
240.7
75.7
117.09
124.18
95.44

5-92

124.70
123.88
120.30
226
83.08
411.80
143.36
141.20
131.39

134.76
110.03
142.11
118.45
132.75
126.5
228
118.49
121.8
107.27
98.56
114.49
141.21
118.45
109.54
119.18
83.72
237.9
73.7
112.38
120.23
84.87

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION

Petr Vanysek
This table gives the molar (equivalent) conductivity for common ions at infinite dilution. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25C. It also
lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to through the equation

D = RT / F 2 ( / z )
where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. The variation with temperature is fairly sharp;
for typical ions, and D increase by 2 to 3% per degree as the temperature increases from 25C.
The diffusion coefficient for a salt, Dsalt, may be calculated from the D+ and D values of the constituent ions by the relation

Dsalt =

(z+ + z )D+ D
z + D+ + z D

For solutions of simple, pure electrolytes (one positive and one negative ionic species), such as NaCl, equivalent ionic conductivity , which is
the conductivity per unit concentration of charge, is defined as

= + +
where + and are equivalent ionic conductivities of the cation and anion. The more general formula is
= ++ +
where + and refer to the number of moles of cations and anions to which one mole of the electrolyte gives a rise in the solution.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972, 2226.
Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., Electrolyte Solutions, Butterworths, London, 1959.
Lobo, V. M. M., and Quaresma, J. L., Handbook of Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Science Data Series 41, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.
Conway, B. E., Electrochemical Data, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1952.
Milazzo, G., Electrochemistry: Theoretical Principles and Practical Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963.

Ion

10-4 m2 S mol-1

D
10-5 cm2 s-1

Inorganic Cations
Ag+
1/3Al3+
1/2Ba2+
1/2Be2+
1/2Ca2+
1/2Cd2+
1/3Ce3+
1/2Co2+
1/3[Co(NH3)6]3+
1/3[Co(en)3]3+
1/6[Co2(trien)3]6+
1/3Cr3+
Cs+
1/2Cu2+
D+
1/3Dy3+
1/3Er3+
1/3Eu3+
1/2Fe2+
1/3Fe3+
1/3Gd3+
H+
1/2Hg2+
1/2Hg2+

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

61.9
61
63.6
45
59.47
54
69.8
55
101.9
74.7
69
67
77.2
53.6
249.9
65.6
65.9
67.8
54
68
67.3
349.65
68.6
63.6

1.648
0.541
0.847
0.599
0.792
0.719
0.620
0.732
0.904
0.663
0.306
0.595
2.056
0.714
6.655
0.582
0.585
0.602
0.719
0.604
0.597
9.311
0.913
0.847

Ion
1/3Ho3+
K+
1/3La3+
Li+
1/2Mg2+
1/2Mn2+
NH4+
N2H5+
Na+
1/3Nd3+
1/2Ni2+
1/4[Ni2(trien)3]4+
1/2Pb2+
1/3Pr3+
1/2Ra2+
Rb+
1/3Sc3+
1/3Sm3+
1/2Sr2+
Tl+
1/3Tm3+
1/2UO22+
1/3Y3+
1/3Yb3+
1/2Zn2+

10-4 m2 S mol-1
66.3
73.48
69.7
38.66
53.0
53.5
73.5
59
50.08
69.4
49.6
52
71
69.5
66.8
77.8
64.7
68.5
59.4
74.7
65.4
32
62
65.6
52.8

D
10-5 cm2 s-1
0.589
1.957
0.619
1.029
0.706
0.712
1.957
1.571
1.334
0.616
0.661
0.346
0.945
0.617
0.889
2.072
0.574
0.608
0.791
1.989
0.581
0.426
0.550
0.582
0.703

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

Ion

10-4 m2 S mol-1

D
10-5 cm2 s-1

Inorganic Anions
Au(CN)2Au(CN)4B(C6H5)4BrBr3BrO3CNCNO1/2CO32ClClO2ClO3ClO41/3[Co(CN)6]31/2CrO42F1/4[Fe(CN)6]41/3[Fe(CN)6]3H2AsO4HCO3HF21/2HPO42H2PO4H2PO2HSHSO3HSO4H2SbO4IIO3IO4MnO41/2MoO42N(CN)2NO2NO3NH2SO3N3OCNODOHPF61/2PO3F21/3PO431/4P2O741/3P3O931/5P3O105ReO4SCN1/2SO321/2SO421/2S2O321/2S2O421/2S2O621/2S2O82Sb(OH)6SeCN-

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

50
36
21
78.1
43
55.7
78
64.6
69.3
76.31
52
64.6
67.3
98.9
85
55.4
110.4
100.9
34
44.5
75
57
36
46
65
58
52
31
76.8
40.5
54.5
61.3
74.5
54.5
71.8
71.42
48.3
69
64.6
119
198
56.9
63.3
92.8
96
83.6
109
54.9
66
72
80.0
85.0
66.5
93
86
31.9
64.7

1.331
0.959
0.559
2.080
1.145
1.483
2.077
1.720
0.923
2.032
1.385
1.720
1.792
0.878
1.132
1.475
0.735
0.896
0.905
1.185
1.997
0.759
0.959
1.225
1.731
1.545
1.385
0.825
2.045
1.078
1.451
1.632
1.984
1.451
1.912
1.902
1.286
1.837
1.720
3.169
5.273
1.515
0.843
0.824
0.639
0.742
0.581
1.462
1.758
0.959
1.065
1.132
0.885
1.238
1.145
0.849
1.723

10-4 m2 S mol-1

Ion
1/2SeO421/2WO42-

75.7
69

D
10-5 cm2 s-1
1.008
0.919

Organic Cations
Benzyltrimethylammonium+
Isobutylammonium+
Butyltrimethylammonium+
Decylpyridinium+
Decyltrimethylammonium+
Diethylammonium+
Dimethylammonium+
Dipropylammonium+
Dodecylammonium+
Dodecyltrimethylammonium+
Ethanolammonium+
Ethylammonium+
Ethyltrimethylammonium+
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium+
Hexyltrimethylammonium+
Histidyl+
Hydroxyethyltrimethylarsonium+
Methylammonium+
Octadecylpyridinium+
Octadecyltributylammonium+
Octadecyltriethylammonium+
Octadecyltrimethylammonium+
Octadecyltripropylammonium+
Octyltrimethylammonium+
Pentylammonium+
Piperidinium+
Propylammonium+
Pyrilammonium+
Tetrabutylammonium+
Tetradecyltrimethylammonium+
Tetraethylammonium+
Tetramethylammonium+
Tetraisopentylammonium+
Tetrapentylammmonium+
Tetrapropylammonium+
Triethylammonium+
Triethylsulfonium+
Trimethylammonium+
Trimethylhexylammonium+
Trimethylsulfonium+
Tripropylammonium+

34.6
38
33.6
29.5
24.4
42.0
51.8
30.1
23.8
22.6
42.2
47.2
40.5
20.9
29.6
23.0
39.4
58.7
20
16.6
17.9
19.9
17.2
26.5
37
37.2
40.8
24.3
19.5
21.5
32.6
44.9
17.9
17.5
23.4
34.3
36.1
47.23
34.6
51.4
26.1

0.921
1.012
0.895
0.786
0.650
1.118
1.379
0.802
0.634
0.602
1.124
1.257
1.078
0.557
0.788
0.612
1.049
1.563
0.533
0.442
0.477
0.530
0.458
0.706
0.985
0.991
1.086
0.647
0.519
0.573
0.868
1.196
0.477
0.466
0.623
0.913
0.961
1.258
0.921
1.369
0.695

Organic Anions
Acetatep-Anisate1/2Azelate2BenzoateBromoacetateBromobenzoateButyrateChloroacetatem-Chlorobenzoateo-Chlorobenzoate-

40.9
29.0
40.6
32.4
39.2
30
32.6
39.8
31
30.2

1.089
0.772
0.541
0.863
1.044
0.799
0.868
1.060
0.825
0.804

IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSION AT INFINITE DILUTION (continued)

Ion
1/3Citrate3CrotonateCyanoacetateCyclohexane carboxylate1/2 1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylate2DecylsulfateDichloroacetate1/2Diethylbarbiturate2Dihydrogencitrate1/2Dimethylmalonate23,5-DinitrobenzoateDodecylsulfateEthylmalonateEthylsulfateFluoroacetateFluorobenzoateFormate1/2Fumarate21/2Glutarate2HydrogenoxalateIsovalerate-

2000 by CRC PRESS LLC

10-4 m2 S mol-1
70.2
33.2
43.4
28.7
53.4
26
38.3
26.3
30
49.4
28.3
24
49.3
39.6
44.4
33
54.6
61.8
52.6
40.2
32.7

D
10-5 cm2 s-1
0.623
0.884
1.156
0.764
0.711
0.692
1.020
0.350
0.799
0.658
0.754
0.639
1.313
1.055
1.182
0.879
1.454
0.823
0.700
1.070
0.871

Ion
IodoacetateLactate1/2Malate21/2Maleate21/2Malonate2MethylsulfateNaphthylacetate1/2Oxalate2OctylsulfatePhenylacetate1/2o-Phthalate21/2m-Phthalate2PicratePivalatePropionatePropylsulfateSalicylate1/2Suberate21/2Succinate2p-Sulfonate
1/2Tartarate2Trichloroacetate-

10-4 m2 S mol-1

D
10-5 cm2 s-1

40.6
38.8
58.8
61.9
63.5
48.8
28.4
74.11
29
30.6
52.3
54.7
30.37
31.9
35.8
37.1
36
36
58.8
29.3
59.6
35

1.081
1.033
0.783
0.824
0.845
1.299
0.756
0.987
0.772
0.815
0.696
0.728
0.809
0.849
0.953
0.988
0.959
0.479
0.783
0.780
0.794
0.932