TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSNll1007-0214ll21/21llpp105-110 Volume 14, Number S2, December 2009

Effects of the Leakage Flow Tangential Velocity in Shrouded Axial Compressor Cascades*
KIM Jinwook (O)**, KIM Tongbeum (), SONG Seungjin ( )
Turbomachinery Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea; Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Ministry of Education, School of Aerospace, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China Abstract: Although compressor blades have long been shrouded for aerodynamic and structural reasons, the importance of the leakage flow in the shrouded axial compressor has been investigated recently. However, the effects of the leakage tangential velocity variation on the blade passage flow are unknown. Therefore, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the loss and flow turning in the blade passage in shrouded axial compressor cascades subject to the variation of the leakage tangential velocity. The newly found results are as follows. First, increasing the leakage tangential velocity reduces overall loss up to 32.6% compared to the reference case. Second, increasing the leakage tangential velocity spreads loss core in the pitch-wise direction so loss core becomes more two-dimensional. Third, increasing the leakage tangential velocity makes the near hub passage flow more radially uniform. Key words: shrouded axial compressor; leakage flow tangential velocity; total pressure loss; passage vortex

Introduction
Gaps between stationary and rotating components cannot be avoided in turbo-machines, and leakage flows will impair the compressors aerodynamic performance. Shrouding is one way to reduce the leakage and improve the blades structural integrity. When stators are shrouded, the hub ends (tips) of stator blades are connected to an annular ring, i.e., the so-called inner-band. Between the inner-band and shrouded cavity end-wall, a single or multiple seal-tooth assembly is used to reduce leakage through the shrouded cavity. Figure 1 shows schematically a stator blade shrouded
Received: 2009-05-08; revised: 2009-06-20

at the hub with a single tooth labyrinth seal. In such seals, due to the adverse axial pressure gradient, the leakage flow enters the seal cavity downstream of the blades and rejoins the main flow upstream of the blades.

Fig. 1 Meridional view of the shrouded cavity and stator blade

* Supported by the 2nd BK21 Program, the Micro Thermal System

Research Center at Seoul National University, Korea, and the SRC/ ERC Program of MOST/KOSEF (No. R11-2001-095-02002-0)

** To whom correspondence should be addressed.

E-mail: kjw7604@snu.ac.kr; Tel: 82-2-8801701

In multi-stage axial compressors, the leakage flow through stator hub seals increases theblockage and secondary flow mixing in the main flow, resulting in the increased loss[1,2]. Typically one percent of the total

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mainstream mass flow leaks through for each percent of seal-clearance/blade span ratio[1]. Wellborn and Okiishi[3,4] found that the leakage flow rate spoiled the near hub performance of the stator and altered stator exit flow conditions. They also found an efficiency degradation of one percent and a three percent penalty in the pressure rise for every one percent increase in the seal-tooth clearance to blade height ratio. Similar trends have been predicted numerically by Wellborn and Okiishi[3-5] and Heidegger et al.[6] Heidegger et al.[6] and Demargne and Longley[7,8] also examined the influence of the tangential velocity of the leakage flow on the flow field. The tangential velocity of the leakage flow is set by the blade loading and the relative motion between rotating and stationary surfaces. Thus, it depends on the compressors operating point. They found reductions in the overall blockage and loss with increasing leakage tangential velocity. Typically, the leakage flow has a lower momentum than the mainstream flow. The mass fraction and the tangential velocity of the leakage relative to the mainstream flow determine the extent of the inlet boundary layer distortion that influences secondary flows in the blade passage. Demargne and Longley[7] argued that the increase in the leakage tangential velocity reduced the tangential momentum thickness and the overall loss. Despite such efforts, the influence of the leakage flow tangential velocity variation on the blade passage flows remains unknown. Therefore, this paper aims to understand how the leakage flow tangential velocity affects passage flows by examining the flow downstream of the blade passages. The scope of current research is limited to shrouded axial compressor cascades.

focus on the upstream (and separately down-stream) seal cavity trench effect. A secondary flow loop was used to circulate the leakage flow in the seal cavity. Inside the secondary loop, a controllable fan was used to adjust the tangential velocity in the cavity[9,10]. The test sections in both test rigs contained six stator blades and a shrouded cavity. The upper ends of the blades were attached to an end-wall plate (casing) while the hub ends were mounted on an inner-band. A single-tooth seal (Fig. 1) was placed under the innerband. The blade geometry at the mid-span of GEs LSRC was used to fabricate two-dimensional blades[1,2]. Parameters of the blades and the shrouded cavity are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Parameters of compressor stator cascade and operating conditions. c is the incoming flow velocity. Parameter True chord, C Span, H Pitch, S Inlet and exit flow angles, 1 and 2 Solidity, Cavity depth, h Seal-clearance/Cavity depth, /h Reynolds number based on the true blade chord Value 200 mm 196 mm 126.6 mm 47.6o and 21o 1.58 17.03 mm 0.11 2.6105 0.09 (2.31*) 0.20 (1.04*) vy /c (Estimated flow coefficient,  ) 0.25 (0.83*) 0.35 (0.59*) 0.45 (0.42*) Note: *, values from Eq. (1)

1.2

Instrumentation

1
1.1

Experiment
Test rigs

A compressor stator cascade employing air was used for experiments. This facility has full seal cavities and secondary flow loops for the seal flow. Thus, these simulate the effects of the seal and the relative motion and facilitate detailed flow investigation in a stationary environment. In comparison, the cascade facility used by Demargne and Longley[7,8] did not have a seal but an upstream slot (and a separate downstream slot) to

A 5-hole probe (United SensorTM) was traversed to measure stagnation pressure and flow angle at x/Cx=1.30 from the blade leading edge. The pressure signals were acquired via a ScanivalveTM. In measuring plane, loss and flow angles were obtained from a grid of 34 (over the entire span) and 21 (over the one pitch) points in one blade passage located at the center of the test section. A Pitot-tube was positioned at the mid-span 0.5 axial chord upstream of the blade leading edge to monitor the incoming mainstream flow velocity.

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1.3

Determination of the leakage flow tangential velocity

In a linear cascade, no rotating motion exists. In real machines, however, the motion of the hub relative to both the stator blades and the inner-band is expected to yield additional velocity mismatch between the mainstream and leakage flows. To the authors knowledge, Demargne and Longleys work[7,8] was the first attempt to use a linear cascade with upstream and downstream slots to study the effect of relative motion (i.e., leakage flow tangential velocity) in a linear cascade. However, the presence of an actual labyrinth seal differentiates the present work from theirs (Fig. 1). Also, a separate flow loop for the cavity regions was used to connect both sidewalls of the linear cascade, and the leakage flow tangential velocity (momentum) was imposed by a controllable fan (Fig. 2).

value for both upstream and downstream cavities[3] Uhub /Utip~0.8 for the blade span used in this study and c=cx /cos(E1) where Uhub is the rotating hub speed. In validating this expression for a flow coefficient of 0.44[2], Eq. (1) yields vy /c|0.4, which shows good agreement to within 4.5% with numerical simulation results[11]. The use of the above correlation allows us to relate the operating conditions in the linear cascade experiments to the flow coefficient in rotating machines. An annular shrouded compressor cascade (with a stationary cavity wall) was selected as the reference case. In this case, the tangential motion of the leakage flow in the shrouded cavity is determined by the tangential component of the mainstream and shear stress on cavity surfaces. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses of this case were conducted in Ref. [12], and the value of vy /c=0.09 was obtained. Thus, vy /c=0.09 was selected to represent the reference case of annular cascade with a stationary cavity wall.
1.4 Data reduction

Loss was measured using a 5-hole probe at the downstream. Here, the loss coefficient (YP) is defined as Pt  P YP (2) Pt  Ps where P is the stagnation pressure. Reynolds number (Re) is based on the blade true chord C and upstream mean velocity c. Measurement uncertainty associated with the loss coefficient (YP) was found to be within 3.2% in a 95% confidence interval[13].

Fig. 2 Schematics of the wind-tunnel with full shrouded cavity

2
2.1

Discussion
Overall loss

In this paper, a new parameter is introduced to characterize the leakage flow tangential velocity (vy) rela2 2 1/ 2 tive to the mainstream velocity v y /c (c (cx  cy ) ). The use of this parameter facilitates determination of vy to be imposed for a given Reynolds number (or mainstream velocity). A simplified expression of vy /c can be obtained as a function of flow coefficient ( cx /Utip) as vy U tip 1 (1) 0.308cos( E1 ) | 0.208M c c x

where Utip is the rotor tip speed in rotating machines and E1 is the inlet flow angle. This expression was obtained by adopting vy /Uhub~0.385, which is the average

Figure 3 shows the pitch-wise mass-averaged loss measured at x /Cx 1.30 downstream from the blade leading edge. In all the five cases, the loss is concentrated near the casing and hub end-walls. Increasing vy /c from 0.09 to 0.45 reduces the span-wise extent of the blade hub region under the influence of the secondary flow from z/H 0.35 to 0.20. On the other hand, the loss in the outboard span region (z/H > 0.4) is largely unaffected. Also, for vy /c 0.45 (the operating point), the value of the loss coefficient is about 0.04 at the mid-span. This value matches the LSRCs

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experimental data and thus builds confidence in our data. As the leakage flow tangential velocity increases to vy /c 0.09, 0.20, 0.35, and 0.45, the loss is reduced by 3.72%, 14.9%, 23.3%, and 32.6% compared to the reference case, respectively. The dependence of loss on the leakage tangential velocity is consistent with previous findings[5-8].

2.2

Total pressure loss contour

Fig. 3 Span-wise variations of the pitch-wise massaveraged loss coefficient with varying the leakage flow tangential velocity at x/Cx=1.30

Loss contours have been measured at 1.30Cx from the blade leading edge. Figure 4 shows the span-wise and pitch-wise loss distributions for vy /c 0.09, 0.20, 0.35, and 0.45, respectively. The same contour level and range have been used in the figures. For the reference case (vy/c=0.09) in Fig. 4a, the loss core has lifted off from the hub surface and a second loss core has emerged. According to Kim[12], immediate downstream of the trailing edge, lossy flow emerges from the downstream cavity trench into the mainstream towards where relatively low pressure exits. This leakage flow pushes the loss core away from the hub and forms a distinctive second loss core. Thus, the loss continuously increases from the leading edge as flow convects downstream. For vy /c 0.45 in Fig. 4d, the radial extent and the magnitude of the overall loss have been reduced relative to Fig. 4a. Also the high loss region has shifted even closer to the pressure side compared to Fig. 4a. The high loss region now only covers up to about 5%

(a) vy /c 0.09

(b) vy /c 0.20

Fig. 4

(c) vy /c 0.35 (d) vy /c 0.45 Total pressure loss contour with varying the leakage flow tangential velocity at x/Cx =1.30 (contour interval is 0.05).

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span height, and the overall loss contour shape has become even more two-dimensional, covering almost the entire pitch at up to 20% span. Thus, entrainment effect has further reduced loss in the passage. The newly found effects of increasing vy/c on the loss in the downstream of the blade row can be summarized as follows. Downstream of the downstream cavity trench at x/Cx=1.30, a significant radially downward shift as well as reduction of loss occurs with increasing vy/c. This result is due to a weakened secondary flow effect and is discussed in more detail in the next section.
2.3 Flow turning by the blades

To examine the influence of the leakage flow tangential velocity on the flow angle, measurements have been made at x/Cx 1.30. Figure 5 shows plots of pitch-wise area-averaged radial distribution of deviation angle at x/Cx 1.30. The deviation angle is obtained by subtracting the exit blade angle k2 from the measured exit flow angle E2. Measurement uncertainties associated with deviation have been found to be within 2.6% with a 95% confidence interval, using the method of Coleman and Steele[13].

matches the LSRCs experimental data. Therefore, the data obtained in this research builds confidence once again. The near hub deviation pattern indicates a classic vortex structure (with counter-clockwise rotation viewed from downstream) or a passage vortex. Increasing vy /c decreases the deviation for 0.05- z /H 0.4 and increases the deviation for z /H - 0.05. Thus, increasing vy /c weakens the secondary flow and makes the flow more uniform. Also the radially downward shift of the vortex is visible. To the authors knowledge, this result is the first experimental validation of the numerical predictions by Heidegger et al.[5] Finally, the weakening is due to a combination of the change in the upstream flow condition, the reduced secondary flow generation within the passage, and the entrainment effect of the downstream cavity trench.

Conclusions

This paper examines the effects of the relative motion between stationary and rotating surfaces (i.e., leakage flow tangential velocity, vy/c) on the blade passage flows in shrouded axial compressor cascades. The findings of this study are as follows. (1) A new shrouded compressor cascade facility has been developed which enables testing of the relative motion effects in a non-rotating environment. (2) The upstream injection into the mainstream flow of the leakage flow with increasing tangential velocity makes the flow in the passage become more radially uniform and weakens the secondary flow. Thus, the mixing loss between leakage and passage flows is reduced, and the overall loss is reduced. (3) With increasing leakage tangential velocity, the three-dimensional shape of the loss core, concentrated in the hub suction side corner, becomes more two-dimensional.
References

Fig. 5 Variation of the pitch-wise area-averaged deviation angle with the leakage tangential velocity at x/Cx=1.30

[1] Wisler D C. Loss reduction in axial-flow compressors through low-speed model testing. ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 1985, 107: 354-363. [2] Wisler D C, Bauer R C, Okiishi T H. Secondary flow, turbulent diffusion, and mixing in axial-flow compressor. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, 1987, 109: 455-482. [3] Wellborn S R, Okiishi T H. Effects of shrouded stator cavity flows on multistage compressor aerodynamic performance. NASA Contract Report 198536, 1996.

The exit flow shows positive deviation (underturned) along the entire span (Fig. 5). The same as the loss contour, there is no visible effect of the leakage flow on the exit flow turning for z/H>0.4. At mid-span, all of the cases show a deviation angle of +5 regardless of the leakage tangential velocity. This value also

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Tsinghua Science and Technology, December 2009, 14(S2): 105-110 Gas turbine (ACGT). Seoul, Korea, 2005. [10] Lee J S. Effects of the shrouded cavity on loss in axial compressor cascade [Dissertation]. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea, 2005. [11] Sohn D W, Kim T, Song S J. Influence of leakage tangential velocity on leakage flow path and passage flow in shrouded axial compressor cascades. ISROMAC-11 Paper #73, 2006. [12] Kim J H. Numerical study of the shrouded stator seal cavity flow in axial compressor cascade [Dissertation]. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea, 2005. [13] Coleman H W, Steele W G. Experimentation and Uncertainty Analysis for Engineers. 2nd Edition. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 1999.

[4] Wellborn S R, Okiishi T H. The influence of shrouded stator cavity flows on multistage compressor performance. ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, 1999, 121: 486-498. [5] Wellborn S R. Details of axial-compressor shrouded stator cavity flows. ASME Paper, 2001: 2001-GT-0495. [6] Heidegger N J, Hall E J, Delaney R A. Parameterized study of high-speed compressor seal cavity flow. AIAA Paper, 1996: 96-2807. [7] Demargne A A J, Longley J P. Aerodynamic interaction of stator shroud leakage and mainstream flows in compressors. ASME Paper, 2000: 2000-GT-570. [8] Demargne A A J, Longley J P. Cavity and protrusion effects in a single-stage compressor. ASME Paper, 2001: 2001-GT-433. [9] Sohn D W, Kim T, Song S J. Effects of leakage flow tangential velocity on leakage flow path in shrouded axial compressor cascades. In: Proceedings of Asian Congress of