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Chapter 1 p7-9 Chapter 7 p168-176, p180-181 p192-199, Box 7.2 and 7.3
Components of the CNS Subdivisions of the nervous system Anatomical planes of section The central nervous system The peripheral nervous system Brain imaging techniques MRI, PET
1 Molecular Neuroscience
The role of molecules (NTs, ions, proteins) crucial for neuronal communication
5 Cognitive Neuroscience
how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the neural circuitry (perception, intelligence)
2 Cellular Neuroscience
How molecules work together to give neurons specific properties (action potential)
Neuroscience today
4 Behavioural Neuroscience
Where in the brain is specific behaviour (dreams, emotions)
3 Systems Neuroscience
How brain circuits analyze sensory information (movement, vision etc.)
Neurulation
the process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube 22 days after conception
The PNS
The CNS
notochord Fig 7.8 plays a key role in understanding the development of the CNS
Spina bifida
Anatomical references
Lateral view Medial view
Anterior
Posterior
Anterior
Posterior
Anatomical references
Dorsal
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal view
Ventral view
Ventral
Fig. 7.3
Fig. 1.6
White matter
Axons (coated with myelin)
Components of the NS
Central nervous system (CNS)
Brain and Spinal cord
The brain:
receives sensory input from the spinal cord as well as from its own nerves processing of sensory inputs and initiating appropriate motor outputs.
Components of the NS
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Outside the CNS Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
Forebrain
Brainstem
Major Divisions of the Brain 1. 2. 3. 4. Spinal cord Brainstem Cerebellum Forebrain Diencephalon hypothalamus, thalamus Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
receives all sensory messages from the spinal cord (except for smell) prior to being directed to the cerebrum's sensory areas
cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
consists of the cerebral cortex, large fiber tracts (corpus callosum links two hemisheres) deeper structures (basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus)
Hippocampus
learning and memory
Amygdala
fear aggression behaviour
Cerebral lobes
The cerebrum
Central sulcus
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Vision
Prefrontal cortex
Executive functions, Thinking, planning, organizing & problem solving. Emotions & behavioural control, personality
Spinal cord
Carrying messages
Cerebellum
Balance
Somatosensory information from the body surface is mapped into dorsal root ganglion DRG Information from the head and neck is relayed to the Dorsal root ganglion CNS via the trigeminal ganglion
Thalamus
Thalamus
Thalamus Sensory relay station to the cerebral cortex (except for smell)
Fig 7.14
White matter
Gray matter
Brain stem
Interneuron
bringing sensory Information to the cerebral cortex
Sensory input
Motor output
Brain Ventricles
The four ventricles consist of
the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
Brain Ventricles
Ventricles - the cavities in the brain that contain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), which
acts as a buffer against damage caused by blows to the head. contains small amounts of protein, glucose, and potassium and relative large amounts of sodium chloride formed by choroid plexuses located in the walls and roofs of the ventricles
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine shows areas of demyelination as bright lesions. can reveal lesions prior to clinical symptoms
MRI- MS Diagnosis
Typical MRI characteristics white matter abnormalities 95% of patients White lesions indicate areas of fresh inflammation and open BBB.
Brain Atrophy
Mark Mattson "Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's Disease" Nature v. 430 August 5, 2004.
MRI:
1. 2. Increased lateral ventricular volume. Decreased volume of hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, thalamus.