Finite Element Analysis Convergence H Q

1
MECH 6390 (Fundamentals of FiniteElement Method)

Auburn University, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Lecture 15
Error, Error Estimation and Convergence
Discretization Error and Convergence Rate
Multi-Mesh Extrapolation
Mesh Revision Methods
Gradient Recovery and Smoothing
A-Posteriori Error Estimate
Let | represent a quantity of interest calculated at some
location in a FE mesh.
Where,
| = field quantity
OR
one of its derivatives
OR
quantity such as stress, which is proportional to a
combination of derivatives.
O(h
q
) = order of error of |
h = measure of element size.
Assume that convergence is monotonic and that q is known.
Multimesh Interpolation
2
The plot of | versus h
q
is a straight line.
Let |
1
and |
2
be values calculated from two meshes, that have
respective size measures as h
1
and h
2
.
By linear interpolation to the |-axis, we obtain,
% 100 e
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
| |
=

|
corresponds to an element
size of h = 0, i.e. an
infinitely refined mesh
size.
The equation is called the
Richardson Extrapolation
Formula.
q
2
1
q
2
1
2 1
q
1
q
2
q
1 2
q
2 1
q
1
y q
2 q
1
q
2
1 2
2
q
2
y q
1 q
1
q
2
1 2
1
q
q
1
q
2
1 2
h
h
1
h
h
or
h h
h h
h by mult h
h h
h by mult h
h h
h
h h
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
= |
| |
= |
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
| = |
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
| = |
|
|
.
|
\
|
| |
| = |

3
Restrictions on Richardson Extrapolation Formula for
Monotonic Convergence include -
1. Requires regular mesh refinement, i.e. in each refinement
nodes and element boundaries of the coarser mesh are
preserved.
2. Corner nodes stay corner nodes AND side nodes stay side
nodes.
3. Element types are not changed.
4. Quantity of interest must stay at a fixed location in the
mathematical model.
Non-Monotonic Convergence include -
1. Results from mesh of incompatible elements, e.g. Q6
elements with incompatible modes.
2. The exponent q may not known in advance. It can be
established graphically by seeking a value such that plot of
| versus h
q
plots as a straight line.
3. Need at least three meshes to distinguish a curve from a
straight line.
4. If the original mesh is too coarse, the | from this mesh may
not lie on a straight line for any value of q.
5. Sometimes, instead of regarding | as exact, it is preferable
to estimate percentage error of |
2
.
% 100 e
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
| |
=
4
Lateral tip deflection of a cantilever beam, calculated using 8,
32 and 128 four-node plane elements.
Each mesh refinement is a regular subdivision of the preceding
mesh.
Each mesh analyzed with 3-different kind of elements based on
bi-linear shape functions.
q = 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
978 . 7
3536 . 0 1768 . 0
3536 . 0 124 . 7 1768 . 0 562 . 4
h h
h h
2 2
2 2
q
1
q
2
q
1 2
q
2 1
=

| |
= |
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
695 . 8
1768 . 0 0884 . 0
1768 . 0 302 . 8 0884 . 0 124 . 7
h h
h h
2 2
2 2
q
1
q
2
q
1 2
q
2 1
=

| |
= |
5
Exact value from beam theory
(including transverse shear deformation),
820 . 8 18 . 0 64 . 8
AG 5
PL 6
EI 3
PL
v
3
= + = + = = |

Calculate o
max
with q = 1 and all three combinations of data-points.
What is the average of all three o
max
values?
6
Lecture 15, Part 2
7
h refinement
Involves adding elements of the same type by repeated sub-
division of elements of the same type.
Where,
h = linear dimension that characterizes the size of the element,
such as,
largest span
square root of area of plane element
cube-root of volume of a solid element
p refinement
Involves increasing p within the elements without increasing
the number of elements BY adding d.o.f.to existing nodes
OR adding nodes to existing inter-element boundaries.
Where,
p = degree of the highest complete polynomial in the element
field quantity.
8
r refinement
Where r refers to rearrange.
Involves relocating nodes WITHOUT changing the number of
elements or polynomial degree of field quantity.
Lecture 15, Part 3
Gradient Recovery and Smoothing
9
Gradient Recovery & Smoothing
The basic way to determine a gradient field is to calculate it in
an element-by-element fashion.
For example,
strain field calculated from element nodal d.o.f, {d}
Commonly used elements are of C
0
type or C
1
type, and
therefore do not display inter-element continuity of strain
fields (or curvature).
THEREFORE, alternative methods of gradient calculation can
be more accurate and many of them provide inter-element
continuity.
Collectively, they are known as smoothing operations.
{ } | |{ } d B = c
Discrepancy between
element-by-element field
AND
smoothed field
can serve as a measure of discretization error.
Further, the smoothed field may be regarded as the most
accurate result that the current mesh can provide.
10
Symbols
{c}, {o} = strain and stress fields calculated on an element-by-
element basis, i.e. using
{c} = [B]{d}
{o} = [E]{c}
{c*}, {o*} = strain and stress fields calculated from a smoothing
operation.
o, o* = one of the stresses in {o} and {o*} respectively.
> Nodal Averaging Method
Let a stress, such as the von-mises stress, o
e
be computed at
each node of the element.
At a node shared by n elements there are in general n
different values o
e
.
The nodal average is,
In computing nodal averages, one must avoid averaging across
physically valid discontinuities, such as sudden change in
material property or thickness,, for which the nodal
average has no physical meaning.
( ) ( )
=
o = o
n
1 i
i e ave e
n
1
11
A smoothed field that is inter-element continuous can be
constructed from nodal average stresses.
The same shape function that was used to interpolate the field
quantity from nodal d.o.f. can be applied to nodal average
stresses.
THUS, the portion of the smoothed field over a single element
is,
Where
o* = any stress (o
x
, o
y
, etc.)
{o
n
* } = vector of nodal averages of stress for the element at
hand.

{ }
*
n
*
N o = o
Bar elements under axial load.
Possible a axial
displacement field
Computed by nodal
average of adjacent
elements.
The unsmoothed field is a better display for engineering
purposes, since it provides a whole field portrayal of where
mesh refinement is needed, i.e. areas of greatest inter-
element discontinuity.
12
Option 2
Begin by improving the displacement field, then differentiate it
to obtain the smoothed strain field.
Consider a two-node bar element.
@ node1, x = 0
axial displacement = u
1
THEN,
axial strain can be taken as nodal average value, c
x1
*
Similarly @ node 2,
nodal values are u
2
and c
x2
*
These nodal values describe a smoothed function, u* = u*(x).
Option 2
Specifically using cubic shape functions from the BEAM
element formulation,
dx
du
E E
and
N u N N u N u
*
*
x
*
x
*
2 x 4
*
2 3
*
1 x 2
*
1 1
*
= c = o
c + + c + =
13
> Global Smoothing
Determine the nodal values of a smoothed stress field by least
squares fit.
BY
Minimizing the square of the difference between the smoothed
field and the element-by-element field.
Where both o and o* pertain to a single stress, such as o
e
.
( )
}
o o = dV F
2
*
G
Integration over
one element
Summation over
all elements of
structure.
{ } | || |{ } d B E
in stresses of one is
= o
o
> Global Smoothing
THEN, o* can be interpolated from nodal stresses on an
element-by-element fashion,
BUT {o
n
*} is yet unknown.
Assemble the elemental smoothed nodal stresses, {o
n
*}, into
the global vector, {o
n
*}
G
.

{ }
*
n
*
N o = o
14
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
{ } { }
( )
{ } { }

{ } { }

{ } ( )
{ }

{ }

( )

{ } ( )

( )
}

}
}
o = o
= o o =
o c
c
o o + o o o o
o c
c
=
o c
c
o o + o o o o
o c
c
=
o c
c
o o + o o o o =
o o + o o o o o o =
o o o o =
o o o o =
o o =
dV N dV N N
0 dV N 2 N N 2
F
dV N 2 N N
F
dV 2
F
dV 2 F
dV F
dV F
dV F
dV F
T
G
*
n
T
T
G
*
n
T
G
*
n
G
T
G
*
n
T
G
*
n G
*
n
T
G
*
n G
*
n
G
T
T
* *
T
*
G
*
n G
*
n
G
T
T
* *
T
*
G
T * T
T
* *
T
*
G
* T
T
*
G
*
T
*
G
2
*
G
{ }
{ } 0
F
G
*
n
G
=
o c
c
> Global Smoothing
Calculate,
{ }
{ }

| |{ }

{ }
G
*
n
T
G
*
n
T
G
*
n
G
for solve
dV N dV N N
0
F
o
o = o
=
o c
c
}
Method not favored because of
computational expense.
15
A small number of contiguous elements is called a patch.
Stresses in the elements of the patch are used to construct a
smoothed field applicable to the patch.
Either stress or strain can be smoothed.
Let the stress field over the patch be represented as,
Where
o* is one of the stress components (o
x
, o
y
, etc. )
P = terms of a polynomial.
{a} = generalized coordinates to be determined.
> Patch Recovery

{ } a P
*
= o
Possible choices of polynomial matrix, P are,
The bilinear P being an incomplete polynomial provides
results dependent on orientation of the xy axes relative to
the patch.
> Patch Recovery

2 2
y xy x y x 1 P : Quadratic
xy y x 1 P : Bilinear
=
=
16
To calculate {a}, select a patch
1. Element stress field is sampled at various locations at
which it is likely to be accurate. Typically, these locations
are gauss points of various integration rules.
2. Square the difference between element stress o and yet
unknown smoothed stress o* = P {a}
> Patch Recovery
Assign a coordinate
system xy, located
arbitrarily but close to
the patch.
3. Add the squares together,
Where,
nsp = number of sampling points in the patch
4. Substitute for o* = P {a}
5. Minimize F
P
w.r.t. a
i
.
> Patch Recovery
( )
=
o o =
nsp
1 i
2
i
*
P
F
{ }
0
a
F
P
=
c
c
It is required that nsp is greater
than or equal to number of terms
in {a}
17
> Patch Recovery
| |{ } { }
| |

{ }

=
=
o =
=
=
nsp
1 i
i
T
i
nsp
1 i
i
T
i
P b
P P A , where
b a A
1 2 3
x
A B
Two linear elements 1-2 and 2-3. Gauss points of order 1 are lettered.
A smooth stress field, o
x
* = a
0
+ a
1
x is to be obtained.
Establish matrix [A] and constant vector {b}
Let o
xA
= 1 and o
xB
= 3.
What is the value of o
x
* at x = L
> Patch Recovery
18
L
L

Finite Element Analysis Convergence H Q

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MECH 6390 (Fundamentals of FiniteElement Method)

MECH 6390 (Fundamentals of FiniteElement Method)

MECH 6390 (Fundamentals of FiniteElement Method)

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