P L AN T S

AN D AN I MA L S T R A N S P O R T DI S SO LV E D N U T RI E N T S AN D G AS E S I N A F LUI D M EDI U M

IDENTIFY THE FORM ( S ) IN W HICH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CARRIED IN MAMMALIAN BLOOD : CARBON DIOXIDE OXYGEN WATER SALTS LIPIDS NITROGENOUS WASTE OTHER PRODUCTS OF DI GESTION

SUBSTANCE
Carbon dioxide

TRANSPORT
Carbon dioxide travels in different forms in the blood: - 7% carbon dioxide dissolve directly in the plasma - 23% combines with haemoglobin forming carbaminohaemoglobin - 70% forms hydrogen carbonate ions (or bicarbonate ions) and travel in the plasma Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells Travels in plasma as water molecules Ions in the plasma Coated within proteins becoming lipoproteins and travel as high-density lipoproteins or lowdensity lipoproteins Mainly as part of plasma Travel dissolved in plasma such as amino acids, vitamins and glucose.

Oxygen Water Salt Lipids (insoluble) Nitrogenous waste Other products of digestion

P ERFORM A FIRST - HA ND INVESTIGATION T O DEMONSTRATE THE EFFECT OF DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE ON TH E P H OF WATER
With the measuring cylinder, 200mL of tap water was poured into a beaker. A data logger with a pH probe was placed in the water. With the straw, air blown into the water for 1 minute. The pH of water was measured with the data logger and recorded every 2 seconded interval. The experiment was repeated three more times Results show that increased carbon dioxide concentration lowers the pH of water.

P E R FO R M

A FI R ST - H AN D I N V ES T I G AT I O N U SI N G T H E LI GH T MI C R O S CO P E AN D P R EP AR E D S LI D ES T O GA T H E R I N FO R M AT I O N T O E ST I MA T E T H E SI Z E O F R E D AN D W HI T E BLO O D C E L L S AN D D R AW SC A L E D DI AG R AM S O F E A CH

Q. Assess the accuracy of the diagram (3) Scale of red blood cells 7-8 White blood cells are larger than red blood cells Platelet would not be visible with a light microscope

Q. Why is it safer to use prepared slides instead of fresh blood? (1) It is safer to use prepared slides as fresh blood many contain pathogens
AN AL YS E I N FO R MA T I O N FR O M S E CO N D AR Y SO U RC E S T O I D E N T I FY C U R RE N T T E CH N O LO GI E S T HA T AL LO W M E AS U RE M EN T O F O X Y G E N S AT U R AT I O N AN D C AR BO N DI O XI D E CO N C EN T RAT I O N S I N B LO O D AN D D E SC RI B E AN D EXP LAI N T H E CO N DI T I O N S UN DE R W HI CH T H ES E T E CH N O LO GI E S A R E U SE D

PULSE OXIMETRY
It is a non-invasive probe attached to a patients figure or ear lobe to monitor the percentage of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen.

Used to constantly monitor oxygen saturation for patients with severe breathing and heart problems and while patients are unconscious and recovering from surgery.

CAPNOMETER
Capnometer analyses carbon dioxide concentration It is used in medical applications to monitor air exchange in the lungs of patients on ventilators or under anaesthesia. It can evaluate the respiratory conditions of spontaneously breathing patients. It is noninvasive and portable capnometer can be used in-home car and in general wards.

AN AL YS E I N FO R MA T I O N FR O M S E CO N D AR Y SO U RC E S T O I D E N T I FY T H E P RO DU CT S EXT R AC T ED FR O M DO N AT E D B LO O D A N D DI S CU SS T H E U S E S O F T HE S E P RO D U CT S

Stable protein plasma (treated plasma) used in emergency situation before whole blood is available. It is also used in patients with severe burns who tend to loose fluid rather than blood. Packed red blood cells- boost the patients ability transport oxygen Platelet- promote clotting Clotting factors- used on patients with excessive bleeding disorders Serum albumin- used by patients with low plasma protein levels Immunoglobulin- concentrated antibodies used by patients with damaged immune system

AN AL YS E AN D P R E S EN T I N FO R M AT I O N F R O M S E CO N DA RY SO U R C ES T O R EP O RT O N P RO GR E SS I N T H E P RO D U CT I O N O F A R T I FI CI A L B LO O D AN D U S E AV AI L A BL E EV I D EN C E T O P RO P O S E RE A SO N S W HY SU C H R E SE A RC H I S N E E D ED

Artificial blood cannot be made. Blood substitutes only perform some function of biological blood and are classified by function: volume expanders and oxygen carriers. Lost blood can be replaced with dextrose solution which is a mixture of glucose, salt and water. This prevents a patients blood pressure from falling too low. Two types of oxygen carriers: Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) and Haemoglobin based oxygen carriers PFCs have a benefit in the amount of oxygen picked up is directly proportional to the amount of oxygen breathed in Haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier can load and unload oxygen under normal body conditions.

Research is needed to develop production of artificial blood because: Amount of blood needed for transfusion is rising each year faster than the amount of blood being donated A chance in some places around the world of undetected blood bank contamination from AIDS, hepatitis and other emergent diseases. Blood has storage problems- it must be kept at 4 and only stays fresh for 42 days.

E X P L A I N T HE A D A P T I V E A D V A N TA G E O F HA E M O G L O B I N

Haemoglobin is an adaptive advantage because it transports oxygen needed for respiration from where it is available to cells throughout the body. Haemoglobin carries millions of molecules of oxygen in each red blood cell. Body cells could not get enough oxygen if they had to rely on oxygen dissolved in the plasma alone. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that is a respiratory pigment.
C O M P A R E T H E S TR U C TU R E O F A R TE R I E S , C A P I L L A R I E S A N D V E I N S I N R E L A T I O N TO T HE I R F U N C TI O N

FEATURE
Diagram Definition Wall structure

ARTERIES
Carry blood away from the heart Thick elastic muscular

CAPILLARIES
Thin-walled blood vessels linking arteries to vein Walls are only a single cell

VEINS
Carry blood to heart Thin walls with fewer

Blood pressure Diameter Function

with three main layers with muscle and elastic tissue. High Small Bore Distribute blood away from the heart Mainly oxygenated None

in thickness with no elastic or muscular fibres low One red blood cell Gases exchange between blood and surrounding cells Gas exchange occurs None

elastic and muscle than the equivalent layers in arteries. Low Large Bore Return blood to the heart from capillaries Mainly deoxygenated blood Valves present to prevent backflow

Composition of blood present Valves

D E S C R I B E T H E M A I N C H A N G E S I N T HE C HE M I C A L C O M P O S I TI O N O F T H E B L O O D A S I T M O V E S A R O U N D T HE B O D Y A N D I D E N T I F Y TI S S U E S I N W H I C H T HE S E C HA N G E S O C C U R

LOCATION
Lungs

CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION CHANGE

Carbon dioxide increases

REASON
Diffuse back into the lungs from the blood returning from respiring body cells Diffuse out of the lungs into the blood Diffuse into the small intestine into the blood to be used by the body When glucose is removed and stored as glycogen Determine by the water and salt levels in the body Urea increases as it is filtered from the blood and accumulated to be excreted. Endocrine secrete hormones directly into the blood. The hormones travel around the body by the blood until it reaches the target cell/tissue.

Oxygen Villi of small intestine Amino acids and glucose

decreases decreases

Liver Kidney

Glucose Water Nitrogenous waste

Decrease Removed or reabsorbed Increases

Glands

Hormones

Increases

O U T L I N E T HE N E E D F O R O X Y G E N I N L I V I N G C E L L S A N D E X P L A I N W HY R E M O V A L O F C A R B O N D I O X I D E FROM CELLS IS ESSENT IAL

All living things use the process of respiration to release energy to be used by the cells to maintain life processes. High levels of carbon dioxide are toxic and damage cell metabolism. High carbon dioxide decrease pH and changes the ability of haemoglobin to bind with oxygen.
DESCRIBE CURRENT THE ORIES ABOUT PROCESSES RESPONSIBLE FOR TH E MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS T HR O U G H P L A N T S I N X Y L E M A N D P H L O E M T I S S U E

XYLEM TISSUE
Substances being absorbed by the plant from the soil. Water enters the plant by osmosis. Mineral ions can also diffuse into the roots cells but root cell often use active transport to pull ions into cells. A water solution moving upward through xylem vessels: o Osmosis causes a constant movement of water into the plant and water rises through xylem vessel as more water moves in through the roots. This effect is called root pressure.

Capillarity (attraction between solid tube surface and water molecules) causes water to rise through the thin tubes. o Adhesion- the cellulose wall of xylem vessels draw water along o Cohesion forces between water molecules means that that as water moves upwards in the vessel, water below it is pulled up too. Water escaping through the leaves when stomates are open to allow carbon dioxide to enter. As water escape by transpiration, cohesion causes more water to be drawn up the xylem vessels.

PHLOEM TISSUE
Pressure or mass flow theory Sugars are moved into phloem cells by active transport. Water moves from surrounding cells into the phloem cells by osmosis. The changes in hydrostatic pressure within phloem vessels cause translocation when water and dissolved substance move to another cell.