English Latin Dutch

father pater vadar

brother frzter broedar

1
Pyles P. 79

English)

3J5:;51u1& 1~34 w1Jet

9 lo FI

rmwvi wnw& r~onwwi

asmi (I am)
asi (you a r e )

eom

(am)

eart (are) is (is) sindon (are) sindon (are) sindon (are)

asti (he is) smas (we are) stha (you are) santi (they are)

Yd 9 YilJwwu-id b wpww l

wd " wpw;

16

d;dami

(I give)

dadm& (we give) dattha/ (you give) dgdanti (they give) *l

did&i (you give) didati (he gives)

1. Indian
2. Iranian 3. Armenian 4. Hellenic 5. Albanian

6. Italic
7. Balto-Slavic 8. Germanic 9. Celtic

10. Hittite LQ:: Tocharian

Indo-Iranian I lndx

Iranic Old I Old Persian Iranian I Avestan Jh~:;lll Hind1 hlarathl

~;l!Jtl hlJ"l>i ctc

Modern Icrsian Pash to Balochi Kurdish

Ossete etc

niuitun&yB7i

tffuu (Iraflian)

20

21

n~~lun&t~taTjn

(Hellenic)

2 2

ni~74un~uuoaTm-aai~n

(Balto-Slavic)

23

npu~n~luffonlwl~n~tBuu
I I ,

(Sorbian) nfom~zr

(Wendish)

-&Uy+yml~ruw

lt&umulu

tuosih
nwwm5n9~

(South Slavic) I&n

nwvpnl~%u

(Bulgarian)
nwl

t~il;'lu~n-rro~,~(Serbo-~rcatian!

tta:nlwlaTat~rffou

(Slovenian)

Old Irish A Irish Scats Manx

Cornish Welsh Iictisl, 13reton

2 5

nw7h&tma~m

.- (Celtic)

27

2 8

caba

Modern

English

fight,

battle

city urbs villa ville

mouth
OS

Written or Classical Latin pugna Spoken French Latin battualia bataille

bucca bouche

wm~~dSur(nuun~tt~ Romance Languages $urkmdl?fiaru?

n~~ul~lnnlwla=PiudrijWnlwl~~

(Spoken or Vulgar Latin)

n-ts-Gaul~fluu

(Albanian)

31

*1 Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language (Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey: 1978), p. 33.

nw~?un&rooxtuQm (Germanic) --__--.

34

3 6

9.

nwltw5flu~~

(High German)*' (Low German)

lo. nwl ~UOSI?U&

nw~wosf.ju&

lkt&w~ Old Saxon, Old LOW Franconian

3 7

3 8

Old EnqliG - ic d6

~~~WUJ~UICJL&~~U

I do, 1 am doing,

I will do.

I was doing, I have done Latin laud&o = I shall praise laudZv6 laudaveram laudaver Greek titherni theso etithen et/&a tetheka = = I have praised I had praised

= I shall have praised = I am placing = I will place = I was placing = I placed = I have placed

w.,&M,Q

Weak verb USQJ /d/ ci?pan cept_e

Modern English Ro beghbegged

= to keep = kept (t kmuaAnniaua: e "

L i%JmGJ LWIILI

4x

#&Iw~~~~~L~uwGJ

/t/ "iu Modern English r&eu tQrrua-rznwlungl

L&J talk --+ talked (Internal Vowel Change)

&m\n4uld*c

*zu Tn tihrn?nfrrlrjs:~nn Strong Verb L&J 0 E Verb writan wr2.t c&an

CONI

= = = =

to write wrote to come came

niaihnsjuruostwh

niZjfl',u',nGini(qfu#G

L&J article,

demonstrative UK possessive qiqcutivtn;rirsz~Gu rllJ?hillu~zrhJttuu weak adjective

weak adjective n75

4 2

h&U

OE

geonge bawd

ceorlas (fellows)
geong dUVI7nh%Uiwhilu

F3r ~Fil.Jth~U

&UPI?QN#f?i

ceorlas &~C~IW~WWI pronoun strong

n%

n\qNffWi

geong tTI3.Z article,demonstrative

uhii

possessive pronoun

P\lffnl~ns=uiofl"7qor~~~t~uu

adjective OE +, geongan ceorlas

(the) (young) (fellows) -ir::!.h~th%~ an

V?l(lfhqNhi~ geong ?:~dU;lflul~ geong

92&iiduuiufl\ui~ ceorlas $4 r~)UniuirJwpwl;,nBouOT?n;iuu-rn rdnlqfuffwi 9::

~~J@~~~I~Iu!~J LW41dh0fhkmu&

article pi

Uln<l fl?qNffn$

geong

4~r& weak adjective iInl~r4iuth~uttuu weak adjective

grosse big) diese (these)

knaben (boys) grosse_n (big) knaben (boys)

4 3

"I: ril~a WI~J~I&I~~U~I~ twufwk e adjective gross% tta:th en

&um"7rjtuClw6 strong

&Aqr&< weak adjective

grosse_n ~J~w-IW-ILUW~J~~~~~'U

magni (great) isti (those)

homines (men) magni (great) homines (men)

.
44

n%

Latin: v$ri I: virorum hibe hab$mus

= men (stress uuwu?\I&t'ln) = of the men (stress

~uwc~~u&b~)

= I have (stress uuwwittm)

= We have (stress
~~~~~u&kau)

Old English &der f;deres fideras fgdera fae/derum

(fliuiu

~afwmu'

nmtii-jtmu

fn-n.nau nswmm)

(n-lu1lJ Lanw9~u~mu

t&wJu ) n-r-is)

(ih~~uwpws~n~m~~~~u (niulllw~w~u;rnnu

r;WaY )

(niu~uwyws; n57usnv) Indo-European ~&J&J 7 u7uniqcli=ikBuu rhnUn

PI=MU~IU~I~I 1G~~~f~1~ht~rikr

root

A.IIuFPF~~~S;I~UU

suffix t&u suffix) root)

Greek

hod& lo/gas

= =

road ('li;~Qrr~r&~Cn'l$~u word (I~rffuvr&~n'l%n~

: .1 :

,;

-.

45

latin L-

fr;iter fhgus mZter

Germai - -

br6dor b&z mijdor

= brother = beech tree = mother

Latin /3/ aznm 0 Latin hostis nox hostus

3:,5~ Germanic /a/ = stranger = night = garden

Germanic (Gothic) gasts nahts gards

/e/

il:tSu Germanic /I/ (nasal)

tdaaf$nkkpwr8truui3n

r~a-ffw0iyvu=R7uuibnIgo~nd\t

I& Latin ventus - - - Germanic (Eng) wind

Old Dutch

English z

SZ zee Go

Old High German =

46

Icelandic Danish Gothic

= = =

sar
Sb

saiws

Grieek Latin Irish

= = =

thalassa mare muir jura = samundar

Lithuanian= Hindustani

Old Persian = drayah

I: E Ci-n&u

bh dh gh - Get-b 8 3 --+b
/b/

I E ,fbh/--+Ger

I E

,Idh/
hanqn

Ger /d/ m@hu ---+3 nitii&nqu nwithnqu mead _ do

amtp

@ii .___e

I E

/gh/ ---T Ger /g /

---+ > niuillunqa guest multhnrp garden

dhi hostis (tfu $ostis) a:h hortus*l -

*1

h nw~aAmonrffou

aspirated /gh/

4 8

b.

ibktilJuSnyT7

tcluwdu

non tQu\~&u rffu\rn@qpmlu=

voiceless

stop XP t k/ niPfoontlu\ln~~=,n~7d;=oontbt~uv fricative /f. 0, h (x, ~~*l/?~n-~u~rclo~rrdl~

voiceless

IE 91-J&U
tdhl

ptk e /I'/
7

Gerf /f/
foot

th

IE
piS

Ger
niw+h-kqw

aznu

@scis+ nitn63nqw pl&us 3 nwiC3nqa IE /t/

fish full

a:Olu

v Ger /e 1

*1
/X/ h

~~r~lur~w

glottal /h/ nTo palatal h / F/ n% velar h

ri%%m4ttmh~w~u

r& OE Jim (home) onnt#uq /h/ 0 E niht

/X/

(night) aunLftu~ / F/ 0 E 'pohte (thought) mnrflo\r

~4th a5iu ~54~

o r n u centum caput -

- -----3

n7wiSSuntp
niwthnrjw nw-ithnr,w

horn hundred head -

---9

IE Z~-J&I~

---3

Ger /P/

iI: /b/

+ Ger dubis cana_bis

mw8~~lfIrJU

n7wiZhnqw

deep hemp (&w, &)

n1w1at3u

niwithnqw

II: /d/ ------+ n-iwlaz%u

niwiaA4 mwia:Wu

Ger /t/ fi-iw7Qnqw

niwiE~nrjw

dens duo dacruma decem 1191 ------+

tooth
SW0

niwiZi9nqw
niwi&anqw

tear ten

J7lWl~SlU IE

Ger /k/

5 0

genu g&urn

'luthgilu cnio /kn3a / l&;nonrffou

/ni/ ~&IV /k/

52

9.

b.

c. L-4.

5.

--