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Meng Xiong Professor Ingram English 1102-01 26 February 2013 Annotated Bibliography A. Patzelt, et al. "Alcohol Consumption Decreases The Protection Efficiency Of The Antioxidant Network And Increases The Risk Of Sunburn In Human Skin." Skin Pharmacology & Physiology 26.1 (2012): 45-51. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. Alcohol consumption decreases the amount of antioxidants such as vitamin A and E on the skin. The function of vitamin A or E is to help maintain a healthy skin by fighting against free radicals. Free radicals are any substances that are in the air that are highly reactive and could damage the skin. Since alcohol consumption decreases the antioxidants, it makes it easier for the harmful ultraviolet rays to penetrate the skin and increase the chance of getting diseases as well as the aging process. This is very important because alcohol depletes the vitamin that the skin need and leave it vulnerable for the sun to damage the skin.

Don, Mamie Swiger K L. SPF Zero Chemical Sunscreen Exposed. eBookIt.com, 2011. 1-54. Web. Sunlight is healthier to human than sunscreens, which claims to help prevent cancer and skin aging. In presence of ultraviolet light B, the skin is able to produce vitamin D. Supplemental vitamin does not come close to be as beneficial as natural vitamin D made by the skin itself. The moment the sunscreen is applied, it stops the production of vitamin D. The author recommends that consumers used only low SPF sunscreen to help prevent sunburn. Sunscreens also contain Oxybenzone, which could potentially be harmful to human if sufficient amounts are absorbed by the body. Studies by the U.S. Preventive Task force has shown that Oxybenzone interrupted hormone production causing fish to change gender, killing coral reefs, may cause melanoma, and promote skin aging. Also, to get the sun protective factor stated by the product, consumers are required to reapply the sunscreen every thirty minutes or one hour. If not reapply it could lead to

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more damage than not apply sunscreen at all. This book is very important to my research because it claim that sunscreens are not fulfilling its intent. Sunscreens are just one of the components that hinder consumers skin and prevent them from having a healthy skin.

Harris, Gardiner. "F.D.A. Unveils New Rules About Sunscreen Claims." New York Time 14 June 2011, Web. 26 Feb. 2013. In this article, the F.D.A. said sunscreens must protect equally against UVB and UVA rays of the suns radiation to be consider having broad spectrum protection. UVB rays cause burning and UVA rays cause wrinkling. Both UVA and UVB rays can cause cancer. Sunscreens, with sun protection factor (SPF) higher than 15, are proven to help prevent sunburn and reduce the risk of skin cancer and early aging. On other hand, sunscreens with SPF from 2-14 have not yet been proven to help prevent either skin cancer or early aging. It stated that more than two million people are treated with basal and squamous cancer cell every year and more than 68,000 with melanoma. F.D.A. is also taken out the false claim made by some company that the sunscreens are water proved. The sunscreens only remain water resistant for a certain amount of time. This article is important because it talks about sunscreen being a potential product to help prevent skin from harmful radiation from the sun so that we do not get diseases, such as melanoma. Therefore if the sunscreens fulfill its intent then it would help to keep the skin healthy while we are outside exposed to the suns radiation. Sun Safety. American Skin Association. 2012. Web.15 February 2013 In this article, the American Skin Association confirmed that there is no such thing as healthy or safe tan. Indoor tanning bed is as dangerous as outdoor tanning and both increase the chance of getting skin cancer. Whether its indoor or outdoor tanning, the melanocytes react to the attack of the UVB ray by producing more melanin to help protect the skin. The production of melanin causes the skin to become tan over time. As the skin produce more melanin to react against exposure to UVB ray, the DNA of the melanocytes get damage and it could become cancer cell, which will divide continuously without regulation. UVA can even reach farther than UVB. UVA damages the DNA of the cells in the dermis layer. It also weakens the collagen and elastin of the dermis and makes the skin saggy over time.

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Many people think they look better and their skin is healthier if their skins are tan. However, they are not aware of the dangerous ultraviolet ray that could damage their skin cells and increase their risk of getting skin cancer. This is why this article is important to my research. People are damaging their skin when they should be taking good care of their skin.

Watkins, Jean. "Skin Rashes, Part 1: Skin Structure And Taking A Dermatological History." Practice Nursing 24.1 (2013): 30-33. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. The skin is made up of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissues. The epidermis is simply the layer of cells at the top of the skin that continues to divide to replace the wear out skin cells on the surface or injuries. Dermis is the second layer that contains blood vessels, nerveendings, hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, etc. Subcutaneous layer is fat and it varies from person to person depending on how much fat the person contains. Skin is the largest and most important organ system of the body. The overall functions of the skin are to help protect the body from danger and threats such as injuries or sunburn. Skin also protects against bacteria and viruses and stops it from getting into the body so people do not get sick. Skin does it by excreting sweats or oil from the sweat or oil glands containing an enzyme call lysosome. Lysosomes break down the wall of bacteria and prevent it from colonizing on the skin. Also, skin sweats to help maintain temperature and adjust to change in temperature in the environment. Yet another function is to produce vitamin D for the body. Its certainly important to know the structures and functions of the skin so that we do not hinder the functions of the skin and keep it healthy. Healthy skin would keep bacteria or virus out and help the body to stay healthy.

Zevola, Nicki. "Why Alcohol in Skin Care is Safe, Despite What Paula Begoun Says." 6 September 2012. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. Alcohol uses in skin care products are safe to use for consumers. The alcohol helps to increase the penetration of important ingredients. The alcohol temporarily opens the pores on the skin and lets the ingredients that are on the skin product to enter the skin. Alcohol is also good for disinfecting skin so that bacteria on the skin cannot enter the body through the skin. If alcohol absorption was harmful then it would not be used at all in the medical field. This blog by Zevola

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provides important arguments for alcohol as being beneficial to the skin and to help it stay healthy and free from infections as well as its uses in skin care products.