PHYSICS

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

r sx

CHAPTER 2

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2

r sy r vy r vx

CHAPTER 2: Kinematics of linear motion (5 hours)

r ax

r g r ay

2.0 Kinematics of Linear motion

is defined as the There are two types of motion: Linear or straight line motion (1-D) with constant (uniform) velocity with constant (uniform) acceleration, e.g. free fall motion Projectile motion (2-D) x-component (horizontal) y-component (vertical)

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics 2.1 Linear Motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration and related parameters: uniform velocity, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, uniform acceleration, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration. Sketch graphs of displacementdisplacement-time, velocityvelocity-time and accelerationacceleration-time.

PHYSICS

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2.1. Linear motion (1-D)

2.1.1. Distance,
scalar quantity. is defined as the For example :
Q

The length of the path from P to Q is

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2.1.2

r Displacement,s

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The magnitude of the displacement is given by

vector quantity is defined as and its direction is The S.I. unit of displacement is

Example 1:
An object P moves 20 m to the east after that 10 m to the south and finally moves 30 m to west. Determine the displacement of P N relative to the original position.
O

2.1.3 Speed, v
is defined the scalar quantity. Equation:

speed =

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2.1.4

r Velocity, v

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Instantaneous velocity, v is defined as Equation:

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is a vector quantity. The S.I. unit for velocity is m s-1. Average velocity, vav is defined as Equation:

v=

v av =
v av =

limit s t 0 t

An object is moving in uniform velocity if

Its direction is in the displacement.

of the change in
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ds = dt
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s

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2.1.5

r Acceleration, a

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vector quantity The S.I. unit for acceleration is m s-2. Average acceleration, aav is defined as Equation:

s1

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q =

a av =
a av =

t1
Therefore

Its direction is in the The acceleration of an object is of velocity changes at a and along

when the
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Instantaneous acceleration, a is defined as the Equation:

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Deceleration, a is a The object is

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limit v a= t 0 t

meaning the

v1
An object is moving in uniform acceleration if

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q =

0

dv = dt

Therefore

t1

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2.1.6 s

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Graphical methods
s

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v v

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v

Displacement against time graph (s-t)

Velocity versus time graph (v-t)

0 0

t1 (a) t2

t1

t
(a) Uniform velocity

(b) t2

t1

t2 (c)

s
(c)

(b) The velocity increases with time

The gradient at point A is positive The gradient at point B is zero The gradient at point C is negative
0

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From the equation of instantaneous velocity,

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Example 2 :

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v=

ds dt

A toy train moves slowly along a straight track according to the displacement, s against time, t graph in figure 2.1.

ds = vdt
Therefore

s (cm)
10 8 6 4 2
Figure 2.1 0

s = vdt
t1

t2

10 12 14

t (s)

Simulation 2.1

Simulation 2.2

Simulation 2.3

a. Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train. b. Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph. c. Determine the average velocity for the whole journey.
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d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 12 s.

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Example 3 :

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Exercise 2.1 :

CHAPTER 2

A velocity-time (v-t) graph in figure 2.2 shows the motion of a lift.

v (m s
4 2 0 -2 -4
Figure 2.2

1)

1. Figure 2.3 shows a velocity versus time graph for an object constrained to move along a line. The positive direction is to the right.

10 15

20 25 30 35 40 45

50

t (s)

a. Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift. b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-1) against time (s). c. Determine the total distance travelled by the lift and its displacement. d. Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.
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Figure 2.3

a. Describe the motion of the object in 10 s. b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-2) against time (s) for the whole journey. c. Calculate the displacement of the object in 10 s. 18 ANS. : 6 m

PHYSICS
Exercise 2.1 :

CHAPTER 2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics 2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Derive and apply equations of motion with uniform acceleration:

2. A train pulls out of a station and accelerates steadily for 20 s until its velocity reaches 8 m s1. It then travels at a constant velocity for 100 s, then it decelerates steadily to rest in a further time of 30 s. a. Sketch a velocity-time graph for the journey. b. Calculate the acceleration and the distance travelled in each part of the journey. c. Calculate the average velocity for the journey.
Physics For Advanced Level, 4th edition, Jim Breithaupt, Nelson Thornes, pg.15, no. 1.11

ANS. : 0.4 m s2,0 m s2,-0.267 m s2, 80 m, 800 m, 120 m; 6.67 m s1.

v = u + at 1 s = ut + at 2 2 2 2 v = u + 2as

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From equation (1), the velocity-time graph is shown in figure velocity 2.4:

2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion

From the definition of average acceleration, uniform (constant) acceleration is given by

a=

vu t
(1)
Figure 2.4

u 0 t time
From the graph, The displacement after time, s = = Hence, (2)
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where

v u a t

: final velocity : initial velocity : uniform (constant) acceleration : time

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s= 1 [u + (u + at )]t 2

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By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 2
Notes: equations (1) (4) can be used if the motion in a straight line with constant acceleration.

(3) From eq. (1), From eq. (2),

For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the equations (1) and (4) become

t 2 s (v + u )(v u ) = (at ) t
(4)
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(v u ) = at (v + u ) = 2s

v=u
Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written as multiply

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Example 4 :

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Example 5 :

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A plane on a runway takes 16.2 s over a distance of 1200 m to take off from rest. Assuming constant acceleration during take off, calculate a. the speed on leaving the ground, b. the acceleration during take off. Solution :

A bus travelling steadily at 30 m s1 along a straight road passes a stationary car which, 5 s later, begins to move with a uniform acceleration of 2 m s2 in the same direction as the bus. Determine a. the time taken for the car to acquire the same velocity as the bus, b. the distance travelled by the car when it is level with the bus. 1 2 Solution : vb = 30 m s = constant ; u c = 0; ac = 2 ms

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Example 6 :

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s = 3t 3 4t 2 + 2t

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Exercise 2.2 :

CHAPTER 2

A particle moves along horizontal line according to the equation Where s is displacement in meters and t is time in seconds. At time, t =2.00 s, determine a. the displacement of the particle, b. Its velocity, and c. Its acceleration.

1. A speedboat moving at 30.0 m s-1 approaches stationary buoy marker 100 m ahead. The pilot slows the boat with a constant acceleration of -3.50 m s-2 by reducing the throttle. a. How long does it take the boat to reach the buoy? b. What is the velocity of the boat when it reaches the buoy?
No. 23,pg. 51,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, Serway & Jewett,6th edition. ANS. : 4.53 s; 14.1 m s1

2. An unmarked police car travelling a constant 95 km h-1 is passed by a speeder traveling 140 km h-1. Precisely 1.00 s after the speeder passes, the policemen steps on the accelerator; if the police cars acceleration is 2.00 m s-2, how much time passes before the police car overtakes the speeder (assumed moving at constant speed)?
No. 44, pg. 41,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition. 28 ANS. : 14.4 s

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Exercise 2.2 :

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics 2.3 Freely falling bodies (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe and use equations for freely falling bodies. For upward and downward motion, use

3. A car traveling 90 km h-1 is 100 m behind a truck traveling 75 km h-1. Assuming both vehicles moving at constant velocity, calculate the time taken for the car to reach the truck.
No. 15, pg. 39,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition. ANS. : 24 s

a = g = 9.81 m s2

4. A car driver, travelling in his car at a constant velocity of 8 m s-1, sees a dog walking across the road 30 m ahead. The drivers reaction time is 0.2 s, and the brakes are capable of producing a deceleration of 1.2 m s-2. Calculate the distance from where the car stops to where the dog is crossing, assuming the driver reacts and brakes as quickly as possible.
ANS. : 1.73 m
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is defined as

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Sign convention:

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From the sign convention thus,

2.3. Freely falling bodies

In the earths gravitational field, the constant acceleration known as or the value is the direction is
Note:

or Table 2.1 shows the equations of linear motion and freely falling bodies. Linear motion Freely falling bodies

In solving any problem involves freely falling bodies or free fall motion, the
Table 2.1
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An example of freely falling body is the motion of a ball thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity, u as shown in figure 2.5.

PHYSICS

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s H v =0

The graphs in figure 2.6 show the motion of the ball moves up and down. Derivation of equations At the maximum height or displacement, H where t = t1, its velocity,

0 v u 0

t1

2t1

Figure 2.5

u v

hence

v = u gt
0 = u gt1

t1

2t1

u
a 0 t1 2t1 t
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Assuming air resistance is negligible, the acceleration of the ball, a = g when the ball moves upward and its when the ball reaches the
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therefore the time taken for the ball reaches H,

Figure 2.6

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use either

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To calculate the maximum height or displacement, H:

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Example 7 :

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s = ut1
OR

1 2 gt1 2

Where s

=H

A ball is thrown from the top of a building is given an initial velocity of 10.0 m s1 straight upward. The building is 30.0 m high and the ball just misses the edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in B figure 2.7. Calculate a. the maximum height of the stone from point A. b. the time taken from point A to C. u =10.0 m s1 c. the time taken from point A to D. A d. the velocity of the stone when it reaches point D. (Given g = 9.81 m s2)

v 2 = u 2 2 gs

0 = u 2 gH
maximum height,

Another form of freely falling bodies expressions are 30.0 m

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Figure 2.7

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Example 8 :

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Solution : b. The books velocity is given by

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A book is dropped 150 m from the ground. Determine a. the time taken for the book reaches the ground. b. the velocity of the book when it reaches the ground. (given g = 9.81 m Solution : s-2)

uy = 0

uy = 0 m s1

s y = 150 m

s y = 150 m

vy = ?
150 m Therefore the books velocity is

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Exercise 2.3 :

CHAPTER 2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 Learning Outcome:

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics 2.4 Projectile motion (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe and use equations for projectile,

1. A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial speed of 8.00 m s1, from a height of 30.0 m. Calculate a. the time taken for the ball to strike the ground, b. the balls speed when it reaches the ground.
ANS. : 1.79 s; 25.6 m s1

2. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window 2.2 m tall as shown in figure 2.8.

u x = u cos u y = u sin ax = 0 ay = g
Calculate: Calculate: time of flight, maximum height, range and maximum range, instantaneous position and velocity.

2.2 m

to travel this distance took 0.30 s

Figure 2.8

From what height above the top of the windows did the stone fall?
ANS. : 1.75 m
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 2 2.4. Projectile motion

A projectile motion consists of two components: vertical component (y-comp.) motion under constant acceleration, ay= g horizontal component (x-comp.) motion with constant velocity thus ax= 0 The path followed by a projectile is called trajectory is shown in figure 2.9. y B P

PHYSICS

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From figure 2.9, The x-component of velocity along AC (horizontal) at any point is constant,

The y-component (vertical) of velocity varies from one point to another point along AC. but the y-component of the initial velocity is given by

A
Figure 2.9

C t1 t2

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Table 2.2 shows the x and y-components, magnitude and direction of velocities at points P and Q.

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2.4.1 Maximum height, H

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The ball reaches the highest point at point B at velocity, v where x-component of the velocity, v x = v = u x = u cos y-component of the velocity, v y = 0 y-component of the displacement, s y = H Use
2 2 vy = uy 2 gs y

Velocity x-comp. y-comp. magnitude

Point P

Point Q

0 = (u sin ) 2 gH

direction

Table 2.2

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Since the x-component for velocity along AC is constant hence

2.4.2 Time taken to reach maximum height, t At maximum height, H

Time, t Use

2.4.4 Horizontal range, R and value of R maximum

= t and vy= 0

u x = v x = u cos
From the displacement formula with uniform velocity, thus the x-component of displacement along AC is

v y = u y gt

0 = (u sin ) gt '
2.4.3 Flight time, t (from point A to point C)

s x = u x t and s x = R

t = 2 t '

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From the trigonometry identity,

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Figure 2.10 shows a ball bearing rolling off the end of a table with an initial velocity, u in the horizontal direction.

2.4.5 Horizontal projectile

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

thus

The value of R maximum when = 45 and sin 2 = 1 therefore

Figure 2.10

Horizontal component along path AB.

velocity, u x = displacement, s x =
Vertical component along path AB.
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initial velocity, u y = displacement, s y =

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1 s y = u y t gt 2 2 1 2 h = 0 gt 2

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Since the x-component of velocity along AB is constant, thus the horizontal displacement, x

Time taken for the ball to reach the floor (point B), t By using the equation of freely falling bodies,

sx = u xt

and

sx = x

Horizontal displacement, x Use condition below :

Figure 2.11

Note : In solving any calculation problem about projectile motion, the air resistance is negligible.

(Refer to figure 2.11)

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Example 9 : y

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calculate the value of H.

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b. the time taken for the ball reaches the maximum height, H and c. the horizontal range, R d. the magnitude and direction of its velocity when the ball reaches the ground (point P). e. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity at point Q if the ball was hit from a flat-topped hill with the time at point Q is 45.0 s.

u
Figure 2.12 O

H
P

= 60.0
R

v1x
v1
Q

x v2x v2
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(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

v1y Figure 2.12 shows a ball thrown by superman with an initial speed, u = 200 m s-1 and makes an angle, = 60.0 to the horizontal. Determine a. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity, when t = 2.0 s.

v2y

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Example 10 :

CHAPTER 2

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Exercise 2.4 :

CHAPTER 2

A transport plane travelling at a constant velocity of 50 m s1 at an altitude of 300 m releases a parcel when directly above a point X on level ground. Calculate a. the flight time of the parcel, b. the velocity of impact of the parcel, c. the distance from X to the point of impact. (given g = 9.81 m s-2) Solution :

Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2 1. A basketball player who is 2.00 m tall is standing on the floor 10.0 m from the basket, as in figure 2.13. If he shoots the ball at a 40.0 angle above the horizontal, at what initial speed must he throw so that it goes through the hoop without striking the backboard? The basket height is 3.05 m.

u = 50 m s 1

300 m X
Figure 2.13 ANS. : 10.7 m s1

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Exercise 2.4 :

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2. An apple is thrown at an angle of 30 above the horizontal from the top of a building 20 m high. Its initial speed is 40 m s1. Calculate a. the time taken for the apple to strikes the ground, b. the distance from the foot of the building will it strikes the ground, c. the maximum height reached by the apple from the ground.
ANS. : 4.90 s; 170 m; 40.4 m

THE END
Next Chapter Chapter
CHAPTER 3 : Force, Momentum and Impulse

3. A stone is thrown from the top of one building toward a tall building 50 m away. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 m s1 at 40 above the horizontal. How far above or below its original level will the stone strike the opposite wall?
ANS. : 10.3 m below the original level.

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