Protection 2

PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION - Part 2 Bob Coulter
1 Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2
Protection Function - Components

PR
Bus CB Tr PR VT
DC Aux HMI
P C L
Protection Relay Circuit Breaker Protected Item Current Transformer Voltage Transformer DC Auxiliary supply Man-machine interface Communications Link CB trip coil
Principles of Protection Part 2
CB
CT
Equip
Equip CT VT DC Aux HMI
Control
Basic Arrangement of a Protection Scheme

2
PCL Tr
Methods of Detecting Faults

Magnitude of current Overcurrent protection Magnitude of current in earth or neutral Earth Fault protection Magnitude and Phase Angle of current Directional Overcurrent protection Magnitude and Phase Angle of current in earth or neutral Directional Earth Fault protection Magnitude and Angle of Impedance (Ratio V/I) Impedance protection Difference between two or more currents Differential protection Difference between Phase Angles of two currents Phase Comparison protection Magnitude of negative sequence current Magnitude of Voltage Overvoltage or Undervoltage protection Magnitude of Frequency Over or Underfrequency protection Temperature Thermal protection Specials i.e. transformer gas protection,
OVERCURRENT and EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
Bob Coulter
4
Principle of an Overcurrent Relay

+ve
Ip Is
Primary current CT secondary current Operating Current Setting Time Delay Setting
Current Level Detector
IIset
Time Delay Generator Output Auxiliary Relay
Is Ip
Time
Iset
Iset
Tset
Time
To Circuit Breaker Trip Coil
Tset
Operate Zone Operate Zone

Tset Tset Iset 10xIset Current Iset Current
Inverse Time Characteristic
Definite Time Characteristic

Connection of Overcurrent Relays for Phase and Earth Fault Protection

CT
CT
Ip(R) Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)

OC
.Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
Is(W)
OC
Is(R)
OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
6
Current Flow for Phase -to-Phase Fault Phase-to-Phase

CT
CT
0 Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)

OC
.Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
Is(W)
OC
0
OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
7
Current Flow for Phase -to-Earth Fault Phase-to-Earth

CT
CT
Ip(R) 0 0 0
OC
Current Transformer Phase Overcurrent Relay Earth Fault Overcurrent Relay Primary fault current Secondary current
OC
0
OC
Is(R)
OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
8
Four -Wire Systems - 1 Four-Wire

CT
CT
OC
Neutral
OC OC OC
EF
Ip
EF
Is
9
Four -Wire Systems - 4 Four-Wire

CT
CT
OC
Neutral
OC OC OC RCD
EF
Ip
EF
Is
10
Setting Overcurrent Protection - 1

Load current to be carried safety margin of 30 to 50% Minimum fault current to be detected
Phase to phase or phase to earth Allowance for fault resistance Back-up for failure of adjacent protection
Maximum fault current to be detected Short-time rating of protected equipment Time coordination margin between adjacent protection schemes
11
Load Modeling Considerations
Network loads usually recorded as 15 or 30 minute averaged values OK for thermal, load accounting and setting slow control scheme purposes Real and reactive power components vary instantaneously and to some degree independently Not much known about load variation over an averaging time frame of seconds
MW MVAr
hh:15
hh:30
hh:45
Time Interval
12
Statistical distribution of short -time load variation short-time
13
Example of short -time load variation short-time

13.2
13
Load 12.8 MWs 12.6
12.4
12.2
12
100
200
300
400 500 600 Time in seconds
700
800
900
1000
10 second load values - output from simulation

14
Time Coordination Margin between Overcurrent Relays

Operating time interval between the operation of two adjacent overcurrent relays has to allow for:

Fault current interrupting time of the relevant circuit breaker Overshoot time of the relay Errors in current transformer ratio, relay operating time and calculated fault current magnitude Example 1: Electromechanical Relay and Oil Interruption CB Time Coordination Margin = 0.4 seconds Example 2: Digital Relay and Vacuum Interruption CB Time Coordination Margin = 0.25 seconds
15
IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
16
Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2
Impedance or Distance Protection

Basic Arrangement of an Impedance Protection Scheme
CB Tr Z<
P C L
Z< CB Line CT
Impedance Relay Circuit Breaker Protected Item Current Transformer Voltage Transformer DC Auxiliary supply Communications Link CB trip coil
CT
Line
VT Bus
Fault
VT DC Aux PCL Tr
DC Aux

17
Uses voltage and current measurement Can use angle of impedance as well as magnitude
Z= V I Operates for Z Z set
Transmission Lines
18
Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA VB Line - ZL B L o a d
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs E VA I

19
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80
= = = =
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 77.64-3.02 kV (ph-n) 318.1-31.15 A
VB = 68.60-9.35 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 244.1 28.13

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault B L o a d
VB
System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

20
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 58.36-6.50 kV (ph-n) 1533-73.30 A
VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 38.08 66.80

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault at 50% B L o a d
VB

21
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 45.67-10.20 kV (ph-n) 2399-77.01 A
VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 19.04 66.80

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 4 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d

22
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 0 kV 5333-90.0 A
VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 0
Representation on R:X Plane 1

V
jX
I Inductive Reactance
Real Power Flow into Bus from Line
-R
R
Real Power Flow from Bus into Line
Capacitive Reactance
V V
Bus Line
P Q
-jX
+ +
I
23
Representation on R:X Plane - 2

Bus A Line
P
Bus A Line
P Q
+ +
Load
Z jX
B
Generation
Load A
-R
24
Polar Characteristics on R:X Plane

jX jX z jX z
Impedance
jX z jX
Mho
Offset Mho
jX
X
R R R
25
Elliptical
Reactance
Quadrilateral
Zones of Impedance Measurement

Station Y Station X E A D Line Z = 100 B C
Zd
Line Z = 100
Station Z
Zf
Time
Z Zone 1
Ze
Za Zb Zone 2
t = 0.5s t = 0.1s
Zc
Zg Zone 3 Zone 1
t = 0.1s 80% Z t = 0.5s t = 0.1s
Impedance
t = 1.5s t = 1.0s
t = 0.4s 80% Y 100 120%
X 0
26
200
Impedance Measurement Relay Connections - 1

Source
ER1 EW1 EB1
Relay Location
Line F A U L T
IR IW IB VRn VWn VBn
ZL1, ZL2, ZL0 ZS1, ZS2, ZS0 Z1, Z2, Z0 VRn, VWn, VBn IR, IW, IB ER1, EW1, EB1 27
Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Line Impedances Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Source Impedances Sequence Impedances to Fault: Z1=ZS1+ZL1, Z2=ZS2+ZL2, Z0=ZS0+ZL0 Phase-to-Neutral Voltages at Relay Location Phase Currents at Relay Location Phase-to-Neutral Source Voltages: Note EW1= 2ER1 and EB1= ER1
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault R VB Line - ZL B

28
No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 20.58-59.04 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 30.0 + j35.0
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 63.25-9.64 kV (ph-n) 1372-59.04 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault R at 50% B
VB

29
No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 30.36-55.30 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 22.5 + j17.5
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 57.69-17.43 kV (ph-n) 2024-55.30 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance - 3 Source - ZS E A I VA R Fault VB Z Line - ZL B

30
No Load Condition ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 56.57-45.0 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 15.0 + j0
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 56.57-45.0 kV (ph-n) 3771-45.0 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault R VB Line - ZL B L o a d

31
Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80 R = Fault Resistance 15 VB = 19.38-58.60 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 29.08 + j35.34
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 62.98-9.44 kV (ph-n) 1376-59.99 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault R at 50% B L o a d
VB

32
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 57.06-17.09 kV (ph-n) 2032-56.63 A
Impedance Measurement - Fault Resistance & Load - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA R Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d

33
0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 54.21-45.86 kV (ph-n) 3829-47.36 A
Impedance Zone Coverage

Zone 3 Zone 2 Z Zone 1 A Zone 2 Zone 3 Left End of Line (20%) Centre 60% of Line Faults Cleared in Faults Cleared in Zone 1 time from A ( 0.1s) Zone 1 time ( 0.1s) at A and B and Zone 2 time ( 0.5s) from B
34
Zone 1: A to B Zone 1: B to A
Z B
Zone 1
Right End of Line (20%) Faults Cleared in Zone 1 time from B ( 0.1s) and Zone 2 time ( 0.5s) from A
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
35
Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2
Basic Current Differential Protection External Fault

Is1
N1
Is2 Current Measuring Relay Is2 CT 2 Is2
I
|I|>0
N2
Is1
Is1
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment
Ip2
Consider ideal current transformer performance:

Ip1 = Ip2
Therefore Is1 = Is2 Therefore I = 0, magnitude of I = 0

36
Current measuring relay does not operate

Basic Current Differential Protection Internal Fault 1

Is1
N1
Is2
|I|>0 Current Measuring Relay Is1 Is1

N2
Is2
Is2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment If
Fault
CT 2
Ip2
37
Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = Ip1+ Ip2 Therefore Is1 Is2 Therefore I = Is1+Is2 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates

Is1
N1

N2
Is2 = 0
Ip1
CT 1
Fault
Ip2 = 0
CT 2
38
Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = Ip1 as Is2 = 0 ie no fault current infeed from one side Is2 = 0 Therefore I = Is1 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates

Is1
N1
Is2
Current Measuring |I|>0 Relay Is1 Is1

N2
Ip1
CT 1
Is2 CT 2
Is2
Ip2
39
High Impedance Fault Consider ideal current transformer performance: If = (Ip1- Ip2) > 0 Therefore Is1 Is2 Therefore I = Is1- Is2 0, magnitude of I> 0 Current measuring relay operates

Is1
N1
Is2

N2
Is2
Short-circuited turns
Is2
Ip1
CT 1
CT 2
Ip2
Protected Equipment
40
Consider ideal current transformer performance: Ip1 = Ip2 Therefore Is1 = Is2 Therefore I = 0, magnitude of I = 0 Current measuring relay does not operate
Summary Current Differential Principles

Protection zone defined by current transformer locations Measures quantities for fault detection at two or more locations Faults between current transformer locations are called internal faults and faults outside of zone between current transformers are called external or out of zone faults In principle can have very high sensitivity, i.e. operation for high impedance type faults possible Will not operate for load current Will not operate for internal series type faults

41
Balanced Voltage Differential Protection External Fault

Current Measuring Relay |I|>0 Vs1 Is1 Is1 Vs2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
Consider ideal current transformer performance:

Ip1 = Ip2
Vs1 = Vs2 and Is1 = Is2 = 0 Therefore magnitude of I = 0

42
Current measuring relay does not operate

Balanced Voltage Differential Protection Internal Fault

Current Measuring Relay |I|>0 Vs1 Is1 Is1 Vs2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
Fault
CT 1
CT 2
Ip2
Consider ideal current transformer performance: Vs1 Vs2 Therefore magnitude of I 0

43
Current measuring relay operates

Practical Current Differential Circuit

RL
Is1
N1
Is2
I
Z |I|Iset
RL
Is1
Rc Xm RL
Current Measuring Relay

RL
Is2
Rc Xm
Is1
N2
Is2
Ip1
CT 1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
Xm = Magnetising reactance of current transformer, note this is non-linear Rc = resistance of current transformer secondary winding Z = Input impedance of current measuring relay 44 RL = secondary circuit wiring resistances Iset = Current setting of measuring relay
Note: Operating criteria for protection now |I|Iset instead of |I|>0

Principle of Biased Current Differential Relay

k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
Is2
1
Is1-Is2
Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 CT 1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Is2
Ip1
Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
C is a current magnitude comparator - operates for Is1-Is2 k[Is1+Is2] k[Is1+Is2[ input is called restraint or bias input, [Is1-Is2] input is called operate input. k is less than 0.5, typically 0.1 to 0.4,and is called the bias setting. 45
Biased Current Differential Relay External Fault

k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
Is2
1
Is1-Is2
Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 CT 1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Is2
Ip1

Protected Equipment
CT 2
Ip2
46
Ip1 = Ip2 Is1 and Is2 will be similar in magnitude and phase therefore Is1-Is2 will be small and Is1+Is2 will be large. Is1-Is2 < k[Is1+Is2]so no operation
Biased Current Differential Relay Internal Fault 1

k[Is1+Is2] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
Is2
1
Is1-Is2
Is1-Is2 Is1 Is1 Is1 Is2 Is2 Fault CT 2 Is2
Ip1 CT 1
47
Ip2
Primary fault current If = Ip1+Ip2 Is1-Is2 will be large and Is1+Is2 will be small. Is1-Is2 > k[Is1+Is2]so operation achieved
Biased Current Differential Relay Internal Fault 2

k[Is1] Is1
1 1
k
1
C
0
1
Is1
Is1 Is1 Is1 Is1 0 Fault CT 2 0
Ip1 CT 1
48
Ip2=0
Primary fault current If = Ip1 Operate input will be equal to Is1, restraint input will be k[Is1] Is1-Is2 > k[Is1+Is2]so operation achieved
I B Relay I W Relay I R Relay

R W B R W B
Protected Equipment
Arrangement for Phase by Phase Protection

49
I Restricted Earth
Fault Protection
W B
Protected Equipment
Arrangement for Earth Fault Protection Only

50

Protection 2

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PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION - Part 2 Bob Coulter

1 Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2

Protection Function - Components

Equip CT VT DC Aux HMI

Basic Arrangement of a Protection Scheme

Methods of Detecting Faults

OVERCURRENT and EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

Principles of Protection Part 2

Principle of an Overcurrent Relay

Current Level Detector

Time Delay Generator Output Auxiliary Relay

To Circuit Breaker Trip Coil

Operate Zone Operate Zone

Inverse Time Characteristic

Definite Time Characteristic

Connection of Overcurrent Relays for Phase and Earth Fault Protection

Ip(R) Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)

Principles of Protection Part 2

Current Flow for Phase -to-Phase Fault Phase-to-Phase

0 Ip(W) Ip(B) Is(B)

Principles of Protection Part 2

Current Flow for Phase -to-Earth Fault Phase-to-Earth

Principles of Protection Part 2

Four -Wire Systems - 1 Four-Wire

Principles of Protection Part 2

Four -Wire Systems - 4 Four-Wire

Principles of Protection Part 2

Setting Overcurrent Protection - 1

Principles of Protection Part 2

Load Modeling Considerations

Principles of Protection Part 2

Statistical distribution of short -time load variation short-time

Principles of Protection Part 2

Example of short -time load variation short-time

Load 12.8 MWs 12.6

400 500 600 Time in seconds

10 second load values - output from simulation

Time Coordination Margin between Overcurrent Relays

Principles of Protection Part 2

IMPEDANCE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES

Power System Protection Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance or Distance Protection

Principles of Protection Part 2

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 1 Source - ZS E A Z I VA VB Line - ZL B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs E VA I

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 77.64-3.02 kV (ph-n) 318.1-31.15 A

VB = 68.60-9.35 kV (ph-n) Z = VA/I = 244.1 28.13

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 2 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 58.36-6.50 kV (ph-n) 1533-73.30 A

VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 38.08 66.80

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 3 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Line - ZL Fault at 50% B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 45.67-10.20 kV (ph-n) 2399-77.01 A

VB = 0 kV Z = VA/I = 19.04 66.80

Impedance Measurement - Load vs Fault Discrimination - 4 Source - ZS E A Z I VA Fault VB Line - ZL B L o a d

System Voltage = 132kV nominal Zs = E = VA = I =

Load = 75MW,30MVAr = 80.8 21.8MVA ZL = 15 + j35 = 38.08 66.80

0 + j15 80 0 kV (ph-n) 0 kV 5333-90.0 A

Representation on R:X Plane 1

Real Power Flow into Bus from Line