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METHOD of FLUXIONS
AND
INFINITE SERIES;
WITH ITS
of CURVE-LINES. Application to the Geometry
By
the
INVENTOR
Sir
AA C
NEWTON,^
made
publick.
not yet
To which
is
fubjoin'd,
A PERPETUAL COMMENT
ANN OTATIONS,
Confiding of
ILLU STRATION
In order to
s,
SUPPLEMENTS,
make
this Treatife
LEARNERS.
JOHN
CO L SON,
M.
A. andF.R.S.
Mathematical-School at Rochejter.
LONDON:
Printed by
HENRY WOODFALLJ
at the
And
Sold by
JOHN NOURSE,
Lamb
without Temple-Bar.
M.DCC.XXXVI.
'
T O
S.
[T was a laudable cuftom among the ancient Geometers, and very worthy to be imitated by
their SuccefTors, to addrefs their of labours, not fo much to
Men
and
the world, as to Perfons of diftinguidi'd For they knew merit and proficience in the fame Studies. fuch only could be competent Judges of very well, that
{ration
in
Works, and would receive them with ''the efteem. So far at leaft I can copy after thofe they might deferve.
their
as to chufe a Patron for thefe Speculations, great Originals, whofe known skill and abilities in fuch matters will enable
him
to
and whofe known candor will incline him I have had in the prefent judge favourably, of the fhare
to judge,
performance.
For
I
as
to
the fundamental
part
I
of the
Work, of which
am
;
know
it
it will need no cannot but pleafe you protection, nor ean it receive a greater recommendation, than to bear the name of its illuftrious Author. However, it very naturally
applies
I am fure you, who had the honour (for you think it fo) of the Author's friendship and familiarity in his life-time ; who had his own confent to publifli nil
itfelf to
an efteem for, as well as knowledge of, his other moft fublime, moil admirable, andjuftly celebrated Works. But A 2
from
this
fo
juft
iv
DEDICATION.
\
But befides thefe motives of a publick nature, I had The many perothers that more nearly concern myfelf. fonal obligations I have received from you, and your generous manner of conferring them, require all the teftimonies of gratitude in my power. Among the reft, give me leave to mention one, (tho' it be a privilege I have enjoy 'd in common with many others, who have the hapof your acquaintance,) which is, the free accefs you pinefs have always allow'd me, to -your copious Collection of whatever is choice and excellent in the Mathernaticks. Your judgment and induftry, .in collecting -thofe. valuable
more conspicuous, than the freedom and readinefs with which you communicate them, to all fuch who you know will apply them to their proper ufe,
?tg{^tfcu.,
are not
that
is,
to the general
I
Before
take
my
to join
my
wiOies to thofe of the publick, that your own ufeful Lucubrations may fee the light, with all convenie-nt ipeed ;
which, if I rightly conceive of them, will be an excellent methodical Introduction, not only to the mathematical Sciences in general, but alfo to thefe, as well as to the other curious and abftrufe Speculations of our great Author. You
are very well apprized, as all other good Judges muft be, that to illuftrate him is to cultivate real Science, and to make his Difcoveries eafy and familiar, will be no fmall
improvement in Mathernaticks and Philofophy. That you will receive this addrefs with your ufual candor, and with that favour and friendship I have fo long
ind often experienced,
is
OLSON.
(*)
THE
PREFACE.
Cannot but very much congratulate with my Mathematical Readers, and think it one of the moft forLife, that I have it in to the prefent publick with a moft valuable power fter in Mathematical and Anecdote, of the greatefl
tunate ciicumftances of
my
my
Ma
the World. And Philofophical Knowledge, of this Anecdote is an element becaufe the much fo more, ry nature, to his other moft arduous and fubh'me and introductory preparatory for the instruction of Novices Speculations, and intended by himfelf and Learners. I therefore gladly embraced the opportunity that was put into my hands, of publishing this pofthumous Work, bethat ever appear 'd in
had been compofed with that view and defign. And that my own Country-men might firft enjoy the benefit of this publication, I refolved upon giving it in an Englijh Translation, I thought it highly with fome additional Remarks of my own. and of the great Author, as reputation injurious to the memory well as invidious to the glory of our own Nation, that fo curious and uleful a piece fhould be any longer fupprels'd, and confined to a few private hands, which ought to be communicated to all the
caufe
I
found
it
learned
time
World for general Inftruction. And more efpecially at a when the Principles of the Method here taught have been
(we may fay) ignominioufly rejected as infufficient, by fome Mathematical Gentlemen, who feem not to have derived their knowledge of them from their only true Source, that is, from cur Author's
And on the other Treatife wrote exprefsly to explain them. of Method have this been hand, the Principles zealouily and commendably defended by other Mathematical Gentlemen, who yet
own
a
feem
x
fern
to
lie
have been as
PREFACE.
acquainted with this Work, (or at leaft it,) the only genuine and original Fountain of this kind of knowledge. For what has been elfewhere deliver'd by our Author, concerning this Method, was only accidental and oclittle
to have over-look'd
and far from that copioufnefs with which he treats of it and illuftrates it with a here, great variety of choice Examples. The learned and ingenious Dr. Pemberton, as he acquaints us in his View of Sir Tfaac Newton's Philofophy, had once a defign of this with the confent" and under the Work, publishing infpectkm of the Author himfelf; which if he had then accomplim'd, he would certainly have deferved and received the thanks of all lovers of Science,
calional,
have then appear'd with a double advantage, as Emendations of its great Author, and likewife in And among the faffing through the hands of fo able an Editor. other good effects of this publication, it poffibly might have prevented all or a great part of thofe Difputes, which have fince been raifed, and which have been fo ftrenuoufly and warmly pnrfued on both fides, concerning the validity of the Principles of this Method. They would doubtlefs have been placed in fo good a light, as would have cleared them from any imputation of being in any wife defective, or not fufficiently demonstrated. But fince the Author's Death, as the Doctor informs us, prevented the execution of that defign, and fince he has not thought fit to refume it hitherto, it became needful that this publication fhould be undertook by another, tho' a much inferior hand.
was now become highly necefTary, that at laft the great himfelf fhould interpofe, fhould produce his genuine MeIjaac thod of Fluxions, and bring it to the teft of all impartial and confiderate Mathematicians ; to mew its evidence and Simplicity, to maintain and defend it in his own way, to convince his Opponents, and to teach his Difciples and Followers upon what grounds they mould proceed in vindication of the Truth and Himfelf. And that this might be done the more eafily and readily, I refolved to accomit with an pany ample Commentary, according to the beft of
For
it
Sir
and (I believe) according to the mind and intention of the Author, wherever I thought it needful ; and particularly with an Eye
fkill,
my
to the fore-mention'd In which I have endeavoui'd to Controverfy. obviate the difficulties that have been raifed, and to explain every thing in fo full a manner, as to remove all the objections of any force, that have been any where made, at leaft fuch as have occtu'd to
my
obfervation.
If
what
is
is
good
rea-
fon
PREFACE.
xi
fon to hope, fhall prove to the fatisfadtion of thofe Gentlemen, who ikfl darted thefe objections, and who (I am willing to fuppofe) had of Truth at heart; I fhall be very glad to have cononly the caufe But if tributed any thing, towards the removing of their Scruples. what is here offer'd and fhould not it fhall happen otherwife, appear
to be furricient evidence, conviction, I perfuaded it will be fuch to
yet
am
apply themfelves to it minds; and then I mall not think my labour ill beflow'd. It fhould however be well confider'd by thofe Gentlemen, that the great number of Examples they will find here, to which the Method of Fluxions is fuccefsfuUy apply'd, are fo many vouchers for the truth of the on which that Method is founded. For the Deductions Principles, are always conformable to what has been derived from other uncontroverted Principles, and therefore mufl be acknowledg'd us true. This argument mould have its due weight, even with fuch as cannot, as well as with fuch as will not, enter into the proof of the And the hypothefn that has been advanced to Principles themfelves. one error in reafoning being ilill corrected of this evade conclufion,
fhall
who
and demonflration to them moil other thinking Readers, with unprejudiced and impartial
;
that fo regularly, conftantly, and frequently, as it mufl be fiippos'd to do here ; this bvpothe/is, I not to be ferioufly refuted, becaufe I can hardly think it fay, ought
by another
it,
and
is
ferioufly propofed.
chief Principle, upon which the Method of Fluxions is here built, is this very fimple one, taken from the Rational Mechanicks ; which is, That Mathematical Quantity, particularly Extenlion, may be conceived as generated by continued local Motion; and that all Quantities whatever, at leaflby analogy and accommodation, may be con-
The
and determinable, and may therefore /proThis Problem our Author blematically) be propofed to be found. here folves by the hjip of another Principle, not lefs evident ; which is infinitely divifible, or that it may (menfuppofes that Qnimity
whole Relations
are fixt
fo far continually diminifh, as at lafl, before it tally at leaft) be call'd to arrive at Quantities that
is
totally
extinguifh'd,
whk.li are infinitely little, and Quantities, or Or it funnolcs that we may able Quantity.
vanilhing than any afTignform a Notion, not and of relative but indeed of abioiute, comparative infinity. 'Tis a to the Method of Indivifibles, as aifo to the very jufl exception infiniteiimal Method, that they have rccourfe at once to foreign a 2 infinitely
lefs
may
The
infinitely
PREFACE.
little Quantities, and infinite orders and gradations of thefe, thefe Quantities affume not relatively but absolutely fuch. They without as that Quantities finnd any ceremony, Jewel, actually and
&
and make Computations with them accordingly ; tlie refult of which muft needs be as precarious, as the abfblute exiftence of the Quantities they afiume. And fome late Geometricians have carry 'd thefe Speculations, about real and abfolute Infinity, ftill much farther, and have raifed imaginary Syftems of infinitely great and infinitely little Quantities, and their feveral orders and properties j which, to all fober Inquirers into mathematical Truths, muft certainly appear very notional and vifionary. Thefe will be the inconveniencies that will arife, if we do not Abfolute rightly diftinguifh between abfolute and relative Infinity. can be as the either of our fuch, Infinity, hardly object Conceptions or Calculations, but relative Infinity may, under a proper regulation. Our Author obferves this diftinction very ftrictly, and introduces none but infinitely little Quantities that are relatively fo ; which he arrives at by beginning with finite Quantities, and proceeding by a His Computations gradual and neceffary progrefs of diminution. finite and intelligible commence by Quantities ; and then at always laft he inquires what will be the refult in certain circumftances, when fuch or fuch Quantities are diminim'd in infinitum. This is a conftant practice even in common Algebra and Geometry, and is no more than defcending from a general Propofition, to a particular Cafe which is certainly included in it. And from thefe eafy Principles, managed with a vaft deal of fkill and fagacity, he deduces his Method of Fluxions j which if we confider only fo far as he himfelf has carry'd it, together with the application he has made of it, either
obvioufly exift,
here or elfewhere, directly or indiredly, exprefly or tacitely, to the moft curious Difcoveries in Art and Nature, and to the fublimeft Theories may defervedly efteem it as the greateft Work of nobleft Effort that ever was made by the Hun an and as the Genius, Mind. Indeed it muft be own'd, that many uftful Improvement?, and new Applications, have been fince made by others, and probaFor it is no mean excellence of bly will be ftill made every day.
:
We
this
Method, that it is doubtlefs ftill capable of a greater degree of and will always afford an inexhauftible fund of curious perfection matter, to reward the pains of the ingenious and iuduftrious Analyft. As I am defirous to make this as fatisfactory as poffible, efptcially to the very learned and ingenious Author of the Difcourle call'd The Analyjl, whofe eminent Talents I acknowledge myfelf to have a
;
great
The
PREFACE.
my
xlii
for ; I fhall here endeavour to obviate fome of his great veneration to the Method of Fluxions, particularly fuch as principal Objections I have not touch'd upon in Comment, which is foon to follow.
thinks cur Author has not proceeded in a demonftrative and fcientifical matter, in his Princip. lib. 2. km. 2. where he deduces the Moment of a Rectangle, whole Sides are fuppofed to be variable I fhall reprefent the matter Analytically thus, Lines. agreeably (I
He
think) to the
or Quantities, which at different periods of time acquire different values, by flowing or increaor alike inequably. For inflance, let fing continually, either equably
Let
and
and and
A -+- 7 a
and
;
reflectively
becomes B where A, a, B,
aiTumed
at pleafure.
Then
at
becomes A fa, A, b and B -+f3, B, f fuccefiively b, are any quantities that may be the fame periods of time the variable
which
XY
will
is,
become A"
fa x B
f4,
ab,
AB Now
T <?B
in
fM.
-f-
firft
of time to the fecond, in which X from being A fa is become A, the is become Product XY and in which Y from being B B, 7^ AB that becomes from being AB -f- ^ab is, f^B by Subis f#B -+traction, its whole Increment during that interval of time to the in the fecond interval from the And ^ab. period in which Y from and X A in becomes which A-f-ftZ, third, being frcm being B becomes B -hf^, the Product XY from being AB becomes AB-f- ffiB -f f 4A -+- -^ab that is, by Subtraction, its whole Increment during that interval is 7,76 7^A -+- ^ab. _ Add thefe two Increirents together, and we fhall have <?B -+- bA. for the compleat Increment of the Product XY, during the whole interval of time, while X fk w'd from the value A \a to A -f- ftf or Y flow'd from the value B f to B +7''. Or U might have been found thus: While X f.ows from A tne \a to A, and by Operation, to therce to A -f- ft?, or Y flows f-om B B, and thence to f3 -ithe will Product flow fiom XY AB B f<?B f3A -f- ab f A, to AB, ?nd thence to AB -+- f^B -J'k -f- ^ab > therefore by Subtraction the whole Increment during that interval of time will be tfB-4-M. Q^E. D. This may eafily be illuftrated by Numbers thus: Make A,rf,B,/, equal to 9, 4, i 5, 6, refpeclively; (or any other Numbers to be affumed at pleafure.) Then the three fucceffive values of X will be the three fucceffive values of Y will be 12, 15, 18, 7, 9, ii, and
iA
-,
fA
reipcciivcly.
xiv
The
PREFACE.
But rtB-f-M
8_8 4
Q.E. O.
true of any conceivable finite Increments whatever; and therefore by way of Corollary, it will be true of infinitely little Increments, which are call'd Moments, and which was the thing the Author principally intended here to demonflrate.
15ut in
Thus
the
Lemma
will be
the cafe of
Moments
it is
nitely
ftf,
A, and
A -+-
a, are
And
the fame Quantity ; as alfo Y, the want of this Confutation has occafion'd not a few per-
to be confider'd, that X, or defito be taken indifferently for and definitely B f/;, B, B -+- ~b.
plexities.
Now from hence the reft of our Author's Conclufions, in the fame Lemma, may be thus derived fomething more explicitely. The Moment of the Reclangle AB being found to be Ab -+- ^B, when the contemporary Moments of A and B are reprelented by a and b A, and therefore b a, and then the refpedtively ; make B A .or of x will be Moment Aa -+- aA, or 2aA. Again, A, A*, A a and therefore b-=. zaA, and then the Moment of make B
AxA*, or A', will be 2rfA 4 -f- aA 1 , or 3^A*. Again, make B s 5 and therefore l> , ^aA -, and then the Moment of xA*, or
3 3 3 3<?A -4-rfA , or 4#A Again, make 3 therefore ^ and of then the Moment , 4^A be 4<?A 4 -i-tfA 4 , or 5<zA 4 And fo on in infinitum.
A A
=
the
will be
Ax A
B==A-,
4
and
m to
x
maA"
ra
Number,
i, (where m is any integer affirmative of Unity, or any other conftant and the becaufe Moment Number,) A* we (hall have x Mom. A~m -f- A~m x Mom. p; quantity, is 110 A- x Mom. A" But Mom. A" o, or Mom. maA m ~*, as found before ; therefore Mom. A"* A~ iw x maA-"-' ma A"-' Therefore the Moment of Am will be ~ m maA , when m is any integer Number, whether affirmative or
Now
becaufe
A*
A^
=
n
A"=
A~"=
.
negative.
And may
or A"=. B" we put A" where m and be any integer Numbers, affirmative or negative ; then we
univerfally, if
=B,
mall have
ma A"-*
;.^B"^'
or
b=
mgA<
-aA
i,
which
is
the
Moment
of B, or of
A"
So that the
Moment
of
A"
will
be
The
be
rtill
P E E F A C
;;/
E.
xv
wtfA"*"
1
,
whether
of
fraction.
AB
being
fuppofe
-+-
=M AB,
-+-
AB
MC
rfBC -h
l />B"-'A" -fthere is fo near a ments and the Method of Fluxions, that it will be very eafy to pafs from the one to the other. For the Fluxions or Velocities of increafe, are always proportional to the contemporary Moments. Thus if for A, B, C, &c. we write x, y, z, &c. for a, b, c, &c. we may Then the Fluxion of xy will be xy -f- xy, the write x, y, z, &c. m whether m be integer or fraction, will be rnxx*-* Fluxion of x affiimative or negative; the Fluxion of xyz will be xyz -f- xyz -f-
A*B"
will be
Now
Moment of ABC will be bA +- aB xC r AB. And likewife the Moment of ~ m n B maA. And fo of any others. connexion between the Method of Mo.
x my n
will be
mxx m -*y
-J-
nx myy"~ s
And
:
may be placed in another view, thus A-f- a be two fucceflive values of the variable Quantity X, as alfo B and B -+- b be two fucceflive and contemporary values of Y ; then will AB and AB -f- aB-\~ bA+ab be two fucceflive and And while X, contemporary values of the variable Product XY. from A -f- a, or Y flows value to its A by increafing perpetually, flows from B to B -f- b ; XY at the fame time will flow from AB to AB +- aB -+- bA. -f- ab t during which time its whole Increment, Or in as appears by Subtraction, will become aB -h bh. -+- ab. Numbers thus: Let A, a, B, b, be equal to 7, 4, 12, 6, refpectively ; then will the two fucceflive values of X be 7, 1 1 , and the two fucLet
A and
ceflive values
of
the Product
XY
42
it
Alib the two fucceflive values of But the Increment aB -+- t>A -J-
ah-
48
-f-
And
thus
1 -+198 84, as before. will be as to all finite Increments : But when the In-
24= 14=
is,
nifh'd, as to become infinitely lefs than ab will become infinitely lefs than either
when a and b are fo far dirniA and B at the fame time aB or ^A, (for aB. ab ::
;
will vanifh in refpect of them. In which cafe the Moment of the Product or Rectangle This perhaps is the more obvious and will be aB -+- bA, as before. in the t relent of direct way proceeding, Inquiry but, as there was room for choice, our Author thought fit to chufe the former way,,
B.
b,
and bA. ab
::
A. a
and therefore
it
as
xvi
as the
The
more
PREFACE.
thofe others.
elegant, and in which he was under no neceflity of having recourfe to that Principle, that quantities arifing in an Equation, which are infinitely lefs than the others, may be neglected or ex-
punged
in
companion of
Now
to
tho' otherwife a true one, was all the Artifice ufed which certainly was a very fair and justifiable one.
on
I fhall conclude my Obfervations with confidering and obviating the Objections that have been made, to the ufual Method of finding the Increment, Moment, or Fluxion of any indefinite power x of
the variable quantity x, by giving that Inveftigation in fuch a manner, as to leave (I think) no room for any juft exceptions to it. And the rather becaufe this is a leading point, and has been ftrangely
perverted and mifreprefented. In order to find the Increment of the variable quantity or power x, (or rather its relation to the Increment of x } confider'd as given ; becaufe Increments and Moments can be known only by comparifon
with other Increments and Moments, as alfo Fluxions by comparifon with other Fluxions ;) let us make x"=y, and let X and Y be any fynchronous Augments of x and y. Then by the hypothefis we
fhall
=y
-+-
for in
any Equation
the variable Quantities may always be increafed by their fynchronous Augments, and yet the Equation will flill hold good. Then by
we
it
fhall
nx"~'X
-+-
n x
^=-^*X
+ n x *~ x '-^-V^X
x",
have y
3
,
-f-
=
l
xn
re -
will be
So n x ?-^- x ^^x'-'^X 3 , &c. Y will here denote notes the given Increment of the variable quantity the fynchronous Increment of the indefinite power y or x" ; whofe value therefore, in all cafes, may be had from this Series. Now that we may be fure we proceed regularly, we will verify this thus far, by a particular .and familiar instance or two. 2, Suppofe n then Y 2xX -+- X l That is, while x flows or increafes to x +- X, .v* in the fame time, 2xX -+-X 1 will increafe by its Increment Y
^-x"--X
-+-
&c. or
nx n ~
A,-,
to
.v
4-
fuppofe
= 2xX =
fl
creafes to
which we otherwife know to be true. Again, -ja 1 3 Or while x in*. 3, then Y 3* X -+- 3*X H- X J a x r+- X, x"> by its Increment Y X X3 -h 3^ 3^X
1
,
=
1
will increafe
to x* -f-
3*
X -+- ^xX
-+- X
= =
3
And
fo
in all ,other
this general
particular cafes,
that
This
Tie
This
PREFACE.
X X
xvii
they become Moments, it muft be true alfo, But when and Y are diby virtue of the general Conclufion. minifh'd in infinitum, fo as to become at laft infinitely little, the muft needs vanifli firft, as being relatively of an of
or infinitely little,
pend
and Series therefore will be always true, let the Augments docs not at all defo little for the truth or ever fo ; ever be great, of their when circumftance the on magnitude. Nay, they are
when
So that when they are all expunged, we ihall neceflarily obtain the Equation Y=znx*~'X ; where the remaining Terms are likewife infinitely little, and confeif there were other Terms in the Equation, quently would vanifh, which were (relatively) infinitely greater than themfelves. But as .there are not, we may fecurely retain this Equation, as having an undoubted right fo to do; and efpecially as it gives us anufeful piece of information, that X and Y, tho' themfelves infinitely little, or vanifli in proportion to each other as vanifhing quantities, yet they f have therefore learn 'd at laft, that the Moment by j to nx"~
vali e than the fmaller powers. infinitely lefs
.
greater powers
We
which x increafes, or X, is to the contemporary Moment by which And their Fluxions, or Velox a increafes, or Y, as i is to nx"~ in the fame cities of increafe, being proportion as their fynchronous
s
.
Moments, we
have nx*-'x for the Fluxion of X", when the Fluxion of x is denoted by x. I cannot conceive there can be any pretence to infinuate here, that any unfair artifices, any leger-de-main tricks, or any Ihifting of the hypothefis, that have been fo feverely complain'd of, are at all have legitimately derived made ufe of in this Inveftigation. this general Conclufion in finite Quantities, that in all cafes the refhall
We
lation
nx"~
X+
x ~~x*'-1X*, &c.
are fuppofed conti-
is,
when
and
But by finally terminate in nothing. thus continually decreafing, they approach nearer and nearer to the Ratio of i to nx"~\ which they attain to at ihe very inftant of the'r This therefore is their ultimate Ratio, vanifhing, and not before.
the Ratio of their
Moments, Fluxions,
increafe
and x n continually
general
tine
or decreafe.
Now
Theorem
of the moft
ufeful
to a particular cafe contain'd under it, is certainly legitimate and logical, as well as one of the mofl ufual
and
in the whole compafs of the Mathemcto ftand we have made and after that object here, for fome quantity, we are not at liberty to make them nothing, or no is not an Objection againft the quantity, or vanishing quantities,
ways of arguing,
ticks.
To
Method
XVlll
Tte
PREFACE.
Method of Fluxions, but againft the common Analyticks. This Method only adopts this way of arguing, as a conftant practice in the vulgar Algebra, and refers us thither for the proof of it. If we have an Equation any how compos'd of the general Numbers a, b, c, &c. it has always been taught, that we may interpret thefe by any particular Numbers at pleafure, or even by o, provided that the
Equation, or the Conditions of the Queftion, do not exprefsly require the contrary.
any
(I
definite
Numbers
For general Numbers, as fuch, may ftand for in the whole Numerical Scale which Scale
;
be thus commodioufly 2> reprefented, &c. 3, &c. where all i, o, i, 2, 3,4, poffible fractional Numbers, intermediate to thefe here exprefs'd, are to be conceived as interpolated. But in this Scale the Term o is as much a Term or Number as any other, and has its analogous properties in common with the refK
think)
may
not give fuch values to general as they could not receive at firft ; which if adafterwards, Symbols mitted is, I think, nothing to the prefent purpofe. It is always moft eafy and natural, as well as moll regular, inftruclive, and elegant, to
We
we may
make our
Inquiries as
much
in general
and
Thus
from
finite
Increments
Mo-
begin our Computation with thofe Moments themfelves, and yet we mould arrive at the As a proof of which we may confult our Aufame Conclufions. thor's ownDemonftration of hisMethod, in oag. 24. of this Treatife. x In fhort, to require this is jufl the fame thing as to infift, that a
we might
Problem, which naturally belongs to Algebra, mould be folved by common Arithmetick ; which tho' poflible to be done, by purluing backwards all the fleps of the general procefs, yet would be very troubkfome and operofe, and not fo inflrudtive, or according to the true Rules of Art But I am apt to fufpedr, that all our doubts and fcruples about Mathematical Inferences and Argumentations, especially when we are fatisfied that they have been juftly and legitimately conducted, may be ultimately refolved into a fpecies of infidelity and diftruft. Not in refpecl of any implicite faith we ought to repofe on meer human
authority, tho' ever fo great, (for that, in Mathematicks, we mould are hardly utterly difclaim,) but in refpedl of the Science itfelf. to that fo Science is the believe, brought perfectly regular and uni-
We
form,
72*
PREFACE.
xix
form, fo infinitely confident, conftant, and accurate, as we mall re&lly find it to be, when after long experience and reflexion we (hall have overcome this prejudice, and {hall learn to purfue it rightly. do not readily admit, or eafily comprehend, that Quantities have an infinite number of curious and fubtile properties, fome near and obvious, others remote and abftrufe, which are all link'd together by a neceffary connexion, or by a perpetual chain, and are then only difcoverable when regularly and clofely purfued ; and require our truft and confidence in the Science, as well as our induftry, application, and obftinate perfeverance, our fagacity and penetration, in That Nature is ever order to their being brought into full light.
We
confiftent
with
in
herfelf,
in thefe Speculations
per
as
infinitely fcrupulous
and
felicitous,
adhering to Rule and Analogy. That whenever we regular Portions, and purfue them through ever fo great a variety of Operations, according to the ftricT: Rules of Art ; we fhall always proceed through a feries of regular and well- connected tranlmutations, (if we would but attend to 'em,) till at laft we arrive That no properties of Quantity at regular and juft Conclufions. are intirely deftructible, or are totally loft and abolim'd, even tho' profecuted to infinity itfelf j for if we fuppofe fome Quantities to become infinitely great, or infinitely little, or nothing, or lefs than nothing, yet other Quantities that have a certain relation to them
we may
fay,
make any
and often finite alterations, will fymand with conform to 'em in all their changes ; and them, pathize their will always preferve analogical nature, form, or magnitude, which will be faithfully exhibited and difcover'd by the refult. This we may colledl from a great variety of Mathematical Speculations, and more particularly when we adapt Geometry to Analyticks, and
will only undergo proportional,
Inquiries,
refult
Nature is infinitely prolifick in particulars that will from them, whether in a direct rubordination, or whether they
collaterally ; or even in particular Problems, we may often that thefe are only certain cafes of fomething more perceive general, and may afford good hints and afiiftances to a fagacious Analyft, for
branch out
afcending gradually to higher and higher Difquilitions, which may be profecuted more univerfally than was at firft expe<5ted or intended. Thefe are fome of thofe Mathematical Principles, of a higher order,
which we
tice
fully convinced
and
and which we {hall never be or know the whole ufe of, but from much pracof, attentive confideration ; but more efpecially by a diligent b 2 peruial,
find a difficulty to admit,
xx
peruial,
illuftrious
The
R E
A C
E.
and clofe examination, of this and the other Works of our He abounded in thefe fublime views and inAuthor. had acquired an accurate and habitual knowledge of all thefe, quiries, and of many more general Laws, or Mathematical Principles of a not improperly be call'd The Philofophy of fuperior kind, which may aflifted and which, Quantity ; by his great Genius and Sagacity, together with his great natural application, enabled him to become fo compleat a Matter in the higher Geometry, and particularly in the Art of Invention. This Art, which he poflefl in the greateft perfection imaginable, is indeed the fublimeft, as well as the moft difficult of all Arts, if it properly may be call'd fuch ; as not being reducible to any certain Rules, nor can be deliver'd by any Precepts, but
is
wholly owing to a happy fagacity, or rather to a kind of divine Enthufiafm. To improve Inventions already made, to carry them
on, when begun, to farther perfection, is certainly a very ufeful and excellent Talent ; but however is far inferior to the Art of Difcovery, as haying a TIV e^u, or certain data to proceed upon, and where juft method, clofe reasoning, ftrict attention, and the Rules of Analogy, may do very much. But to ftrike out new lights, to adventure where
no
footfteps
fet before,
this
is
the nobleft
Endowment
few
that a
human Mind
capable
of,
is
referved
and was the peculiar and diftinguifhing Character of our great Mathematical Philofopher. He had acquired a compleat knowledge of the Philofophy of Quanor of its moft eflential and moft general Laws ; had confider'd it tity, in all views, had purfued it through all its difguifes, and had traced it through all its Labyrinths and Recefles j in a word, it may be faid of him not improperly, that he tortured and tormented Quantities make them confefs their Secrets, and difcover all poflible ways, to
for the chofen
quos Jupiter tequus amavit,
their Properties.
of Fluxions, as it is here deliver'd in this Treatife, is a very pregnant and remarkable inftance of all thefe particulars. To take a cuifory view of which, we may conveniently enough divide The firft will be the Introduction, into thefe three parts. it or the Method of infinite Series. The fecond is the Method of The third is the application of both Fluxions, properly fo culi'd.
thefe
The Method
Methods
to
chiefly
Geometry of Curve-lines. As to the firft, which is the Method of infinite the Author opens a new kind of Arithrnetick, (new
in the
this,)
For
he
The
PREFACE.
;
xxi
he extends the received Notation, making it compleatly universal, and fhews, that as our common Arithmetick of Integers received a
great
fo the
common Algebra or Analyticks, as an univerfal Arithmetick, will receive a like Improvement by the admiffion of his Doctrine of infinite Series,
will be
ftill
carry'd on,
all
and
com-
be reduced to fuch Series, as will plicate Algebraical Expreffions may continually converge to the true values of thofe complex quantities, or their Roots, and may therefore be ufed in their ftead : whether
thofe quantities are Fractions having multinomial Denominators, which are therefore to be refolved into fimple Terms by a perpetual Divi-
whether they are Roots of pure Powers, or of affected Equawhich are therefore to be refolved by a perpetual Extraction. And by the way, he teaches us a very general and commodious Method for extracting the Roots of affected Equations in Numbers.
fion
;
or
tions,
next to be deliver'd, which indeed is principally intended, and to which the other is only preparatory and fubfervient. Here the Author difplays his whole fkill, and fhews the great extent of his Genius. The chief difficulties of this he reduces to the Solution of two Problems, belonging to the abftract or Rational Mechanicks. For the direct Method of Fluxions, as it is now call'd, amounts to this Mechanical Problem, tte length of the
ibed being continually given, to find the Velocity of the Modefer Aifo the inverfe Method of Fluxions has, tion at any time propofcd. for a foundation, the Reverfe of this Problem, which is, The Velocity of the Motion being continually given, to find the Space defer ibed at any
his
Method of
infinite Series.
Space
So that upon the compleat Analytical or Geometritime propofcd. cal Solution of thefe two Problems, in all their varieties, he builds
his
being given,
He does not propofe this, as is ufualiy done, flowvery generally. ing Quantity being given, to find its Fluxion ; for this gives us too lax and vague an Idea of the thing, and does not fhew
fufficiently
The relation 6J the owing Quantities is, the determine relation of their Fhixiom, he difpatches
that Comparifon, which is here always to be understood. Fluents and Fluxions are things of a relative n.iture, and two at leafr,
fuppofe
whofe
relation or relations
comparative
xxii
f/jg
PREFACE.
comparative magnitudes will be more eafily eftimated ; as alfo the And befides, by this comparative magnitudes of their Fluxions. means he has an opportunity of refolving the Problem much more For in the ufual way of generally than is commonly done. taking we are confined to. the Indices of the Powers, which are Fluxions,to be made Coefficients ; whereas the Problem in its full extent will allow us to take any Arithmetical Progreflions whatever. By this means we may have an infinite variety of Solutions, which tho' different in form, will yet all agree in the main ; and we may always chufe the fimpleft, or that which will beft ferve the
prefent purpofe. the given Equation may comprehend feveral variable Quantities, and by that' means the Fluxional Equation maybe found, notwithstanding any furd quantities that may occur, or even any other quantities that are irreducible, or Geometrically irrational.
He
(hews
alfo
how
derived and demonitrated from the properties of Modoes not here proceed to fecond, or higher Orders of Fluxions, for a reafon which will be affign'd in another place. His next Problem is, An Equation being propofed exhibiting the relation of the Fluxions of Quantities, to the relation of find thofe Quantities, or Fluents, to one another ; which is the diredt Converfe of the This indeed is an operofe and difficult foregoing Problem.
all this is
And
ments.
He
Problem,
taking
dreis
;
it
in
its full
which
Series. He firfl teaches how we may return from the Fluxional Equation given, to its correfponding finite Fluential or when be that can done. But when it cannot be Algebraical Equation, or when there is no finiie fuch .done, Algebraical Equation, as is moft commonly the cafe, yet however he finds the Root of that
Method of infinite
extent, and, requires all our Author's fkill and adyet hefolyes very generally, chiefly by the affiftance of his
by an
infinite
converging
Series,
often he mews how to find an infinite number of fuch Series. His proceffes for extracting thefe Roots are peculiar to himfelf, and always contrived with much fubtilty and ingenuity. The reft of his Problems are an application or an exemplification of the foregoing. As when he determines the Maxima and Minima of quantities in all cafes. When he mews the Method of drawing to whether Geometrical or Mechanical ; or howCurves, Tangents ever the nature of the Curve may be defined, or refer'd to right Lines or other Curves. Then he {hews how to find the Center or Radius of Curvature, of any Curve whatever, and that in a fimple but general manner ; which he illuftrates by many curious Examples,
And
Equation
and
fbe
PREFACE.
xxiii
and purfues many other ingenious Problems, that offer themfelves by After which he difcufTes another very fubtile and intirely the way. new Problem about Curves, which is, to determine the quality of the Curvity of any Curve, or how its Curvature varies in its progrefs or inequability. through the different parts, in refpect of equability He then applies himfelf to confider the Areas of Curves, and fhews
how we may find as many Quadrable Curves as we pleafe, or fuch whole Areas may be compared with thofe of right-lined Figures. Then he teaches us to find as many Curves as we pleafe, whofe Areas may be compared with that of the Circle, or of the Hyperus
bola, or of any other Curve that (hall be affign'd to Mechanical as well as Geometrical Curves.
;
which he extends
then determines
He
the Area in general of any Curve that may be propofed, chiefly by the help of infinite Series ; and gives many ufeful Rules for afcerAnd by the way he fquares the Areas. taining the Limits of fuch the and and Circle Quadrature of this to the conapplies Hyperbola, of Logarithms. But chiefly he collects veryftructing of a Canon of Quadratures, for readily finding the general and ufeful Tables Areas of Curves, or for comparing them with the Areas of the Conic Sections; which Tables are the fame as. thofe he has publifh'd himThe ufe and application of thefe felf, in his Treatife of Quadratures. he (hews in an ample manner, and derives from them many curious Geometrical Conftructions, with their Demonftrations. Laftly, he applies himfelf to the Rectification of Curves, and mews us how we may find as many Curves as we pleafe,. whofe Curvelines are capable of Rectification ; or whofe Curve-lines, as to length, may be compared with the Curve-lines of any Curves that fha.ll be And concludes in general, with rectifying any Curve-lines affign'd. that may be propofed, either by the aflifbncc of his Tables of QuadraAnd tures, when that can be done, or however. by infinite Series.
this
is
Work.
As
to ,the account
that perhaps"
I
may
be expected, of what
have added in
my Annowhich
the inquifitive Reader to the PrefacCj tations ; will go before that part of the Work.
{hall
refer
THE
THE
CONTENTS.
CT^HE
Prob.
Prob.
i.
Introduction, or the
Method of
pag.
p.
From
From
the given Fluents to find the Fluxions. the given Fluxions to find the Fluents.
21
2.
p.
25
Prob. 3.
Prob. 4.
To determine the
of Quantities,
p.
44
46
59
To draw Tangents
p.
Pp.
Prob. Prob.
5.
6.
To find the Quality cf Curvature in any Curve. To find any number of Quadrable Curves.
To find Curves whofe Areas may be compared
Conic SecJions.
to
75
80
Prob. 7. Prob.
8.
p.
thofe
of the
p. 8
1
Prob. 9.
ajjigrid.
p.
p.
86
rettifiable Curves.
124
To find Curves whofe Lines may be compared with any Curvelines ajfigrid.
p.
129
p.
134
THE
METHOD
of
FLUXIONS,
AND
INFINITE SERIES.
INTRODUCTION
:
by Infinite Series.
IAVING
tricians,
obferved that moft of our modern Geome-neglecting the Synthetical Method of the Ancients; have apply'd themfelves chiefly to the the affiftance cultivating of the Analytical Art ; by
of which they have been able to overcome fo many and fo great difficulties, that they feem to have exhaufted all the of Curves, and Speculations of Geometry, excepting the Quadrature Ibme other matters of a like nature, not yet intirely difcufs'd I thought it not amifs, for the fake of young Students in this Science, to compofe the following Treatife, in which I have endeavour'd to enlarge the Boundaries of Analyticks, and to improve the Doctrine of Curve-lines. 2. Since there is a great conformity between the Operations in and the fame Operations in common Numbers; nor do they Species,
:
feem to
differ,
are re-
prefented,.
'The
Method of FLUXIONS,
firft being general and indefinite, prefented, the I cannot but wonder that nite and particular
:
and the other defino body has thought of accommodating the lately-difcover'd Doctrine of Decimal Fractions in like manner to Species, (unlels you will except the Quadrature of the Hyberbola by Mr. Nicolas Mercator ;) efpecially fince it might have open'd a way to more abftrufe Discoveries. But iince this Doctrine of Species, has the fame relation to Algebra, as the Doctrine of Decimal Numbers has to common Arithmetick ; the Operations of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Divifion, and Extraction of Roots, may eafily be learned from thence,, and the if the Learner be but fk.ill'd in Decimal Arithmetick, and obferves the that obtains beVulgar Algebra, correfpondence and Decimal Fractions Terms continued. tween Algebraick infinitely For as in Numbers, the Places towards the right-hand continually decreafe in a Decimal or Subdecuple Proportion ; fo it is in Species
refpedtively,
the Terms are difpofed, (as is often enjoin 'd in in an uniform Progreflion infinitely continued, acwhat follows,) cording to the Order of the Dimenfions of any Numerator or De-
when
And as the convenience of Decimals is this, that all and Radicals, being reduced to them, in fome meaFractions vulgar fure acquire the nature of Integers, and may be managed as fuch ;
nominator.
it is a convenience attending infinite Series in Species, that all kinds of complicate Terms, ( fuch as Fractions whofe Denominators are compound Quantities, the Roots of compound Quantities, or of affected Equations, and the like,) may be reduced to the Clafs
fo
of fimple Quantities ; that is, to an infinite Series of Fractions, whofe Numerators and Denominators are fimple Terms ; which will no under thofe difficulties, that in the other form feem'd longer labour
almoft infuperable. Firft therefore I mail fhew how thefe Reductions are to be perform'd, or how any compound Quantities may be reduced to fuch fimple Terms, efpecially when the Methods of computing are not obvious. Then I fhall apply this Analyfis to the Solution of Problems. Divifion and Extraction of Roots will be 3. Reduction by plain from the following Examples, when you compare like Methods of Operation in Decimal and in Specious Arithmetick.
Examples
3
.
..ift
Av
The
Fraction
:
aa by b
+
.
IjfM/l^^
x
in the
'* /
following manner
aax
aax 1
a a x*
aax*
aax
O
aax
--7
-f-O
aax*
-+-
^^
flt
~
*
1
+o
**
Jf*
;.
-rr^i_
i r therefore
is
a* x*
.
rr + T7-, &c.
equivalent
this
a* X+
which
j^.
Series,
being
infinitely
continued,
will
be
to
Or making x
,
the
firft
Term
of the Divifor, in
manner,
~
+ toaa + o e
x
In like
- - ?4 **
4. n
1^ *
be
^-8
V &c AV
reduced
to
~be
will
#
6.
-{-
x4
A:*
H- x
And
i 1
or to , &c. 9 v " 2 *
r
x-*
#-* _f. ^-
the Fraction
will
reduced
to
2x^
yx
7.
13**
-j-
34x
T
,
i+x*
3*
2x
&c.
proper to obferve, that I make ufe of x-', - &c. of for &c. i, ;r 7,' x-', x-', x-*, xs, xi, x^, xl, A4, &c. for v/x, v/*S \/ x *> vx , ^x l , &c. and of x'^, x-f. x i &c for **** 1Ui ' * i
it
-
Here
will be
^x
j_^
^ ? >' y-^.'
&c.
And
this
as
may
;
be
x*,
apprehended from fuch Geometrical Progreflions as thefe x> (or i,) a"*,*-',*'*, x, *, &c.
x,
8.
ffie
8.
Method of FLUXIONS,
1^ + 1^!,
&c.
may
be wrote
&c.
>
q.
.and
And
aa
thus inftead
xv|*
3
inftead
of^/aa
xxl^
inftead of v/
So that we may not improperly diftinguim Powers into Affirmative and Negative, Integral and Fractional.
10.
11.
Examples of Reduction by Extraction of Roots. The Quantity aa -+- xx being propofed, you may thus exits
tract
Square-Root.
-4-
- _i_ XX V v (a aa-+^"
2a
Sfl3
4r
x
-
i6*
1287
4- J
'
c*
2560*
aa
xx
4.
a*
~*
x*
a 4
64 64 a
X* sT*
~
i;
64^8
x
"
z$6a'^
_
64^
6
I
256 *
5*
64 a
_1
,__i!_lll, &c.'
4a~\--^^T,&C. Where it may be obferved, that towards the end of the Operation I neglect all thofe Terms, whofe Dimenfions would exceed the Dimenfions of the laft Term, to which I intend only to continue the Root,
is
found to be
fuppofe to
*'
,2.
ner
xx
aa
+- aa,
Order of the Terms may be inverted in this manbe in which cafe the Root will be found to
10 A*
iz
A-
13.
Thus
the
Root of aa
of
.
xx
.
is
14. 15.
1
x
A.
f
<z
xx is #'" ## is a -fi
i**
AT
A.'
A'
6.
And v/r^rr,
i
4it
'-
i a
A-
.Ii*--.4-. ;,,.
becomes
-|- -i/^r
4-.v*
**, 8cc.
g
Sec.
,'_
3 x- 6
&c-
.c
and more -
+ |^^4
-f-
T^
T^
^frx H- rV^ x
-+-
6
,
&c.
17.
may
very often
Example to find \/;_***' if the Form of the Numerator and Denominator had not been the bxx, which would fame, I might have multiply'd each by </ 1
be abbreviated;
1
the foregoing
y^i -f-rt*
ab x
have produced
&
I
and the
b
reft
xx
have been performed by extracting the Root of the Numerator only, and then dividing by the Denominator. 1 8. From hence I imagine it will fufficiently appear, by what means any other Roots may be extracted, and how any compound Quantities, however entangled with Radicals or Denominators,
(fuch
Vx
as
x">
\fi
xx
A3
V x i! 2x t
;
xi
-}-
^/axx
"
x-{-xx
_.
2X
x.1
-\-
'
may
be reduced to
of iimple Terms.
Of
19.
As
to aftedled Equations, we mufl be fomething more parhow their Roots are to be reduced to fuch Setheir Doctrine
is
Numbers, as hitherto devery perplexed, and incumber'd with fuperfluous Operations, fo as not to afford proper Specimens for performing the Work in Species. I fhall therefore firfl (hew how the Refoluby Mathematicians,
in
Method of FLUXIONS,
Refolutidn of affected Equations may be compendioufly perform'd Numbers, and then I fhall apply the fame to Species. 20. Let this Equation _y l be propofed to be rezy 5 and let 2 be a Number how folved, (any found) which differs from the true Root lefs than by a tenth part of itfelf. Then I make and fubftitute 2 4-/> for y in the given Equation, by 2 -\-p which is produced a new Equation p> 4- 6p l 4- iop i whofe Root is to be fought for, that it may be added to the Quote.
in
=y,
=o,
Thus
the
o,
rejecting
io/>
/>>
i
4-
Equation
truth.
i
6//
becaufe
write
of
its
o,
I
or/>=o,i,
this
Quote, and fuppofe 4- ^ =/>, and fubftitute this fictitious Value of p as before, which produces q* 4- 6,3^ 4- 1 1,23? 4- 0,06 1 =o. And fince 1 1,23^ 4- 0,06 1 is near the truth, or 0,0054 nearly, 1 * (that is, dividing 0,06 by 11,23, many Figures arife as there are places between the firft Figures of this, and of the principal QmDte exclufively, as here there are two places between 2 and
in
Therefore
the
=o
^=
write
in the
0,0054 4- r=sg,
fubftitute this
I
as
manner
And
in the pleafe,
y~'
zy
=o
7
Having
Work may
how
be
much
Equations of
many
Dimenfions.
you intend to extract the Root, count fo after the firft Figure of the Coefficient of the laft Term many places but one, of the Equations that refult on the right fide of the Diagram, as there remain places to be fill'd up in the Quote, and reject But in the laft Term the Decimals may the Decimals that follow.
be neglected, after
that are
reject
fill'd
up
in the
all
that are
many more places as are the decimal places Quote. And in the antepenultimate Term And fo on, by proafter fo many fewer places.
fo
which
ceeding Arithmetically, according to that Interval of places: Or, is the fame thing, you may cut off every where fo many in as the penultimate Term, fo that their loweft places may Figures be in Arithmetical Progreffion, according to the Series of the Terms, or are to be fuppos'd to be fupply'd with Cyphers, when it happens otherwife. Thus in the prefent Example, if I defired to continue the Quote no farther than to the eighth place of Decimals, when I fubftituted 0,0054 -f- r for q, where four decimal places are compleated in the Quote, and as many remain to be compleated, I might have omitted the Figures in the five inferior places, which therefore I have mark'd or cancell'd by little Lines drawn through them ; and indeed I might alfo have omitted the firft Term r J , Thofe Figures therefore although its Coefficient be 0,99999, for the being expunged, following Operation there arifes the Sum 1 which by Divifion, continued as far as 0,0005416 -f- 1,1 62?%
the Term prefcribed, gives 0,00004852 for r, which compleats Then fubtracting the negative the Quote to the Period required. from of the the affirmative Quote part, there arifes 2,09455148 part for the Root of the propofed Equation. 22. It may likewife be obferved, that at the beginning of the
had doubted whether o, i -f-/> was a fufficient Apto the Root, inftead of i o, I might have iof> proximation i o, and fo have wrote the firft fuppos'd that o/** -f- i op of its Root in the as nearer to And Quote, Figure
Work,
if I
being nothing. be convenient to find the fecond, or even the third Figure of the Quote, when in the fecondarjr Equation, about which you are converfant, the Square of the Coefficient of the penultimate Term is not ten times greater than the Product of the laft Term multiply'd into the Coefficient of the antepenultimate Term. And indeed you will often fave fome
in this
manner
it
may
in Equations of
many
Dimensions,
if
you feek
to-
to be added to the
lefier
manner
that
its
is,
if
you
extract the
:
Terms of
fecondary Equation
For thus you will obtain, at every time, as many Figures again in the Quote. 23. And now from the Refolution of numeral Equations, I mall proceed to explain the like Operations in Species; concerning which,
neceflary to obferve what follows. 24. Firft, that fome one of the fpecious or literal Coefficients, if there are more than one, fliould be diftinguifh'd from the reft, which
it is
either
all,
becaufe of its Dimeniions continually increafing in the Numerators, or the Denominators of the Terms of the Quote, thofe Terms may grow lefs and lefs, and therefore the Qtipte may conftantly approach to the Root required ; as may appear from what is faid before of the Species x, in the Examples of Reduction by Divifion and Extraction of Roots.
And
A:
&c. generally extracted. Radical to be for the Species or furd Quantities, 25. Secondly, when any complex Fractions, or to in to arife afterwards occur the happen propofed Equation,
ufe of
or
in
make
mall
are
fuch Methods as
y* -+- j
x"=
we mould
have
o,.
duct by*
Kyi'-l-fry*
we might we mould
x=v,
fax*
^~x
6
^hx' -+. x we might divide the Quote by b Affo if the Equation j 3 xy* -f- x$
-\- 3/5***
and fo wrio; -f- z* reftored. For the Root will befound^=2-f-s3_|_5~s 5cc.andrei1:onngjyandA;, we have x^ -f- x -+- 6x^ &c. dien fquaring, y =x^-+- 2X J ~f- 13*", &c.. y* 26. After the fame manner if there mould be found negative Dimenfions ofx and jy, they may be removed by multiplying by the fame '2.x~ x andjy. As if we had the Equation x*-}-T x*-y~ i6y- =o, 1 3 5 and and x arife there would x*y* -+- 3# jy multiply by j , 2_v
z,
were propofed, we might put v, and will arife v 6 for and z* vv for there x, ting y, which Equation being refolved, y and x may be
y?=
5
xj
z=v
=y = =
for
o,. x,,
>
O.
And U
-r
-r-v
tjie
Equation were
aa
2ai
a + ?r y
i
\.
by;
jy
there
would
arife
xy*-=.a' y*
And
fo
of others.
the Equation is thus prepared, the work be^ of the Quote ; concerning which, as gins by finding the firfr. Term alfo for finding the following Terms, we have this general Rule, when the indefinite Species (x or 2) is fuppofed to be fmall ; to
27. Thirdly,
when
which Caie the other two Cafes are reducible. 28. Of all the Terms, in which the Radical
r,
is
Species
(y,/>, q,
or
not found, chufe the loweft in refpect of the Dimenlions &c.) of the indefinite Species (x or z, &c.) then chufe another Term in which that Radical Species is found, fuch as that the Progreflion of the Dimenfions of each of the fore-mentioned Species, being continued from the Term fir ft afTumed to this Term, may defcend as
much
are
as
may
be,
or
afcend
as
little
as
may
be.
And
if
there
any other Terms, whofe Dimenfions may fall in with this muft be taken in 1 ikeProgreflion continued at pleafure, they thus felected, and made equal to wife. Laftly, from thefe Terms and write nothing, find the Value of the faid Radical Species, the Quote.
29. But that this Rule
it
in
may be more
its
explain
right
it
farther
Making
Angle BAC,
AB, AC,
into
equal parts,
and
Angular Space into equal Squares or Parallelograms, which you may conceive to be denominated from the Dimenfions of the Species x and y,
raifing Perpendiculars, diftribute the
as they are here infcribed.
any Equation
is
A4
the Parallelograms as correfpond to all and let a Ruler be apply'd its Terms, to two, or perhaps more, of the Parallelet one lograms fo mark'd, of which be the loweft in the left-hand Column at AB, the other touching the Ruler towards the right-hand ; and let all the reft, not touching Then felecl: thofe Terms of the Equation the Ruler, lie above it. which are reprefented by the Parallelograms that touch the Ruler, and from them find the Quantity to be put in the Quote. s out of the Equation y 6 30. Thus to extract the Root y 5xy -+1
)'*
ja*x y
+6a
x*-\-&
x4=o, C
mark
10
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
ing to the Terms of this Equation with the Mark #, as you fee here Then I apply the Ruler done. to the lower of the Parallelo-
B
*
DE
mark'd in the left-hand Column, and I make it turn round towards the right-hand from the
grams
lower to the upper, till it begins in like manner to touch another, or perhaps more, of the Parallelograms that are mark'd
.
<L
C
;
and
I fee
5 that the places fo touch'd belong to x 3 , x*-y* y Therefore and_y z 6 as if from the Terms y to equal 7a x*-y -}-6a*x*, nothing, (and
o, by making 7^*4of and find it to be four- fold, $=rv'\fitxt ) y, -\-</ax, </ax, -+-</2ax, and ^/2ax, of which I may take any one for the initial Term of the Quote, according as I defign to extract this or that Root of the given Equation. x =o, I chufe 31. Thus having the Equation y* 6y*-i-()&x* the Terms thence and I obtain -\-gbx*-, by4-3* for the initial Term of the Quote. x* 2rt =o, I make choice of 32. And having y">-i-axy-{-aay 2<2 3 and its Root -\-a I write in the Quote. y'-i-a^y
pleafe,
I
moreover,
if
you
reduced to v 6
6=
^c^xy
the
firft
c I .v a 4-
=o,
I felect
vV
y 4-<r
7
J
which
like
gives
^/
for
Term
of the Quote.
And
the
of others.
is found, if its Power fhould happen the to be negative, I deprefs Equation by the fame Power of the indefinite Species, that there may be no need of depreffing it in the Refolution ; and befides, that the Rule hereafter delivei'd, for the
34.
But when
this
Term
fuppreffion of fuperfluous Terms, Thus the Equation 8z; 6_)i3 4-^2 5>' a
may
be
27^5=0
I deprefs
Root
tion. 3 5.
is
to begin
^
=o,
by s%
I
may
be-
come Sz+yt-^azy
z~
before
attempt
the Refolu-
The
fubfequent
Terms
Work, from their feveral fecondary For the whole affair but lefs trouble. with commonly Equations, the of the loweft Terms affected with the is perform'd by dividing 1 3 Radical Speindefinitely fmall Species, (x, x , x , &c.) without the the radical r with which that } &c.) Species by Quantity (/>, q,
Method,
in the Progrefs of the
i
of
n
by dividing
of one Dimenfion only is affected, without the other indefinite SpeSo in the following cies, and by writing the Refult in the Quote.
Example, the Terms a l x, TrW", TTT-v &c. by ^aa. 36. Thefe things being
}
-
->
~>
&c. are
produced
premifed,
it
remains
now
to exhibit the
=o
y=-\-a*y
Therefore let the Equation y*-{-a zy-\-axy And from its Terms propofed to be refolved. 2 3 =o, being a fictitious Equation, by the third of the
a=o, and jtherefore I write -{-a in foregoing Premifes, I obtain y the Quote. Then becaufe -\~a is not the compleat Value ofy, I put a+p=y, and inftead of y, in the Terms of the Equation written in the Margin, I fubftitute Terms refulting (/> -{a-\-p, and the 1 from which again, I in the write ; 3rf/ -f-,?,v/>, &c.) Margin again Terms -+-^p the to felect the third of the I Premifes, according
3
-H2 l .v=o
write
Value
for a fictitious ^x, I Equation, which giving in the Quote. is not the becaufe Then accurate ^.v of p, I put in Terms for and the marginal x-\-q=p, p
~x
p=
I fubftitute
3 -^x^+^a^, &c.) ^x-t-q, and the refulting Terms (j I again write in the Margin, out of which, according to the fore_I3-drx*=o for a fictigoing Rule, I again feledl the Terms
tious Equation,
which giving
is
4^ =^> I write
g,
'
-^
I
in
the Quote.
t
Again, fince
make -^--{-r=q
and inftead of a
thus
I
continue
And
Diagram
exhibits to view.
12
Method of FLUXIONS,
X*
2a'
axp
'
a*-x
643
axq
*-
'31**
509*4
were required to continue the Quote only to a certain 37. If it that x, for inilance, in the laft Term {hould not afcend Period, a beyond given Dimenfion ; as I fubftitute the Terms, I omit fuch as For which this is the Rule, that after I forefee will be of no ufe. the firft Term refulting in the collateral Margin from every QuanTerms are to be added to the right-hand, as the Intity, fo many dex of the higheft Power required in the Quote exceeds the Index
of that
firft
refulting
Term.
38. As in the prefent Example, if I defired that the Quote, (or the Species .v in the Quote,) mould afcend no higher than to four Dimenfions, I omit all the Terms after A-*, and put only one after x=.
Therefore
13
be
at laft
/>, q,
Mark
are to be conceived to
till
expunged.
to the
And
thus the
Work being
continued
we come
or
Terms
-^
\
-^--H-rfV
axr,'m which
r,
the Supplement of the Root to be extracted, are only of one Dimenfion ; we may find fo many Terms by Divifion,
reprefenting
131*3 _,
5121.
509*4
as
16384(13 /
we
fl^n
want n g
j
So that
at laft
we
y=a
XX
kuyAT 509*4
7*-f"6^-t-^l~*- r^I;
icc -
Example
_^_y
farther Illustration, I mail propofe another 39. For the fake of From the Equation -L_y< .Ly4_f_iy3 iy=. to be refolved.
z=o,
let
the
to
Mark,
_!_
5j
&c.
+^
5
,
&c.
Z'p, &C.
6cc.
-L;S 4
2;
s
&c.
% &c.
40. And thus if we propofe the Equation T 4-rjrJ' '+TT|-T )'' 7 J 3 to be refolved only to the ninth Di-rT T ;' -t-TW' -i-r.)' menfion of the Quote ; before the Work begins we may reject the Term -^^y" ; then as we operate we may reject all the Terms 7 beyond 2', beyond s we may admit but one, and two only after
+y
=o,
Y4
z
f
The Method of
;
FLUXIONS,
Quote ought always
to afcerrd
becaufe
we may
obferve,
that the
two Units, in this manner, z, .s , z &c. Then 9 s have ;'=c T_5__ 2; ^_ _^_'T ^_. 3 & C . fs3_j__|_. is difcover'd, by which Equations, 41. And hence an Artifice tho' affected hi injinitum, and confiding of an infinite number of Terms, may however be refolved. And that is, before the Work of begins all the Terms are to be rejected, in which the Dimenfion not the radical affected by the indefinitely fmall Species, Species,
by the
at laft
Interval of
fliall
we
exceeds
the greateft
Dimenfion required
in the
Quote
or from,
which, by fubftituting inftead of the radical Species, the firfl Term, of the Quote found by the Parallelogram as before, none but fuch Terms can arife. Thus in the laft Example I mould have
exceeding omitted all the Terms beyond y>, though they went on ad And fo in this Equation tum.
8 -f-3 1
1
)
j'
injini-
4S 4 -f-92
s 4 -}- z
lS
l6
8
,
&C.
in z*
z*y &c.
Root may be extracted only to four Dimenfions of z, Terms in infinitum beyond -f-j 5 in z, 1 J.-4_|_.L 2 > 1 a 4 -(-.c 6 and all beyond -+-y in .c 1 2z 4 and all beyond y- in z 4 And therefore I aflurr.e this Equation and beyond S-}-;s 42 6 s 6^ 1 -}-^ 4^ 1 be to refolved, -^z y* 2z*y z^y* z*y* -{-?* ;> only
,
tt
'
-i-z'-y
4s4_j_ s
8=0.
Becaufe?.
',(*''-
~^ {
Term
of the Quote,)
of y
in the reft
of the
Equation deprefs'd
by
z^y gives
42.
What
have
faid
Qi\adraticks.
As
if I
defired
r
.r
A*
A4
h-r-f--;
&c.
as
far
as the
Period x f , I omit
'
all
the
Terms
in infinititm.,
beyond
xy
y
2"
in
\
<?_[-*+
this
Equation, j*
ay
-y+ &
4-*-*
=0.
This
manner, by making
Method of
3
by which we
vanifhes,
fhall
have _}'=
where the
laft
Term
required
or
becomes equal to nothing. 43. Now after that Roots are extracted to a convenient Period, they may fometimes be continued at pleafure, only by oblerving the Analogy of the Series. So you may for ever continue this z-t-i-z* ^_^.25_j__'_ 2; 4_{_ T i_2;s &c. (which is the Root of the infinite Equaj
tion
l
the laft Term by thefe 5r==)'-f-^ _j_^5_|_y4 j foe.) by dividing Numbers in order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. And this, z f^-H-rlo-^' yj TB.27-f_ TTy2;9 j &c. may be continued by dividing by thefe Numi
'
'
TrT
bers
"-'g
&c.
may
by
Terms
refpectively fo of others.
thefe Fractions,
f}
7,
-,
TV, &c>
And
44. But in difcovering the firft Term of the Quote, and fometimes of the fecond or third, there may ftill remain a difficulty For its Value, fought for as before, may happen to be overcome. to be furd, or the inextricable Root of an high affected Equation. Which when it happens, provided it be not alfo impoffible, you
and then proceed as if it were known. As in the Example y*-\-axy-{-ii*-y x 3 2a>=o If the Root of this Equation y^^-a'-y 2 =o, had been furd, or unknown, I mould have put any Letter b for it, and then have perform'd the Refolution as follows, fuppofe the Quote found only to the third Dimenfion.
may
reprefent
it
by fome
Letter,
i6
s
fbe Method of
2a3
4jC ft
FLUXIONS,
y -\-aay-\rtxy
,
tf^A-
17
47. Hitherto I have fuppos'd the indefinite Species to be little. But if it be fuppos'd to approach nearly to a given Quantity, for that indefinitely fmall difference I put fome Species, and that being
Equation as before. Thus in the Equation x o, it being known or fupf}-' y* -t-y -\-a ^y* -+- ^y pos'd that x is nearly of the fame Quantity as a, I fuppofe z to be their difference; and then writing a-\-z or a z for x, there will arife y* -fwhich is to be folved y* -{-y jj
fubftituted, I folve the
l
+ z=o,
as before.
its
48. But if that Species be fuppos'd to be indefinitely great, for Reciprocal, which will therefore be indefinitely little, I put fome Species, which being fubflituted, I proceed in the Refolution as
before.
Thus having
and
y* -+-\
-f-jv
x>
=o,
where x
little
is
known
or fuppos'd to be very
-
great,
for the
.v,
reciprocally
Quantity
1
put z,
- for fobflituting
is
.y
-f-.)'
+
H
^
it
^z
z*
-f-
you pleafe, J
will be
y=:x *
9*
8 i**
&c
'
49. If it fhould happen that none of thefe Expedients mould fucceed to your defire, you may have recourfe to another. Thus 1 1 in the Equation y* i whereas -+-fx^y o, xy* Z) 2y -+-
be obtain'd from the Suppofition that ought 2 1 which 0, jy-4_j_2yt y yet admits of no poffible Root; you may try what can be done another way. As you may fuppofe that x is but little different from 2, or that 2-{-z-=x. Then inftead of there will arife 2-{-z A*, fubftituting y*
the
firft
Term
to
2y
>*
-f-
z'-y*
-\zy*
0,
will begin
l
fuppole x
to be indefinitely great, or -
from
z,
-j- i.
Or
if
you
--{--
-+-2y*
2y H-
you
will
have ^ 4
o,
and
,
-f-
for the
initial
Term
of
the Quote.
50. And thus by you may extract and
51. If
you mould
find
after
this
may be done, you mufl try what Quantities, when fubfHtuted for the indefinite Species in the propofed Equation, will make it divifible fome Quantity, or by^ alone. Which, for Example by_y, -f-or l x> 20 fake, will happen in the Equation y* -}-axy-+-a y o,
3
by
The Method of
fubftituting -f-rf, or
.v.
FLUXIONS,
za,
by
of
And
thus
you may
-j-tf,
differ little
from
or
&c. inftead , the conveniently fuppofe Quantity x to 2a, or za*l^, and thence a, or
a,
or
or
And perhaps many other ways, by fupbe differences to thofe Befides, if you take indefinitely great. poling for the indefinite Quantity this or that of the Species which exprefs
many
ways.
alfo after fo
you may
extract the
after
fo
And
finite
your defire after other ways. farther ftill., by fubftituting any fictitious Values for the indebz 1 , -> ~n^> &c. and then proceeding Species, fuch as az
may
perhaps obtain
may be maniand feft ; is, that the Quotes thus extracted, produced ad libi-* turn, approach fb near to the Root of the Equation, as at laft to differ from it by lefs than any afilgnable Quantity, and therefore when infinitely continued, do not at all differ from it You are to confider, that the Quantities in the left-hand Column of the righthand fide of the Diagrams, are the laft Terms of the Equations whofe Roots are p, y, r, s, &c. and that as they vanifh, the Roots p, q, r, s, &c. that is, the differences between the Quote and the Root fought, vanifh at the fame time. So that the Quote will not then differ from the true Root. Wherefore at the beginning of the
that
:
as before in the Equations that will refult. 52. But now that the truth of thefe Conclufions
Work,
ftroy tracted
if
you
fee
that the
Terms
in the faid
Column
will
all
de-
one' another,
is
wife,
you
you may conclude^ that the Quote fo far exBut if it be otherthe perfect Root of the Equation. will fee however, that the Terms in which the indefiis
of few Dimenfions, that is, the greate ft Terms, out of that Column, and that at laft none unlefs fuch as are lefs than any given Quantity, will remain there, and therefore not greater than nothing when the Work is continued ad infinitum. So that the Quote, when infinitely extracted, will at laft be the true Root. fake of perfpieuity I 53. Laftly, altho' the Species, which for the have hitherto fuppos'd to be indefinitely little, fhould however be fuppos'd to be as great as you pleafe, yet the Quotes will ftill be This true, though they may not converge fo faft to the true Root. here the Limits But is manifeft from the Anal'ogy of the thing. of the Roots, or the greateft and leaft Quantities, come to be For thefe Properties are in common both to finite and confider'd. The Root in thefe is then greateft or leaft,. infinite Equations.
nitely fhiall Species are continually taken
when
19
the greateft or leaft difference between the Sums of the affirmative Terms, and of the negative Terms ; and is limited when the indefinite Quantity, (which therefore not improperly I but that the Magfuppos'd to be fmall,) cannot be taken greater, nitude of the Root will immediately become infinite, that is, will
become
54.
impoffible.
illuftrate this,
let
To
Diameter
MakeAB
AD, = ^,BC=7,AD =
xx
and
BC
AC D
Then
as
before.
when
it
iax moft exceeds all the Terms " f- V S^x 4- i6a> V S ax &c that la Sax -f- ga*
> -
is >
when *
**
but
will
be terminated
when x
Terms
a.
For
if
we
ax ax> TbTs *S s7 &c. will be infinite. There is another Limit alfo, when x o, ax Radical to which the of reafon of the ; by impoffibility Terms or Limits, the Limits of the Semicircle A, B, and D, are cor^
a t the
Sum
of
all
the
S ax
refpondent.
Tranfttion to the
METHOD
OF FLUXIONS.
,
Now it remains, that mall make frequent ufe in what follows. I mould of an Illuftration the for give fome SpeciAnalytick Art, of the nature Curves will fupmens of Problems, efpecially fuch as But firft it may be obferved, that all the difficulties of thefe ply. be reduced to thefe two Problems only, which I mall propofe
I
55.
And
thus
much
for the
may
how
accelerated
'
~
/
The Length of the Space defcribed being continually ( that -*"* 56. at fill ?V, Times) given; to find the Velocity of the Motion at any ffo^ Tune propofed. JbotA.*** if* 57. II. The Velocity of the Motion being continually given ; to find
SJLJ tt
Length of the Space defcribed at any Time propofed. in the Equation xx=y, if y reprefents the Length of 58. Thus the Space t any time defcribed, which (time) another Space x,
the
exhibits as
defcribed
20
defcribed
y,
:
?%e Method of
the fame
FLUXIONS,
the Celerity
at
proceeds
to be defcribed
contrary-wife.
Quantities as
hence it is, that in what follows, I confider if were generated by continual Increafe, after the they
And
manner of a Space, which a Body or Thing in Motion defcribes. 59. But whereas we need not confider the Time here, any
expounded and meafured by an equable local whereas only Quantities of the fame kind can be compared together, and alfo their Velocities of Increafe and Therefore in what follows I fhall have no regard to Time Decreafe formally conficter'd,, but I fhall fiippofe fome one of the Quantities propofed, being of the fame kind, to be increafed by an equable Fluxion, to which the reft may be referr'd, as it were to Time j and therefore, by way of Analogy, it may not improperly receive Whenever therefore the word Time occurs in the name of Time. what follows, (which for the fake of perfpicuity and diftindlion I have fometimes ufed,) by that Word I would not have it underftood as if I meant Time in its formal Acceptation, but only that
farther than
as
it is
Motion
and
befides,
other Quantity, by the equable Increafe or Fluxion whereof, is expounded and meafured.
Time
'60.
2 f
Now
thofe Quantities
I
which
T H
_' .i
And the Velocities by which every Fluent Letters a, b, c, &c. is increafed by its generating Motion, (which I may call Fluxions, oi V* ffm***4t*'Qr fimply Velocities or Celerities,) I fhall reprefent by the fame
V*>
i*i~-
>
%f& f'df**
hereafter call Fluents, or indefinitely increafing, Flowing Quantities, and fhall reprefent them by the final Letters of the Alphabet v, x, y, and z ; that I may diftinguifh them from other Quantities, which in Equations are to be confider'd as known and. the initial determinate, and which therefore are reprefented
fhall
by
-y,
x,
y.,
and
z.
That
is,
for the
Celerity
of
t4
JO the Quantity v
Quantities x, y,
I fhall
id
tti
'(/
and
z, I fhall put x, y,
I
and z
refpeftively.
mall
now
forthwith proceed
the:
fhall
two Problems
juft
now
propofed.
PROF,
21
R O
B.
I.
The Relation of the Flowing Quantities to one another being given, to determine the Relation of their Fluxions.
SOLUTION.
Difpofe the Equation, by which the given Relation is exprefs'd, according to the Dimenftons of fome one of its flowing Quantities, fuppofe x, and multiply its Terms by any Arithmetical
1.
and then by And perform this Operation feparately for every one of the flowing Quantities. Then make the Sum of all the Products equal to nothing,, aad you will have the Equation
Progreflion,
.
required.
2.
EXAMPLE
ax*--{-
y be X'
to x,
ing,
If the Relation of the flowing Quantities A; and 3 firft axy ^ difpofe the Terms according
i.
=o;
y,
by makes
%xx*
zaxx
-{is
axy
*
*
The Sum of
the Produdls
i
=
7v*
zaxx -k- axy W*-f- ayx=zo, the Relation between the Fluxions x and y. ax 1 -{-axy pleafure, the Equation .v yt
-jx**
.
o will give y.
Which
being determined,
it
will
be x
::
3..
ax Ex.
2.
of the Quantities
3
x,
y,.
and z r be exz''
2j
-f-
x*y
zcyz +-
yz*
QJ
22
*The
Method of FLUXIONS,
Celerities
of Flowing,
or of the
,v, v,
and
z,
is
tyy* -\-
2xxy
$zz
-f-
6zzy
.v,
zczy
y,
4.
But
fince
flowing Quantities,
and
z, another Equation ought alfo to be given, by which the Relation among them, as alfo among their Fluxions, may be intirely deter2 0. From whence mined. As if it were fuppofed that x -\-y
o would be z another Relation among the Fluxions AT-HV thefe with the found by this Rule. Now compare foregoing Equaand alfo any of three one the Quantities, tions, by expunging any one of the Fluxions, and then you will obtain an Equation which will intirely determine the Relation of the reft. In the Equation propos'd, whenever there are complex Frac5. I put fo many Letters for each, and fuptions, or furd Quantities, Afto reprefent flowing Quantities, I work as before. them pofing as the afTumed and exterminate terwards I Letters, you fee
fupprefs
done
6.
here.
aa If the Relation of the Quantities .v and y be yy xx I write z, and thence I ## o; for x</aa x\/aa 3 1 2* x4 aa two have the %,=.&., and a -* Equations^' z will give zyy o, as before, for the o, of which the firfl and z, and the latter will give 2<j*xx Relation of the Celerities
Ex.
3.
o, or
a * xx
~ ****
Celerities
x and
z.
o,
and then
g*.>*
have zyy
-./** 4-
^ aa
quired.
7.
XX
__ 0>
4.
x and xx
y, as
was
re-
Ex.
If
.v
ay*
is
4- j4r
AT
XX \fay
and
v
:
-+-
o,
the Relation
that
between
make
^^
expreffes
5;,
and
+&
-u
fhall
3
o,
az-\-yz
zayy
o,
^ =o,
The
firft
gives
3**'
&
Zy^-yz
2W=
3^
Lave the three Equations x1^=0. and ax*y + x 6 -0=0, the fecond gives az +
gives
4.axx>y-+-6xx'-i-a}>x*
-y,
.v,
y,
and
But
the
23
i',
?
iSj
/.
for
and
. ,.
/.
v-.
nrft Equation,
11
2a)y-^-~^T.
refloring
their Values
.
7n
vz
o.
Then
-+-
z and v
arife
a f
and
>
XX \/ ay
aa -f-
awMf
2^
+ yy
x and y
^xx*-2ayy
.
.
o.
...
or the
Velocities
8.
will be exprefs'd.
After
Cafes, I
propos'd xx} or any other comdicals within Radicals, as v ax -+- \/'aa of Terms the like kind. plicate fhould 9. Furthermore, altho' in the Equation propofed there be Quantities involved, which cannot be determined or exprefs'd by any Geometrical Method, fuch as Curvilinear Areas or the Lengths of Curve-lines ; yet the Relations of their Fluxions may be found,
as will appear
in other is to be performed manifefl believe is from hence j as when in the Equation there are found furd Denominators, Cubick Radicals, Ra-
Preparation for 5* 10. Suppofe BD to be an Ordinate at right Angles to AB, ancL be any Curve, which is defined by that
EXAMPLE
ADH
between AB and BD exhibited Let AB be called A;, and an Equation. by of the Curve the Area ADB, apply 'd to Unity, Then erect the Perpendicular AC be call'd z.
the Relation
draw
CE
thefe
two Superficies ADB and ACEB to be generated by the Motion of the right Line BED it is manifeft that their Fluxions, (that is,, the Fluxions of the Quantities i x z and i x v, or of the
;
BD
parallel
in
E.
Then
conceiving
Quantities
and
BD
and BE.
hence it is, that z may be involved in any Equation, the Relation between .v and expre fling any other flowing'Quantityjv ; and yet the Relation of the Fluxions x and however be dif1
BD. = * And
x
1.
Therefore
::
BD
BE
or
i,
and
therefore
y may
cover'd,
12
<
24
12.
fhe Method
Ex.
5.
<J/"
FLUXION s,
1
the Equation zz -\-axz _y*=r=o were propos'd to exprefs the Relation between x and; as alfo BD, for determining a Curve, which therefore will be a Circle.
if
,
As
\/axxx
2zz-i-
axz
4_y_y
j^=o,
for
it is
as
o,
the Relation
z.
And
therefore fince
iubftitute this
Value inftead of
it,
and there
qyy*
y.
= x BD =
x
o,
-x
\/ax
xx
Equation
DEMONSTRATION
13.
of the Solution.
of flowing Quantities, (that is, their indefithe acceffjon of which, in by indefinitely fmall are of Time, they continually portions increafed,) are as the Velocities of their Flowing or Increafing.
nitely fmall Parts,
14.
t>y the
The Moments
Wherefore
Product of
is,
if
its
the
by xo,} the Moments of the others <y, y, z, vot yo, zo ; becaufe vo xo, yo, and zo, are reprefented by
o (that
to each
other as v, x,
y,
and x.
,.
15. u tt i e ^cceflions
Now
fince the
Moments,
as
and
y,
by which thofe
any
therefore the Equation, which at all times indifferently exprefles the Relation of the flowing Quantities, will as well exprefs the
And
y-+-yo, as between x and y: So that x -+- xo and y -f- yo may be fubftituted in the fame Equation for thofe Quantities, inftead of x and y. 1 6. Therefore let any Equation #' ax* -+- axy be ^'
Relation between
x -3- xo and
given, and
will arife
fubftitute
x~\-xo
for
x and y
}
-j-
yo for y,
and there
+
ax 1
2axox
axy +- axoy
y:
lyoy-
$x*oox
ax*oo
-f- x*o''
-h ayox
~ yfooy
-h axyoo
25
Now
there will
3 ax--3raxy =o, which thereby Suppofition x the Terms and remaining being divided by o, expunged, remain ^xx* -f- ^ox -+- x>oo zaxx ax 1 o -f- axy -f3
_}'
ayx
_f_
axyo
the
3_vy*
little,
to be infinitely
tities
;
3y*oy that it
y*oo
o.
But whereas
it
o is
may
reprefent the
Moments of
fuppofed Qiian-
Terms
-+-
of the
reft.
Therefore I
zaxx
1
-f-
axy
ayx
3_yj*=
o,
obferve, that the Terms that are not multiply'd by o will always vaniih, as alfo thole Terms that are multiply'd by o And that the reft of the Terms of more than one Dimenfion.
8.
Here we may
being divided by o, will always acquire the form that they ought Which was the thing to be proved. to have by the foregoing Rule now this fhewn, the other things included in the being 19. And Rule will eafily follow. As that in the propos'd Equation feveral flowing Quantities may be involved ; and that the Terms may be of the Dimenlions of the flowmultiply'd, not only by the Number other but alfo Arithmetical Progreilions ; fo by any ing Quantities, that in the Operation there may be the lame difference of the Terms according to any of the flowing Quantities, and the ProgrefTion be difpos'd according to the fame order of the Dimenlions of each of And thele things being allow'd, what is taught belides in them. Examp. 3, 4, and 5, will be plain enough of itfelf.
:
P R O
B.
II.
An
Equation being propofed, including the Fluxions of O^uantitieS) to find the Relations of tbofe Quantities to
one another.
A PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
i.
As
this
Problem
is
it
muft be
folved
by
proceeding in a contrary
manner.
That
is,
the
Terms
multiply'd by
x;
their
Di-
menfions, or perhaps by fome other Arithmetical Progreffion. Then the fame work muft be repeated with the Terms multiply'd by v, y,
or
26
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
made
equal to nothing, re-
jeding
2.
or z, and the Sum refulting muft be the Terms that are redundant.
EXAMPLE. Let
4- ayx
=
5 .
o.
The
Divide
3 ATA?*
3A:
2axx-i-axy
Divide
* -f3 3
5
ayx
Quot. by Divide by
2ax* -\-ayx
2
i.
by
3
A; 5
Quot. Divide by
^.
4- axy
.
2
*
i.
Quote
ax 1
3
-{-ayx
Quote
_y
4- axy
Therefore the
o, will be the required y* axy Relation of the Quantities x and y. Where it is to be obferved, that tho' the Term axy occurs twice, yet I do not put it twice in ax* -+- axy the Sum x'> y* =. o, but I rejed the redundant Term. And fo whenever any Term recurs twice, (or oftener when there are feveral flowing Quantities concern'd,) it muft be wrote only once in the Sum of the Terms. are other Circumftances to be obferved, which I mall/ 3. There leave to the Sagacity of the Artift for it would be needlefs to dwell too long upon this matter, becaufe the Problem cannot always be folved by this Artifice. I mail add however, that after the Rela-
Sum #
ax*
-f-
-,
tion
of the Fluents is obtain'd by this Method, if we can return, by Prob. i. to the propofed Equation involving the Fluxions, then the work is right, otherwife not. Thus in the Example propofed, after I have found the Equation x> ax 1 -{- axy o, if from y*
-
thence
of the Fluxions
x and y by
the
firft
Problem,
mall arrive at the propofed Equation ^xx* 2axx 4o. Whence it is plain, that the Equation i,yy* -faxy 3 o is But if the Equation AT 3 -ax*-+-axy _y rightly found.
ayx=
xx
o were propofed, by the prefcribed Method I xy -\- ay fhould obtain this ^x* o, for the Relation between ay xy be Conclufion would erroneous: Since by Prob. i. x and y ; which
the Equation xx
is
xy
yx -+- ay
= =
different
4. lhall
.Having therefore premiled this in a perfundory manner, I now undertake the general Solution.
27
Firft
it
mufl be
obferved,
that in
ought
it happens otherwife, another Fluxion of fome flowing be underflood to be Unity, by which the lower mufl Quantity Terms are fo often to be multiply'd, till the Symbols of the Fluxions As if arife to the fame number of Dimenfions in all the Terms. o were the Fluxion axx z the Equation x -+ x'yx propofed, of fome third flowing Quantity z mufl be underilood to be Unity, by which the firfl Term x mufl be multiply'd once, and the lafl axx twice, that the Fluxions in them may afcend to as many Di-
And when
Term xyx
As
=
6.
this
xz -{-xyx-
i.
gine
tities,
Now
thus in the Equation yx =}')'-, you ought to imato be Unity, by which the Term yy is multiply'd. Equations, in which there are only two flowing Quanarife to
And
the fame
number of Dimenfions,
on one
fide
may
as that
,
may be
4
x
.
or y
Terms
as
you may
fee here,
4-
by fimple
y.
Algebraic
the
-h 2X
And when
foregoing particular Solution will not take place, it is required that you fhould bring the Equations to this form. of that Ratio any Term is de7. Wherefore when in the Value nominated -by a Compound quantity, or is Radical, or if that Ratio be the Root of an affected the Reduction mufl be per;
Equation form'd either by Divifion, or by Extraction of Roots, or by the Refolution of an affected Equation, as has been before fhewn.
8.
As
j
if the
firfl
Equation ya
yx
this
xa
-+-
xx
x
xy
o were pro-
pofed
by Reduction
in
becomes T-=i-f--^-, ax or
the
-==
y
av+y'
And
the
firfl
Cafe, if I reduce
Term ^^.,
deno-
x, to an infinite Series of
fimple
28
fimple
The Method of
Terms j
the
-f-
FLUXIONS,
have -
- -f-
~ ^
-+-
y by
Denominator a
x,
+-
-f-
^ -f.
^
y
-f-
is
x and
9.
So the Equation
_y_y
xy
-j- .XVY.V A:
4, x
i- xx,
and by a
farther
Reduction
4=4 +V/T
AT
-+- A-*
I extract
Terms
5*"
-J
-f-
-f-
\/t H- xx,
~
I (hall
have X
=
5*
-f-
x*
x*
-f-
2x 6
as
&c.
is
or.
=
added
x^-ir-x*
to
-I,
2X 6
-+-
8
,
&c. according
it.
either
10.
or fubtracled
from
-j-
And
thus if the
Equation y*
or
'
axx*y
-f-
-f- a'-x^y
>v 3
x*x">
2rf 3
~ o
2x*a>=o
anfes ~ x
before.
11.
/-
were propofed,
-fA:5
ax
A:
a1x
I extract the
V
Root of the
X 4
it
affected
111*5
a
Cubick
COQi'4
Equation,
and
there.
=a
XX
4.
16384^3
&c
as
may ^
be feen
look upon thofc Terms only as compounded, which are compounded in refpect of flowing For I efteem thofe as fimple Quantities which are comQuantities. pounded only in refpect of given Quantities. For they may be reduced to fimple Quantities by luppofing them equal to other givea
But here
be obferved, that
Quantities.
-
Thus
" I
eonfider
as
the
Quantities ^^'
->
c
>
4
L
,
~^,
xi
all
>
v/tfA-
H- bx, &c.
may
may
i,
-^-,
\/ex (or
x*} &cc. by fuppofing a -f- b =r= e. 12. Moreover, that the flowing Quantities
may
the
more
eafily
be diflinguifh'd from one another, the Fluxion that is put in the Numerator of the Ratio, or the Antecedent of the Ratio, may not improperly be call'd the Relate Quantify, and the other in the Denominator, to which it is compared, the Correlate : Alfo the
flowing
29
be diftinguifli'd by the fame Names refpecflowing Quantities may And for the better understanding of what follows, you may tively. is Time, or rather any other conceive, that the Correlate Quantity
which Time is expounded and Quantity that flows equably, by or the Relate Quantity, is Space, that the And other, meafured.
which the moving Thing, or Point, any how accelerated or retarded, And that it is the Intention of the Problem, defcribes in that Time. the Motion, being given at every Inftant of the that from Velocity of Time, the Space defcribed in the whole Time may be determined.
in refpedt of this 13. But Orders. into three
diftinguifli'd
of
Second: In which the two flowing Quantities are involved, their Fluxions. together with Third: In which the Fluxions of more than two Quantities 1 6.
15.
are involved.
17.
With
thefe
Premifes
{hall
attempt
the
Solution of the
Problem,
according to thefe
three Cafes.
SOLUTION OF CASE
1
I.
in which alone is contain Suppofe the flowing Quantity, accordand the be the the Equation, to Correlate, Equation being on one fide to be only the is, making by ingly difpos'd, (that Ratio of the Fluxion of the other to the Fluxion of this, and on the other fide to be the Value of this Ratio in fimple Terms,) mulValue of the Ratio of the Fluxions by the Correlate Quantiply the then divide each of its Terms by the number of Dimenfions tity, with which that Quantity is there afTeded, and what arifes will be
8.
'd
other flowing Quantity. equivalent to the the Equation yy xy -+- xxxx ; I fuppofe x 19. So propofing and the Correlate be the to Quantity, Equation being accordingly
reduced,
we
mall have -
-f-
x1
.v 4
-f-
2X & &c.
,
'
Now I mulxf
-{-
tiply
the Value of
I
into x,
and there
arifes
.v-f-AT
2X\
by
this
number cf Dimenfions,
I
+-
fv'
fv'-f-fv
1 ,
&c.
put
=y. And
30
this
77je
Method ^/"FLUXIONS,
x and
'
y, as
was
required.
x
'
=
y ZM
a
j-
-46-}<z
'
'* 3
4
OJ.oi.t~
-f-
5i2*
&c.
there
ax
A;
y -+and
y.
-^ &c
v-J
for determining o
the
Relation between
21.
gives
And
=
|.
*.!
_i_ -, I
x*
-tI
#*,
the
v* X ,
=
*;
^
into
-f-
+
it
*+
Jf^
** -
For
ax^
-
multiply
.
Value of or
A:-
A;,
and
becomes
X -f.
x*
-*-
x' 1 -\-
ax*
x^-i-x^,
which
the
the
fore.
number of Dimenfions,
Value
-^ 4- S7=5-7=== \/ f
3
1.
A -+-
gives
A-
^_
-}-
H- j,
3
v/^)'
-i-
cy~>
For the
*
Value of
being
or
multiply'd
by
there
arifes
~
4 7
-^
_j_
-{-n'3
2^^-y* -h -~i
refults,
;'
+ v/^ +
And
*
c %y*.
And
thence
-the Value of
lions
of each Term.
23.
,
3 .
And
fo
=?
=-
gives
r=
3f^L into
But the Equation . For f multiply'd ; gives 7 f ^ A: makes a, which being divided by the number of Dimen~ an infinite fions, which is o, there arifes Quantity for the Value
, ,
_
Term
of
-.
whofe Denominator
Quantity of one
inftead of the Correlate ; Quantity, fubftitute the or the Difference between the fame and fome other given Quantity to be affumed at pleafure. For there will be the fame Relation of Flowing, of the Fluents in the Equation fo. produced, as of the Equation at firft and the infinite Relate j
Dimenfion only
Sum
propofed
Quantity
31
by
this
means will be diminifh'd by an infinite part of itfelf, become finite, but yet confifting of Terms infinite in
^4,
=
26.
u-^r~X
= =
being propofed,
ax^
-rr b+
if for
&c
c
And
At
^ 4-
~p
~j^
&c. for
x and
y.
So
if
4-3
there
xx; becaufe
will
arife
of the
.
Term
(_
->
if
you write
xx.
-f-
for x,
_f
2X
Then
reducing the
2Ar 3
Term ~-^
into an in-
finite Series
4-2
_{_
2x4- 2x l
, 3
will have 4
y and
=
^
4*
4.x
x*
1
2x 3 4- 2x 4 &c.
And
s
ax 4- fx
|x 4- ^x
y.
27.
And
AT*
were pro-
Term x
x
for
(or ~j
it,
to be found,
arifes
tranfmute x,
.
by
-
fubftituting
and there
_'
_L
__
v/
,
A;".
Now
Term
3 ,
the
Term
x
or
is
l -
x produces
_{_
_|_
x 1 4- x
1
\/i
equivalent
v
.
to
is
j,
.i#
4-x
i
V^S
4I
-i-x
an(^ therefore
1
_ _
3
JL;(
the fame as
4- 4-x 4-
|-x
&c.
i ~f-
So that
when
thefe Values
,6cc.
are fubftituted,
fhall
have 4
X
=
1
2x 4- 4x i 4-4-^-x
And
=. x 4-
x 4-
4-x*
4- ri* 4 , &c
An<i
oi
28. Alfo in other Cafes the Equation may fometimes be conveniently reduced, by fuch a Tranfmutation of the flowing Quantity.
As
if this
= -^
^^. ^_ xi
c
inflead
52 O
of
.v
^
I
Method of FLUXIONS,
i/
write c
AT,
and then
mall have
-f,.
4=
or
~i>
J
^
L.
SOLUTION OF CASE
29".
II.
And fo much for Equations that involve But when each of them are found in the only one Fluent. Equation, fiift it muft be reduced to the Form prefcribed, by making, that on one fide may be had the Ratio of the Fluxions,
PREPARATION.
equal to an
fide. aggregate of fimple Terms on the other be any fo reduced there 30. And befides, if in the Equations the flowing Quantity, they muft be freed Fractions denominated
by from thofe Denominators, by the above-mentioned Tranfmutation of the flowing Quantity. o being propofed, or aax xxy 31. So the Equation yax f becaufe of the Term -, I afiume b at pleafure, and _{_
=
x
.
i_l
x
a
for
or b
write b -+- x,
will
become 4
=
,
x, or
-
- b.
As
if I
fhould
-f-
rrr.
And
then the
Term
we
mall have
-1-1
72. J
after
<
&C.
And
..
the fame
37
-
2x
X
+
2v
being propofed;
i
and^.,
X
write
for
-f-
y
1
and
-4I
x
2
for
.
x,
there will
arife
'1
=
by J
^xy
_ o V -4- 2 3/
^-
=-^
y
i
r ~. ZX -\- X*
But the
a
Term
3
x -+-y
a
3
xy
-f-_y
xy* -J-_y
2_y
xy* t &c.
2 -i-
and the
Term
6 x *-y
^x
fore
X
_f-
_^2~+ xx by 6x a 4- S* ^
.
8x
+ iox*y
y3
IOAT*,
5
,
&c.
There6x*
r-=
3^-i- 3^J
a
'
-f->'
xy* -{-
^y
&c.
-i-
6^^
33-
33
The Equation being thus prepared, when need rethe Terms according to the Dimenfions of the flowquires, difpofe ing Quantities, by fetting down fir ft thofe that are not affected by the Relate Quantity, then thofe that are affected by its lead DimenRULE.
fion,
and
fo on.
Terms
in
each of
thefe Clafies according to the Dimenfions of the other Correlate Quantity, and thofe in the firft Clafs, (or fuch as are not affected
by the Relate Quantity,) write in a collateral order, proceeding towards the right hand, and the reft in a defcending Series in the lefthand Column, as the following Diagrams indicate. The work being thus prepared, multiply the firft or the loweft of the Terms in the firft Clafs by the Correlate Quantity, and divide by the number of Dimenfions, and put this in the Quote for the initial Term of the Value of the Relate Quantity. Then fubftitute this into the the Terms of Equation that are difpofed in the left-hand Column, inftead of the Relate Quantity, and from the next loweft Terms you will obtain the fecond Term of the Quote, after the fame manner as you obtain'd the firft. And by repeating the Operation you the as continue far as you But this will appear Quote may pleafe.
plainer
by an Example or two.
34.
EXAMP.
i.
=
A'
^x-\-y-\- x*-{-.vy
are not affected
1
,
which
fee
up-
3-4
beino; divid'-d
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
xx for the by the number of Dimenfions 2, gives Then this Term fecund Term of the Value of y in the Quote. afiumed to likewifc the Value of the compleat being Marginals -{-y xx and x and -+- xv, there will arife alfo to be added to the Terms -j-x and -{-xx that were before inferted. Which being done, I again a flume the next loweil Terms -f-xx, xx, and -{-xx, which I collect into one Sum xx, and thence I derive (as before) the third Term -|-.ix ; to be put in the Value of y. Again, taking this Term -i-x 3 into the Values of the marginal Terms, from the 4 x 3 added together, I obtain for next loweft -f-y# 3 and ^-x And fo on in infinitum. the fourth Term of the Value of y. In like manner if it were required to determine 35. Ex AMP. 2.
5 , ,
-f-
&*
r'-f-
fuppofed to proceed ad infinitum ; I put I in the beginning, and the other Terms in the left-hand Column, and then purfue the work according to the following Diagram.
,
&c. which
Series
is
35
37.
EXAMP.
3,v -+1
3.
In like
manner
Xj* -t-j
3
if this
3
i*y -4-;*
-
.vy
A^
is
6..Y
-f- SA-
_V
8.v
4- \oxy*
as
extract the
Value ot y
of x.
order, according to the following Diagram, and I work as before, only with this exception, that iince in the left-hand Column y is not only of one, but alfo of two and three Dimensions;
in
Terms
(or of
more than
fo
far
three,
x~*
,)
if I
I
beyond
ted
the degree of
intended to produce the Value of y fubjoin the fecond and third Powers of the
Value of y,
by degrees
to the right-hand,
gradually produced, that when they are fubftituin the Values of the Marginals
36
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
it appears Equation required. But whereas this Value is negative, that one of the Quantities x or y decreafes, while the other inAnd the fame thing is allb to be concluded, when one of creafes. the Fluxions is affirmative, and the other negative.
EXAMP. 4. You may proceed in like manner Equation, when the Relate Quantity is affected with
38.
to refolve the
fractional
menfions.
this
As
if it
Equation,
^y-
-+-
zyx*
-J.v
-f-
77*
-f-
2_y
in
37
38
41.
tte Method of
FLUXIONS,
And
all
thus at
others
laft
and of
moft
difficult
have compleated this moft troublefo'me Problem, when only two flowing
are
Quantities,
comprehended
in
an
Equation.
in all
befides this general Method, in which I have taken the Difficulties, there are others which are generally fhorter,
But
which the
by
to
ex abundantly perhaps will not be diiagreeable to the Reader. 42. I. If it happen that the Quantity to be refolved has in fome places negative Dimenfions, it is not of ablblute necefllty that therefore the Equation mould be reduced to another form. For thus
the Equation y
propofed, where y is of one negative Dimenfion, I might indeed reduce it to another Form, as by writing i -f- y for y ; but the Refolution will be more expedite as you have it in the following Diagram.
xx being
3.9
The Method
^FLUXIONS,
41
here
it
may
-
might have
,
the
Terms
4**
and
Term
that
is
deficient,
fuppofing that Quantity, which is affected by its fractional Dand then by ftibftitutii g menfion, to be equal to any third Fluent
;
and fo the Value of y might have been exhibited an infinite variety of ways. 51. V. If there are befides any fractional Indices of the Dimenfions of the Relate Quantity, they may be reduced to Integers by
Fluxion, ariling from that fictitious Quantity, inftead of the Relate Quantity and its Fluxion. Equation, 52. As if the Equation 3*7* -\- y were propofed, where the Relate Quantity is affected with the fractional Index .1 of its Dimenthat
as
alfo
its
y=
= y=
y
fion; a
z'> ;
Fluent
the
1
.
=
z*
32Z
3 and z* for y$, there will arife yzz 1 or z x -\-^z, ^xz*- -+- z where z performs the office of the Relate Quantity. But after the Value of z is extracted, as z &c. inx* -f-J-f-^Q ,
,
v,
as
alfo
=
-
for
y,
ftead of
reftore
v
;
y\ and you
is,
tween x and
that
y?
6
= =
be-
+ -V^ H- T-nr*
3
4
;
&c
an(^
Cubing each
53. In
fide,
like
given, or_y
S
>
2^^ -J-
by Prob.
=
1
i.
2zz
-+- {-x^.
-i-v
then by fquaring each fide, v=y>; -+- -|Jf^ Ar-f", , 5 But if you mould defire to have the Value of y exhibited -i- -i-x infinite number of ways, make z =. c -f- x -f- -ytf , aiTuming any an initial Term c, and it will be ss, that is y, c* -{- zcx ^cx*
or y'1
.
=
1
and by confequence 2zz 2z -f- x*z, or Therefore by the firft Cafe of this 'tis z x -fy,
xM
1
^c
^7
make z =)'^
-i.v
-v
-+-
-i-x
-t-
^v
3
.
But perhaps I may feem too minute, will but feldom come into practice.
III.
in treat-
SOLUTION OF CASE
54. The Refolution of the Problem will foon be difpatch'd, the Equation involves three or more Fluxions of Quantities.
when
For between
42
?$
Method of FLUXIONS,
between any two of thofe Quantities any Relation may be afiumed, when it is not determined by the State of the Queftion, and the Relation of their Fluxions may be found from thence ; fo that either of them, together with its Fluxion, may be exterminated. For which reafon if there are found the Fluxions of three Quantities, only one need be two to if there be and fo on j affumedj four, Equation
be transform'd into another And then Equation, in which only two Fluxions may be found. this Equation being refolved as before, the Relations of the other Quantities may be difcover'd.
that the Equation propos'd
may
finally
z -f- yx o ; that I 55. Let the Equation propofed be zx of the obtain Relation the and Quantities x, y, z, whofe Fluxions may and z are in the contained form I a Relation at x, y, Equation ;
pleafure between any a -+- z, or or 2y
two of them,
as
x and y,
fuppofing that
at prefent
x=y,
and thence x
Therefore writing zyy for x, and yy for x, the Equation propofed will be transform'd into this q.yy z-^-yy* o. And thence the Relation between y and z will arife, 2yy-{2yy.
x=yy,
&c.
But fuppofe
x=yy,
=
^y=
In which if x be written for yy, and x* for y~>, we mall z. ~x^ So that among the infinite ways in which have 2X -fx, y, and z, may be related to each other, one of them is here found, which is reprefented by thefe Equations, .v =yy, 2y* +- y* z. z, and 2X -+- ^x*
=.z.
DEMONSTRATION.
56. tion is
may
its
by way of Analyfis. That is, when any Equation is propos'd, after you have finifh'd the work, you may try whether from the derived Equation you can return back to the Equation propos'd, by
fhort,
genuine
thus we have folved the Problem, but the DemonftraAnd in fo great a variety of matters, that we behind. and with too great perplexity, from it not derive fynthetically, foundations, it may be fufficient to point it out thus in
And
ftill
Prob.
And therefore, the Relation of the Quantities in the deI. rived Equation requires the Relation of the Fluxions in the propofed and contrary-wife : which was to be fhewn.
Equation, 57. So
tion
will
if
the Equation propofed were y x, the derived Equal on and the be ; contrary, by Prob. i. we have
y={x
is,
xx, that
y=.x,
becaufe
is
fuppofed Unity.
And
thus
from
x* -f- Lx 1 tf -+-y -f- xx -+- xy is derived _y ! vS > &c i And thence by Prob. i. y 2x -4T' ^v+ -+- ^o x 1 x! Values of Which two &c. ^-x -V y agree %x> -+- ^-x*
I
3*
4.3
with each other, as appears by fubftituting x -^x* xx+^x> ->-J-x , <5cc. inftead of^ in the firft Value. But in the Reduction of Equations I made ufe of an Opera.,8. of which alfo it will be convenient to give fome account. And tion, that is, the Tranfmutation of a flowing Quantity by its connexion Let AE and ae be two Lines indefinitely with a given Quantity.
s
extended each way, along which two moving Things or Points may pafs from afar, and at the fame time E c p E may reach the places A and a, B and and let &c. and B C and d, c, b, ^ ? -4 be the Point, by its diftance from which, or of the the Motion moving thing
A
:
'
is eftimated ; fo that BA, BC, BD, BE, fucceffively, point in the moving thing is in the when be the Quantities, flowing may E. Likewife b be a let like point in the other Line. places A, C, D, BA and ba be will Then contemporaneous Fluents, as alfo if inftead of the BC and be, BD andZv/, BE and be, 6cc. points B and b, be fubftituted A and c, to which, as at reft, the Motions and are refer'd ; then o and ca, AB and cb, AC and o, and will be Therece, cd, contemporaneous flowing Quantities.
AE
Now
AD
AE
fore the flowing Quantities are changed by the Addition and Suband ac ; but they are not changed traclion of the given Quantities as to the Celerity of their Motions, and the mutual refpect of their
AB
Fluxion.
For the contemporaneous parts AB and ab, BC and be, CD and cd, DE and de, are of the fame length in both cafes. And thus in Equations in which thefe Quantities are reprefented, the
contemporaneous parts of Quantities are not therefore changed, notwithftanding their ablblute magnitude maybe increafed or diminimed by fome given Quantity. Hence the thing propofed is manifeft For the only Scope of this Problem is, to determine the contemporaneous Parts, or the contemporary Differences of the abfolute QuanAnd tities f, x, _>', or z, defcribed with a given Rate of Flowing. of what one thofe abfolute magnitude it is all Quantities are, fo that their contemporary or correfpondent Differences may agree with the of the Fluxions. prcpofed Relation reaibn of this matter may alfo be thus explain'd AlThe 59.
:
gebraically.
Let the
Equation
y=xxy
2
be propofed,
and fuppole
44.
pofe
77je
Method of FLUXIONS,
Prob.
i.
x=
-+-Z-
Then by
z.
fince ,v=s, it is plain,, that may be wrote y =. xy -h xzy. and z be the not of the fame length, yet that x Quantities though in of y, and that they have equal contemrefpecl: they flow alike therefore may I not reprefent by the fame poraneous parts. in their Rate of Flowing,; and to dethat agree Symbols Quantities
Now
Why
termine,
v
their
=== xy
60..
why may
not
uie
appears plainly in what manner the contemporary Lartly be found, from an Equation involving flowing Quantities. parts may ~ -+- x be the Equation, when # Thus if y 2, then _y 24.
it
But when x
2 to 3,
this
=
3
3,
then
=.
and
3.1. 3.1.
will flow
from
time are
1.
2-i to
i,
3-^
=f
what
follows, I fhall
now
more
particular Problems.
PROB.
A
ltijt'1
m.
H^
it
^
1.
determine the
When
a Quantity
it
at that
moment
can be,
if it
For
flows forwards, or increafes, that proves it was lefs, and will prethan it is. And the contrary if it flows backwards, fently be greater Wherefore find its Fluxion, by Prob. i. and fuppofe or decreafes.
it
to be nothing.
2.
Ex AMP.
Value
i.
If in the
Equation x>
;
ax 1
+ axy
jy
o the
greatefl
of,
x be required
l 2axx -f- axy of x and y, and you will have 3X.v a %yy -i-ayx 1 Then making x o. o, there will remain yyy -\- ayx=o, the ax. or 3j* help of this you may exterminate either x By
= = may ax =
or
o.
3.
refulting
Equation you
3^* -f-
you had multiply 'd the Terms of the propofed Equation by the number of the Dimenfions of the other flowing Quantity.^. From whence we may .derive the famous
This Operation
is
the fame,
2.
45
that, in order to obtain the greateft or Relate Quantity, the Equation mufl be difpofed according to the Dimenfions of the Correlate Quantity, and then the Terms are to be multiply 'd by any Arithmetical ProgrelTion. But fince neither
this
know
Equaj
tions affected
I fhall give
with
iiird
the following Example for that purpofe. If 2. the greatest Quantity 4. EXAMP. y in the Equation x* xx ay ~+" xx ay~ be to be determin'd, feek the
+ 7+-1
I
+ 2^n5 __ Aaxxy-\-6x\* +
-
zay
+j*
_
ay -\- xx
atx 2
-
= =
arife
0.
omit the Terms multiply'd by y, (which, to fhorten the labour, might have been done before, in the Operation,) and divide the reft
^a"xx
"*"-'**
made, there will arife ^ay-\o, by help of which of either the or y out of the exterminate x quantities you may prothen from and the refulting Equation, which will, pos'd Equation,
be Cubical, you
5.
= %xx =
o.
When
the
Re-
may
From
this
extract the Value of the other. Problem may be had the Solution of thefe
fol-
given Curve,
ft>
II. To draw the greatejl or the leafl right Line, 'which can lie: between a given Point, and a Curve given in pofition. Or, to draw. a Perpendicular to a Curve from a given Point. III. To draw the greatejl or the leajl right Lines, which
pajjin?.-
through a given Point, can lie bet-ween two others, either right Lines or Curves. IV. From a given Point within a Parabola, to draw a rivbt Line, which Jhall cut the Parabola more obliquely than any other. And to do the fame in other Curves.
V. To determine the Vertices of Curves, their greatejl or lealT Breadths, the Points in which revolving parts cut each other, 6cc. VI. To find the Points in Curves, where they hcrce the great ejT or leajl Curvature. VII. To find the Icaft Angle in a given EHi/is, in which the. Ordinates can cut their Diameters.
VIII..
4.6
VIII.
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
that pafs through four given Points, to determine the greateft, or that which approaches neareft to a Circle. IX. 70 determine fuch a part of a Spherical Superficies, which
Of EHipfes
in its farther part, by Light coming from a which is refracted by the nearer Hemijphere. great dijlance, and And many other Problems of a like nature may more eafily be propofed than refolved, becaufe of the labour of Computation.
can be illuminated,
P
To
R O
B.
IV.
to
draw Tangents
Firft
Curves.
Manner.
be varioufly drawn, according to the various And firft let BD be a right Relations of Curves to right Lines. Line, or Ordinate, in a given Angle to another right Line AB, as a Bafe or Abat the Curve ED. fcifs, and terminated
1.
Tangents
may
Let
that
cd,
this
Ordinate
finall
move through an
inde-
finitely
it
may
1
Bb, to
by the Moment ^ A equal and parallel. Let Da be produced till it meets with AB in T, and touch the Curve in D or d ; and the Triangles dcD,
while
is
AB
which DC
this
DBT
;
fimilar.
So that
it is
TB
BD
DC
of BD to AB is exhibited by the of the Curve is determined feek for the nature which Equation, by Then take TB to BD of the Prob. i. the Relation Fluxions, by of AB the Fluxion to of the Fluxion in the Ratio of BD, and will touch the Curve in the Point D. Ex. i. Calling AB x, and BD =jy, let their Relation be 3. o. And the Relation of the Fluxions will ax* -h axy x _y
2. Since therefore the Relation
(or
B)
cd.
TD
-,
==
ax
be 3xx-i
2axx-i-axy
-4-
2ax
...
ay
w* ~~
^yy* -+::
BD
BT
ayx-=.
(;-)
:
o.
::
BT
^xx
=
4-
f!X
and AB,
gent
DB
TD
determined.
But
this
47 Make
the Terms of the propofed Equation equal to nothing multiply by the proper number of the Dimenfions of the Ordinate, and put the Then multiply the Terms of the fame Refult in the Numerator Equation by the proper number of the Dimenfions of the Abfcifs, and the Produdl divided by the Abfcifs, in the Denominator of the
:
Then way
take
BT
o
3
if that
Thus
the
Equation*
3
ax*
z
-f-
axy
13y*=o, 10
3
being multi-
Numbers,
gives axy
3_y
for the
Numerator
and multiply 'd by the lower Numbers, and then divided by x, gives 1 zax -+- ay for the Denominator of the Value of BT. 3-xthe Equation jy 3 o, (which by* cdy -f- bed -\-dxy denotes a Parabola of the fecond kind, by help of which Des Cartes
6.
Thus
fee his
^--"fr+'^v
Geometry,
p.
^
42.
Qr
7.
And
thus a 1
is
-x*
y
-
=
,
o,
whofe Center
8.
A,) gives
^ X
1
or
=
xx
(which denotes an
Ellipfis
BT.
And
fo in others.
it matters not of what quantity be. the Angle of Ordination may 9. But as this Rule does not extend to Equations afFefted by furd Quantities, or to mechanical Curves ; in thefe Cafes we mufl have
ABD
Method.
1
Ex.
2.
Let
A;
ay
-+- j-
\/'ay -+-
xx
;
=
-f.
4
o be the
AB and BD
3***
and by Prob. i.
*"*"*
zayy
=0.
fay
*/,.,,,
Therefore
::
it
will be <ixx
+ ~
T^Tp ^^
(y
::)
BD
BT.
II.
48
TJoe
Method of FLUXIONS,
ii. Ex. 3. Let be the Conchoid of Nicomedes, defcribed with the Pole G, the Afymptote AT, and the Diftance and let ;
ED
LD
'GA
lar
LD And becaufe of fimic, AB=.v, andBD=;>. BD DM MG Triangles DEL and DMG, it will be LB
,
:
=
is,
: :
that
=yx.
thus
I
y cc Having got this Equation, I fuppofe yy fliall have two bz andzz Equations ~\-yz =yx,
yy
:
:
v/'cc
= =
yy and z,
yy.
cc
By the help of thefe I find the Fluxions of the Quantities x, y, and From the firft arifes bz -+-yz -\- yz =y'x -+- xy, z, by Prob. i. and from the fecond 2zz o. Out of 2yy, or zz -j- yy
=
-^
thefe if
we
arife
-i-yz
-
=yx
x
:
:
-+ xy,
(y
:
which being
::)
will be
is
-
BD
BT
BT.
is,
But
That
iff
prefixt
12.
to
BL -; where the Sign denotes, that the Point T mufl be taken contrary
!-
BT
as
BD AL -f-
y,
~
J_l
therefore
BT=
(_J
.3-
to
the Point A.
SCHOLIUM.
point of the
And hence it appears by the bye, how that Conchoid may be found, which Separates the concave
part.
For when
Therefore
then v
x
the work, for
is
=
-
make
z
^l!5
>
AT AT
2K
is
D
-
will
and fmce
BT
to
by -\- yv
-+-
-+-
Here
derived
v.
morten
fubftitute
it
w hich
z
-+-
Value
-
is
from what
the
before,
and
will
be
-f.
Whence
i.
and fuppofing
^=0
49
.,,
...
iy,
jy
o.
Laflly,
fubftituting in this
for z,
and
cc
values of
z and zz
are
before,)
o. -2.be* due Reduction, you will have y'- -+- ^by* By the ConThen thro' ftrudlion of which Equation y or AM, will be given. of fall the Point to it will AB, drawing parallel upon
and making a
MD
contrary Flexure. if the Curve be Mechanical whofe Tangent is to be 13. of the Quantities are to be found, as in Examp.5. Fluxions the drawn, and then i. the reft is to be perform'd as before. of Prob. and Ex. 4. Let be two Curves, which are cut in
Now
14.
AC
AD
the Points
and
BCD,
and
-=
let
AB
5.)
x,
AB BD
z.
Then
it
(by Prob.
Preparat. to
Examp.
will be
= z = x
y,
i.
.
~T>
^ ^
;
B~
to deter-
xBC.
15.
Now
AC
be a Circle, or any
let
known Curve
Prob.
and
i.
2zz +- axz And writing x x BC for z, it will be zxz x BC -+- axz 4X7*. Therefore 2z x BC -+- ax x BC -{-+- axx x BC H- axz 4)7'. BD BT. So that if the nature of the x ::) :: az (y 4jy Curve AC be given, the Ordinate BC, and the Area ACB or z ; the Point T will be given, through which the Tangent DT will
=
J
=_y 4
Then by
pafs. 1 6.
Curve
(y
:
AD
::)
'twill
be (3.3) 3^ x
= BC =
32
So that
3BC
::
BD
BT.
And
fo in others.
Ex. 5. Let AB=,v, BD =y, as before, and let the length 17. of any Curve AC be z. And drawing a Tangent to it, as Cl, 'twill
be Bt
18.
is
:
Ct
::
z, or
x x C/
^-
for determining the other Curve AD, whofe Tangent to be drawn, let there be given any Equation in which z is in-
Now
volved, fuppofe
==)'.
:
Then
it
will be
(y : gent
:}
BD
BT.
DT
Bf
''
Tan19-
may be drawn.
The Method of
19.
FLUXIONS,
be
-f-
for
fore
z writing
^
:
'twill
KZ
+ zx = zyj
>,
and
xz
^-^ O/
ayy. ''
There-
-I-
f~-'
.
27
BD
DT.
or
20.
any whofe Tangent is Ct, and let AD be any other Curve whofe Tangent DT is to be drawn, and let it be defin'd by afTuming AB to the Arch AC ; and (CE, BD
Ex
6.
Let
AC
be a Circle,
other
known
Curve,
AE
t.
T and
exprels'd
CE
C7
as
AC
x,
BD =y, AE=z,
is
and
i>,
and
are^to
plain that v, x, and z, the Fluxions of CE, each other as CE, Therefore *x Ct, and Et.
z.
.v
22.
let
BD
23.
BT. Or
Ct
any Equation be given to define the Curve AD, and therefore Et ; y Ct :: (v x "' ) K
:
.
I
let
yz+vx,
y-.
and
it
will
-4-
be
And
Ct
24.
:
therefore
CE
it
Et
::
(y
::)
BD
BT.
be ayy
zayy
= (3^ =)
BT.
Or
finally,
let
the Equation
3*1;' x
.
v* y and
will be
::
So that
31;*
CE
BD
2 ay x Ct
be a Circle, which 25. Ex. 7. Let be a and let Curve, which is defined by affuming any Relation of the to the Arch FC, which is Ordinate
FC
is
FD
touched by
CS
in
C;
DB
intercepted by
DA
Then
letting
fall
the Circle,
call
AC
AF=i, AB
KB
CF
v,
=
and
is
/;
it
will be
.
,S
^..
AE
dirninifh'd while
EC
is
increafed.
And
befides
AE
EC AB
::
:
51
-f-
BD,
-f-
fo that
26.
= Now
xy.
let
vx
xv.
let
zy
vx,
yx
ty*
the Curve
t
DF
^=_y,
be
/
will
=
(
derived, to be fubftituted here. Supfirft to the and i. Prob. (an Equation Quadratrix,) by
may be
that
:
y,
fo
:
x
-
::
_x
yx
:)
yy*
:
yx*
xy.
Whence y
x; and
AT
= xx+yy =
z/
BD(;')
BT.
is
.
Therefore
BT
xx
x*
ADa ^/.
//
=
:
it
AT= x~
/
ly,
And
fo
of others.
be taken equal to the Arch FC, the the fame names Curve being then the Spiral of Archimedes ; of the Lines ftill remaining as were put Becaufe of the right Angle afore 'tis xx -{-yy=tf ) and therefore (by Prob. i.)
28.
Ex.
8.
Now
if
AD
ADH
ABD
:
xx +yy DB CE,
:
//.
Tis
alfo
t
AD
AC
tv=y znd thence (by Prob. i.) tv -4- vf =y. Laftly, the Fluxion to the Fluxion of the of the Arch FC to AE, or as AD as Line AC CE, right
fo that
is
to
ix
'tis
=
tv
::
AB,
that
vf.
is,
x,
and thence
Compare
the Equations
now
-+-ix=y, and
thence
xx -\-yy
x
::)
=
:
(tt
=)
^^
if
;
And there-
fore
compleating the
Parallelogram
ABDQ^_,
y
QP_
take
(BD
BT
!
::
AP
>
PD
you make
that
is,
QD
if
you
29.
And from
hence
imagine)
it
will
be fufficiently manifeft,
of all fcrts of Curves are to be by what methods the Tangents be not it However drawn. foreign from the purpofe, if I alfo may be fliew how the Problem may perform'd, when the Curves are reSo that havfer'd to right Lines, after any other manner whatever of feveral Methods, the eafieft and moil fimple may ing the choice
:
always be ufed.
Second
$2
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
Second Manner.
be a point in the Curve, from which the Subtenfe be anOrdinate in any given is drawn to a given Point G, and let AB. the let the to Abfcifs Angle flow for an infinitely fmall fpace Point let Gk be D^/ in the Curve, and in taken equal to Gd, and let the Parallelogram dcBl> be compleated. Then Dk and DC will be the contemporary Mo-
DG
30. Let
DB
Now
GD
--Now
:
ments of
GD
~Dd be produced,
the Subtenfe
till it
meets with
like;
GD
let fall
Dcdk and
DBTF will be FD
DB
the right Line to T, and from the Point the perpendicular TF, and then the Trapezia
is
transfer'd to d.
let
AB
in
and therefore
DB
DF
::
DC Dk.
:
the Relation of to is exhibited 31. Since then by the find the Curve the for of Relation the ; determining Fluxions, Equation in the Ratio of the Fluxion of to and take to the Fluxion of BD. Then from F raife the perpendicular FT, which in T, and being drawn will touch the may meet with muft be taken towards G, if it be affirmative, Curve in D. But
BD
GD
GD
AB
DT
DT GD
if negative.
==
x,
y"=
and
o.
-f-
BD
x
Then
ayx
: :
will be
^xx zax -h ay
~
.'
2axx
:
+-
axy
::
o.
:
Therefore
^xx
^yy
axy
,
ax
.
(y
DB
Then any
Point
x,
D in
DF.
So that
and thence
alfo.
BD
and
GD
if
From whence
concourfe
with the
it
the Point F will be given be raifed, from its Perpendicular Abfcifs AB, the Tangent may be
or
y and
the
FT
DT
drawn.
And might appears, 33 For having difpofed all the as in the former Cafe.
.
be derived here, as well Terms of the given of the Ordinatejy, the one Dimensions on fide, multiply by Equation of Numerator a Fraction. Then multiply in the refult the and place of Subtenfe the its Terms feverally by the Dimenfions x, and dividing the refult by that Subtenfe x, place the Quotient in the DenotoAnd take the fame Line minator of the Value of DF. Where otherwile the if it be wards affirmative, contrary way..
hence
that a Rule
DF
you
53
Point nor what is the
3
no matter how
if
it
be at
all diftant,
J axy 3 for the Numerator, and 3** it axy 3>' gives immediately of DF. -+- ay for the Denominator of the Value
-f-
ax*
2ax
Conick
-x~y=o,
y
for the
(which Equation
is
to a
gives
Numerator, and
therefore will be
for the
fly
Denomi-
DF, which
And
thus in the
GA
b,
cb
is,
= GA =
x
c,
:
GD=x,
GL
(x
and
<:).
BD=^,
it
will be
cy
(5)
o.
Therefore xy
BD =
(;) cb, or xy
DL
-
(c)
::
cy
,
^-^
that
that
<r=DF.
LG, and at F raife the perpendicular FT meeting the Alymptote AB in T, and DT being drawn will touch the Conchoid. or furd Quantities are found in the 37. But when compound to the general Method, mufl recourfe have except you Equation, you
fliould chufe rather to reduce the Equation.
Therefore prolong
GD
to F,
fo
DF
yy =zyx, were gven the ; (fee foregoing Figure, find the Relation of the Fluxions by Prob. i. As fuppoiing 52.) p. will z have the bz v/ff ) -+- yz yx, and )')' you Equations
between
GD
xv/cr
and
BD
cc
yy=.zz, and
yx
-f-
yx,
and
i
2yy=2Z,z.
And now
z,
and z being
exter-
T&e Method of
exterminated, there will arife
v
FLUXIONS,
yy
.v
::
\/ cc
'Jjl U
\x
=
1
xy.
Therefore y
^/cc
yy
J2^
(y
,v
::)
BD
(ji
DF.
Third Manner.
39. Moreover, if the Curve be refer'd to
two Subtenfes
AD
and
and B, may
BD
take
Ak
Ad, and Bc
= AD
Bc/;
and and
-
AD
BD.
Take
therefore
DF
in
to
BD
to
in
the Ratio
of the
Moment D&
the
the
/r
Moment
Ratio of the Fluxion of the Line DC, (that is, to the Fluxion of the LineBD,) and draw BT, FT perpendicular to BD, AD, meeting in T. Then the Trapezia DFTB and DM: will be fimilar, and therefore the will touch the Diagonal
AD
DT
Curve. 40. Therefore from the Equation, by which the Relation is defined between and BD, find the Relation of the Fluxions by Prob. i. and take in the fame Ratio. to
AD
FD
BD
41.
Ex AMP.
a
e
Suppofing
tion be
o. This Equation is to the Ellipfes of y the fecond Order, whofe Properties for Refracting of Light are fhewn by Des Cartes, in the fecond Book of his Geometry. Then the
-f-
AD
x,
andBD=;',
let
their Rela-
y ==o.
if
'Tis therefore e
d ::(>:#
42.
e
:
::)
BD
:
DF.
a
_d
And
: :
for
^
which
o,
'twill
be
BD
i.
DF.
Hence
In the
if
firft
Cafe take
DF
cafe
towards A, and
the Curve be-
d-=.e,
'twill
(in
comes
DF
= DB.
Conick Section,)
And
and
DFT
DBT
will
FDB
the Tangent.
A
44.
55
And hence alfo thofe things will be manifeft of 44. COROL. 2. themfelves, which are demonstrated, in a very prolix manner, by Des Cartes concerning the Refraction of thcfe Curves. For as much and DB, (which are in the given Ratio of d to e,) in refpect as
DF
and DTB, of the Radius DT, are the Sines of the Angles that is, of the Ray of Incidence upon the Surface of the Curve, and of its Reflexion or Refraction DB. And there is a like reafon-
DTF
AD
of the Conick Sections, fuppofing ing concerning the Refractions or B be conceived to be at an infinite of the Points that either
diftance.
of the 45. It would be eafy to modify this Rule in the manner Curves of it when and more alfo to As Examples foregoing, give are refer'd to Right lines after any other manner, and cannot commodioufly be reduced to the foregoing, it will be very eafy to find out other Methods in imitation of thefe, as occafion mall require.
:
Fourth Manner.
46.
As
if the right
Line
BCD
B, and one of its Points Point C fhould be the interfection of the right Line BCD, with another
right
mould revolve about a given Point mould defcribe a Curve, and another
Line
AC
given in
pofition. lation of
BC
and
BD beto
AC,
erect
FT
BD,
in F.
Alfo
BC,
BD
47. But if the Point being given, the Equation ihould exprefs the Relation between and } draw parallel to DF, and in the fame Ratio to BG, that the Fluxion of take has to
A AC
BD
CG
FT
BD
48.
Or
AC
and
CD;
AC
FT
HT
CD
Seventh
*fhe
Method of FLUXION
Manner
:
Seventh
For
Spirals.
not otherwise perform'd, when the Curves 49. are refer'd, not to right Lines, but to other Curve-lines, as is ufiial in Mechanick Curves. Let BG be the Circumference of a Circle, in whole Semidiameter AG, while it revolves be conabout the Center A, let the Point
is
The Problem
ceived to
Spiral
fo as to defcribe the
fuppofe ~Dd to be an inof the Curve thro' which finitely part take Ac flows, and in Ad, then cD and Gg will be contemporaneous Moments of the right Line and of the Periphery BG. Therefore draw Af parallel to cd, that is, perpendicular to AD, and let the Tangent meet it in cd then it will be cD ; AT. Alfo let Gt be parallel to the Tangent DT, and it will be cd At. ::) Gg :: (Ad or Therefore 50. any Equation being propofed, by which the Relation is exprefs'd between BG and find the Relation of their ; in the fame Fluxions by Prob. i. and takeAi? Ratio to AD: And then Gt will be parallel to the Tangent. let their Relation be x, and 51. Ex. i. Calling EG 5 A: 3 ax 1 -f- axy and i. Prob. zax-\- ay : 3^* o, by 3^* jy
little
ADE.
And
AD
AD
DT
AD
: :
AD
AG
AT
AD
==
:
AD=^,
Point
/
ax
: :
Gt, and
DT
(y
:)
AD
At.
The
to parallel
'tis
it,
which
52. Ex. 2. If
y =y>
(which
: of Archimedes,} 'twill be j y, and therefore a : b (y : x : :) be produced to P, At. Wherefore by the way, if be be AB :: a : b y PD will that it may perpendicular to the Curve.
AD
TA
AP
xx
53.
Ex.
3.
If
by,
A.
ever.
And
thus Tangents
then 2XX b :: by, and 2x be to drawn eafily may any Spirals what:
AD
Eighth
57
Eighth Manner : For Quad ratr ices. CA. Now if the Curve be fuch, that any Line AGD, being drawn from the Center A, may meet the Circular Arch inG, and the Curve in D; and if the Relation between the Arch BG, and the right Line DH, which is an Ordinate to the Bafe
in a given Angle, be determin'd by any Equation to whatever Conceive the Point infinitean move in the Curve for
or Abfcifs
AH
to d, ly {mail Interval
rallelogram
ed,
dhHk
being compleatto
c,
Jf
and D/' will be contemporaneous Moments of and of the Ordinate DH. Now produce Dd ftrait the on to T, where it may meet with AB, and from thence let fall Then the Trapezia Dkdc and DHTF the Perpendicular TF on DcF. therefore and D/fc DF. And befides DC :: will be fimilar; if Gf be raifed perpendicular to AG, and meets AF in f; becaufe of the Parallels DF and Gf, it will be DC Gg :: DF Gf. There-
Ac
AD = Arch BG
produce
;
Ad
fo
that
then
Gg
DH
fore ex aquo,
'tis
and BG. Fluxions of the Lines the Equation which exprefies the Relation of 55. Therefore by BG to DH, find the Relation of the Fluxions (by Prob. i.) and inDraw that Ratio take Gf, the Tangent of the Circle BG, to DH.
DH
G^
: :
DH
Gf, that
is,
as the
Moments
or
DF
F
Line
perpendicular FT, meeting AB in T; and the right being drawn, will touch the Quadratrix. i. Making Ex. x, and DH=;', let it be xx fy; 56. b :: Therefore x 2.x : then (by Prob. i.)2xx (y by. ::) and the Pointy being found, the reft will be determin'd as above.
to Gf,
in
F.
And
at
DT
EG
DH
GJ; But perhaps this Rule may be thus made fomething neater Make x :y :: AB AL. Then AL AD :: AT, and then the For Curve. touch becaufe of DT will equal Triangles AFD and AT x DH, and therefore AT AD (DF or ATD, 'tis AD x
: : :
AD
DF=
JB
x
57.
Gf
DH
or 1 G/::)
AD
fis
AG
or)
AL.
Ex.2. Let
::
8.
58
58.
3;-*
:
*fhe
Method
^FLUXIONS,
zaxx=sMy*.
: : :
Ex.
3.
:
Let
:
axx=y*,
:
then
Therefore make
zax
(x
:)
AB AL. Then AL AD
:
AD
AT.
And
thus you may determine expeditioufly the Tangents of any other howfoever Quadratrices, compounded.
Ninth Manner.
ABF be any given Curve, which Line and Bt a part BD of ; right the right Line BC, (being an Or59. Laftly, if
is
touch'd by the
Tangent DT to the other Curve, by taking (in the Tangent of this Curve,) BT in the fame Ratio to BD, as the Fluxion of the Curve
right Line 60. Ex.
and another Curve DE, has a Relation to the portion of the Curve AB, which is exprefs'd by any Equation: You may draw a
this
^
AB
:
:
^
t
<f-
BD.
i.
therefore
ax
Calling
zyy.
be ax==yy, and
:
zy
(y
BD
BT.
^#==7,
ABF
be a Circle,) then
fX=y
and a
::
BD
BT.
62. And with the fame eafe may Tangents be drawn, when the Relation of to AC, or toBC, is exprefs'd by any Equation; or when the Curves are refer 'd to right Lines, or to any other Curves, after any other manner whatever.
BD
63. There are alfo many other Problems, whofe Solutions are to be derived from the fame Principles ; fuch as thefe following. I. To find a Point of a Curve, where the Tangent is parallel to the or to any other Abfcife, right Line given in pofition ; or is perpendicular to it, or inclined to it in any given
Angle.
To find the Point where the Tangent is moft or leajl inclined to the Abfcifs, or to any other right Line given in That is, to find 'pofition. the confine of contrary Flexure. Of this I have already given a Specimen, in the Conchoid. III. From any given Point without the Perimeter of a Curve, to draw a right Line, which with the Perimeter may make an Angle of
II.
Contact.
59
that is, from Contaft, or a right Angle, or any other given Angle, or to draw or a given Point, right Lines 'Tangents, Perpendiculars^ that Jhall have any other Inclination to a Curve-line.
IV. From any given Point within a Parabola, to draw a right Line, which may make with the Perimeter the greateji or leaft Angle And Jb of all Curves whatever. poj/ible. V. To draw a right Line which may touch two Curves given in or the fame Curve in two Points, when that can be done.
pojition,
VI. To draw any Curve with given Conditions, which may touch another Curve given in pojition, in a given Point. VII. To determine the RefraSlion of any Ray of Light, that falls
upon any Curve Superficies. The Refolution of thefe, or of any other the like Problems, will not be fo difficult, abating the tedioufnefs of Computation, as that And I imagine if there is any occalion to dwell upon them here have mention 'd to Geometricians more to be barely may agreeable
:
them.
;
P
At any given
1.
R O
B.
V.
to
find the
There are few Problems concerning Curves more elegant than c that give a greater Infight into their nature. In order to its or this, Refolution, I mufl: premife thefe following general Confederations. 2. L The fame Circle has every where trie fame Curvature, and
it is reciprocally proportional to their Diameters. If the Diameter of any Circle is as little again as the Diameter of If another, the Curvature of its Periphery will be as great again. be of the will be the one-third Curvature thrice the Diameter other,
in different Circles
as
much, &c.
3.
II.
If a Circle touches
if
it
any Curve on
its
concave
fide,
in
any
be of fuch magnitude, that no other tangent be interleribed in the Angles of Contact near that Point ; can Circle that Circle will be of the lame Curvature as the Curve is of, in that
given Point, and
For the Circle that conies between the Curve Point of Contact. and another Circle at the Point of Contact, varies lefs from the Curve, and makes a nearer approach to its Curvature, than that
other Circle does.
And
60
tervene.
4. III.
*fbe
Method of FLUXIONS,
Circle can
in-
Curvature, between
Curve,
dius
is
or
Therefore the Center of Curvature to any Point of a the Center of a Circle equally curved. And thus the Raof the Perpendicular Semidiameter of Curvature is part
to the Curve,
is terminated at that Center. the 5. proportion of Curvature at different Points will be known from the proportion of Curvature of aequi-curve Circles, or from the reciprocal proportion of the Radii of Curvature. 6. Therefore the Problem is reduced to this, that the Radius, or
which
IV.
And
Center of Curvature
may
be found.
<f ,
the Curve 7. Imagine therefore that at three Points of Peipendkulars are drawn, of which thofe that are
at
D, and
d,
D and ^ meet in H, and thofe that are at D and d meet in h And the Point D being in the
:
middle, Curyity at the part Dj^ But than at DJ, then will be lefs than db. are and how much the dh /H by Perpendiculars nearer the intermediate Perpendicular, fo much the lefs will the diftance be of the Points and h : And at laft when the Perpendiculars meet, thofe Points will coincide. Let them coincide in the Point C, then will C be the Center of Curvature, at the
if there is a greater
DH
of the Curve, on which the Perpendiculars ftand ; which is manifeft of itfelf. 8. But there are feveral Symptoms or Properties of this Point C', which may be of ufe to its determination. 9. I. That it is the Concourfe of Perpendiculars that are on each lide at an infinitely little diftance from DC. 10. II. That the Interfeftions of Perpendiculars, at any little finite diftance on each fide, are feparated and divided by it ; fo that thofe which are on the more curved fide D,f fooner meet at H, and thofe which are on the other iefs curved fide -Dd meet more remotely
Point
at h.
be conceived to move, while it infifts perpendicularly on the Curve, that point of it C, (if you except the motion of approaching to or receding from the Point of Influence C,) will be leaft moved, but will be as it were the Center of Motion. 12. IV. If a Circle be defcribed with the Center C, and the diftance DC, no other Circle can be defcribed, that can lie between
11. III. If
at the Contact.
DC
61
then any of the points in which that Circle mall with the point of Contact D. cut the Curve, of each thefe Properties may fupply the means of folving 14. And But we fliall here make choice of the the Problem different ways
incides with
;
approaches by
the Center II or b of any other touching Circle degrees to C the Center of this, till at la it it coif
will coincide
being the moit fimple. At any Point D of the Curve let DT be a Tangent, DC a 15. and C the Center of Curvature, as before. And let Perpendicular, AB be the Abfcifs, to which let DB be apply 'd at right Angles, and which DC meets in P. Draw DG parallel to AB, and CG perin which take pendicular to it, Cg of any given Magnitude, and draw gb perpendicular to it, which
firlt,
as
meets
:
DC
: :
in
<T.
:
Then
:
it
will
be
Cg gf
(TB BD
the Fluxion :)
of the Ablcifs, to the Fluxion of Likewife imagine the Ordinate. to move in the Curve the Point an infinitely little diftance Dd, and
drawing de perpendicular to DG, and Cd perpendicular to the Curve, let Cd meet DG in F, and $g in/ Then will De be the Momentum of the Abfcifs, de the Momentum of the Ordinate, and J/ the contemporaneous Momentum of the right Line g. Therefore DF
Having therefore the Ratio's of thefe Moments, or, which is the fame thing, of their generating Fluxions, you will have the Ratio of CG to the given Line C^, (which is the fame as that of DF to Sf,) and thence the Point C will be determined. z 16. Therefore let AB x, BD =y, Cgi, and g
.
-De^.^t
LJC
'
=
x
then
it
will
be
y, or
z
is,
r-
Now
let
the
Mo-
mentum
o,}
thence
zo
DF
:
.\o
-f-
Therefore
CG
::
(Jf
DF
::)
xo
+^
That
is,
CG=
J
7-
62
17.
Velocity of the Abfcifs x, (to which, as to an Fluxion the pleafe the reft may be referr'd j) make x i, and equable Fluxion, z -^. ' And thence and then J and z, ' } y
we
CG
'-^
DG
any Equation being propofed, in which the Relation of BD to AB is exprefs'd for denning the Curve ; firft find the Relation betwixt x and y t by Prob. r. and at the fame time fubThen from the Equation that arifes, ftitute i for ,v, and z for y.
18. Therefore
i.
between
#, y,
and z, and
at
for x, and z for y, as before. And thus the will obtain Value former of z, and by operation you by the the latter you will have the Value of z ; which being obtain'd, pro-
duce
DB
may
be
DH =
TM-T
i.
to
H, towards
-
of the Curve,
that
it
and draw
j
HC
parallel to
DC in C D of the
'
PT
make
19.
DH==
Thus
is
PT
or
Tk/->
DP
z
Ex.
pofed, (which
is
1 the Equation ax^-hx* y being proan Equation to the Hyperbola whofe Latus redtum
=;o
i.)
a,
and Tranfverfum 2
o,
a +. zbx
2zy
(writing
for x,
and z
for
zb
2zz
firft
2zy
we have
=
if
^^
= z z= L^L
zyy
o, (i
C
;)
and
and
being again
an( j
by tne
and confequently xand y, from thence z and z will be given, which 7 GC or DH, and draw HC. being known, make
Z
20.
As
definitely
you make
3,
and
9
b=i,
fo that
3#-fif
And
2,
z=, z=
HC
T T , and
DH=
you
gL.
cular
63
:
DC
::
before
:
drawn
i
:
HC
ture.
(i
::)
or, which is the fame thing, make HD Then draw DC the Radius of Curva-
21.
Computation
will not
may
z and z
the
Example, by a due Reduction Yet the Value of DH by -jyou will have Calculation conies out negative, as may be feen in the numeral Exmufl be taken towards B ample. But this only fhews, that for if it had come out affirmative, it ought to have been drawn the
Value of
DH
=y
r*
DH
Hence
it
let
changed, that
Ellipfis,)
may
be
ax
the Sign prefixt to the Symbol -\-b be -bxx yy=zo, (an Equation to the
.
then
23. But
yy
--
o,
may become ax
thence
DG
DH
-f-
and
2X.
it
may
eafily
be concluded,
is
of Curvature of any
Conick Seftion
always
2. If xy- be propofed, (which is the Equa25. Ex. x l =.2azy tion to the CiiToid of Diodes,") by Prob. i. it will be firft T > 2xzz 6x zxzy 2azy-+-2azz -2zy y-t and then
x*=ay*
3*x zay
zxzy 2Z\ J So
:
that
z=
-4- yy
3-^. and
2.vy'
z=
T.X
a%z
ay
^ 2cv+ *~~
-4-
n-.!
.
xj
Therey,
fore
= CG.
=
i>,
thence .v and any Point of the Ciflbid being given, and there will be given alfo & and z, ; which being known, make
26. Ex.
3.
If b-jf-y^/cc
hi) -+-
_
yy
=.vy
is
the
yv
xy.
Now
2yz
y\=zv, and
_vv v
Prob. i.) vv,) will latter and the give l>v -+-yv
will give (by
the
firft
of thele, (cc
zv
=y
for
v and z
laft
will be determined.
But
that
by
fubilituting
=
^2*
Method of FLUXIONS,
y -f- xz, an Equation that comprehends the flowing Quantities, without any of their Fluxions, as the Refolution of the firft Problem requires. Hence therefore by Prob. i. we mall have
byz
Ijzv
2)zs
)?
\vzv "
+-
ZV
2Z +- XZ.
This Equation being reduced, and difpofed zz But when z and z are known, make +
'
in order,
will give z.
CG.
then
-i;
27. If
we had
i
.
divided the
laft
by Prob.
2 ^,
;
-f-
-f-
---
-f.
former, for determining z. 28. I have given this Example, that it may appear, how the operation is to be perform'd in furd Equations: But the Curvature of the Conchoid may be thus found a fhorter of the The
v\'
*"
=
i.
way.
parts
-f.
xy being fquared, and divided by yy, x*, and thence by Prob. i. 2by y*
=
or
y/9
And
the
^^
y4
-f-
...
1
z,
zz
By
determined, and z by the latter. be a Trochoid [or Cycloid] belonging to 4. Let the Circle ALE, whofe Diameter is and making the Ordinate j BD to cut the
refult
is
29. Ex.
ADF
AE
Circle
in
L,
AB=x, BD
and the Arch AL=/, and
the Fluxion of the fame Arch
=
the
/.
And
firfl
(drawing Semidia-
AB
will be to the
as
BL
to
65
PL
that
is, A*
or
: :
~a.
And
therefore
2X
2-yy, or
-~~*
xx
v.
=
)
/.
Then
-y-y,
and therefore by
nature of the Trochoid, 'tis 30. Moreover from the And thence (by Prob. i AL, and therefore -y
LD= Arch
v -h / =z.
be lubftii.)
is
-M =y.
a
v and
/ let
their Values
and there
will arife
rived
*ut/
-f-
*v
=
'
-^ =z.
z.
Whence
(by Prob.
de-
And
make
z,
==
and raife the perpendicular HC. i. Now it follows from hence, that COR. 2BL, and 31. CH 2BE, or that EF bifeds the radius of Curvature CO in N. And this will appear by fubftituting the values of z and z now
DH,
DH
**= DH,
32. COR, 2.
by the
another Trochoid equal to this, ADF, whofe Vertices at I and F adjoin to the Cufpids of this. For let the Circle FA, equal and alike pofited to ALE, be defcribed, and
Center of Curvature of
let
C/3 be
Arch right Line CD, which is at right Angles to the 33. COR. 3. Trochoid IAF, will touch the Trochoid IKF in the point C. in verted Trochoids,) if at theCufpid K 34. COR. 4. Hence (in the be a a Thread the at the diof Weight hung by upper Trochoid, the while ilance KA or 2EA, and Weight vibrates, the Thread be to apply itfelf to the parts of the Trcchoid KF and KI, fuppos'd which refift it on each fide, that it may not be extended into a right Line, but compel it (as it departs from the Perpendicular) to
will
FA = The
drawn
parallel
to
Circle in
Then
be by degrees inflected above, into the Figure of the Trochoid, while the lower part CD, from the loweft Point of Contact, ftill remains a right Line The Weight will move in the Perimeter of the lower Trochoid, becaufe the Thread CD will always be perpen:
dicular to
it.
35. COR.
5.
KA
CD
is
is
equal to the Perimeter of the Trochoid equal to the part of the Perimeter CF.
KCF, and
its
part
36.
66
36.
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
COR. 6. Since the Thread by its ofcillating Motion revolves moveable Point C, as a Center ; the Superficies through the about which the whole Line continually pafles, will be to the Superabove the right Line IF pafles at ficies through whichjthe part Therefore the the fame time, as CD* to CN*, that is, as 4 to i. and the Area Area of the is a fourth Area ; part
CD
CN
CFN
CFD
KCNE
of the Area AKCD. fubtenfe EL is equal and parallel to 37. COR. 7. Alfo fince the CN, and is converted about the immoveable Center E, juft as moves about the moveable Center C ; the Superficies will be equal through which they pafs in the fame time, that is, the Area CFN, and the Segment of the Circle EL. And thence the Area will will be the triple of that Segment, and the whole area be the triple of the Semicircle. arrives at the point F, the 38. COR. 8. When the Weight whole Thread will be wound about the Perimeter of the Trochoid KCF, and the Radius of Curvature will there be nothing. Wherefore the Trochoid IAF is more curved, at its Cufpid F, than any Circle ; and makes an Angle of Contact, with the Tangent /3F produa right Line. ced, infinitely greater than a Circle can make with that are of Contact are there But infinitely greater Angles 39. than Trochoidal ones, and others infinitely greater than thefe, and fo on in infinitum ; and yet the greateft of them all are infinitely 3 Thus xx lefs than right-lined Angles. y, x* ==ry 5 , ay, x &cc. denote a Series of Curves, of which every fucceeding x*
is
a fourth part
CN
NFD
EADF
dy+,
one makes an Angle of Contact with its Abfciis, which is infinitely And the the preceding can make with the fame Abfcifs. greater than firft xx=ay makes, is of the fame kind Angle of Contact which the which the fecond x*-=by z makes, is of that and Circular with ones; And tho' the Angles of the fucceedthe fame kind with Trochoidals. in Curves do always infinitely exceed the Angles of the preceding, yet of a right-lined Angle. they can never arrive at the magnitude 1 x fame manner the After ==y, xx=ay, x*=l> y, x4 c*y, 40. &c. denote a Series of Lines, of which the Angles of the fubfequents,
made with
their Abfcifs's at the Vertices, are always infinitely lefs than the Angles of the preceding. Moreover, between the Angles of Contact of any two of thefe kinds, other Angles of Contact may be found ad infwitum, that mall infinitely exceed each other. that Angles of Contact of one kind are in41. Now it appears, of another kind ; fince a Curve of one than thofe finitely greater it may be, cannot, at the Point of Contact, kind, however great he I
67
between the Tangent and a Curve of another kind, however fmall Or an Angle of Contacl of one kind cannot that Curve may be. an Angle of Contact of another kind, as the whole necefTarily contain Thus the Angle of Contaft of the Curve x* contains a part. cy*, or the Angle which it makes with its Abfcifs, neceflarfly includes the i and can never be contain'd Angle of Contacl of the Curve x~' that it. For can exceed each other are of the by Angles mutually fame kind, as it happens with the aforefaid Angles of the Trochoid, and of this Curve x> by*. And hence it 42. appears, that Curves, in fome Points, may be more infinitely ftraight, or infinitely more curved, than any Circle, and on that But all account, lofe the form of Curve-lines. yet not,
=^y
by the way only. 43. Ex. 5. Let ED be the Quadratrix from Center A; and letting fall DB
this
to
BD =y,
be yx
perpendicular to
=
i.
x,
'twill
yy*
yx*
=xy,
as before.
Then
writing
y, the
zx*
zx
zzyy
zy*
zx*
-fi
zx
for
zzxx
x
and z
=
=
again writing
for y,
'
there
Then arifes z
reducing, and
But z and
above.
&
being found,
make
J, **
xxxjy
DH,
and draw
HC
as
44. If you defire a Conftrudtion of the Problem, you will find it Thus draw in P, very mort. perpendicular to DT, meeting
and make
and zy
into
"PT* r 1
aAP
AE
::
DP PT
AT
=
f.
CH.
For *
=r
AP, and -_^_..
it is
nrfr
g. AE
=
z -
-BP; and;ey
into
+x=
j
i
. 1
zy-\-x-=.
/i
AP=2.
TAT I a
1
Moreover
I
i-4-zz
T3T r 1
BTy
T> P\
BT
= DH.
way
as
** U r BlJq := i-{- rrTT =-T-:T " and tnereiore Bl? BI? DH CH==^^. BT BD Laftly,
I
\
-j:
,)
2-
it
is
::
Here
mews,
that
CH
AB
from
DH.
other 45. In the fame manner the Curvature of Spirals, or of any Curves whatever, may be determined by a very mort Calculation. 2 46.
68
7&e Method of
FLUXIONS,
to determine the Curvature without any pre46. Furthermore, vious reduction, when the Curves are refer'd to right Lines in any other manner, this Method might have been apply'd, as has beer* done already for drawing Tangents. But as all Geometrical Curves, as alfo Mechanical, (efpecially when the defining conditions are reduced to infinite Equations, as I mail mew hereafter,) may be refer'd to rectangular Ordinates, I think I have done enough in this matter. He that defires more, may eafily fupply it by his own inilluflration I mall add the Method duftry ; efpecially if for a farther
for Spirals.
BK
C
its
Center, and
ADd
a given Point in
be a
Spiral,
DC
its
Perpen-
dicular,
and
Curvature at
ADK,
and
CG
equal to
AK,
pendicular
GF
z.
.
meeting
or
CD
inF: Make AB
and
Drf',
AK
=
GF
and
in/
the Spiral for an infinitely little Spree and then through rfdraw the Semidiameter A/, and Cg parallel to gC, fo that G/ cuts gf equal to it, draw gf perpendicular to <p, fo that in P; produce and /, and draw
GF
de perpendicular to
AK,
and produce
it till it
meets
G p= CD
<
at I.
the contemporaneous
Moments of BK, AD, and Fa, which therefore may be call'd xo, yo, and zo. Ae (AD) :: kK Je=yo, where I 48. Now it is AK x=i, as above. Alfo CG GF :: de eD oyz, and
G<p, will
:
and
be Kk,
Then De
CF de Befides CG oy x y becaufe x d\ Z_PC<p CF?. Moreover, oy the Triangles L. - eSQ -f- Red.) LCdl and /.CPp :: thence and AD Dd (CF) CP<p and AD</ are fimilar, take F<p and there will remain PF From whence o x CFq.
fore
= (= = = oxCF^
yz
f
: :
aflurne
there:
P<p
ex z.
:
Laftly, letting
'tis
PF
dl
::
CG eH or DH
be
=
ya!g
fall
CH
.
perpendicular
to
AD
for
CFa,
'twill
DH
LlHf CFyx
Or
it
fubftituting
i+zz
that
Here
may
be obferved,
69
and that in this kind of Computations, I take thofe Quantities (AD from little differs but the Ratio of which infinitely Ae) for equal, of Ratio the Equality. from hence arifes the following Rule. The Relation 49. exhibited of x and any Equation, find the Relation of
Now
by y being and fubftitute i for x, and yz x and Prob. the Fluxions i.) y, (by Then from the refulting Equation find again, (by Prob. i.) for y.
the Relation between x, y, and z, and again fubftitute i for x. The firft refult by due reduction will give y and z, and the latter
will eive
-f-
Z.X.Z.
= DH,
and
raife
the Perpendicular HC, meeting the Perpendicular to the Spiral Or before drawn in C, and C will be the Center of Curvature. :: z and : i, which comes to the fame thing, take
DC
CH
HD
draw CD.
the Equation be ax=y, (which will belong to 50. Ex. i. If or (writing i the Spiral at Archimedes,) then (by Prob. i.) y
7
ax=y
and yz for_y,) ^ =yz. And hence again (by Prob i.) o Point D of the Spiral being given,, and yz+y'z. Wherefore any or y, there will be given z and thence the length ,
for x,
=
:
AD
.
z=
3 -
or)
Which
:
being
known,
i
:
H-iz
And
deduce the following Conftrucftion. AB that fo Arch BK :: Arch BK to AB Produce Q, BC^, :: a AB HC. and make -+- AQ^: AQj: 1 2. If ax =_)" be the Equation that determines the Re51. Ex. lation between BK and AD; (by Prob. i.) you will have 2axx=.
eafily
: :
DA
DH.
And
DA
DH
3Jy,-*,
or
2ax= 3y.
z
therefore
= ^7
:
Thence again 2a'x= ^zy -+- gsiyy*. 'Tis ' a~ 9 ~ z and z Thefe being known, make
s
=
1
'-
i-\-zz
i-t-zz
DA DH.
:
Or, the
-f-
to a better form,
make gxx
-f-
10
gxx
::
DA
DH.
'
Ex. 3. After the lame manner, if ax* determines bxy=yi 52. ~ to there will arife I"* and the Relation of ; z,,
BK
AD
g
.
*~
9 *'-
*7~^;~
Point C,
is
bxy
-f- $)*.
g.
From which
DH/
and thence
the.
determined as before.
i5q
yo
I'he
Method of FLUXIONS,
thus you will eafily determine the Curvature of any53. And other Spirals ; or invent Rules for any other kinds of Curves, in imitation of thefe already given. 4. And now I have finim'd the Problem ; but having made ufe
of a
Method which
and
as
is
pretty different
of the number of thofe operation, which are not very frequent among Geometricians : For the illuflration and confirmation of the Solution here given, I mall not think
the
Problem
itfelf is
much
to give a hint of another, which is more obvious, and has a nearer relation to the ufual Methods of drawing Tangents. Thus if
Circle be conceived to
feveral Points
;
from any Center, and with any Radius, a be defcribed, which may cut any Curve in
if that
approach fuppos'd from, the Point of Contadt, till the third Point of interfedtion fhall meet with the former in the Point of Contadt ; then will that Circle be cequicurved with the Curve in that Point of Contadt In like manner as I infmuated before, in the laft of the five Properties of the Center of Curvature, by the help of each of which I affirm'd the Problem might be folved in a different manner. a Circle be 55. Therefore with Center C, and Radius CD, let
:
Circle be fuppos'd to be contracted, or enlarged, till two of the And Points of interfeclion coincide, it will there touch the Curve. to towards, or recede befides, if its Center be
and letting fall the Perpendiculars DB, db, <T/3, and CF,
AB AB = AF = = BD Then
to the Abfcifs x,
;
call
y,
v,
FC=/,andDC=J.
BF=vx,
=_>>-{-/.
DC
2VX
-+-
=ss.
ate this,
make
1
v* -f-/ 1
1
=f,
2vx -f-jy -f- zfy -+becomes x r 1 /, y, and q*, you will have s-=\/ v -+- 1* q*. for defining the Curve, 56. Now let any Equation be propofed the quantity of whofe Curvature is to be found. By the help of the of this Equation you may exterminate either Quantities x or y, and
71
an Equation, the Roots of which, (db, DB, <f/g, &c. if y u exterminate x ; or A/>, AB, A/3, &c. if you exterminate Wherefore fince are "at the Points of interfedtion d, D, J\ &c. _y,) the Circle become both them the Curve, touches of "three equal, of be fame of the Curvature as the Curve, in and will alfo degree But they will become equal by comparing the point of Contact the Equation with another fictitious Equation of the fame number of Dimenfions, which has three equal Roots ; as Des Cartes has Or more expeditioufly by multiplying its Terms twice by fhew'd. an Arithmetical Progreflion. Let the Equation be ax =yy, (which is an 57. EXAMPLE. the Parabola,) and exterminating x, (that is, fubftituEquation to
ting
its
Value
--
in the forego-
ing Equation,) there will arife Three of whofe Roots ^ are to be made equal. And for this purpofe I multiply the Terms twice by an
Arithmetical Progrellion, as you fee done here j and there arifes
*
_j_
^~y*_
-+
zty -f- ?
o.
4*2
*
i
yi
I
o
i
o
1
Or
-J
2J X
=
BF
PF
+ \a.
DP
FC
Whence
it is
eafily infer'd,
that
= 2x
-{-
\a, as before.
58.
of the Parabola being given, draw the to the 2AB, Curve, and in the Axis take Perpendicular in then will to and erect C; FA, meeting Perpendicular
DP
be the Center of Curvity defired. in the Ellipfis and Hyperbola, 59. The fame may be perform'd but the Calculation will be troublefome enough, and in other Curves
generally very tedious.
Of
60. From the Refolution of the preceding Problem fome others may be perform'd ; fuch are, I. To find the Point where the Curve has a given degree of Curvature. if the Point be required 6 1. Thus in the Parabola, whofe Radius of Curvature is of a given length f: From the Cen-
ax=yy,
you
ter
of Curvature,
found
as before,
will
72
to be
7%e Method of
FLUXIONS,
to f.
fame Point Determination But another Determination, and that not I have exhibited before. from this Problem. derived be Which is, the inelegant, may fo of Flexure much the lefs the Angle DCJ is, longer the Radius
this
1/^aff. To find the Point of ReElitude. 62. I call that the Point of ReEiitude, in which Flexure becomes infinite, or its Center at an infinite it is at the Vertex of the Parabola a*x=y*. And of Limit is the contrary Flexure, whole commonly
II.
by reduction there
Then
^a
-f-
the Radius of
diftance
:
Such
diminim'd along with it, and by the of Therefore find the Infinitude that Radius, altogether vanimes. Fluxion z, and fuppofe it to become nothing. 63. As if we would determine the Limit of contrary Flexure in the Parabola of the fecond kind, by the help of which Cartefius conftructed Equations of fix Dimenfions ; the Equation to that Curve is AT o. And hence bx* cdx -+- bed 4- dxy (by Prob. i .) arifes
is
3
and
alfo
the
Moment
<F/j
fo that
the
3***
2bxx
for y,
it
cdx
-4-
dxy
a
-f-
and z
becomes
i,) 6xx
3-v
dxy zbx
o.
Now
writing
for
writing
o.
for x,
&
cd-{- dy
-f- dxz=.o
o.
(>x
3* for exterminating z, by dxz there will cd -+- dy -fzbx o, Equation 3^,v this being fubftituted in the o) cd-$-dy
And
ory=c-{-^;
room
}
of y in the Equation of the Curve, we fhall have x* which will determine the Confine of contrary Flexure. 64. By a like Method you may determine the Points of Rectitude, which do not come between parts of contrary Flexure. As if the
Equation x*
o exhave firfl, prefs'd the nature of a Curve ; you i2a*x faz=o, i2ax*-+(byProb. i.)4^3
+- bcd-=z. Q
4<w 3
-}-
ba^x*
b>y
= =
b*z
ABi=fl, and
Curve
erect
the
perpendicular
BDj
this
will
meet
III.
in the Point of
73
65. Find the Radius of Curvature, and fuppofe it to be nothing. Thus to the Parabola of the fecond kind, whole Equation is A;*
a
<7y
CD
o.
4"
q*
6a
\/q.ax-\- gxx
which be-
IV. To determine the Point of the greatefl or leaft Flexure. 66. At thefe Points the Radius of Curvature becomes either the Wherefore the Center of Curvature, at that moor leaft. greateft ment of Time, neither moves towards the point of Contact, nor Therefore let the Fluxion the contrary way, but is intirely at reft. be found; or more exof the Radius let the Fluxion of either of the peditioufly, be found, and let it be or Lines
CD
BH
AK
made
equal to nothing.
if the Queftion were propofed con67. As the Parabola of the fecond kind cerning firft to determine the Center of xl o*y ;
Curvature
you
will
find
6 ^'
"-
and therefore
BH
=
to
DH =
;
aa
9X
ox
->
?AV
make
BH
But
_j_
^y
==
t}.
now
fuppofe
-y,
or the
1 rf .y,
be nothing ; and belides, lince by and thence (by Prob. i.) yxx 1 =<?*.}', putting
v,
BH,
x=
Hypothecs
i,
fub-
ftitute
for
arife
4.5x4=0+.
Take
therefore
AB ==a
and raifrng the perpendicular BD, it will" meet the Curve in the Point of the greateft Curvature. Or, which is the fame BD I. thing, make AB 3^/5 68. After the fame manner the Hyperbola of the lecond kind l 3 will be reprefented by the Equation xy , moft inflected in the points and d, which you may determine by taking in the Abfcifs AQ== r, and erecting the Perpendicular QP_=z= v/5, and it on the other fide. to Then drawQ^/> equal and AP will meet the Curve in the ing A/>, they D and d required. points
y'^j, :
: :
=<7 x45|
V,
74
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
V. To determine the Locus of the Center of Curvature, or to defcribe the Curve, in which tbaf* Center is always found, have already {hewn, that the Center of Curvature of the 69. Trochoid is always found in another Trochoid. And thus the Center of Curvature of the Parabola is found in another Parabola of the fecond kind, reprefented by the Equation axx=y*, as will
We
eafily
VI. Light falling upon any Curve, to find its Focus, or the Conrafted at any of its Points. courje of the Rays that are ref 70. Find the Curvature at that Point of the Curve, and defcribe a Circle from the Center, and with-the Radius of Curvature. Then find the Concourfe of the Rays, when they are refracted by a Circle about that Point For the fame is the Concourfe of the refrac:
ted
Rays
be added a particular Invention of the Curvawhere they cut their Abfcifles at right For in which the Perpendicular to the Curve, the Point Angles. with the it cuts Abfcifs, ultimately, is the Center of its meeting So that having the relation between the Abfcifs x, Curvature. and the rectangular Ordinate y, and thence (by Prob. i.) the relation between the Fluxions x and y ; the Value yy, if you fubftitute
71.
thefe
To
may
for
into
it,
and make y
o,
will be the
Radius of Curva-*
"
ture.
72.
Thus
in the Ellipfis
if
ax
xX=yy,
it is
/>, confequently x And a of Curvature. fo Radius for the i for x, becomes ^writing at the Vertices of the Hyperbola and Parabola, the Radius of Curvature will be always half of the Latus rectum.
we fuppofe^=o, and
= =
yy ;
73-
75
And
zicc
in like
manner
zbx
cc
~T
bb
xx
yy,
Prob.
i.)
will be
and thence #
2(5 -f- f,
=
C
^
c or
:
""*
IT
^ "~~ *
mail have
Now
fuppofing y
o,
f,
we
::
zb
c,
or
:
for the
Radius of Curvature.
Therefore
make
AE EG
::
EG
EC, and he
and
eG
at
of Curvature Conchoids.
c,
eG
ec,
will
PROB.
I.
VI.
By
or
lefs
its
Form,
in
its
as
it
is
more
lefs,
progrefs thro'
were demanded, what is the Quality of the Curvature of the Circle ? it might be anfwer'd, that
different parts of the Curve.
it
is
So
if
it
uniform, or invariable.
if it
is
And thus
what
were demand-
the Quality of the ed, Curvature of the Spiral, which is described by the motion of
with an accelerated while the right velocity, Line AK moves with an uniform rotation about the Center A ; the acceleration of
AD
which
76
which Velocity is fuch, that the to the Arch BK, defcribed from
to
its
AD
be afk'd, What is the Quality of the Curvature of this Spiral 1 It may be anfwer'd, that it is uniformly And thus other Curves, in varied, or that it is equably inequable. their feveral Points, may be denominated inequably inequable, according to the variation of their Curvature. 2. Therefore the Inequability or Variation of Curvature is reConcerning which it may be obquired at any Point of a Curve.
Logarithm
fay,
if
it
ferved,
3.
I.
That
at
is
a like
Inequability or Variation of Curvature. 4. II. And that the Moments of the Radii of Curvature, at thofe Points, are proportional to the contemporaneous Moments of the
Curves, and the Fluxions to the Fluxions. III. And therefore, that where thofe Fluxions are not propor5. For tional, the Inequability of the Curvature will be unlike.
there will be a greater Inequability, where the Ratio of the Fluxion of the Radius of Curvature to the Fluxion of the Curve is And therefore that ratio of the Fluxions may not improgreater.
perly be call'd
or of the Variation
to each other, in the
of Curvature.
drawn the Radii of Curvature DC and dc , and D</ of the Curve, Cc being the Moment
will be the
At
d,
infinitely near
of the
Moment
and
-^
>
will be the
For the Inequability may Curvature. be call'd fuch and fo great, as the quantity j
of that ratio
mews 7^ Ja
it
to be
the Curvature may be faid to be fo much the more unlike to the uniform
Or
Curvature of a Circle.
7.
II
Now
line
letting fall
the
to
any
AB
perpendicular
Ordinates
will be
,
=
j
make AB
it
xo,
-1
T^
= DBBD = = = =
#,
and dbt
y\
Cc
vo; and
i.
making x
Wherefore
77
Wherefore the relation between x and y being exhibited by any and 5.) the PerpendicuEquation, and thence, (according to Prob. 4. of Curvature i and the lar DP or /, being found, and the Radius
1
of that Radius, (by Prob. i.) the Index '^ of the Inequabiof Curvature will be given alfo. lity 8. Ex. i. Let the Equation to the Parabola tax vy be given therefore then (by Prob. 4.) BP and a -\-\y=^t. a, Alfo (by Prob. 5.) BF a -+- 2X, and BP DP BF "i)C
Fluxion
<y
= =
DP=
:
=
:
=1;.
Now
the Equations
i.)
t-~
at
=v,
(by Prob.
give
2ax
-and
and zyy
=
v
ztt,
and
Z fx
+ 2fx __ ^
Which
y
and putting
.v
i,
= = r^ =
- > an<^ )
f
v=
And
thus y,
that^=j
or
a
2#==n
>
and
x= 4
3,
then y (==
+ 7 "=
3v /2.
So that
j^=
10.
/
which
if it
f
therefore
is
But
v/5,
= </,
=2,
then y
2,
^'=T>
3^/5.
So that
the Index of Inequability. 11. Wherefore the Inequability of Curvature at the Point of the Curve, from whence an Ordinate, equal to the Latus reftum of the Parabola, being drawn perpendicular to the Axis, will-be double to the fo drawn is half Inequability at that Point, from whence the Ordinate the Latus rectum ; that is, the Curvature at the firft Point is as unlike again to the Curvature of the Circle, as the Curvature at the fecond Point. 12. Ex. 2. Let the Equation be zax bxx-=.yy, and (by Prob. 4.)
it
will be
a
byy
&v=BP,
-yy
yy.
and thence
tf=(aa
5.)
//
U1
it
is
2a6x-lrb
=)
f.ll
na
DH =}'
-{
where,
if for
byy
:
you
::
fubftitute
:
DH
=
give
Tis
alfo
BD DP
DH
DC= - =v.
aa
the Equations
zaxbxx^yy,
byy-\-y\-=^t!,
78
give a
77je
Method of FLUXIONS,
byy
bx =}')', and yy
/'/,
and
~=
v.
And
thus
^ of
2X
r,
the
Inequability of Curvature,
will
be known.
13.
Thus
in
it
the Ellipfis
is
=}'}', where
if
a
*
3 ATA:
;
and b=-.^
" L a 3
we make
x=-,
*
v
rthen S
~~
~"
and therefore
;
=|,
which
is
the In-
of Curvature.
Hence
this
fign'd,
it
Ellipfis,
is
here af-
(or 'by vature of the Circle,) than the Curvature of the Parabola, at that Point of
its
by two times left inequable, two times more like to the Cur-
Jl
V
is
let fall
equaj
in
we have
mind
to
Examples, in the Parabola 2ax=yy arifes (~ V ' s Index of Inequability j and in the Ellipfis zax bxx=yy,
(^7-
thefe
=
-+-
=J
BP
and
fo in the
Hyperbola 2ax
bxx
=yy,
any Conic Section conn'der'd apart, the Inequability of Curvature is as the Rectangle BD x BP. And that, at the feveral Points of the Paraboh, it is as the Ordinate BD. 15. Now as the Parabola is the moft fimple Figure of thofe that are curved with inequable Curvature, and as the Inequability of its
Curvature
is
y+3b the analogy being obferved, there arifes the Index ("2^ && J \. t x BP. Whence it is evident, that at the different Points of
fo
eafily
determined, (for
its
Index
is
t h er e6x^ll^i,) ..
.
of other Curves
may
As if Ellipfis 2X
1
6.
it
$xx=yy,
=
it
that Point
:
is
79
the Axis
which and
is
17.
ADE
to
the Fluxion
of the Subtenfe
fuppofe as
AD,
x
AP
AP
1J
=y
-
to e;
ee
dd
AD
perpendicular to
AD,
and
and P
or
r=?
will be the
a.i
ee
Index of Inequa-
So that this Spiral has every where its Curvature alike inequable, as the Parabola 6x yy has in that Point of its Curve, from whence to its Abfcifs a perpendicular Ordibility.
=
8.
nate
is
let
fall,
which
is
equal
to
the
And
of the
Trochoid,
fore
its
(fee Fig.
is
is
found to be
as inequable,
AB
Whereyy
is
or as unlike
-
is
^a x -^
any Parabola AB
ax
at
And from
of the Problem,
as
conceive, mufl be plain enough; which being well underftood, it will not be difficult for any one, who obferves the Series of the to furnifh himfelf with more Examples, and things above deliver'd, of other Methods as occafion to contrive many operation, may rethat he will be able to manage Problems of a like nature, So quire. (where he is not difcouraged by tedious and perplex Calculations,) Such are thefe following ; with little or no difficulty.
To find the Point of any Curve, where there is either no Inequabior infinite, or tie grcatej?, or the leajl. lity of Curvature, the Vertices of the Conic Sections, there is no Inat 20. Thus of Curvature; at the Cuf] id of the 1 rcchoid it is infiequability nite ; and it is greatefl at thofe Points of the Ellif.fis, where the
I.
Rectangle BD x BP is greatefl, that is, where the Diagor.al-Lines of the circumfcribed Parallelogram cut the Elliriis, whofe Sides
touch
II.
it
1o determine a Curve of fame definite Species, l'nfp rje a Section, liioje Curvature at any Point may be cqiu:l and Jiitiilar Curvature of any other Curve, at a given P./:./ of it.
C.n:c
r
to the
8o
III.
"The
Method of FLUXIONS,
ri?//i7V
to the
To iL-termine a Conk Sctfion, at any Point of which, the Curand Pojition of the tangent, (in refpeSt of the AxisJ) may be like Curvature and Pofition of the Tangent, at a Point ajfigrid of
any other Curir. 21. The ufe of which Problem is this, that inftead of Ellipfes of the fecond kind, whofe Properties of refradling Light are explain'd by Des Cartes in his Geometry, Conic Sections may be fubftituted, which mall perform the fame thing, very nearly, as to their ReAnd the fame may be underfhood of other Curves. fractions.
P
To find as
R O
as
B.
VII.
pleafe y
ivbofe
many Curves
you
Areas may
Let
AB
AC
let
D
the
and
gular Ordinate, meeting the right Line the Curve in D. And conceive
CE
in
E,
Areas
be generated by the right Lines BE and BD, as they move along the Line AB, Then their Increments or Fluxions will be always as the defcribing Lines BE and BD. Wherefore
to
thefe
make
the Parallelogram
Curve
ADB
fo that
call z.
ACEB, And
BD;
BD. BE, then z be a/Turned at any Equation pleafure, for determining the relation of z and x, from thence, (by Prob. i.) may z be deAnd thus there will be two Equations, the 'latter of which rived. will determine the Curve, and the former its Area.
2.
Now
making x
= =
i
or AB x i, =.v, and the Area of the the Fluxions x and z will be as BE and
if
EXAMPLES.
3.
i.)
2xx=s
=;s
?
or
2x=c:,
becaufe
4.
x=,
i.
Aflame
^=z,
arife
an Equation
to the Parabola.
5.
or ^(?x
=^^,
6.
81
a*x * Affume a 6 x~ 1 =zz,or a*x-' =z, and there arifes z, Here the negative Value of z only infinuates, o. or a'' -j-2xx that BD is to be taken the contrary way from BE. 1 z 1 , you will have zc*x if you affume c'-a -+- c^x*
6.
=
z
7.
arife
aa
-J-.VA<z
'Z.
8.
Or
if
you affume
will be
-f-
\/aa --+- xx
z, ,
make
-}- ATA-
=
if
v,
and
it
the Equation aa
xx
<u,
=
it
011;
gives
2X
=
3
Alfo
you exterminate
9.
will
become
-j^-
= =
z
j-
\/ aa-^-xx.
Laftly,
32;
firflieek
tion.
you affume 8 3^2 -f- ^&=. zz, you will obtain Wherefore 2Z&. 3x2; -f- $z by the affumed Equation the Area z, and then the Ordinate z by the reiulting Equaif
10.
may
thus from the Areas, however they may be feign'd, you always determine the Ordinates to which they belong.
And
P
To fad as
R O
as
B.
VIII.
many Curves
to the
have a relation
you pleafe, -wbofe Areas fiall Area of any given Curve, a/fign-
FDH
DB
A
.11
C
G,
/V
AB and
AC.
Then
will be as
82
Abfcifles.
fhe Method of
moving, that
Therefore
the Area
FLUXIONS,
is,
make
CE =y,
Therefore
AFDB
we
zy
=
2.
fuppofe x
-
= =
s
AB
j,
=
t
:
x,
BD
it
AC AGEC
v,
= =
/,
:
z,
and
i,
And
will be
xv zy
it
t.
and
v=s,
as before;
will be
t,
and thence
let
=y.
;
Therefore
one of which
may exprefs the relation of the Areas s and t, and the other the relation of their Abfciffes x and z, and thence, (by Prob. let the i.)
Fluxions
3.
t
i.
and
z
xx
make
=>'.
Ex.
Equation ax
Areas
may
be a Circle, exprefs'd by the other Curves be fought, whofe be equal to that of the Circle. Therefore by the Hy-
= w,
FDH
and
let
pothefis
f,
and y
=^-.
It
remains
to determine z, x and z.
4.
by afluming
fome
relation
As
if
you fuppofe
:
ax=zz;
z,
that fubflituting
for
then y
s.s,
= =
;
i.)
=. 2zz:
it
But
is
v
is
=
the
So
(\/ax
xx
=)
'
\/ aa
therefore
aa \/
aa
zz
y *
Equation to the Curve, whofe Area is equal to that of the Circle. After the fame manner if you fuppofe xx =. z, there will 5.
ariie
2x
=s,
(==] ~
I
whence
-j
and x being
exterminated,
6.
it
will be
y=cc
,
7"-'
2Z 2
-
Or
if
T-V
thence
7.
-- =
2
you fuppofe
y
= -y
=
/
'-
xz,
there arifes o
cc.
=z +
xz, and
(5
v az
+-
2^3
Again, fuppofing
ax
=
if
+ s=:z,
-^and thence
8.
?>
which denotes
mechanical Curve.
Let the Circle ax Curves be fought, whofe Areas As to the Area of the Circle.
Ex.
2.
be given again, and let xx have any other aflumed relation may
=w
c
pofe alfo
ax
you
i.)
afliime
cx
s
ZZ.
(By Prob.
'tis
t,
and fup-
t,
and a
Therefore
83
= = ~~;
2
and fubftituting
^ ax
z,
xx
for
j,
and f
9.
s
for x,
if
'tis;'=
j
4-
^ v'^
=/,
and x
Therefore
But
=
K
^! =/,
i;
.
z.
y-
=j
Oi
fl
= =
Now
i.)
for
exterminating v,
the Equation
ax
'tis
xx
iJ'u,
.
(by Prob.
if
gives
2x= 2vv,
A;
and therefore
y=.
Where
by
\/ ax
10.
xx and
But
if
i
2;,
you affume
2w=r^, and
5
_)=-"
f,
and x
_y
2zz; and
therefore
= = V = 4^zz,
\/tf;s
there
will
arife
Anc
xx and &z, it will become y and x fubftituting \/ ax \Sa-zz;, which is an Equation to a mechanical Curve. be found, which 1 1. Ex. 3. After the fame manner Figures may have an aflumed relation to any other given Figure. Let the Hyperbola cc -{- xx and wu be given ; then if you affume s /,
xx=cz,
you
will have
and
2X =
cz;
j,
and thence
_)'
=
it
.r=
s;
-.
Then
xx
for
and C-z^
for x,
will be y *
12.
=: 2Z
i/cz
zz.
And
will have
v-^-vx
Therefore
= =
vx
for
-u,
xv s=t, and 2X
i.
y= %
'tis it
1?^ gives
x=^-ui;, and
for x,
= =^
~.
***
But
now
(by Prob.
i.)
cc-\-xx
Then
~
,
fubftituting \/i<,-t-xx
and c*z*
Ex.
4.
becomes y =.
if
^c
-
^
=1;
and
-
13.
Moreover
the Ciffoid
^-^^_-
were given,
to
which other
you affume
and
its
^/ax
/'
-,
xx
+-
- s
Fluxion
therefore h +- -
=
2
fuppofe
/.
*/ ax
xx
h,
***
=M
84
=/j/j gives
3
7%e Method of
*A
^
FLUXIONS,
if
it
.V.
==2.^, where
bcfides
t.
you exterminate
is
/&,
it
will be
And
fuice
- s
3
xx ,
=
\/ aa
Now
to
i
determine
.)
z and
z,
afTume
ax
=z
2zz, or z
a
V..
Jaxxx
A;
'
Equation belongs to the Circle, we mall have the relation of the Areas of the Circle and of the Ciflbid.
v/tftf
~.
And
as this
14.
And
thus
if
and x
">/
ax
xx -h ~
fy
Equation
derived
y-=.\/as>
.22-,
an
like manner if 15. In any mechanical Curve were given, other mechanical Curves related to it might be found. But to derive it will be of that convenient, geometrical Curves, right Lines deon each other, fome one may be taken for pending Geometrically and that the Area which compleats the Parallethe Bafe or Abfcifs logram be fought, by fuppofing its Fluxion to be equivalent to the Abfcifs, drawn into the Fluxion of the Ordinate.
;
6.
Ex.
5.
Thus
the Trochoid
ADF
it
to the Abfcifs
ABj
and the
Parallelogram being
ABDG
complemental
Superficies
it
ADG,byfuppofing
the
to
be
defcribed
by Motion of
and therefore
into the
is
GD,
as
drawn
AL
Fluxion to be equivalent to the Line Now whereVelocity of the Motion ; that is, x*v.
its
GD
BL
parallel
to the
Tangent DT,
therefore
AB
will be to
as the
AB
to the
BD,
that
85
as
to
-j.
So that
<u
ADG
Ah
and therefore xv
is
ALB
== BL. BL fince
manner if you conceive to be a Figure of or of verfed is that Ordinate whole Arches, Sines, is, equal to Arch the lince the Fluxion of the Arch is to the Fluxion ;
In like
ADF
v
:
BD
:
AL
2
AL
i
of the Abfcifs
then
-y
AB,
as
.
PL
to
BL,
vx,
if
that
is,
::
\/ ax
.v.v,
--/
v ax
xx
Then
ADG,
.
will be 2V
7=^=. xx
<,*
Wherefore
ATV
be conceived to be apply 'd as a rectangular Ordinate at B, a point of the Line AB, it will be terminated at a certain geometrical Curve, whole Area, adjoining to the Abfcifs AB, is equal to the Area
ADG.
thus geometrical Figures may be found equal to other Figures, made by the application (in any Angle) of Arches of a Circle, of an Hyperbola, or of any other Curve, to the Sines
1
8.
And
right
or verfed of thole Arches, or to any other right Lines that Geometrically determin'd.
19.
may
be
the matter will be very fliort For from the the Arch being defcribed, with any Radius AG, cutting the right Line in G, and the Spiral in D ; fince that Arch, as a Line moving upon the Abfcifs AG, delcribes the Area of the Spiral fo that the Fluxion of that Area is
to Spirals,
As
Center of Rotation A,
DG
AF
AHDG,
to the Fluxion of the Rectangle i x AG, as to i ; if you raife the perpenthe Arch dicular right Line equal to that Arch,
GD
GL
in
like
will defcribe
A/LG
:
The And
AHDG
xGL
= |AGx GD =
ADH
if
the Subtenfe
Sector
Segments
will alfo be equal. AL/ and And this not only agrees to the Spiral of Archimedes^ (in which cafe A/L becomes the Parabola of Apoliomus,) but to any other whatever; fo that all of them
eale.
86
tte Method of
FLUXIONS,
20. I might have produced more Specimens of the Conftruction of this Problem, but thefe may fuffice; as being fo general, that whatever as yet has been found out concerning the Areas of Curves, or (I believe) can be found out, is in fome manner contain'd herein, and is here determined for the moil part with lefs trouble, and with-
out the ufual perplexities. 21. But the chief ufe of this and the foregoing Problem is, that nffuming the Conic Sections, or any other Curves of a known magnitude, other Curves may be found out that may be compared with
Equations may be difpofed orderly in a Catalogue or Table. And when fuch a Table is contracted, when the Area of any Curve is to be found, if its defining Equation be either immediately found in the Table, or may be transformed into another that is contain'd in the Table, then its Area may be known. Moreover fuch a Catalogue or Table may be apply'd to the determining of the Lengths of Curves, to the finding of their Centers of Gravity, their Solids generated by their rotation, the Suand to the finding of any other flowing perficies of thofe Solids, Fluxion a analogous to it. quantity produced by
thefe,
and that
their defining
P R O
B.
IX.
The
refolution of the
this,
that
from
the relation of the Fluxions being given, the relation of the Fluents may be found, (as in Prob. 2.) And firft, if the right Line BD, by the motion of which the Area required is defcribed, move upright upon an Abfcifs the Paralgiven in pofition, conceive (as before) mean time to be defcribed in the
AFDB AB
lelogram
ABEC
on the other
And BE
required.
2.
a line equal to unity. Fluxion of the Pathe being fuppos'd will be the Fluxion of the Area rallelogram,
fide
AB, by
BD
Therefore
and
BE
make
AB
x.
Call alfo
ABEC=i \x=x,
z,
and
it
will be
BD=z,
as alfo
=~, X
becaufe
x=i.
tion expreffing
BD,
at the
of the Fluions
IS
87
may
be found the
i.)
3.
Ex.
i.
When BD,
or z,
is
4.
=
=
rabola,)
and (Prob.
x
or
-L
AB
BD,
2.)
z.
Therefore ^>
Parabola of
AFDB.
c. J
fan
to a Equation *
-^
z, that
is,
~ AB
BD
Area
AFDB.
Let there be given z' XX ~ 1 or a^x x-:, (an Equation to an Hyperbola of the fecond kind,) and there will arife a3 x 1 z
6.
or
7
Area
z.
That
is,
AB x BD
length, lying
HDBH,
BD,
thus
Z.
of an
infinite
on the other
z, there
fide
of
the Ordinate
j.
And
were given
would
arife
2XX
8.
Moreover,
let
ax
zz, or a*x*
will
arife
z,
BD
9
.
~a^x^
=
x
Area
AFDB.
t
Let
~=zz-
then
za*x
10.
1 1.
Let
=zz',
then
;
Let ax*
Ex.
2.
=
,
z~>
then
And
= ^= fV =
f
s, or 2
s, or 2
z, or
fo in others.
12. 13.
14.
Where z
is
equ.il to
= =
&>
15.
1
6.
2r Let 3*i 4** z ; then 2x^ x ^ Ex. 3. Where a previous reduction by Divifion is required.
-
+-
Let there be given j~, =.& (an Equation to the Apollonian in injinittun, it will be Hyperbola,) and the divifion being performed
17.
l%e Method of x __
in
"x a
FLUXION s
And
thence,
11
1.
_ ^ 4.
U~A ^
A/4
*
?f
^l
5
,
&c.
you
will obtain
z= -y
it
a*x
^^
--^
will be
5^/3
1
8.
~J
^ XX
==*, and by
divifion
"
~=i
2
x 6 , &c. or
=
-
elfe
s=
-f-^
-^ 1 X
r
&c.
And
x
&c.
L
,
1#
7
,
&c.
=AFDBi
it
-i
H- ^3X*
5,
=HDBH.
A
SA.''
be z
~!Li X
1
=z,
-fis
and by
6cc.
8
divifion
will
2x^
x' -fProb. 2.) z T3x3 $x* yx* 20. Ex. 4. Where a previous reduction of Roots.
'
2X
+ 7^
given
I3AT
34*%
thence (by
required by Extraction
xx, (an Equation to the an infinite multitude Hyperbola,) and the Root being extracted to
21. Let there be
-\-
=
*
ft
\/ aa
of terms,
*
.
it
will be
.
z=i a 4manner
~\ Q f,9.*if. f ,l
7-
I I
-7
r, fit*
&c. whence
^x
as in the foregoing ss
= ax+
if
X
6
X
,
-h
77^
(which
^Oi.J
is
TT^
&c
xx were
z=ax
ii2a s
23.
alfo
And
the
f x'
fo if there
Circle,)
to
were given z-=\/x xx, (an Equation there would arife Root the by extracting
-r'-g-x^,
x*
Vz
.
4-**
24.
cle,)
,
_
-,
6cc.
And
therefore
=
.\
.ix*
-- --4
gives
24^
z=a-\,
gjs
occ.
/'*v3
I
&c.
25.
And
thus v^~ZT7~
6<
z=i-+- T^-V*
H-irf
-h 43^4, &c.
-f^
T
then 2
AT -f-
_l_^
^ + V^ V^
3
-f-
T
T
S &c.
'
- Vo^
26.
89
Thus
finally
z=l/a*
-+-
Root, gives
z=a
C
*=** + -~,
''
gfr
-t-A'
5
,
thence
&c.
567*
= HDBH.
5.
=7
is
**
27.
Ex.
Where
a previous reduction
this
required,
by the
a*z
refo-
x
_j_
=
zaa
by
Equation z>
o,
x
.
j_
!4^-. &c.
5
i
whence
will be
obtain'd as before
z-=ax
64.2
29.
either
But
if z~'
cz*
f?
2x*z
c *z -f-
2x ?
-+- c*
o were the
Equation
or
= + s=
c
tb,e
V
2"
+
f
&c. or S Jl, 1
32'
=
z
Root;
.v-f- !i'
<-
-,
arife
2rc
--(_
At T
&c.
And
hence will
the
values
-fA
of
three
2;
.,S
T^t,
X4
8.
&c.
!
-1
correfponding Areas,
i.v 1
ex
+
x
x*
r^
+^
^0,
&e. and
ex
6c
24^'
flrr CCC>
30. I add
nothing here concerning mechanical Carves, becaufe form of geometrical Curves will be taught af-
terwards.
But whereas the values of z thus found belong to Areas are fituate, fometimes to a finite part AB of the Abfcifs, fometimes to a part BH produced infinitely towards H, and fometimes to both parts, according to their different terms: That the due value of the Area may be alTign'd, adjacent to any portion of the Abfcifs, that Area is always to be made equal to the difference of the values of z, which belong to the parts of the Abfci/s, that are terminated at the beginning and end of the Area.
31.
which
32.
For Inflance
to the
m^^ JTC-
fhe Method of
~,
it
FLUXIONS,
_l_ 4_,vS
z=x
I
^x
may
de-
termine the quantity of the Area MDll, adjacent to the part of the Abfcifs /'B; from the value of z,
which
arifes
by putting AB z, which
x,
arifes
-Lx*
^-x',
&c.
+
is
by putting
x>
Ab=x,
and there
-J-x',
WDB.
Whence
be jqere will
33.
5**
I
1
AFDB
=
I
'
To
there
alfo
found
z,
==.
- -+
L, &c.
]V\T\
Whence
1
again, according to
1
,_
what
^""1
is
__
_.
--
oCC
'-
"
'
-
-)
&/~f* OCC.
*"T
J.
AB, or x, be fuppofed infinite, the adjoining Area bdH H, which is alfo infinitely long, will be equivalent to
if
-f.
toward
^
will
Z,^
it
&c.
For the
its
latter
Series
CA
vanifh, becaufe of
^-35
-
-f-
~, &c.
infinite
denominators.
34.
:s
i
To
=
X
found, that
z=.ax
But
-4-
=
is
-. X
this
Whence
becomes
it
is
that
ax
Area &/DB.
infinite,
whether x be fup-
&/H
infinitely great,
and therefore each Area AFDB and ; and the intermediate parts alone, fuch as
always happens when the Abwell in the numerators of fome of the terms, as in the denominators of others, of the value of z. But when x is in the numerators, as in the firft found the value of only
exhibited.
as
this
And
Example,
z,
And belongs to the Area fituate at AB, on this fide the Ordinate. when it is only in the denominators, as in the fecond Example, that value, when the figns of all the terms are changed, belongs to the whole Area infinitely produced beyond the Ordinate. 35. If at any time the Curve-line cuts the Abfcifs, between the
b and B, fuppofe in E, inftead points of the Area will be had the difference of the Areas at the diffe&/E*
BDE
he Area
t
dEDG
will be obtain'd.
chiefly to be regarded,
the Area corre; term belongs to the Conical Hyperbola ; and thereAs is done in fore is to be exhibited by it felf, in an infinite Series
is
divided by
in the value
of
&
to that
what
follows.
fl3
~ glA
-f-
77. Let ax J
it
becomes
xx
'= z, be an
-f-
Equation to a Curve
_
and by divifion J
2a +- 2X
2X>
l
'
h^
aa
&c.
y
and thence
=
-
X*
To*
aa
l^
2ax
x1
^T
&c.
And
the Area
&/DB
,
2*5
,&*.
zax
I
xx
Where by
to the
the
Marks
1-1 aa
1
and
denote the
little
Areas belonging
Terms
aa
and
that |^
38.
Now
and
|j|
may
be found, I
make Kb,
or
to
fo that
it
will be
-^;
to that Hyperbolical
it
Area adjoin-
ing to
B, that
is,
j
Divifion But by J
therefore,
.
will be x
or x
A4
-*
WDB
'
'
X
21 3 2A3
.
xx H
-,
&c.
AB,
or x,
for
definite Line,
and then
it
40. Moreover,
if Z>B
be bifefted in C, and
AC
;
=
-{-
of a definite length,
i>,
and Cb and
=_)',
'twill
CB
be
indefinite
and
or
CB
bd= -^ s=-\-
-)-
_i- ^-^-'
to
'A Mt&od
to the Part of the Abfcifs
.&c.
of
FLUXIONS,
a
V
r
I
Twill be
alfo
DB
1
= -~ = ? - ~ + ~ - ^ +
CB
st^
&C
will be
&c.
And
"
1
Areas
7-
-\~
+ ~r
4
-
Si"*-
'
'
Jf
4'
-f5'
&c.
And
the
Sum
of thefe -|
~r,
&c. will be
equivalent to
41.
Thus
in the
3 Equation a
x~=
nature of a Curve,
its
Root
will be
=o,
denoting the
8
J
,v
&c.
6cc.
Whence
there arifes
z,
=-.
Lxx
-x
ox
_1
_
Six'
_!_
/^r^ '
And
the Area
Y TA
'
KC
T, &c.
&c.
that
is,=:|.v
.'X TA
^'
Six
_ ^
-
&c.
for the moft pnrt, may be very 42. But this Hyperbolical term, the avoided, by altering commodioufly beginning of the Abfcifs, it or that is, by increafing diminiihing by fome gi\ en quantity. As
the Equation to the Curve, if I fhould make beginning of the Ablcifs* determinate of to be Al> and fuppofmg any length 4/7, for the renow write fliall x I Abfcifs Thst is, if I dimiB, mainder of the x a -finftead of it will nifti the Abfcifs a, by writing
v vv
in the
z was
b to be the
by
-become
^~^,.
&
j
.
x,
~> and
_!!
273
Ci
whence
arifes
= \ax =z
-2
.V
'
Area
43.
thus by affuming another and another point for the beArea of any Curve may be exr-ivib'd an ginning of the Abfcifs, the
And
infinite variety
of ways.
rj-p
two
infinite Series z,
--
-+- "-^ X }
&c.
a -f
.v
**--}-;
is
found no
2
Term
divided b} the
fir ft
Power
93
But fuch kind of Series, where the Powers of A* afcend in the numerators of the one, and in the denominators infinitely of the other, are not fo proper to derive the value of z from, by
Arithmetical computation,
to
when
Numbers.
difficult can occur to any one, who is to un45. Hardly any thing in fuch a after value of the Area the dertake Numbers, computation Yet for in the more is obtain'd Species. compleat illufhation of the I mall add an Example or two. foregoing Doctrine, be propofed, the Let Hyperbola 46. whofe Equation is \/x-+-xx=z; its Vertex be-
AD
is
its
Axes
equal to Unity.
From what goes before, its Area ADB=-i.v> A*' -+- T'T* ? -+T^P*'"' &c that j'^
'
is
'
>
multiplying thelaft term continually by the fucceeding terms of this ~~'" q J 5 That is &c. Proereffion i- #. .v x Xi A 2 S 8.-n 10.15*. 47 6-9 3 1 the firft term I_ x x makes the fecond term -L.v* : Which
^^r
^^'v
^..v
'
2 -5
"
multiply 'd by
tiply'd
tuin.
-~ x makes the
l
third
term
TV-vl
Which mulfo
by
Now let AB
Number
x T>
for
.v,
^x
ad
hifini-
this
or
being
be affumed of any length, fuppofe ^, and writing and its Root 4 for x*, and the firft term ^x^ reduced to a decimal Fraction, it becomes
-^3333333>
&c
v
This into
'- ^
'
This
fo
into
4-7 4
makes
And
But the term?, which I thus deduce by degrees, I in one, and the negadifpole in two Tables; the affirmative terms tive in another, and I add them up as you fee here.
on
for ever.
-i-o.
94
"The
Method of FLUXIONS,
00002790178571429
34679066051 834^65027 26285354 961296
3 86 7 6
1663
75
_
-f-
0.0002825719389575 0.0896109885646518
4- 0.0896109885640518
"0^3284166257043
fum of the Affirmatives I take the fum of the neand there remains 0.0893284166257043 for the quantity gatives, which was to be found. of the Hyperbolic Area ADB
Then from
the
47.
Now
let
the Circle
AdF
be
propofed,
which
that
is,
\/x
xx
=z
>
be -!#*
..#*
I n which Series, fince c> T T xi -fT^i from differ the terms of the Sethe terms do not which above exprefs'd the Hyperbolical Area, unlefs in the ries, ; nothing elfe remains to be done, than to Signs -4- and terms with other fignsj that is, by numeral fame conned: the of both the afore -mention'd tables, fubtracting the connected fumsfrom the firft term doubled 1 6 0.1666666666666, 93 0.08989 3 560 503 &c. and the remainder 0.0767731061630473 will be the portion A^B of the ciicular Area, fuppoiing AB to be a fourth part of the And hence we may obferve, that tho' the Areas of the diameter. Circle and Hyperbola are not compared in a Geometrical confideration, yet each of them is dilcover'd by the fame Arithmetical com-
&
putation.
48.
The
whole Area
s-Vs/3'
or
portion of the circle A^/B being found, from thence the may be derived. For the Radius dC being drawn,
Ulto
-54 12 ^5 8 773^5
-^C, 2 75
or i,
w '"
^e
^e
va ^ ue
cWB;
Sector
which added
ACd
to
the
Area AdB,
there
will
the fextuple
of
which
49.
And
95
49- And hence by the way the length of the Circumference will be 3.1415926535897928, by dividing the Area by a fourth part of the Diameter. 50. To thefe we mail add the calculation of the Area comprehended between the Hyperbola dfD and its Afymptote CA. Let C be the Center of the Hyperbola, and putting
'twill
be -^
a+x =BD,
and -^
-=.bd; whence
- -
the Area
AFDB
bx
4-
"
-*,
4-
4or
numbers
i.i ; and fubftituting thefe being 0.9, and CB for a, b, and x, the firft term of the Series becomes 0.2, the fecond 0.0006666666, &c. the third 0.000004 ; and fo on, as
~ 4- ^ AB = Cb
TL.,
AB
/'/.<
&c.
Now
let
us fuppofe
CA
= AF=i,
and
Kb
you
The fum
be defired feparately, 51. If the parts of this Area Ad and fubtract the lefler from the greater dA, and there will remain
0.200670695462151
1= Area bdDB.
AD
i
BA
3-+ -^4and
-jig.
h --
&c.
Where
if
b,
for x,
iland
thus;
IOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
The fum
o.
= A^
AD,
52-
96
52.
The Method of
FLUXIO N
s,
of the Areas be added to, and fubtracted from,their fum before found, half the aggregate o. 1053605156578263 be the greater Area hd, will and half or the remainder will be the lefler Area AD. 0.0953101798043248
if this difference
Now
53.
alfo,
d>
as
o.gg, if the numbers are but duly transferr'd to lower places, may be here feen. O O2OOOOOOOOOOOOOC0 O.O30ICOOOOOOOO3OO 66666666666 50020000 4000000
By the fame tables thofe Areas AD and hd will be obtain'd when AB and Ab are fuppos'd T ~, or CB=i.oi, and
3^
28
Sum
Sum
o 020000(5667066(195
0.0001000050003333
AJ
AD.
==AD.
54.
0^
and
A
or
and i) putting 55. In the fame manner (if fe Areas will arife, o.2, or 0.02, or 0.002, the
= AD = =
And
AB andA=-~o-> orCB=i.oor,
and'
Ad= 0.0010005003335835,
CA
AF=
AB
and
or
A^=o.223 1435513 142097, and ADz=o. 1823215567939546, 0.0 19802 627296 1797, A</= 0.0202027073 175194, and AD o.ooi AW=o.oo2oo2 andAp
= =
56.
From
found
it
f '
2.
For
as
it
is
into
-^
2,
fum of
2
47 I ^5599453 belonging
to the Ratio's
o 8 upon the parts of the Abfcifs 1.2 and 1.2 2, as is known. o.9,)will be the Area AFcPjS, C/3 being the fum 1.0986122886681097 of the Again, fince ^ into 2 3,
^|and
^-
infifting
=
5,
Again, as
Areas
will
it
is
~=
and
it is
will be the
3..
and 2
x5=
and
10,
by a due addition of
be
And
c /3=5;
thus,
and
obtain'd
=AF
and
=
x
'
<
when =
10.
fince
x 10 xo.98
-
10x10=100,
lox
plain,
i.i
;
7,
= n,
10x100=1000,
'
.'
and
I
^5
and
^)
=499
7>
of the above-mention'd numbers, AB BF being 7; or any other I to method was a This that llill infinuate, willing might unity. be derived from hence, very proper for the conftrudtion of a Canon
97
which determines the Hyperbolical Areas, (from which the Logarithms may ealily be derived,) correfponding to fo many Prime numbers, as it were by two operations only, which are But whereas that Canon feems to be derivanot very troublefome. ble from this fountain more commodioufly than from any other, what if I mould point out its contraction here, to compleat the whole ?
of Logarithms,
number
rally
of the 57. Firfl therefore having affumed o for the Logarithm is as for the of and i number the 10, genei, Logarithm
by 2.3025850929940457, Or which is the fame thing, by mulThus for Inftance, its reciprocal 0.4342944819032518. tiplying by if 0.69314718, &c. the Area correfponding to the number 2, were multiply'd by 0.43429, &c. it makes 0.3010299956639812 the Lorefponding to the number 10:
done, the Logarithms of the Prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 1 1, the Hyperbolical 13, 17, 37, are to be inveftigated, by dividing which is the Area corAreas now found
all
which
are made by the multiplication of thefe, are to be found And the void the addition of their Logarithms, as is ufual. by be the are to help of this interpolated afterwards, by places
Theorem.
be a Number to which a Logarithm is to be adapted, A59. Let the difference between that and the two neareft numbers equally
diflant
on each
fide,
whofe Logarithms
and
let
Then
rithm of the
are
n will be obtain'd by adding d-\+- gr^, &c. to the Logarithm of the leffer number. For if the numbers
;
Number
expounded by C/>, C/3, and CP, the rectangle CBD or C,&T=i, if n be wrote as before, and the Ordinates pq and PQ^being raifed for C/3, and x for p or /3P, the Area pgQP or ~, -+-
~ +
}
&c. will be to the Area pq}$ or +-f&c. as the diffe^, rence between the Logarithms of the extream numbers or 2(i, to the difference between the Logarithms of the leffer and of the middle
*-
one;
g8
Tie Method of
dx
FLUXIONS,
dx*
dx*
-+. A' 3
-fA"*
&C.
,
that
is,
when the
+i
-4-
&c.
divifion
is
perform'd, d-\firft
2n
-4-
Zfj s
&c.
I
2n
60.
rate
The two
think to be accu-
enough for the construction of a Canon of Logarithms, even tho' they were to be produced to fourteen or fifteen figures; provided the number, whofe Logarithm is to be found, be not lefs
little trouble in the calculation, beor the number 2. Yet it is not necefunit, all the the of this For the Rule. places by help fary to interpolate are of numbers which the produced by Logarithms multiplication or divifion of the number laft found, may be obtain'd the numbers
than 1000.
And
this
can give
caufe
is
generally an
by whofe Logarithms were had before, by the addition or fubtraction Moreover by the differences of the Logaof their Logarithms. rithms, and by their fecond and third differences, if there be occalion, the void places may be more expeditioufly fupply'd ; the foregoing Rule being to be apply'd only, when the continuation of fome
wanted, in order to obtain thofe differences. 6 1. By the fame method rules may be found for the intercalation of Logarithms, when of three numbers the Logarithms of the leffer and of the middle number are given, or of the middle number and of the greater; and this although the numbers mould not be in
full places is
Arithmetical progreffion. 62. Alfo by purfuing the fteps of this method, rules might be for the conftruction of the tables of artificial Sines eafily difcover'd, and Tangents, without the affiftance of the natural Tables. But of thefe things only by the bye. 63. Hitherto we have treated of the Quadrature of Curves, which
are exprefs'd
by Equations confirming of complicate terms ; and that by means of their reduction to Equations, which confift of an infiBut whereas fuch Curves may fomenite number of fimple terms. times be fquared by finite Equations alfo, or however may be comother Curves, whofe Areas in a manner may be confipared with der'd as known ; of which kind are the Conic Sections For this
:
reafon
to adjoin the two following catalogues or tables thought of Theorems, according to of promife, conflructed by the
I
fit
my
help
64.
99
firft of thefe exhibits the Areas of fuch Curves as can be the fecond contains fuch Curves, whole Areas may be and fquared compared with the Areas of the Conic Sections. In each of thefe, the letters d, e, f, g, and h, denote any given quantities, x and z the Abfcifles of Curves, v and y parallel Ordinares, and s and t The letters and 6, annex'd to the quantity z, Areas, as before. denote the number of the dimenfions of the fame z, whether it be
The
;
integer or fractional,
affirmative or negative.
JZ1ZZZ2 3 , z
"=z
s
,
z-=z-~>
or-'
3
&+'
As
if
=3,
then
=z*.
is
in the values of the Areas, for the fake of brevity, 65. Moreover inftead of this Radical \Se-{-f& t or </e-t-fzi-\-gz**>, written
and/
inflead of </b-t-iz* t
is
affected.
10O
"fhe
Method of FLUXIONS,
t
CO rt
I
I
ii
n
en
'5
e*
i
s
CO
U 3
1
I
u
*
N v, S
1 1 1
Curve
+
T
1
'
*~
*J-
V
CO
^
~
101
II
II
II
II
II
II
CO
s
bo
o G
**
c
t
X
T
II
OJ
01
a f
o u
^
O iM
""*
\
ol
X"
\O
I
i
v
*
H-
X X s
CO
s:
1
cno
I
N
*?>
oa'j j?
cr>
M M
-f'
?r
M
x"
IO2
fhall
jff>e
Method
-o^
FLUXIONS,
may
67. Other things of the fame kind might have been added ; but I now pafs on to another fort .of Curves, which be com-
And in this Table or Catalogue pared with the Conic Sections. you have the propofed Curve reprefented by the Line QE^R, the beginning of whole Abfcifs is A, the Abfcifs AC, the Ordinate CE, the beginning of the Area and the Area
defcribed
Area,
a^, But the beginning of this or the initial term, (which com-
a^EC.
commences at the beginning of the Abfcifs A, or recedes to an infinite diftance,) is found by feeking the length of the Abfcifs Aa, when the value of the Area is nothing, and by eredling the per-
monly
either
pendicular a^/. 68. After the fame manner you have the Conic Sedlion reprefented by the Line PDG, whofe Center is A, Vertex a, rectangular
the beginning of the Abfcifs A, or a, or a, the Abfcifs AB, or aB, or aB, the Ordinate BD, the Tangent meeting AB in T, the Subtenfe aD, and the Re&angle infcribed or adfcribed ABDO. the letters before defined, it will be 69. Therefore retaining or aB and t, x, i;, z, a.%EC
Semidiameters
Aa and AP,
DT
AC ABDP
or
aGDB=j. And
CE=y,
AB
BD
befides,
Sections are
of any Area, the Area of the latter required, for the determination mall be call'd <r, the Abfcifs |, and the Ordinate T. Put p for
and INFINITE
Tl
.
103
.V3
>*,
+
BL,
i?
Q O
rt
S
u o
en
Q O
14
Q O
rt
ea
Q O
M OH Q
pa
_2
O Q
oa
>s| =
CO
O
eg Q
Q O
rt
-y
CO
**
I
4-
o
U.
--V-
104
Method of FLUXIONS,
.<v
fa.
Q O a
c O
OJ
o Q
O
c
h
O
rt
o
.5
cj
Q
Pi
Q O
2
O Q
rt
o o n
m 3
O
B
(LI
^1^
X
15
"T
dina
fr
ed
4 I
SJ
t 3|
K +
I
s
II
II
3
+
a
-
3
-
ji
V
^
I o
fe
4-
4-
-V"
u
13
+
5
+
)
$ N
4-
+
I.Hf
Tf-
Mj
1
s-
O
U
S)
^ ^
u O
*-
It
tt
<5
+
b<j
4
I?
U
<J-.
'
o
4-
-V
t.
H-| ^i
1=
io6
Method of FLUXIONS,
J*
to
_u
U
t/>
+
v.
o
fa
107
go on
to illuftrate
of Curves, I think it proper to obferve, in the whereas Equations reprefenting Curves, I have 72. I. That all along fuppofed all the figns of the quantities d, e, f\ g, />, and i to be affirmative ; whenever it fhall happen that they are negative, Abfcifs and Orthey muft be changed in the fubfequent values of the alfo of and the Area ninate of the Conic Section, required. numeral II. Alfo the of the Symbols and 0, when they figns 73. Moreare negative, muft be changed in the values of the Areas.
are deliver'd in thefe claffes
over their Signs being changed, the Thus in the 4th quire a new form.
ac'
Theorem
-}>
x &c.
,
that
is,
into
2.w
III.
3^===^.
And
the fame
is
to be obferved in others.
of each order, excepting the 2d of the ift Taeach way ad infinitum. For in the Series of ble, may be continued the numeral cf co-efficients of the Table Order and the -;d i, 4th are fonn'd by multiinitial terms, (2, 96, 768, Sec.) 4, 16, 6, 8, ro, &c. continually 2, 4, plying the numbers and the co-efficients of the fubfequcnt terms are deinto each other
74.
feries
;
The
rived
from the
A, *
initials in
,
,
1
of'
>
i,
the 3d Order, by multiplying gradually by -Li, &rc. or in the 4th Order by multiBut the co-efficients -rV. &C. T> f,
&c. a rife by multiplying the i, 3, 15, 105, numbers i, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. gradually into each other. d ft h and the ad Table, the Series of the i , 2 3'', 4 c; ", 75. But in Thus having io th Orders are produced in infinitum by diviiion alone.
1 , ,
t/x
.4--1-'
v,
diviiion to a con-
venient period,
j~
~z
'j
^
Order of
==.)'.
The
firft
ift
Table
i,
cf
this Order.
~
Whence
__
is
appears,
s
that
the
Area
--4
7^-
1^f
<:
?r
_il
*'
putting
,
x=r
and Ordinate v
d - r--.
g
io8
7&e Method of
FLUXIONS,
the Series of the ^th and 6th Orders may be infinitely 76. But the continued, by help of the two Theorems in the 5th Order of As alib the 7th and 8th Table i. by a due addition or fubtraction means of the Theorems in the 6th Order of Table i. and Scries, by the Series of the nth, by the Theorem in the roth Order of Table i. For inftance, if the Series of the 3d Order of Table 2. beto be farther continued, fuppofe 6 and the ift Theorem of the 4>j,
:
jth Order
of Table
i.
wll become
8fts~
4l|
~~ 1
.
3>1
5/b~
into
=.
this Series
-^-=^f.
to be
produced, writing
for
</,
it is
~
ize
f%>
<x=v,
'
and 'Qfr'-'S/*'
/,
__
v/^-h/ 2
;
=/>
I2e
ft
_,,
tiplied
by
and,
(if you
pleafe) for
-~
ij j
a 5th
Theorem of
v,
and
-r!
f.
77. IV.
others.
alfo
8th; and the 9th from the loth but that they may be of fome ufe, tho' not altogether necefftry. Yet I have omitted fome Orders, which I might have derived from the ifr, and 2d, as alfo from the 9th and loth, becaufe they were affected by Denominators that were more complicate, and therefore can hardly be
of any ufe.
the defining Equation of any Curve is compounded of 78. V. If feveral Equations of different Orders, or of different Species of the Afame Order, its Area mufl be compounded of the
reas
;
6th, 7th, and nth, from the So that I might have omitted them,
correlponding taking care however, that they may be rightly connected with For we mufl not always add or fubtra<fl at the their proper Signs. fame time Ordinates to or -from Ordinates, or correfponding Areas to or from correfponding Areas ; but fometimes the fum of thefe, and the difference of thofe, is to be taken for a new Ordinate, or to And this muft be done, when the conftitute a correfponding Area. constituent Areas are pofited on the contrary fide of the Ordinate.
may
the
more
109
d their proper Signs to the feveral Vainconveniency, I have prefix' lues of the Areas, tho' ibmetimes negative, as is done in the jth and yth Order of Table 2. It is farther to be obferved, about the Signs of the Areas, 70. VI. that -f- * denotes, either that the Area of the Conic Section, adjoinis to be added to the other quantities in the value ing to the Abfcifs, or that the Area on the other the ifl fee of t , ( Example following ;) be s is to fubtracled. on the contrary, And fide of the Ordinate denotes ambiguoufly, either that the Area adjacent to the Abfcifs is
to be fubtradled, or that the Area on the other fide of the Ordinate Alfo the Value of f, if is to be added, as it may feem convenient.
it
comes out
: And contrariwife, if it be negative, it reprejoining to its Abfcifs fents the Area on the other fide of the Ordinate. 80. VII. But that this Area may be more certainly defined, we mull enquire after its Limits. And as to its Limit at the Abfcifs, at the Ordinate, and at the Perimeter of the Curve, there can be no unBut its initial Limit, or the beginning from whence its de-
certainty:
fcription
commences, may obtain various pofitions. In the following Examples it is either at the beginning of the Abfcifs, or at an infinite But it diftance, or in the concourfe of the Curve with its Abfcifs.
And wherever it is, it may be found, by be placed elfewhere. of the Abfcifs, at which the value of f becomes ieeking that length an Ordinate. For the Ordinate fo raifed nothing, and there erecting will be the Limit required. 8 1. VIII. If any part of the Area is pofited below the Abfcifs, / will denote the difference of that, and of the part above the Abmay
fcifs.
the dimenfions of the terms in the values of too high, or defcend too low, they may be afcend .v, i;, and /, .reduced to a juft degree, by dividing or multiplying fo often by any be fuppos'd to perform the office of Unigiven quantity, which may as often as thole dimenfions mail be either too high or too low. 82. IX.
Whenever
(hall
ty,
83. X. Befides the foregoing Catalogues, or Tables, we might allb conftrucT: Tables of Curves related_tp_ other Curves, which may be the
moftfimple intheirkind; as to <Ja-\-fx* =v, ortox</e-t-fx* =v, So that we might at all times derive the or to ^/e-\-Jx* y, &c. Area of any propoled Curve from the fimpleft original, and know But now let us illuitrute by Exto what Curves it llands related. delivered. been already what has amples.
<
84-
no
Semicircle
The Method
^FLUXIONS,
QER
AC
HE
H, and from
be
H the'per1C
;
let fall to
will defcribe
ACEQJs
fought.
CE=y,
continual Proportionals AI, 'twill be ECor_>'= AQ^, AH, EC, 86. that this may acquire the Form of the Equations in the make and for z~- in the denominator write z*, and Tables,
Now
for
--^
=2,
a*z~-*
or
;]-'
in the numerator,
ift
and there
will arife_y
flf a -\-x,
>
an Equation of the
will
3
be^
tf
f=
t.
.fo
that 4/ v
.J''
ii
T-<
x,
1
.*;
= =
^x
rf
3
,
a*,
and
2s
-u,
and xv
87.
Now that the values found of x and v may be reduced to a number of dimen lions, choofe any given quantity, as a, by
as unity,
which,
this
a*
in the value
of v, a>
may be may be
multiplied once in the value of x, and 1 divided once, and And by twice.
l
1 .v =1', and xv s/"^niTr =^,^/a t: of which the conllradion is thus. 2s, 88. Center A, and Radius AQ^_ defcribe the Qigadrahtal Arch raiie the perpendicular BD meeting ; QDP ; in AC take AB Then the double of the Scclof that Arch in D, and draw AD.
means you
will obtain
= AH
ADP
or
Area fought
;
ACEQ^
For
2*A
AB.?=) BD, or-y and .vj ADB'-f- aBDP, that is, either
values the affirmative
Of which
on
this
aDAP
RE R
fide EC, and the negative extended ad infi.ritum beyond EC. 'of Problems thus found 89. The folutions
made more
elegant.
Thus
drawing RH
may fometimes
be
the le-
midiameter
in
QH
QRH
is
becaufe of equal Arches and DP, half the Sector DAP, and therefore a fourth part
QH A,
of the Surface
90.
ACEQ^
II.
is defcribed by the whilft one of of the Norma AEF, the Legs AE, the interminate, continually through given point A, being paffes and the other CE, of a given length,
Let
AGE be a
Curve, which
flides
right Line
ven in pofition.
Let
fall
AF giEH per-
r,
and compleat pendicular and the Parallelogram AHEC ; CE AC z, calling =_y, and EF rf, becaufe of HF, HE,
AF,
HA
continual Proportionals,
it
will be
HAor
91.
or 2
y=
Now
,
that the
Area
it
AGEC may
tr-i
'
be known, fuppofe
=
z
*,
and thence
is
will be
j== ~z^
a
1
=}'
Here
fl
"ce
in the
numerator
viding by
z&, and
it
will be
ya
7=7= ~
*
i
=
;
S> an
Equation
of the
ad Species of the ;th Order of Table 2. And the terms being comSo that z 1 a*. i, and pared, it is </= i,
/'
__ N A
)
.i
\*~
*
jV/^i
e=
.v
1
-u,
an Equation to a : with the Center A, and diftancq a or Circle EF let the Circle PDQ^be defcribed, which CE meets in D, and let then will AC ^, the' Parallelogram ACDI be compleated ; ACDP xv ^ CD=<u, and the Area fought AGEC
and z
^a-x*
_=
and
5
/=
xv
v
/.
Therefore fince
is
92.
Ex-
112
92. Circle
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
the
EXAMPLE
III.
ADQj
defcribed
the diameter
AQ..
be drawn perpendicular to the and meeting the diameter, and E. And naCurves in
ming AC
D =
;
CE =.y,
of
and
AQj== CA, CE
nals,
it
:,
becaufe
CD,
y
continual Proportiowill be CE or
=
'tis
and dividing by z,
X
=
'
~~
I
Therefore zr~ l
i
az
== ^, or
y
=V
is
,and thence
aai-i
an Equation or
The the 3d Species of the 4th Order of Table 2. 'tis d-=. I, e and i, being compared,
%
it
= *AC =
firft
x,
</ax
xx
ACEGA. Or, which is the fame thing, 3 Area AHDEGA. ADEGA, or 4 Segments ADHA IV. Let PE EXAMPLE 93.
3ACDH
CD 4AADC
x,
= =
Terms
/.
therefore
v,
and 3^
thence
v,
3*
and
2xv
= ACDH = =
2x1;
f=a.
Therefore
Wherefore
s
;
fo
that
be the
Conchoid of the Ancients, defcribed from Center G, with the Afymptote AL,. and diftance LE. Draw its Axis GAP, and let fall the OrThen calling AC dinate EC. CE a, and =: z, =.y, GA
Ap
portionals
A C CE
:
AL
CE
GC
CE,
*
it
will be
or
y
be found from hence,
the
And if the Ordinate CE are to be confider'd feparately. paits'of , divided in D, that it is v/^ the Ordinate CE is fo
04.
Now
that
its
Area
PEC may
CD
and
DE
= *\/V
it
^ CD
;
will be
from Center A, and with the Radius AP. Therefore the the Area PDC is known, and there will remain the other of part DPED to be found. Therefore fince DE, the part of the Orfcribcd
part
dinate
by which
is
defcribed,
is
equivalent to -\/e*
z*
pofe 2
=
1
w,
and
it
becomes
-^/e*
f
z*
= DE,
2.
fup-
the
ift
Species
x,
\/
1 -+- c* x
= =
~
t
,
and/=
zbc l s
v, and
--
t.
Z.
reduce them to a juft number of 95. Thefe things being found, and dimenfions, by multiplying the terms that are too deprefs'd, fome given Quantity. If this dividing thofe that are too high, by
be done by
c,
x,
</
is
c * -t-
x%
v,
and
-c
ex
The
Conflruclion of which
in this
manner.
96. With the Center A, principal Vertex P, and Parameter aAP, defcnbe the Hyperbola PK. Then from the point C draw the right And it will be, as Line CK, that may touch the Parabola in
AP
G,
to
2AG,
fo
is
the Area
5.
CKPC
to the
97.
EXAMPLE
its
Let the
Norma
GFE
Area required
fo revolve
flide
DPED.
upon the right continually angular point Curve PE to be dein conceive the then given pofition ; fcribed by any Point E in the Now that the other Leg EF. Area of this Curve may be
as that
Line
AF
F may
found,
let fall
GA
and
EH per-
=
Va
,
AHEC,
:
call
AC
: :
AF,
bz
we
.
mall
have
Therefore
AF CE or
=
y
zz
b
zz
is
the Ordinate
A
let
*fhe
let
fuch a Circle
;
meets ia
then
it
will be
DE
= ^=rS
G=^
3
B?
or
the hel P of
which EqUa ~
tion
PDEP
DERQ^to
it
be determin'd.
Suppofe therefore
=:2, and
and
will be
DE= V
i.
i^~
ft
>
sn Equation of the ift Species of the 4th Order of Table the Terms being compared, it will be b-= d, cc =e, and
fo that
And
j
of t is negative, and therefore the Area 98. that its initial Limit / lies ; beyond the Line reprefented by t becomes nowhich for of at feek that z, length may be found, to Therefore continue thing, and you will find it to be c. Q^> that it may be AQ==c, and erect the Ordinate QR.; and
==/;
l>R=f.
DE
AC
DQRED
will be the
fhould define quantity of the Area 99. If you the at co-extended Abfcifs with it, without and AC, PDE, pofited determine thus it. the Limit QR, you may knowing 100. From the Value which / obtains at the length of the Abfcifs AC, fubtract its value at the beginning of the Abfcifs ; that is,
b\/cc
zz.
from
b\/ cc
zz
b\/ LC
fubtract
&, and
quantity A:
PAGK,
in
Therefore compleat the Parallelogram fall and let perpendicular to AP, which meets will be equal to the Area and the Parallelogram
zz.
DM
GK
PKML
PDE.
the Equation defining the nature of the Curve cannot be found in the Tables, nor can be reduced to limpler terms be transform'd into by divifion, nor by any other means ; it muft of Curves related to it, in the manner fhewn in other
101.
Whenever
Equations
Prob. 8. till at laft one is produced, whofe Area may be known by And when all endeavours are ufed, and yet no fuch the Tables. can be found, it may be certainly concluded, that the Curve probe compared, either with rectilinear Figures, or with pofed cannot Sedions. Conic the 102. In the fame manner when mechanical Curves are concern'd, they muft fir ft be transform'd into equal Geometrical Figures, as is fhewn in the fame Prob. 8. and then the Areas of fuch Geometrical
Of
this
matter take
115
Let it be propofed to determine the Area of Arches of any Conic Section, when they aie the Figure of the made Ordinates on their Right Sines. As let A be the Center of the Conic Section, "
6.
EXAMPLE
AQ_and AR
the
.'
^\
the Semiaxes, Ordinate to the Axis AR, and PD a Perpendicular at the Alfo let point D. AE be the fa id
CD
mechanical
Curve
CE
Arch QD.
fore the
is
ThereArea A EC
fought, or comthe parallelogram ACEF, the excefs is To required. pleating which purpole let a be the Latus rectum of the Conic Section, and b its Latus tranfverfum, or and CD=_>'; 2AQ^_ Alfo let
AEF
AC=z,
then
as
is
it
will be
V ^bb
Alfo
as
-f-
-zz
=y,
known.
Now
is to the fluxion of Arch the fluxion of the Abfcifs be fupthe Fluxion of the Arch QD, or of the Ordinate CE,
AC,
CD
QD
if
**+"-*~~
will be i/
4
.
Draw
this
into
FE,
or z, and there
will
arife
z /
in
for
the
fluxion of the
Area
AEF.
-
If
therefore
the
Ordinate
CD
you
is
take
CG
by
-zz
the
Area
AGC, which
Area
defcribed
CG
-zz
will be equal to the
AEF,
AG
n6
AG
<
77je
will be
Method of FLUXIONS,
fought.
To
this
Geometrical Curve. Therefore the Area let z* be fubflituted for z* in the purpofe
AGC
is
laft
Equation, and
i;
it
becomes &*-*
\/^-j-,
j-^
M
= CG,
-f-
an Equa.a
tion of the
And from
e-=.i-bb
'
=,/=
Afl
~
r,
and
$=
~s
a
t.
: *
fo that
\/ ^bb *
is,
~]
That
CD
zz=x. x, DP
now
\/
v,
and
Jj
a
/.
xx
i>.
/
and
And
this is
the Conftruction of
105.
what
is
found.
perpendicular and equal to QA, and thro* draw HI parallel to it, but equal to DP. And the the point Line KI, at which HI is terminated, will be a Conic Section, and the comprehended Area HIKQ^will be to the Area fought
At Q^ erect
QK
as b to a, or as
PC
to
AC.
AEF,
Here obferve, that if you change the fign of b, the Conic Section, to whofe Arch the right Line CE is equal, will become an if you make b the Ellipfis becomesEllipfis; and befides, And in this cafe the line KI becomes a right line parallel a Circle.
106.
the Area of any Curve has been thus found and con107. After confider about the demonftration of the conwe fhould ftrucled,
ftruction
;
all
may
be, the
fit
Theorem may be
become
Algebraical calculation, as much as adorn'd, and made elegant,, fo as to And there is a general method of de-iiluftrate
endeavour to
by the follow-
08. In
the
DM
Arch PQ^take a point d indefinitely near 113.) and draw de and dm parallel to DE and
to
D,
AP
in
p and
/.
Then
will
PDEP, and
LM//
it
will be
the
DM,
Area
LMKP.
Draw
the femidiameter
But
it is
AD, and conceive the indewere a right line, and the triand therefore D/> pd:: AL LD.
: :
::
therefore Dj>
pd
: :
ML
is,
AL LD
:
::
ML
DE.
Wherefore
Dp DE
x
DE; = pd ML
:
and
That
the
is
moment DEed
is
equal to the
moment
LM;;//.
117 And
demonflrated indeterminately of any contemporaneous it is plain, that all the moments of the Area all the to are PDEP contemporaneous moments of the Area equal whole Areas compofed of thofe moments the therefore PLMK, and are equal to each other. C^JE. D.
fince this
moments whatever,
3.
be the momentum of the fuperficies 109. Let DEed A</DA be the contemporary moment of the Segment ADH. Draw the femidiameter DK,
AHDE,
and
and
it
let de
meet
:
:
AK
in c
:
-,
and
: :
is
Cc
:
Befides
it is
Dd :: CD DK. DC QA (aDK)
:
AC
Cc
:
AC
zDd-x.
DE. And therefore 2Dd :: DC aDK :: DE, and Cc x DE AC. Now to the mo-
ment of the
periphery Dd that is, to the tanproduced, the of Circle, let fall the gent and AI will perpendicular AI,
So that AI x zDd 4 moment that 4 Triangles So AD</. Triangles is DE^/. Therefore every moment of the fpace quadruple and the therefore moment of of the contemporary Segment ADH, whole that whole fpace is quadruple of the Segment. Q^E. D.
be equal to zDd x AC
AC.
AD^/=C^xDE= AHDE
Bemvnftratwn
iiS
"The
Method of FLUXIONS,
no. Draw
from
it,
ce
parallel to
CE, and
at
KM
::
')
AP?
AM?
DE
and
;
divlfim*
AG/
AP
::
MK.
is
But the
little
Area
DEed
to the Tri-
angle CKr, as the altitude as to -LAP. Wherefore to are all the contemporaneous
AG
DE
is
KM
that
is,
to 4-AP.
And
all the moments of the Space PDE moments of the Space PKC, as therefore thofe whole Spaces are in the fame ratio.
AG
6.
AE
in
e,
CD,
(Fig. in p. 115-)
and
q.
Then by
of the
(
the Hypothefis
~Dd=
litude
Eq
::
P
:
Dp
E ? xCP
EF/e) :: fince PC and AC EyxAC :: CP are in the given ratio of the latus tranlverfum to the Jatus rectum of the Conic Section QD, and fince the moments HI//) and EFfe of the Areas HIKQ^and AEF are in that ratio, the Areas themfelves will be in the fame ratio. Q-^E. D.
(the
HI/'/.)):
:
HI
moment
= Eg xCPj AC moment
will
be
D/>
(Dd)
and thence
112. In this kind of demonilrations it is to be obferved, that I affume fuch quantities for equal, whofe ratio is that of equality And that is to be efteem'd a ratio of equality, which differs lefs from equality than by any unequal ratio that can be Thus
:
affign'd.
fuppos'd the rectangle E^xAC, or FE?/, to be equal to the fpace FEt/j becaufe (by realon of the difference lefs than them, or nothing in comparifon of Eqe infinitely them,)
I
in the laft
demon ftration
they
119
of inequality. And for the fame reafon I they have not a ratio HI//6 ; and fo in others. DP x HI here made ufe of this method of proving the Areas 1 13. I have of Curves to be equal, or to have a given ratio, by the equality, or by the given ratio, of their moments ; becaufe it has an affinity to
But that feems more natural the ufual methods in thefe matters. which depends upon the generation of Superficies, by Motion or Fluxion. Thus if the Confbuclion in Example 2. was to be demonftrated
line
:
From
1
ID
(Fig. p.i
it is
ID
and
;
AI
the nature of the Circle, the fluxion of the right is to the fluxion of the 1.) right line IP, as AI to ID ID from the nature of the Curve CE,
: :
: :
ID x IP. But CE x ID to and therefore CE x ID And therefore thofe Areas, being gethe fluxion of the Area PDI. nerated by equal fluxion, muft be equal. Q^E. D. fake of farther the 1 For illustration, I fliall add the demon14. flration of the Confrruc~r.ion, by which the Area of the Ciffoid is Let the lines mark'd with points in the determin'd, in Example 3. and the Afymptote fcheme be expunged; draw the Chord from of the Ciffoid. the nature of the Circle, it Is Then, QR and AQ_x CQ^, DQj-
AGE
DQ^
i.)
Fluxion of
And
DQj= AQjcCQ.
AQ_:
therefore
2DQj CX^
::
ED
AD
fore
AQ^:
:
:
DQ^
:
There-
ED AD
and
or
EDxCC^=ADx2DQ^,
is
DQ__
;
4xiADxDQ^ Nowfmce
and i AD x QD
quadruple alfo
A
its
to the fluxion
ED x CQ^== fluxion generating the Ciffoidal Area Wherefore that Area QREDO QREDO. infinitely long, is geneof the other rated quadruple ADOQ^ Q^E. D.
SCHOLIUM.
120
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
SCHOLIUM.
the foregoing Tables not only the Areas of Curves, but of any other kind, that are generated by an analogous quantities of flowing, may be derived from their Fluxions, and that by way
115.
By
the affiftance of this Theorem That a quantity of any kind is to an unit of the lame kind, as the Area of a Curve is to a fuperficial unity ; if fo be that the fluxion generating that quantity be to an unit of its kind, as the fluxion generating the Area is to an unit of its kind alfo ; that is, as the right Line moving perpendicularly upon the Abfcifs (or the Ordinate) by which the Area is defcribed, to a
:
linear Unit.
Wherefore if any fluxion whatever is expounded by fuch a moving Ordinate, the quantity generated by that fluxion will be expounded by the Area defcribed by fuch Ordinate ; or if the Fluxion be expounded by the fame Algebraic terms as the Ordinate, the generated quantity will be expounded by the fame as the deTherefore the Equation, which exhibits a Fluxion of fcribed Area. any kind, is to be fought for in the firft Column of the Tables, and the value of t in the laft Column will mow the generated Quantity.
1 1 6.
As
if
\/
_
1
-h
it
exhibited a Fluxion of any kind, make it may be reduced to the form of the Equations
and
it
will be
z~
'
</
-+-
z
43
i.
>
7y,
And
an Equation of the
firft
Species of the
will
-id
-p.
3d Order of Table
i,
comparing the
8a
terms,
it
be
</=
e=i,f=2.
_
it
and thence
Z
+ -i8z
,~
\S
i
+-
gz a
==
R>
is
=/.
_,
Therefore
is
the
quantity
4"
3 17,
^~
1/1
-4-
which
generated
by the Fluxion
And
&
z
-or,
*/s&--!
ga*
=7,
an
Equation
of
the
Then comparing
terms,
121
d=.
i,
and/=
*
i.
So that x 7
= =
-
**, the
'
_j_
^ 7
-u,
and 4 J
=- =A
j
Which
being
ill
found,
+ L^Z
be known,
is
by
to
making
it
to be to an Unit of
;
its
own
fuperficial unity
t
or
which comes
to fuperficial unity.
1 1
8.
_ ~
l
to the fame,
by
fuppofing the
imagine
for
to fignify a Superficies, but a Line ; that Line, is to a linear unit, as the Area: which (accord-
is to a fuperficial unit, or ing to the Tables) is reprefented by t, On that which is produced by applying that Area to a linear unit. which account, if that linear unit be made e, the length generated
by the foregoing
thofe Tables
fluxion will be
And upon
this
foundation
be apply'd to the determining the Lengths of Curve-lines, the Contents of their Solids, and any other quantities whatever, as well as the Areas of Curves.
may
Of
I.
To approximate
this, right119. The lined Figures may be fo compounded together, that they may very the value of the Curvilinear Area required. nearly conftitute
is
method
120.
.v
tion } having found the value of ** #* the Area AFDB, viz. /,** of values fome the &c. Rectangles are to J-x*,
r
Thus xx
= zz
is
AFD
which
is
be fought, fuch
xx, or x* of the z* T#* rectangle the value of AD x and or BD x AB, x^/x, #', be are to thefe values AB. Then multiply'd by
the value
x\/x
-
TV#% & c
any
different letters,
that
ftand for
numbers
indefinitely,
and then
to
122
to be
2^2 Method of
FLUXIONS,
added together, and the terms of the fum are to be compared with the correfponding terms of the value of the Area AFDB, that As if thofe Paralleloas far as is poffible they may become equal. \ex^ grams were multiply'd by e and f, the fum would be ex*
thefe terms
^x
or
= = AB
e
,^x
,
/=
equivalent
tracted
+/=-!, and 4., 4 that So x AB x AD -fTr TT ^-BD * For AB is x AD AB x -f. T T nearly. ^-BD &c. which _^.v* _L.,v*, 4.** being fube
i^=
AFDB,
T'-#
-j-
TV#*,
&c.
121.
Thus
if
AB
were bifected
AB x DE
-2-#*
128
will be
1024
-Area
-\
x\/x
x*, &c.
the rectangle
AB
560
AD
x AB, gives
the
into
AFDB,
error
is
J-x*
TJ^JTJ.
-5760
x*
&c. which
even tho' part of the whole Area, But this Theorem may be thus of a Circle. were a quadrant prois the fo into DE, added to a rectangle pounded. As 3 to 2, and DE, to the Area AFDB, fifth part of the difference between
AFDB
AB
AD
very nearly. and 122. And thus by compounding two rectangles AB x BD, or all the three rectangles together, or by taking in ftill other Rules may be invented, which will be fo more
ABxED
rectangles,
much the more exacT:, as there are more Rectangles made ufe of. And the fame is to be understood of the Area of the Hyperbola, or of any other Curves. Nay, by one only rectangle the Area may
by taking BE to AB to the Area AFDB,
often be very
commodioufly exhibited,
as in the foregoing Circle, to the as v/io x will be 5, rectangle as 3 to 2, the error being only T TAT* -fr-
AB
ED
The Area being g hen, to determine the Abfcifs and Ordinate. 123. When the Area is exprefs'd by a finite Equation, there can But when it is exprefs'd by an infinite Series, the be no difficulty affected root is to be extracted, which denotes the Abfcifs. So for
II.
:
the
W^^
**
123
z, after
found
&c. that from the given Area , -^ -+the Abfcifs x may be known, extract the affedled Root, and there - 4will arife x &c. And ,
we
have
bx
^
.5
-JjjL
moreover,
that
is,
if
the Ordinate
-f-
by a
} -+
-^
-f-
~
s
were required, divide ab by /z 4- AT, &c. and there will arife z=l>> ,
124.
Thus
as
ax
1 i
-xx
I
to the Ellipfis
after the
which
is
is
exprefs'd
zz,
Area
,
found z
by the Equation
a%x *
^a?x*
,
^!^
x
,
i;'
for
and
for x*,
and
it
becomes
=
is
^
And
a
-i-j,
/=
x
in
&c.
equal to x.
this value
the Equation
arifes
ax
-xx
3
= **. ^L
5<:
38*' __
'7Sf*
Q7^
225018
5c c>
So that from
will be
All which things may be accommogiven, and the Ordinate z. dated to the Hyperbola, if the flgn of the quantity c be changed, only wherever it is found of odd dimenfions.
RO
B.
124-
*The
Method of FLUXIONS,
P R O
1o find as
B.
X.
1.
The
I.
the
foltirion
of
this
Problem.
If the right Line DC, ftanding perpendicularly Curve AD, be conceived thus to move,
2.
all
its points G, g, r, &c. will defcribe other Curves, which are equidiftant, and perpendicular to that line : As GK, gk,
upon
any.
rs,
&c.
3.
II.
Line is continued each its extremities will indefinitely way, move contrary ways, and therefore there will be a Point between, which will have no motion, but may therefore be call'd the Center of Motion. This Point will be the fame as the Center of Curvature, hath at the point D, which the Curve Let that point as is mention'd before.
If that right
AD
beC.
not fuppofe the line but circular, unequably curved, fuppofe more curved towards <T, and lefs toward A; that Center will continually change its place, approaching nearer to the parts more curved, as in K, and going farther off at the parts lefs curved, as in.
4. III. If
we
AD
to
be
kt and by that means will defcribe fome line, as KG. IV. The right Line DC will continually touch the line de5. fcribed by the Center of Curvature. For if the Point of this line moves towards ^, its point G, which in the mean time pafTes to K, and is fituate on the fame fide of the Center C, will move the fame way, by pofition 2. moves Again, if the fame point towards A, the point g, which in the mean time paffes to k, and k fituate on the contrary fide of the Center C, will move the conmoved in the former cafe, trary way, that is, the fame way that Wherefore K and k lie on the fame fide of while it pafs'd to K. the right Line DC. But as K and k are taken indefinitely f :>r any
points,
125
Curvature D, then the right line DC will cut the Curve KC ; but yet in an angle that is lefs than any right-lined angle, which is the fame thing as if it were faid to touch it. Nay, the point C in or which the two parts of the at the is cafe Limit, this Cufpid, moft in the oblique concourfe, touch each other ; Curve, finishing and therefore may more juftly be faid to be touch'd, than to be cut, which divides the Angle of contact. by the right line DC, V. The right Line CG is equal to the Curve CK. For conis
the whole Curve lies on the fame fide of the plain that is not cut, but therefore and only touch'd by it. DC, the line <rDA is continually more 6. Here it is fuppos'd, that for if its greateft or leaft ; curved towards <T, and lefs towards
in
the points r, 2r, 3;-, ^.r, &c. of that right Line to defcribe the arches of Curves rs, 2r2s, 3^3;, &c. in the mean time that they the motion of that right line ; and approach to the Curve CK, by fmce thofe arches, (by polition i.) are perpendicular to the right
all
7. ceive
lines that
CK, (by
pofition 4.)
will be alfo perpendicular to that Curve. the line CK, intercepted between thofe arches, which by reafon of their infinite fmallnefs may be confider'd as right lines, are equal to the intervals of the fame arches ; that is, (by polition i.) are equal And equals being added to fo many parts of the right line CG. will be equal to the whole Line to equals, the whole Line
CK
CG.
thing would appear by conceiving, that every part of the right Line CG, as it moves along, will apply itfelf fuccefof the Curve CK, and thereby will meafure fively to every part them ; juft as the Circumference of a wheel, as it moves forward by revolving upon a Plain, will meafure the diflance that the point of
8.
The fame
hence it appears, that the Problem may be refolved, by afiuming any Curve at pleaflue A/'DA, and thence by determining the other Curve KC, in which the Center of Curvature of the aftumed Curve is always found. Therefore letting fall the perpendiculars DB and CL, to a right Line AB given in pofition, and in .v and BD v to AB taking any point A, and calling AB be affumed AD let relation between x and v, define the Curve any and then by Prob 5. the point C may be found, by which may be determined both the Curve KC, and its Length GC.
9.
And
10.
126
10.
Method of FLUXIONS,
EXAMPLE. Let ax
found
=yy
-+.
which
will be
^
is
* ,
and DC
= 2if
a
AL=|
ax.
Which
KC
its
Length by DC.
For
as
we
are at
and liberty to aflume the points let us in where the Curve KC, anf
Curvature of the Parabola at its Vertex ; and putting therefore AB and BD, or x and y, to be nothing, it will be
fuppofe
to be the Center of
DC
-irf.
And
this
is
the Length
fubtracted
AK,
DC,
its
or
indefinite value of
11.
and
=
j
zt Length, without any relation to the Parabola ; call KL and or AL and it will be &==. LC AT, v, \a 3 x, ^z ' S! == or Therefore CL ax =yy. v, 4v
\a.
this
is,
and what
'''
/27
= = = = =
aa
is
27 #
u*
KC
And
Length there
>r
arifes
llil
^/^aa
-f-
az
a,
by
writing
12.
~z
for
in the value
alfo
of CG.
be refolved by taking an Equation, which fhall exprefs the relation between AP and PD, fuppofing P to be the interfeclion of the Abfcifs and
The Problem
may
CPD to move and PD =/, an infinitely fmall fpace, fuppofe to the place Cpd and in CD and Cd taking CA and CeT both of the fame r, and to given length, fuppofe CL let fall the perpendiculars A^ and fy of which Ag, (which call may meet Cd inf. Then compleat the Parallelogram gyfe, and making
conceive
}
Perpendicular.
For
calling
AP=,v,
=z)
x,y, and
,v,
y,
and x,
as
before
it
127
1
will be
Ae
P/>
A/
:t
A?P
C
'
All*
"
?
Q"P
a>quo t
CA]
::
TT
'
And A/:
::
CA
P.
Then
Ae:Pp
::
^11
CP.
But P/> is the moment of the Abfcifs AP, by the acceiTion of which it becomes Ap ; and Ae is the contemporaneous moment of the perthe decreafe of which it becomes fy. pendicular Ag-, by fore Ae and Pp are as the fluxions of the lines Ag (z) and
that
is
is,
*
There-
AP
Cgl
CP_=
= ~*
as
2,
::
~-
(x),
it
CP.
&&, and
CA
And
i ;
fmce
it
will be
z
.
an uniform fluxion, to which the reft are to be be that fluxion, and its value is unity, then CP
=
=
Cg
13. Befides
it
is
:
CA
(i)
;
Ag
(z}
::
CP
zz )
~z
j
: :
CP CL
therefore
it is
PL; alfo 2Z PL
:
CA
,
(i)
and
CL
Z z.
Laftly,
infinitely fmall
Arch D</, or perpendicular to DC, P^- will be the momentum of DP, by the acceflion of which it becomes dp, at the fame time that AP becomes A/>. Therefore Pp and Pg are as the fluxions of AP
(x)
and
PD
(;'),
that
is,
as
and
triangles
fame
14.
ratio,
will be
CA
.
y.
and Ag,
and z,
are
in
the
Whence we
have
this folution
of
the Problem.
the propofed Equation, which exprefles the relation between x and^x, find the relation of the fluxions x and y, (by Prob. i.) be had the value of _)-, to which z and putting x i, there will
From
Then fubftituting z for/, by the help of the lafl Equaequal. tion find the relation of the Fluxions x,y, and z, (by Prob. i.) and Thefe fubftituting i for x, there will be had the value of z.
is
again
being found
make
^21= CP,
Z
zx
CP
PL, and
CP
x v/
= CL;
KG
is
yy
be a Point in the Curve, any part of which Line CG, which is the difference of the to the Curve \)d from the points tangents, drawn perpendicularly
and
will
C and K,
I2 8
15.
7%e Method of
Ex. Let
i.)
it
FLUXIONS,
rela-
tion
between
AP
ax=yy
firft
Trob.
=
y
will be
ax= 2yy,
2yz.
or
o, or
Thence
l_J
it
is
CP
=
aa.
yy
4-vv
taking
there remains
AL
?a
CD ~ Now
.
away y
aa I
,
take
away y and
x, becaufe
when CP and
PL
have affirmative values, they fall on the fide of the point P toand A, and they ought to be diminiihed, by taking away wards the affirmative quantities PD and AP. But when they have negative will the fide fall on of the point P, and then values, they contrary they muft be encreafed, which is alfo done by taking away the affirmative quantities PD and AP. in which the point 1 6. Now to know the Length of the Curve, of between two its and C ; we rauft ieek C is found, any points the length of the Tangent at the point K, and fubtradt it from CD.
As
K were the point, at which the Tangent is terminated, when and CA Ag, or i and z, are made equal, which therefore is fituate in the Abicifs itfelf AP ; write i for z in the Equation 2yz,
if
a=
whence
that
is
a=2y.
in
,
Therefore for y write ^a in the value of CD, and it comes out And this is the length a.
the difference between of the Tangent at the point K, or of ; which and the foregoing indefinite value of CD, is -i#> that
DG
--
is
GC,
to
which the
that
it
may appear what Curve this is, from AL (hav17. firft its ing changed fign, that it may become affirmative,) take AK, which will be ^a, and there will remain KL %a, which
Now
KC
is
equal.
=
or
call /,
line
CL, which
call
v, write
for
aa anc
->
^ere
a "fe
\/^at
vv,
which
i a,
is
129
the relation between t and v cannot conveniently be reduced to an Equation, it may be fufficient only to find the lengths PC and PL. As if for the relation between AP and PD the Equa3 were affumed; from hence (by Prob. i.) tion
8.
When
^x-^-^y
it
_}'
=o
firft
there arifes a
4-^*2
and therefore
given
is
z
,
y*z
yy
=
, '
o,
then
aaz
aa
aa
and
z=
zyyz
.
y*z=o,
Whence
are
PC
""'-
and
PL
yy
2rxPC, by which
the point
is
And the length of the Curve, determined, which is in the Curve. be known will fuch between two points, by the difference of the
two correfponding Tangents, DC or PC y. i, and in order to determine 19. For Example, if we make fome point C of the Curve, we take y 2 then AP or x becomes
a=
if
.y
3"'.v_ _
Zaa
T' to
-_. T> z z
T>
PC "1V
we
2>
Then
AP=6,
ioi. 84, >ir, Which being had, if y be taken from PC, there will remain 4 in the firil cafe, and the j 87 in the fecond, for the lengths difference of which 83 is the length of the Curve, between the two
=i, z
take
PC=
?
will be
3,
it
andPL=
DC
points found C and c. 20. Thefe are to be thus underftood, when the Curve is contiand C, withnued between the two points C and c, or between For when out that Term or Limit, which we call'd its Cufpid.
one or more fuch terms come between thofe points, (which terms are found by the determination of the greateft or leaft PC or DC,) the lengths of each of the parts of the Curve, between them and the muft be feparately found, and then added together. points C or K,
PROB.
XI.
To find as many Curves as you pie of e, whofe Lengths may be compared with the Length of any Curve propofed, or with its Area applied to a given Line y by the help of
finite Equations.
performed by involving the Length, or the Area of the in the Equation which is affumed in the foregoing propofed Curve, the relation between AP and PD (Figure to determine Problem, Eut that z, and z may be thence derived, (by Art. 12. pjg. 126.)
i.
It
is
Prob.
130
7%4 Method of
FtuxioNS,
Prob. i.) the fluxion of the Length, or of the Area, muft be firft difcowr'd. 2. The fluxion of the Length is determin'd by putting it" equal to the fquare-root of the fum of the fquares of the fluxion of the Abbe the perpendicular OrdiFor let fcifs and of the Ordinate. the Abfcifs and MN, nate, moving upon be the propofed Curve, at which let
RN
=
nr
fall
MN
their
Fluxions
ceive the
s,
/,
and
<u
Line
NR to move
RJ perpendicular
and Rr will be the contemporaneous moments of the lines MN, NR, and QR, by the accetfion of which they become nr, and And as thefe are to each other as the fluxions of the fame
_
M"
N"
M,
lines,
Rr, or
\/V
-f- f-
it
will be
>/R/
-f-Tr*
<v.
But to determine the fluxions s and t there are two Equationsand NR,. required; one of which is to define the relation between or s and /, from whence the relation between the fluxions s and tis to be derived ; and another which may define the relation beor in the given Figure, and of AP or x in that retween
3.
MN
MN
NR
quired, x or i
4.
being found, the fluxions y and z are to be fought by a third aflumed Equation, by which the length PD or y may be
defined.
may Then
Then we
y,
are to take
PC
DC
= PC
2ss
= '-^,
PL
=y x PC,
and
as in the
foregoing Problem.
ss=tt be an Equation to the given Curve Ex. i. Let as 5. be a Circle; xx as the relation between the which will QR, and the relation between the length of lines AP and MN, Lv=.y, the Curve given QR, and the right Line PD. By the firft it will
be as
~
zt
2tt, or
it
's=i.
as,
And
thence
zt
=v
s*-i-t* ==: v.
By
the fecond
is
2X
is,
third
u=y,
that
= ^=
and therefore t
=. v.
And by
the
z } and hence
^'=2;.
Which
being
131
and
PC
= -^.
1
PL=/x PC,
DC
== PC
y,
or
PC
the given Curve muft be known, and from thence the length of the right Line and fo on the is found ; length of the Curve, in which the point C
QR
of appears, that the length cannot be found, but at the fame time 'the
QR-
Where
it
DC
contrary.
6.
as
ss
=
s,
ff
remaining,
make #
an d
^ax-=.^ay.
And by
the
i
firft
as above.
by the
third
2iw
"
4^
=
,
and therefore ^
-y)
= ^=
i
j,
-y,
v.
And
407,
or (eliminating
z.
3L
== z
st, a + Let there be fuppos'd three Equations, aa denotes an which the Then firft, *s by x, and A: -f- v =}' and therefore '-V" 4- " ', Hyperbola, it is o=rf+/i, or 7
Ex.
3.
V/M
- v/w
3'
3'
-f- tf
-+-
= =
or
v.
v.
is
3*
is
=
i
i,
-u
and therefore
it
== y
is,
it
or
+
w
</ss-4-tt=:z; then
for the
from hence
-^
w =s,
that
putting
</"
-t-
^, which
if
be
made
equal to
^=
-f-
7C'i;,
from thence
then
z.
1.
^
s,
2W7i;.
And
firft
fubftituting
/',
for
and
P^
= =
Now
_>'
and
in the fivft Example. perform'd as is 8. Now if from any point Q_of a Curve, a perpendicular let fall on MN, and a Curve is to be found whofe length may be
reft
is
QV
known from
which
the length
;
which
let that
QRNV
And
E,
Area of a
QRNV reiTtangular parallelogram made upon VN, as the Ordinate or moving line NR by which
is
call'd
<y,
and
its
fluxion v.
to the
t,
dcin
fcribed, to the
is
deicribcd
the
132
tte Method of
FLUXION
s,
the fame time ; and the fluxions v and } of the lines v and or of the lengths which arife (or s,) by applying thofe Areas to the
MN,
it
will be
v= ~
s
Therefore
reft to
by
this
is
to
be
perform'd
9.
Ex.
Let
QR
Equation, aa -+
or
defined by this
I.)
//
and thence
other
i
arifes
(by Prob.
are
=tf,
and y
= =v
t.
Then
;
if for the
two Equations
j,
aflumed
x=s
}
the
firft
will give
v,
=
ft
or
t,
= z =
whence v
= =
^
.
and
,
-g,
z= ^
y
and fubftituting
being found,
or
ct
for
it
becomes
=~
hit
Now
as
and z
make -r~
CP =n PL,
beforehand
thence the Point C will be determin'd, and the Curve in which all fuch points are fituated The length of which Curve will be known from the length DC, which is equivalent to CP v, as is fuffifliewn before. ciently 10. There is alfo another method, by which the Problem may be refolved ; and that is by finding Curves whofe fluxions are either equal to the fluxion of the propofed Curve, or are compounded of the fluxion of that, and of other Lines. And this may fometimes be of ufe, in converting mechanical Curves into equable Geometri:
cal
Curves
1
is
a remarkable
Example
in fpiral
lines.
1.
Let
ing upon
taining
AB be AB as
BD
an Arch mov-<
as its Center,
is
AD^
Spiral,
at
which
continually terminated, bd an arch indefinitely near it, or the place into which the arch by its motion next
that arch
BD
dG
a perpendicular to the arch bdt the difference of the arches, another Curve equal to the Spiral AD, a
arrives,
DC
AH
BH
right Line moving perpendicularly upon AB, and terminated at the Curve AH, bh the
^
andHK
~B~<T
perpendicular to
bb.
bb.
And
in the
133
lince
DC
are equal to the fame third Line Bb, and therefore equal and to each other, and Dd and Hh (by hypothecs) are correfpondent and therefore equal, as alfo the angles at G parts of equal Curves, third fides dC and hK will be equal and K are angles ; the
HK
right
alfb.
Moreover
fince
j
it
is
AB BD
:
bC
BD
(CG)
therefore - A B
::
Ab bC CG. If
:
::
hb
AB
(Qb)
this
be taken
/6K.
from dG,
therefore
z, v,
there will
remain
dG
&
= dC =
and
are the
away
Call
their
fluxions
contemporaneous moments of the fame, by the acceflion pf which they become to each other as the fluxions. A, bd and bb, and therefore are lafl in the moments Equation let the fluxions be Therefore for the and there will arife-y as alfo the letters for the Lines,
and
t
fince
B,
fubftituted,
"
^ == ~
-.y. *'
Now
of thefe fluxions,
reft are refer'd,
if
z be
unit to
12.
which the
^=)'-
z Wherefore the relation between AB the Spiral is defined, which and v,) being given by any Equation, by the fluxion v will be given, (by Prob. i.) and thence alfo the fluxion
and BD, (or between
;',
by putting
y,
it
equal to
v.
And
the line
i?.
Spiral
or
i.
BH,
of which
it is
the fluxion.
is
Ex.
If the
to the
of Archimedes,
,
i.) -^
v.
From hence
take 2U
or -
and there
remain -
2?_-r.
Which fhews
the Curve
=y, and thence (by Prob. 2.) AH, to which the Spiral AD
is
i is
to be the Parabola of Apollonius, whofe Latus reclum equal, is or whole Ordinate always equal to half the Arch BD. If 2. the Ex. Spiral be propofed which is defined 14.
2??;
BH
,
by
}_
the
3 Equation a
=a'v
if
or
=;^ T
~fl
2^ T
=-r,
ano
_l_
from which
you take ^, or
2.)
2i T
=
;
;
v,
will be
produced ^l
v.
That
i.
-BD
nrr
t
EU,
AH
3^
being a Parabola of the fecond kind,
>
134
15.
tte Method of
Ex.
3.
FLUXIONS,
a
,
.
i.)
V ac -\- cz
?.~-
z</"^ =-y,
thence
""-
from whence
, ~..
-
if
^/- ?,
or
y.
Now
generated by this fluxion y cannot be found by Prob. 2. unlefs it be refolved into an infinite Series; according to the tenor of the Scholium to Prob. 9. I reduce it to the form of the Equations in the firft
fubftituting z*
for
z,
then
it
becomes
terms,
it is
d=,e=:ac,
Equation
andf=c,
Spiral
fo
that
-~
ac
-f-
cz
== f=y.
is
Which
AH, which
AD.
PROB.
1.
XII.
a Curve-line
determinate meafure, or for an Unit to which the other Fluxions are to be refer'd, and alfo if from the Equation which defines the we mall have the Curve, we find the Fluxion of the Ordinate, Fluxion of the Curve-line, from whence (by Problem 2.) its Length may be deduced. be propofed, which is defined by 2. Ex. i. Let the Curve
FDH
;
the Equation
--
-f-
'-
=_y
making the
Abfcifs
AB
=
v-
s, and the
Jr
=y.
will
12Z.S.
Then
be had,
-/ '
i.) '
aa
y,
the
^
X~
fluxion of
z being
i,
and y being
Then adding the the fluxion of y. of the fluxions, the fum fquares
v/ill
be
-h |-f-
-^ ==
it,
root,
135
= t and thence (by Prob. 2.) ^ Here / ftands for the fluxion of the Curve, and / for its Length. if the length </D of any portion of this Curve were 3. Therefore d and D let fall the perpendiculars db and required, from the points DB to AB, and in the value of t fubftitute the quantities Ab and AB feverally for z, and the difference of the refults will be JD the a, writing La for #, Length required. As if Ab === ?a, and AB
t,
:
.
it
becomes
from whence
if
then writing a for #, it becomes / the firfl value be taken away, there will remain
;
=
2ft
Or
if
AB
_i_ -1 24
you would know the portion of the Curve which is reprefented by /, fuppofe the value of / to be equal to nothing, and there
If
arifes
z*
and
t
eredT:
or
aa
Therefore if you take AB=-^- > V*z y, 2 the perpendicular bdt the length of the Arch ^D will be And the fame is to be underflood of all Curves
,
or
z= --
..
12
11%
in general.
5.
the
if the Equation be propofed, -flength of this Curve, for defining the nature of another Curve ; there will be deduced
-^L
=y
*
_lL -=.t\ or 1
if this
3"
Equation be propofed,
t.
La*y?~*. "*
it
5 ^ -f-i^ '=
2_
Or
in
general,
if
is
cz* -{-
_
6.
.-
=_>', where
or Fraction, Integer o
we
u fed for reprefenting any number, either ,-8" (hall have cz* /.
is
4&Qi
od<r
Ex.2. Let the Curve be propofed which is defined by this "" + \/ #a -t=t^,V; then (by Prob. i.) will be had Equation
_y
= ^^-r
^f*-*
^ +
4*
^
or exterminating y t
i.
y=
i
'-'</~aa-{- zz.
-J-
To the
fquare of
which add
~
aa
4- a*
4 4
.
and
136
and
tain'd
its
ttt Method of
Root
* i
FLUXIONS,
will 2.) /
-f-
aa
t.
be ob-
+
3.
is
7.
Ex.
Equation
ay
or
~ =_y, and
thence
.by Prob.
i. is
derived
2a a
r==y.
Therefore
<
-+- 2f:
4<*
=
1
1
i -+-
yy
ss
length of the Curve generated by the Fluxion / cannot be found by Prob. 2. without a reduction to an infinite Series of fimple Terms, I confult the Tables in Prob. 9. and according to the Scholium belonging to
it,
have
'
v/
-t-
And
thus you
ay*,
may
ay*, 2?
r=
z>
find
ay*,
*
&c.
8.
Ex.
3
,
4.
is
rfy
or
^=:^;
"
i.)
will arife
1^
_y.
Therefore v/
-f-
i^ 7
ga
=
and
</yy
-+- i
t.
confult the Tables according to the aforefaid Scholium, and by comthe 5th Order of Table 2, I have paring with the 2d Theorem of
sF
x,
v/i
-f9
^ = v,
7
and
s
|j=?.
Where x
denotes the
Ab-
the Area of the Hyperbola, and / the by applying the Area %s to linear unity. length which the fame manner the lengths of the Parabolas z 6 =ay', 9. After 7 z* :z=y , z' =ay', &c. may alfo be reduced to the Area of the
fcifs,
the Ordinate,
arifes
Hyperbola.
jo.
Ex.
5.
is
Equation
^T^jL"
and
Let the CuToid of the Ancients be propofed, whole __ ; an d thence (by Prob. i.) ' 22,* V az. 2.Z.
.
v/ az
zz=y,
therefore
-^
^/"^
=^
'
yy
-f-
which by writing 2?
for
or
z~\ becomes
v/ az"
-f- 3
= =
/,
an Equation of the ift Species of the 3d Order of Table 2 ; then fo that is d, 3 =. e, and ^ comparing the Terms, it ^
=^5
i3
2iA?
'u,
and
6;
/:
___.l_into
AT
20;'
4</c
s=f.
And
My
37
or Divifion
a for Unity,
by
the
Multiplication
to a juft
Of
=
its
be reduced
<
number of Div,
and
ax
1 1.
and taking AC a mean AB and AV, at C between Proportional drawn perpendiVK and let CA and V
adapted, Afymptotc, and in Curve with the the ; AV, cutting and the AF Semiaxis AV, Semiparalet the meter Hyperbola
which
AF
DB
= AG = jAV,
;
perpendicular to
YkK be defcribed
cular
to
the Hyperbola in , right Lines kt and in touch it in thofe points, and cut the let at and /and T; Rectangle
AV,
<:ut
and K, and
let
KT AV
AV
VD
be defcribed, equal to the Space TK&. Then the length of the Ciflbid will be fextuple of the Altitude VN. 12. Ex. 6. Suppofing Ad to be an Ellipfis, which the Equation
AVNM
i/az
2zz
cal Curve propofed of fuch a nature, that if B</, or_)', be produced till it meets this Curve at D, let BD be equal to the Elliptical Arch &d. that the length of this may be deter-
AD
=y be
reprefents
let
the mechani-
v ''
Now
2.zz=. y will give min'd, the Equation \/ az to the fquare of which if i be added, there ariies zy az aa 4 of the fluxion of the arch A.J. To which , the fquare
=y,
02
Szz
if
arife
-^
^ ^AD.
whofe fquare-root
=.*
/ 2y az
__ 2ZZ
"
'
is
Where
if
z be ex-
and
for
--
Fluxion of the
ift
Table
e
2.
=rt;
fo
that
z=
d=.^a,
x,
\/ ux
_.v.v
<
and
-1 + ,=
into,
J3 8
i-i.
Method of FLUXION
The Conftruaion of which
to
s.
being drawn
is thus; that the right line </G be the center of the Ellipfis, a parallelogram may double of the and its equal to the fedlor AC/,
AD.
i.)
Ex. 7. Making A/3= tp, (Fig, a -+ whofe bola, Equation is v/ let the Curve being drawn be propofed, whofe
%=
and
WD
Abfcifs
is
and
its
is
per-
pendicular
length
Ordinate
the
BD, which
arifes
by
to
a^To.
Now
that the
Curve
VD
flows uniformly,
it
find
to
be
-^
v/ b
and
'tis
its
putting AB
AT
, '
= =
t>p
=, For
its
</z, and
or v/
fluxion
is
-rV za v z
/3<^,
+-
is
defcribed
by the Tangent
<TT.
-p
v/ b
Ordinate
BD.
To
the fluxion
BD, and
</a*b
is
a>z-\- ibfrz*-
whofe root -^ is the fluxion of the Curve VD. But this 2 and Table of of the Species 7th Order
add ~^~ ^ ^~
fl
i,
the fquare of
^+
l6
ta
l and therefore z a*x -fx, and \/a b to one Conic Section, fuppofe HG, (Fig. 2.) whofe (an" Equation v ;) alfo Area EFGH is j, where EF ==%, #, and FG
=g,
</,
aab=e,
a*=f,
and */i6bb
a*%
a&t-
=Y
=
)
*-
Section, (hppofe
g
i
139
is
<r,
where IK
T.2abbs
2
/\
T/"T
/XT
2aftbb^f
fl5^Y*tf4y
" Aaabb?
L,aitiy
any portion db perpendicular to AB, and make Kb may z ; and thence, by what is now found, feek the value of t. Then make AB=,s, and thence alfo feek for /. And the difference of thefe two values of / will be the length Dd required. 16. Ex. 8. Let the Hyperbola be propos'd, whofe Equation is
VD
15.
DJ
of the Curve
known,
=)', and
\/aa 4- tzz
i.)
i,
will be
had^
=-
Or
To
aa -\-
bz.z.
will be ^/
+
"
bits.
=
it
1
/.
not to be found
firft
to an infinite Series
/ 3
y
and
*
>
by
divifion
4
'
/ 1
5
it
becomes
the root,
;= </ 1 t ==
t
-f-jaS
^2:4 H-r 2
7*
&c
a d
extracting
a-
&
, *
&c.
A And
2.)
may
the Ellipfis \/aa bz,z=.y were propofed, the Sign of 17. If b ought to be every where changed, and there will be had z 41 i ^t_s 7 , &c. for the length of its *-z' -^ _f-
&
Arch.
And
, I
b,
it
will be
-+-
-^
-f-
Now the of the Circular Arch. &c. for the length 3ii_4_ IJil > O 2V.'' 104 numeral coefficients of this feries may be found adinfinitum t by multhe terms of this Progreflion tiplying continually
S x 9
'
^-
>
10 x
'
i
Ex. 9. Vertex is V,
18.
VDE AV
be propofed, whole
the femidiameter of the interior Circle, to which it is adapted, and the Angle
VAE
being
AKD
Circle
a right
Angle.
Now
DB
AE
AG
being
c;,
let
VK
2
fall
x,
and
BD
y,
and
it
will
The Method of
will be as in the foregoing
FLUXIONS.
=.z 4arife
Example, x
-r~
4-
j; 4-
&c.
,
js,
z= x ^ 44
,
4 "
#
2^j
4:
-^ 9Aa9
; * , *7?r\/j9
&c. will be
Now
and
'tis
fince
AG GK
:
and there
will arife y
i.)
i
,
(by Prob.
= y=- ^
a
^
::
AB
BD
(y), divide
^
AB VR x, AB x GK by AG,
&c.
= =
^
'-J
GK.
^
^.
-^--,
,
And thence,
which add
_6o4^
1Z /S~S U
will be
2.)
/
4-
il il
-f-
&c __
may
be obtain'd, -f
or the
6 4 v7
'
viz.
YD
x 4-
^j
895025
THE
THE
METHOD
of
FLUXIONS
AND
INFINITE SERIES;
O
R,
A PERPETUAL
the foregoing
COMMENT
TREATISE,
upon
THE
METHOD
of
FLUXIONS
AND
INFINITE SERIES.
ANNOTATIONS
The
on the Introduction
OR,
Refolution of Equations by
INFINITE SERIES.
SEc
T.
I.
Of
the
Nature and
ConftruElion of Infinite
or Converging Series.
great Author of the foregoing Work begins with a fhort Preface, in which he lays down his main defign very concifely. He is not to be here underftood, as if he would reproach the modern Geometricians with deferting the Ancients, or with abandoning their Synthetical Method of Demonftration, much lefs that he intended to difparage the Analytical Art ; for on the contrary he has very nauch improved both and this he in Treatife Methods, particularly wholly applies himfelf in he which has fucceeded to univerial apto cultivate Analyticks, Not but and admiration. that we mail find here fome explaufe of the Method which are very mafterly likewife, Synthetical amples and elegant. Almoft all that remains of the ancient Geometry is indeed Synthetical, and proceeds by way of demonftrating truths
it
already
known, by mewing
their
144
other
-tb e
Method of FLUXIONS,
either
is
really are, or
may
But the mediately or immediately. fuch Mathematical Truths as be fuppos'd at leaft to be unknown. It afiumes
to invcftiga'te
thofe Truths as granted, and argues from them in a general ner, till after a .fcries of argumentation, in which the -feveral
manfteps
connexion wjth each other, it arrives at the knowof the ledge propofition required, by comparing it with fomething This therefore being the Art of Invention, really known or given. be it deferves to cultivated with the utmoft certainly induftry. Many of our modern Geometricians have been perfuaded, by confidering the intricate and labour'd Demonftrations of the Ancients, that they .were Mailers of an Analyfis purely Geometrical, which they ftudiouily conceal'd, and by the help of which they deduced, in a direct and fcientifical manner, thofe abftrufe Proportions we fo much admire in tome of their writings, and which they afterwards demonftrated Synthetically. But however this may be, the lofs of that
have
a.
neceftary.
Analyfis, if any fuch there were, is amply compenfated, I think, by our prefent Arithmetical or Algebraical Analyfis, especially as it is now improved, I might fay perfected, by our fagacious Author in the Method before us. It is not only render 'd vaftly more univerfal,
and
exterriive
likewife a moft
trical
compendious Speculations, and for deriving Conftructions and Synthetical Demonftrations from thence ; as may abundantly appear from the
enfuing Treatife.
2. The conformity or correfpondence, which our Author takes notice of here, between his new-invented Doctrine of infinite Series, and the commonly received Decimal Arithmetick, is a matter of confiderable importance, and well deferves, I think, to be let in 3. fuller
probability could ever be, but is Analyiis for the more abftrufe Geomeall
Light, for the mutual illuftration of both ; which therefore I fhall For Novices in .this Doctrine, tJho' they here attempt to perform. be well inay already acquainted with the Vulgar Arithmetick, and with the Rudiments of the common Algebra, yet are apt to appre-
hend fomething
abftrufe
and
whereas in-
Decimal Arithmetick, Decimal and the fame or Notation is only Notion Fractions, efpecially ftill farther, and rendered more univerfal. But to mew this tarry'd in fome kind of order, I muft inquire into thefe following particulars. Firft I muft (hew what is the true Nature, and what are the genuine Principles, of our common Scale of Decimal Arithmetick. Secondly what is the nature of other particular Scales, which have been, or
as
may
145
Thirdly, what is the nature of a which lays the foundation for the Doctrine of infinite general Scale, Scale ot Series. Laftly, I ihall add a word or two concerning that the Root is in which and thcrefoi-e Arithmetick unknown, propofcd to be found ; which gives occafion to the Doctrine of Affected Equations.
common
Scale of
Decimal Arithmetick,
it is
by with the affiftance of other fmall Integer Numbers, not exceeding Nine, which are the Coefficients of thofe Powers. So that Ten is here the Root of the Scale, which if we denote by the Character X, as in the Roman Notation and its feveral Powers by the help of this 3 Root and Numeral Indexes, (X 1000, ico, X 10, X X4 10000, &c.) as is ufual then by ailuming the Coefficients o, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, as occafion (hall require, we may form or Thus for inflance 5X 4 -f- jX 3 -fexprefs any Number in this Scale.
1
that ingenious Artifice of expreffing, in a regular manner, all conceivable Numbers, whether Integers or Fractions, Rational or Surd, the feveral Powers of the number Ttv/, and their Reciprocals;
4X
+ 8X
and
-rf-
3X
Scale,
is
the fame
in this,
will be a particular Number exprefs'd by this as 57483 in the common way of Notation.
Where we may
Notation only
from the other way of Powers of X (or Ten) are fupprefs'd, together with the Sign of Addition -f-, and are left For as thofe Powers afcend to be fupply'd by the Underftanding. of Units, (in which is always X, or i, regularly from the place muhiply'd by its Coefficient, which here is 3,) the feveral Powers will ealily be understood, and may therefore be omitted, and the
obferve, that this laft differs that here the feveral
Thus Coefficients only need to be fet down in their proper order. 6 5 3 will oX* (land for the Number 7906538 -+-f-+-6X -f-
yX
gX
^X* -f-3X' -f-3X, when you fupply all that is underftood. And the Number 1736 (by fuppreffing what may be ealiiy -underftood,)
will be equivalent to
-+-
7X
Integer
Numbers whatever,
or Ten.
Artifice
is
3X
-f-
and the
like
Root X,
The fame
all Decimal Fractions, by means of the Reciprocals of the ll-vcral c.:c. Powers of Ten, fuch as ^ o, i 0,0 1 ; 0,001 5^1
which Reciprocals may be intimated by negative Indices. Decimal Fraction 0,3172 (lands for 3X~'-j- iX~~ -f-7X and the mixt Number 526,384 (by {applying what is
:
Thus
-{-
the
2\~~4 i
;
underfl
becomes
Method
becomes
9 X^'
-f-
<?/*
FLUXIONS,
and the ; &c. ftands for 0,9999999, & &c. which infi-+- yX~
-f,
X + 2X>
4
-f-
6X
8X"1
4 X-
gXis
-4-
9X~
H-
9X~
all
-f-
9 X~
nite Series
equivalent to Unity.
So that by
this
Decimal
Scale, (or
all
Ten and
are
their Reciprocals,
together with
which
the whole
conceivable
Numbers may be
progrefs or approximation ad infinitum, And the like may be done by any other Scale, as well as the Decimal Scale, or by admitting any other Number, befides Ten, to be
the
Root of our Arithmetick. For the Root Ten was an arbitrary Number, and was at firft aflumed by chance, without any previous
Other Numbers perhaps be may affign'd, which would have been more convenient, and which have a better elaim for being the Root of the Vulgar Scale of ArithBut however this may prevail in common affairs, Mathemetick. maticians make frequent life of other Scales ; and therefore in the fecond place I (hall mention fome other particular Scales, which
confideration of the nature of the thing.
have been occafionally introduced into Computations. The moft remarkable of thefe is the Sexagenary or Sexagefimal Scale of Arithmetick, of frequent ufe among Aflronomers, which expreffes
poffible Numbers, Integers or Fractions, Rational or Surd, by the Powers of Sixty, and certain numeral Coefficients not exceeding fiftyThefe Coefficients, for want of peculiar Characters to reprenine. fent them, muit be exprefs'd in the ordinary Decimal Scale. Thus
all
if
bers will be
ftands for 60, as in the Greek Notation, then one of the/e Num53^ -f- 9^' -+- 34!, or in the Sexagenary Scale 53", 9*,
is
Again, equivalent to 191374 in the Decimal Scale. the Sexagefimal Fraclion 53, 9', 34", will be the fame as 53^= -f-
34, which
Decimal Numbers will be 53,159444, &c. infinitum. appears by the way, that fome Numbers may be exprefs'd by a finite number of Terms in one Scale, which in another cannot be exprefs'd but by approximation, or by a pro-
9|f+ 34~
which
in
aa
Whence
it
greffion of
Terms
has been confider'd, and in fome meafure has been admitted into practice, is the Duodecimal Scale,
Another
which
exprefles
mon
affairs
we
fay a
in
a
comDozen
of GrofTes or a great Grofs, Off. And this perhaps would have been the mod convenient Root of all otherSj by the Powers of which
to
147
not being fo lig
as
but that
to
its
;
Multiples, and all below it, might be eafily committed and it admits of a greater variety of Divifors than any
greater than
itfelf.
Befides,
it is
not fo fmall,
'but that
Numbers exprefs'd hereby would fufficiently converge, or by a few figures would arrive near enough to the Number required; the contrary of which is an inconvenience, that muft neceflarily
attend the taking too fmall a
Number
for the
Root.
And
to admit
this Scale into practice, only two fingle Characters to denote the Coefficients Ten and Eleven.
would be wanting,
Some have
which
by
TIDO
is
But this can never it, be a convenient Scale to manage and exprefs large Numbers by, becaufe the Root, and confequently its Powers, are fo very fmall, that they make no difpatch in Computations, or converge exceeding flowly. The only Coefficients that are here necelTary are o and i. Thus i x 2 5 -f- i x 2* -h o x2 3 i x2* -f- i x 2' -f- 0x2 is one of thefe
the Root, and have pretended to and to find considerable advantages in it.
make Computations
Numbers,
tation
is
(or compendioufly 110110,) which in the common Nono more than 54. Mr. Leibnits imngin'd he had found
See the
Memoirs of
the
Royal Academy
have frequent recourfe, though tacitly, to and other Scales, whofe Roots are certain Millenary Arithmetick, Powers of Ten. As when a large Number, for the convenience of reading, is diftinguifli'd into Periods of three figures: As 382,735,628,490. Here 382, and 735, &c. may be confider'd as Coefficients, and the Root of the Scale is 1000. So when we reckon by Millions, Billions, Trillions, &c. a Million may be conceived as the Root of our Arith-
we
Alfo when we divide a Number into pairs of figures, for metick. the Extraction of the Square-root ; into ternaries of figures for the Extraction of the Cube-root ; &c. we take new Scales in effect, whofe
whatever, whether Integer or Fraction, may be made a particular Scale, and all conceivable Numbers may be exprefs'd or computed by that Scale, admitting only of integral and affirmative Coefficients, whofe number (including the Cypher c) need not be greater than the Root. Thus in
Any Number
Root of
(Quinary Arithmetick,
compofed of the Powers of the Root 5, the need be Coefficients only the five Numbers o, i, 2, 3, 4, and yet all Numbers whatever are expreffible by this Scale, at leaft by approxiin
which the
Scale
is
mation,
j^B
x 5'
-|- 3
x 5*
-\~
s
;
or if
as
feveral
in the
common
tick.
Scale, this
Number
will be
42302,43
Quinary Arithme-
All vulgar Fractions and mixt Numbers are, in fome meafure, the a particular Scale, or making the Denoexpreffing of Numbers by be the Root of a new Scale. to Thus Fraction is of the minator 1 is the fame as 8 and 8-fx 5 '-f- 3 x j-'j 2 in effect o x ;
3
and
ther
25-5-
x^"
25x9
of
all
2x9'
7x9
-4-4X9""
And
+ 4x 9'
or ra-
fo
mixt Numbers.
A Number
to
Scale, Scale.
computed by any one of thefe Scales is eafily reduced by fubftituting inftead of the Root in one what is equivalent to it exprefs'd by the Root of the other
60 3 6X ^=2i6X 3 , or|=6X, and therefore | &c. by the fubilitution of thefe you will eafily find the equivalent Decimal Number. And the like in all other Scales.
s
1 ,
Thus 6x10,
to
reduce Sexagenary
Numbers
to Decimals,
becaufe
not neceflarily confin'd to be affirmative integer Numbers lefs than the Root, (tho' they mould be fuch if we would have the Scale to be regular,) but as occafion may
Coefficients in thefe Scales are
The
be any Numbers whatever, affirmative or negative, require they may And indeed they generally come out promiffractions. integers or Nor is it neceflary that the cuoully in the Solution of Problems.
Indices of the
Numbers, but may be any regular Arithmetical Progreffion whatever, and the Powers
integral
And
is
thus (thirdly)
we
are
call'd
an univerfal
Series,
For fuppofing the Root of the or an indefinite or infinite Series. or a to be Scale indefinite, general Number, which may therefore be reprefcnted by x, or y, &c. and affuming the general Coefficients are Integers or Fractions, affirmative or negaa, b, c, d, &c. which as it may happen ; we may form fuch a Series as this, ax* -ftive,
lx*
ex* -f- dx -f- ex, which will reprefent fome certain Number, If fuch a Number prothe Scale whofe Root is x. exprefs'd by ceeds in hfif.itum, then it is truly and properly call'd an Infinite x being then fuppos'd greater than Series, or a Converging Series,
l
_j_
Such for example is x \x~ '-\-^.x'--+ ^*~3 , &c. where Unity. the reft of the Terms are underftood ad in/initum, and are iniinuated
149
Progreffion
is,
And
thus
it
Indices,
as
may have ~any dcfcending Arithmetical m xm -+- ^v* -+-"*.. \s, Gfc. \x
l
And
we
well
received,
to
by what
difficult and obfcure,) to the knowledge of the Learner will find of which infinite Series, frequent Examples And from hence it will be eafy to in the lequel of this Treatife. make the following general Inferences, and others of a like nature, which will be of good ufe in the farther knowledge and practice of t-hefe Series ; viz. That the firft Term of every regular Series is al-
before appear'd to be
ways the
mo ft
coniiderable,
or that
to the
Number
intended, (denoted by the Aggregate of the Series,) than other That the fecond is next in value, and fo on lingle Term any That therefore the Terms of the Series ought always to be difpoled
: :
That when
in this regular defcending order, as is often inculcated by our Author : there is a Progreflion of fuch Terms-/;? infinitum, a few of
the firft Terms, or thofe at the beginning of the Series, are or fhould be a fufficient Approximation to the whole ; and that thefe may come as near to the truth as you pleafe, by taking in ftill more Terms That the fame Number in which one Scale may be exprefs'd by a finite number of Terms, in another cannot be exprefs'd but by
:
an
infinite Series,
or by approximation only,
;
and vice
versei
That
the bigger the Root of the Scale is, by fo much the fafter, cafen'.i for then the Reciprocals of the paribus, the Series will converge Powers will be fo much the lefs, and therefore may the more fafely
be neglected
as
by increafing Powers, fuch bx* -+- ex* -|-</.v , &c. the Root x of the Scale mull be underftood to be a proper Fraction, the lefler the better. Yet whenever a Series can be made to conveige by the Reciprocals of Ten, or its Compounds, it will be more convenient than a Series that converges fafter j becaufe it will more eafily acquire the form of the
:
That
if a Series
4
coir
T os
ax -^
Decimal
Scale, to
which,
in particular Cafes,
all Series
are to be ul-
timately reduced. LafHy, from fuch general Series as thefe, which refill are commonly the t in the higher Problems, we muft pafs (by fubftitution) to particular Scales c; Series, and thofe are finally to be And the Art of finding fuch general reduced to the Decimal Scale. their and then Reduction to -particular Scales, and laft all Series,
to the
j
common
Scale of
Decimal Numbers,
ticks, as
Amly
may
Method of FLUXIONS,
took notice in the fourth place, that this Doctrine of Scales, and Series, gives us an eafy notion of the nature of affected Equations, or fhews us how they ftand related to fuch Scales of Numbers. In Inflances other of and even of general ones, the particular Scales, the Root of the Scale, the Coefficients, and the Indices, are all fiippos'd to be given, or known, in order to find the Aggregate of the But in affected Equations, on Series, which is here the thing required.
I
the contrary, the Aggregate and the reft are known, and the Re ot of the Scale, by which the Number is computed, is unknown and reThus in the affected Equation $x* -j- 3*2 -f- ox* -+- 7*quired. the Aggregate of the Series is given, viz. the Number 53070,
Scale.
This
is
eafily difcern'd to
Number
exprefs'd by the
common
Decimal
Scale,
efpecially fupply the feveral Powers of 10, where they are underftood in the Aggregate, thus 5X 4 -+- 3X 3 -f-oX 1 -4-oX
we
=
I
Whence by companion
-f-
'tis
3 Equation 4^+4- ax
3** -f-ox"
-f-
2x
-f-
Ihould not fo eafily perceive that the Root was 5, or that this is a Number exprefs'd by Quinary Arithmetick, except I could reduce 3 * it to this form, 4x5* -+- 2x $ 3*5* 0x5' -f- 2 x 5 H- 4x5
-+- 3
-f-
2827,92
would preiently apthe be that Root muft So that fought finding the Root of 5. pear, an affected Equation is nothing elfe, but finding what Scale in Arithjnetick that Number is computed by, whofe Refult or Aggregate is
x
5~~
it
which is a Problem of great ufe and given in the common Scale this is to be done, extent in all parts of the Mathematicks. either in Numeral, Algebraical, or Fluxional Equations, our Author
;
How
will inflruct us in
its due place. difmiis this copious and ufeful Subject of Arithmetical Scales, I fhall here make this farther Observation ; that as all conceivable Numbers whatever may be exprefs'd by any one of theie
Before
Scales,
or by help of an Aggregate or Scries of Powers derived frcm fo likewife Root any any Number whatever may be exprefs'd by fome fingle Power of the fame Root, by affuming a proper Index,
;
integer or fracted, affirmative or negative, as occafion fhall require. Thus in the Decimal Scale, the Root of which is 10, or X, not
that
Numbers i, 10, 100, 1000, &c. or i, o.i, o.oi, o.ooi, &c. the feveral integral Powers of 10 and their Reciprocals, is, may s the fingle Powers of X' , 1 or 10, viz. be exprefs'd , ,
only the
or
X, X- X~%
1
by
X X
,
X--% &c.
all
the inter-
mediate
151
mediate Numbers, as 2, 3, 4, Gff. u, 12, 13, Gfr. may be exprefs'd or 10, if we aflame Powers of proper Indices. by fuch fingle '477",&c. 4 =__ Xo/o-.o, &e. g^ Qr jj JOI03> &CX X' Thus 2 3
=
'
X*.s89s,&c. And the like of 2=== X'>7i" 8 &e> 456 Thefe Indices are ufually call'd the Logarithms of all other Numbers. Numbers the (or Powers) to which they belong, and are fo many Ordinal Numbers, declaring what Power (in order or fucceflion) any And different Scales of Loof any Root aflign'd given Number is,
_.X''4'3!>.
&C
different Roots of thofe Scales. garithms will be form'd, by afluming thefe how But Indices, Logarithms, or Ordinal Numbers may be conveniently found, our Author will likewife inform us hereafter. All that I intended here was to give a general Notion of them, and to mew their dependance on, and connexion with, the feveral Arith-
metical Scales before defcribed. It is eafy to obferve from the Arenariiu of Archimedes, that he confider'd and difcufs'd this Subject of Arithmetical Scales, had
fully in a particular Treatife
or Principles a'^^tl,
in
which he there quotes, by the name of his which (as it there appears) he had laid the
foundation of an Arithmetick of a like nature, and of as large an It extent, as any of the Scales now in ufe, even the moft univerlal. a he had that notion of the acquired very general appears likewife, But how far he had accommoDodtrine and Ufe of Indices alfo. dated an Algorithm, or Method of Operation, to thofe his Princimuft remain uncertain till that Book can be recover'd, which ples, than expedled. However it may be is a thing more to be wim'd his great Genius and Capacity, that fince he from concluded fairly thought fit to treat on this Subject, the progrefs he had made in it
infinite Series,
Opelittle
and formation, and to make fome general upon Reflexions on their Convergency, and other circumftances. Now their formation will be beft explain'd by continual Multiplication after the following manner. Let the quantity a -+- bx -{-ex 1 -+- <A' -+- ex 4 6cc. be aflumed as a Multiplier, confming either of a finite or an infinite number of
3 ,
Terms
the
will
and
Root
x=
3
If thefe
two
a
are multiply'd
a
together,
they
produce *
2Xf?* a
2f_V + "1^5^ +
*i
n
V,
&c.
152
.
The Method of
;
FLUXIONS,
its
dp
o
1
and
if inftead
of x
-
we
q
here fubflitute
value
,
'
the Series
ef+t/f ? -^-^9
"*"
wi
ap become -
fy+"<!
TTT
q
f x -
tp+bq
-f-
&c.
tp
=
x
if
x
f-
x 11*
it
cq -*-
/3 -. -f-
x
aq
p* j*
>
o
p
y
or if
dj>
we
eg
divide
by
ep
-,
and
t*
+ bg
+
j
tranfpofe,
,
will be
:
/*
^
it
+ Jq x -
&c.
,7
which
....
Series,
thus derived,
Series in general.
were
may
,
infight into the nature of infinite plain that this Series, (even though it continued to infinity,) mufl always be equal to a, whatever be fuppofed to be the values of p, q, a, b y c, d} &c. For
may
give us a
is
good
For
the
firft
removed or deflroy'd
by its equal with a contrary Sign, in the fecond part of the feeond Term. And x- the firfl part of the fecond Term, will be re,
of -the
So
as
-finally to leave
or a, for the
Series.
And
here
it is
likewile to be obferv'd,
pleafe, and yet the Equation will be good, provided we take in the Supplement, or a due part of the next Term. And this will always obtain, whatever the nature of the Series may be, or whether it be converging or diverging. If the
we may
flop whenever we
be diverging, or if the Terms continually increafe in value, then there is a neceflity of taking in that Supplement, to preferve But if the Series be converging, or .the integrity of the Equation. if the Terms continually decreafe in any compound Ratio, and therefore finally vanifh or approach to nothing ; the Supplement may be
Series
as vanishing alfb, and any number of Terms maybe taken, the more the better, as an Approximation to the QiumAnd thus from a due confederation of this fictitious Series, a. tity the nature of all converging or diverging Series may eafily be apprefafely neglected,
hended.
feivice.
Diverging Series indeed, unlefs when the afore-mention'd increafing Supplement can be affign'd and taken in, will be of no
Supplement, in Series that commonly occur, will be generally fo entangled and complicated with the Coefficients of the Terms of the Scries, that altho* it is always to be understood., neverthelef?, ii is often impoffible to be extricated and affign'd. But however, converging Series will always be of excellent ufe, as Affording a convenient Approximation to the quantity required, when In thefe the Supplement aforefaid, it cannot be othei wile exhibited.
this
And
tho'
and INFINIT
tho' generally inextricable
SERIES.
153
and unnflignable, yet continually decreafes the of the with Terms Series, and finally becomes lefs than any along
aflignable Quantity.
The. lame Quantity may often be exhibited or exprefs'd by feveral converging Scries but that Series is to be mod edeem'd that has the Rate of Convergency. The foregoing Series will converge greateft
;
fo
much
is
lefs
than q
or as the
Fraction
than Unity.
For
if
it
be equal
to, or greater
than
Unity, it may become a diverging Series, and will diverge fo much the fader, as p is greater than q. The Coefficients will contribute
little
or
nothing to
this
Convergency or Divergency,
if
they are
fuppos'd to increafe or decreafe (as is generally the cafe) rather in a fimple and Arithmetical, than a compound and Geometrical Proportion. To make fome Edimate of the Rate of Convergency in this Series, and by analogy in any other of this kind, let k and / reprefent two Terms indefinitely, which immediately fucceed each other in the progrefTion of the Coefficients of the Multiplier a -+bx -if ex* -f-^x 3 , &c. and let the number n reprefent the order or
place of
k.
Series indefinitely
may
be repre,
fented
by
n
1
mud
be
-+- or
accori,
ding
k
as a,
=
/>,
Thus
if
.
==
]f
then
and the
c,
firft
Term
then &
fo
= =
l
/,
==2j
of the red.
Alib then
m
?"
be
the
l
be
^~p.
be any
And
profuc-
in the aforefaid
grefTion after
cefiive
-^~lp"~
Series.
-f-
^
?"
7 /."
will
two
Terms
in the
fame
Now
in
gency, the former Term abfolutely confider'd, that is fetting afide the Signs, mould be as much greater than the fucceeding Term, as
conveniently
greater
may
'
be.
JL^Jp-i
i"
than
"
r
' ~^ ^p",
dividing
all
by the
(
common
factor c"
}
\
'
that ^
t"
/f?
is
greater
than
^
,
or
mon
IpqJ
fl
than nip* +- Ipq, or (taking away the comkrf is greater 1 that kf is greater than //.y, , or (by a farther Diviiion,)
is
that - x
and
as
much
greater as
may
be.
This
7%e Method of
This
will take effeft
FLUXIONS,
; firft, the greater k is in the is in refpect of p\ of ;;;, and fecondly, greater 5* refpecl: in the Multiplier a -\-bx -f- ex* -\-dx>, &c. if the Coefficients a, b, in any decreafing ProgreiTion, then k will be greater than r, &c. are
on a double account
Now
/,
will be greater than therefore m. Alfo if q be greater than p, and (in a duplicate ratio) is So that be than will (cater faribus) the degree of /*. greater j* from, the Rate according to is here to be eftimated, Convergency
which
is
greater than
fo that a fortiori k
w hich
&c. continually decreafe, compounded its duplicate,) according to which q fhall be fuppos'd to be greater than />.
c,
The fame
what was
Term
.j_
A
/
will
be
For if the Series be call'd the Supplement of the Series. continued to a number of Terms denominated by n, then inftead of all the reft of the Terms in itifinitutn, we may introduce this Supvalue of a, inftead of plement, and then we fhall have the accurate Here the firft Sign is to be taken an approximation to that value. Thus if if n is an odd number, and the other when it is even.
n=
*
i,
and confequently
k=a,
and
j
and
/=
bb-^-a-j
i
<,
b
we
== a.
q
Or
.
if
== 2,
7
/=
then
.i
c,
then
lX
c\i
L---a.
Or
if
3,
/=
a,
J-If
ill +
e
fhall
have
tll
i
xt
-
<{$ -4-
cq
=.$.
And
fo on.
in
of the Suppleit
of
a,
and
makes
perfect,
whether the Series be converging or diverging ; which will always be the beft way of proceeding, when that Supplement can readily
be known.
happens, in fuch infinite Series as gewe muft have recourfe to infinite converging Series, nerally occur, wherein this Supplement, as well as the Terms of the Series, are
But
as this rarely
diminifh'd ; and therefore after a competent number of them are collected, the reft may be all neglected in infinitum. From this general Series, the better to aflift the Imagination, we will defcend to a few particular Inftances of converging Series in
infinitely
pure Numbers.
<
,,
to, refpectively
J
'
then
7
** _
3
a,
/>,
c-,
d,
&c. be expounded by
x ^
^
'
^c!
(XC<
r
.
or
5
'.
^
5
27
r.x; ?
x 4?
4x55.
3'
&C.
lefs
That the
Series
hence arifmg
may
converge,
make/
than
a?:d IN
than q in any given
ratio,
FINITE SERIES.
-
155
i,
fuppofe
-J.,
computed by Binary Arithmetick, Reciprocals of the Powers of Two, if infinitely continued will Or if we defire to flop at thefe four finally be equal to Unity. and reft inftead of the ad infinitum if we would introduce Terms, the Supplement which is equivalent to them, and which is here
is
Fractions, which
|.x|H-4^x^
TV x
&c.
= =
~, or
i.
/>
2,
then
That
is,
this
Series
of
or by the
known
T'of
1
to be
i,
j
is i,
x T or TV, y,
eafy to
|,
-i,
we
-f,
as
prove.
i,
4f
/
i 3
pounded by
3
&c. then
it
will be -
-+-
4iz^
X 47
J*
1f
4 X 5?
&
Thu Series m
ehhei
be continued
exprefs'd
infinitely,
or
may
Terms
all
by
;?,
~
i,
infteadof
H-IXJ*
the
reft.
Or more
--
we make (jr=
^ &c. i, v/hich is a Number 30X;;!' 20X^4 And this is eafily reduced to the exprefs'd by Quinary Arithmetick. Decimal Scale, by writing for -f, and reducing the Coefficients ; for then it will become if we take thefe i. 0,99999, &c. five Terms, mall have exadly we together with the Supplement,
7-^-. -+-
6x5!
liXjS
-f
$p,
then -2
_f.
Now
2x5
-f-
r 6x,i
11-
+
+
-1212x5}
-f-
20x54
"
+ -~
fhall
<
30x5'
4- ^-, 6x;
=
27
i.
Again,
if
we make
here JJ
77= ioo/^,
40
we
9
^^-
6
>c
x 3
-iiccoo
~9
X 3
x
i
reduce this to the regular Decimal Scale of Arithmetick, (which is always fuppos'd to be done, before any particular Problem can be faid to be coinplcatly
if
4 fa ft.
oooooo -f-
-':
4X 5
locoocooo
And
we would
folved,)
we muit
let
the Terms,
when
under one another, that their Amount or Aggregate may be tlifcover'd and then they will ftand as in the Margin. Here the Aggregate of the firfc five Terms is 0,99999999595, 0,985 which is a near Approximation to the Amount of the
;
whole
lake,
And
if,
for proof'
we add
to
this
the Supplement
.
+/
1L
5
'
,-
'"
|OJ
,/'
be
Unity exaclly.
There
f6 3
There
The Method of
*f
FLUXIONS,
Series,
whe-
mew vergency, be done, in order to make the Series finite ; which of late it can has been call'd the Summing of a Series. Let A, B, C, D, E, &c. and a, />, c, d, e, &c. be any two Progrcffions of Terms, of which is to be exprefs'd by a Series, either finite or infinite, compos'd of itfelf and the other Terms. Suppofe therefore the firft Term of
ther general or particular, which fhall approximate to a known quanand therefore will be very proper to explain the nature of Contity, and to how the Supplement is to be introduced, when
Then
ment,
as
is
is
-}-/>,
or
is
~a
As
this
is
the
whole Supple-
in
I fhall
,
only take fuch a part of it and put q for the fecond Sup-
plement.
/A q
f
That
a
is,
I will afiimie
b
\
= (p=)
..
xi
R=7
q>
a A x ~~B~
I fhall
....
-XTJ
-\-q, or
.,
>
.
and
.
for the
= (?=)
x
rrI
r.
-gx
orr
= (-/A
is
is,
Now
as this
the whole
by the Fraction
x -7 ^
B
as
/;
Bl>
Cc Cc x x
x
I
That
or
s
~
c
= =
( ^
a
-
D
a r-
x
B
'>
^
r-
s,
=
lo
/-
a x -77Ij
as far
7
i
A
at
TJ
Cc
77
T>d
x
.
A j And
on
we
pleafe.
So that
lafr.
we have
==
s
where
_,.
=
11
7,
g
A
TT-C -}- r,
B
b
where r
A
g
l>
x
fo
x '^D
A A
That
A
-\-
is
finally
b
TV-
Cc
-jj-
^~ x -]y
Cc
4C
s,
on ad
a
tnfinitum.
c
,
A
TT\
Eb x
-7
x -jj-
-J7-e,
Kc. where A, B, C, D, E,
-a
r^
-O Of* ere.
and a y
b, r, d, e, 6cc.
be any two Progreffions of Numbers whatever, whether regular or defultory, afcending or defcending. And when
may
it
it
of itfelf, and exhibits the 5cc. then But in other cafes it apvilue of A in a finite number of Terms the value to of But in the cafe of an A. proximates indefinitely faid Progreffions ought to the infinite Approximation, proceed reHated it will be Law. Here to feme eafy to ob"ularlv, according if 1C and k are put to reprefent any two Terms indefifcrvc," that aforefaid Progreffions, whofe places are denoted by the the in nitely number ;/, and if L and / are the Terms immediately following ; then the Term in the Series denoted by n -f- i will be form'd from
___
the Series terminates
:
happens
in
157
a,
or
B=^,
or
the preceding
K
DC
I
i
Term, by multiplying
A, k
/t
r>
j
"
=
',
a,
A
L
*
=
T
f-*
it
B,
17
l=b,
L
(v
/-
if
i,
Term
u
a
will
t"1~ipn
'
"R
**
k
r
--
"
z c,
Term
A
will be
and
fo
of the
a,
f>
~Tr~
r;
then the
Series will
ftop
And
as
the
the
Series
fo
much
the
a,
fafter,
b, c,
catcris paribus,
fome Examples in pure Numbers. Let A, B,C, D, we &c. i, i, i, i, &c- then 2, 2, 2, 2, &c. and a, b, c, d, &c. fo when And c i -h 1 Hfhall have 2 always, T +* -V> Series will be a the of are Ranks the given Progreffions equals, this we would have If G<~ metrical Progrefnon. Progieffion ftop at
Now
to give
&
=
-
may
i,
firft
given
i,
/, ^
Progreilion
i,
i,
one which.
For
in either cafe
we
mall have
L=
TC
-
i, i,
2,
is
p*
'tis
all
that
F ==/,
or i. and therefore the laft Term muft be multiply'dby , I Then the Progreffion or Series becomes 2 Tci +T-r-ir~+"T and 'if A, B, C, D, &c. &c. d, c, a, b, 5, 5, +-TT5, 5, Again, + c & &c. =4, 4> 4, 4, &c then 5 H-H T 4 T *-TT, T TTT &c if Or &c. -ior ^. H- T T -4 T 4, A, B, C, D, T!T> and </, *, f d, &c. then 5, 5, 5, 5, &c. 4, 4, 4, 6cc. - S &c. If A, B, C, D, &c. &c. *- T H- ^Tr, 5, 5, 5, 5, i -4- -fV 6 6, 7, 8, 9, &c. then 5 and tf, ^, c, d, &c. T7-f-4-Xy8 ^-xf x-f-y -h x-fx AX 10, &c. If we would have the Series or if we v/oiud find one more Term, or Supplement, ftop here, which fhculd be equivalent to all the reft ad inftnitum y (which indeed
'
= == + =
= =
4=5
-^-
Method of FLUXIONS,
deed might be deiirable here, and in fuch cafes as this, becaufe of thcllow Convergency, or rather Divergency of the Series,) fuppofe F==/j and therefore ~ T mu ^ be niultiply'd by the la ft
-
= ""7^ ^
'
Term.
^ X
T9
3, 4, 5,
=
1
6
Tf r
1.7 -f-
.1.
T-+^x^
=^
i,
2,
13
this general
1-43, 4, &c. then 2 If A,B,C,D,6cc. &c. 3 +|x^xi4-|-|x^xix^5, and ^, b, c, d, &c. 2, 3,4, 5, &c. then i 3, 4, &c. X HT T XT;<i5 T x|4 *T T X T 6 > &c And from Series may infinite other particular Series be eafily de<--,
CD
-
-^-S
fx
..
2>
-->
which fliali perpetually converge to given Quantities the chief ufe of which Speculation, I think, will be, to iliew us the nature
rived,
;
of Convergency in general.
may
As
be readily
if I
i,
would
toge-
down
ther with a
Rank
here follows.
&c --"""""'"'
'*
-h
159
here below
;
as before,
following Series.
4-
j6o
*fi>e
Method of FLUXIONS,
In order to obtation of the ufual praxis of Divifion in Numbers. of the comaa or relblve the divided b to tain Quotient by -f- x,
Terms,
firft
find
the
Quotient of aa divided by
the
firft
which write
fet
in the Quote.
Divifor.
This
the Divifor by
this
Term, and
it
the Product aa -h
whence
Remainder
Then
the
to
the
next
Remainder by the
firft
the Quotient
"~
for
Term (or Figure) of the Quotient, divide Term of the Divifor, or by b, and put the fecond Term of the Quote. Multiply
Term, and
;
the Product
it
^r
laft
Remainder
from whence
"-^bo
.
tracted, to
new Remainder -h
Then
of the Quotient, you are to proceed with th-is new Remainder as with the former ; and fo on in infimtum. The Qupnext
Term
r
a*
K*
c*x*
-+-
a*x3
tient therefore
is
^this
&c.
(or
-j
into
? .+-
6cc.)
So that by
1
Operation the
Number
or
1 from that Scale in , (or a x^-t-*!" ) is reduced Quantity Arithmetick whofe Root is b -+ x, to an equivalent Number, the
Root of whofe
this
Scale,
(or
is
found, will converge fo the fafter to the truth, as b is greater than x. To- apply this, by way of illustration, to an inftance or two in common Numbers. Suppofe we had the Fraction |, and would jeduce it from the feptenary Scale, in which it now appears, to an Then mall converge by the Powers of 6. equivalent Series, that and therefore in the foregoing general we (hall have j ;
Number, or
And much
=^
Fraction
will
Y.
-^x b
-"j~
make a-=.
i,
6,
and
#==1, and
will
the Series
^, &c. which
it
be equivalent to
of
8,
becaufe
f=
to
a Series converging
make
a=
i,
^=8,
then
j6r
=
3
;
T +
~*
-+-
&
if
-+-
>
&- c -
which
Or
we would reduce it to
the
Decimal)
Scale,
becaufe f
x=
-~r-
niake
a=
10,
and
Wo-o-
-f- -o-Vo-o-
may
be
eafily collected.
obferve, that this or any other Fraction of ways to infinite Series ; but that Series will converge iafteft riety But that to the truth, in which b mall be greateft in refpect of x.
Series
reduced to the common Arithmetic^, which converges by the Powers of 10, or its Multiples. If we
will be
eafily
mod
finituniy
or i -f- 6, refolve 7 into the parts 3 -f- 4, or or fuch have of we mould inftead Series, &c. converging diverging be to taken in. as require a Supplement And we may here farther obferve, that as in .Divifion of common Numbers, we may flop the procefs of Divifion whenever we and inftead of all the reft of the Figures (or Terms) ad inpleafe, we may write the Remainder as a Numerator, and the
mould here
2+5,
'Divifor
as the
Denominator of
fame will obtain in the the Supplement to the in Thus the of Divifion prefent Example, if we will flop Species.
at the
firft
which Fraction
will
be
have
-^b + X
--r\.
Or
if
we
will
ft
op
at the
fecond
Term, then
= =j
"~
o
a
bX
/;
^L. |- x
"-~r
-f-
Or
if
we
Term, then
^- = ^
in
_ ^thefe Supplements
And
fo
in the fucceeding
Terms,
which
in fome of compleat. to the following Speculations, when a complicate Fraction is not to be reduced a to or be intirely refolved, but only to be deprefs'd, commodious form. fimpler and more havhence we Or change Divifion into Multiplication. For may its and of the firft Term Supplement, or Quotient, ing found the *' K ta aax aa i i -i /lit the Equation ^ multiplying it by ? , we fhall x
may
always be introduced, to
make
the Quotient
have IldVC
ant
-^i
-^
, '
-,
T~^3a
fo
it
that fubftituting
Ml
this aa
value of
aaX
_ffL_
.
in
the
firft
Equation,
firft
will
become
^= y
aa
-^
-f-
a>A'*-
Terms of
now known.
Multiply
162
Multiply
*
L
The.
this
Method of FLUXIONS*
and
it
by
will
become
aa
r
=.
.
t-^-x
which being fubfthuted in the laft Equation, it will become 1 ra aav a' x*' fi^.v a*** .1 n c -4 1where the four nrlt rb b*
---A.4
b*
-will
I*
--
r-
-.
iS+i*X
rf
. '
Terms of
,-,
,
now known.
5 .v4
Equation by
^
r
and
,
it
become
^7^ =
x
Again,
fl-.v4
*
---JT+ ~
multiply
a*x*
this a*x 6
'
-p
...
,
r- -,
which being
-
fubftituted
a*x*
in the laft
7 .<3
Equation s
a1x !
it
i
will
6
become 17
aa
=
,
a*
.v
a**4
1
p- 4are
fyihi
^b
i V8
5T-
-4
known. And fucceeding Operation will double the ber of Terms, that were before found in the Quotient. This method of Reduction may be thus very conveniently imitated in Numbers, or we may thus change Divifion into Multipliof the cation. Suppofe (for inftance). I would find the Reciprocal m Decimal Prime Number 29, or the value of the Fraction T T Numbers. I divide 1,0000, Gfc. by 29, in the common way, fo far as to find two or three of the firft Figures, or till the Remainder becomes a fingle Figure, and then I afliime the Supplement to compleat Thus I mail have T ~ =. 0,03448^ for the compleat the Quotient. Quotient, which Equation if I multiply by the Numerator 8, it will
'
.
t9-^-6x fo every
firft
Terms
now num-
give
the in the firft Equation, and I (hall have this initead Again, I multiply this Equation by 6, ^=1:0,0344827586^. * == and it will give T 7 o, 2068965517^, and then by Subftitution T 7 I multiply this Equation by 7, 0,03448275862068965517^. Again, anditbecomes T7? =o,24i3793io3448275862oi|-,andthenbySubfti-
0,275844^., ^ = of Fraction
or rather
^.==0,27586^.
I fubftitute
'
will at
leaft
And
dient for converting Divifion into Multiplication in the Reciprocal of the Divifor being thus found, it into the Dividend to produce the Quotient. ply'd
Cafes.
For
may
be multi**S
Now
as
it is
aa
=7
aa
n*x
-**
77 -+ ~jr
;
Z7~>
&c. which Series will converge when b is greater than A* fo when than b, that the it happens to be otherwife, or when x is greater muft have recourfe to Powers of x may be in the Denominators we
the
163
-^-^
is
in
which we
fhall
find
=^
^-
"^
&c.
perform 'd as
before.
In thefe Examples of our Author, the Procefs of Divifion exercife of the Learner) may be thus exhibited : (for the
5, 6.
xi
1
AT
+o
.V4
+7 *-
Now
we
order to a due Convergency, in each of thefe Examples, muft fuppofe x to be lefs than Unity; and if x be greater than
in
Unity,
we muft
I
invert the
I I
we
i
fhall
have
=^
1
^
ii
i *
-
XX "^
7*
*/*
Roots by integral and and particular Indices, was certainly a .very happy Thought, and an admirable Improvement of Analyticks, by which the practice is render'd eafy, regular, and univeifal. It was chiefly owing to our Author, at leaft he carA Learner fhould .ried on the Analogy, and made it more general. be well acquainted with this Notation, and the Rules of its feveral Operations fhould be very familiar to him, or otherwife he will often
I fhall not enter into any farfind himfelf involved in difficulties. ther difcuffion of it here, as not properly belonging to this place,
io. This Notation of Powers and 7, 8, 9, fractional, affirmative and negative, general
or fubject, but rather to the vulgar Algebra. 1 1. The Author proceeds to the Extraction of the Roots of pure Equations, which he thus performs, in imitation of the ufual Pro^ To extract the Square-root of aa +- xx ; firft the cefs in Numbers.
Root of aa
of
for
which muft be put in the Quote. Then the Square from the given Power, leaves -+-xx Divide this by twice the Root, or 2a, which is a Refolvend.
is
a,
th
164
the
firft
?$
Method' of FL u X r or N s,
and the Quotient
as alfo the
fecond
Term
of the Root,
fecond
Term
x
of the Divifor.
,
-za -J-
by the fecond
Term
xx
+
,
4-"
muft be fubtrafted
for a
new
Refolvend,
2tf,
will give
Term Term of
added to
Twice
the
Root
,
Term
or 2a -+-
^
8^4
1-
-^
640''
be-
^4a*
muft
-f-
Refolvend,
will be a
for
finding the
pleafe. 1
So that
= a+ _
'T.a
and
fo
on
as far as
-' _i_ oa*
you
io*
eafy to obferve from hence, that in the Operation every new Column will give a new Term in the Quote or Root; and therefore
It is
no more Columns need be form'd than it is intended there mall be Terms in the Root. Or when any number of Terms are thus exThus havtraded, as many more may be found by Divifion only.
ing;
firft
Terms of
v4
,
the
Root a
-f-
2a
fcu3
, "
by J
v^
Rel6&^
folvend
c* 8
1
-\;
'
in.
7^:
04*.
l
the three
Terms of
the Quotient ^*
2 Oil
7x
',-
2 COrt*
Terms of
r
The
Series
-f-
^i H
TT*
>
^ c<
^ us f untl f
root of the irrational quantity aa -f- xx, is to be understood in the In order to a due convergency a is to be (iippos'd following manner.
greater than x, that the
may
be
leis
may
But
as this
is
quantity
too big.
Then by
the next
Operation
165
the
is
ftill
fmaller quantity
^;
which
which makes
it
by the next Term. And thus it proceeds in infinitum, the Augmentations and Diminutions continually correcting one another, till at lalt ihey become inconfiderable, and till the Series (fo far continued)
12.
is
a lufficiemly near
is
Wh-ii a
01
verted,
in
Ids than x, the order of the Terms muft be inihe fquare-root of xx -+- aa muft be extracted as before;
it
which
cafe
will be
-+- 2X
-f-. 5
, '
&c.
And
in
this
Series
the converging quantity, or the Root of the Scale, will be -. Thefe two Scries are by no means to be understood as the two different Roots of the quantity aa -+- xx for each of the two Series will exhibit thofe two Roots, by only changing the Signs. But they are accommodated to the two Caf s of to according as a or x may
-,
yv=.cni-\f
11
Convergency, happen be the greater quantity. I (halt here refclve the foregoing Quantity after another manner, the better to prepare the way lor what is to follow. Suppofe then fi'-d the value of the Root where we the xx, may y
,wir
;.j
Proccfy
or zap -+- pp
= = xx =
;
yy
aa
(If
p=
-+-
XX=
(\f)'
q}
-
--qq;
or
2rf?-J-
^ -H^=
-
= aa^-zap ~ xx + = _^
rf-f-/)
by
-\-pp-,
zaq
-{-
(if
?===
rr
= -'-,
oi,'
(if
O-|t.
VU*
+ +
the
>
or
j)
may J
in wo-ds.
V ua --xx,
1
yy-=aa-\-xx,
^-f-/', iuppofc y a pretty near Approxii: arion to the value of _y, (the nearer the betand p is the lnv.,11 Supplement to that, or the quantity which ter,) makes it compleat. Then by Subftitution is deiivcd the fir It Sunxx, whole Root/; is to bt fou:,d. plementiil Lqu^i'oa zap -+-//;
or
INOW
as 2uJ>
is
(lor
za
,
is
plement/,)
exactly
;-
v;c
:
;
have nearly p
or at leaft
ve
(hall
have
-f-
-',
fuppofmg q
to
ment
j66
*ft>e
Method of FLUXIONS,
Then by
Subftitution zaq -+-
^q
-4-^=
is
the
fecond Supplement.
Therefore
quantity, and qq
g--3
,
much
q
lefs,
fo -that
-f- r,
we
q=
or accurately
=.
if r
And
fou*r
will be
L^,"
the
whofe Root is r. And thus we may form Refidual or Supplemental Equations, whofe Roots will continually grow lefs and lefs, and therefore will make nearer and nearer Approaches to the Root y, to which they always converge. For y =5= a -{-/>, where p is the Root of this
Equation zap-- pp-=xx.
Or y =: a~\-\
-+-g,
where q
is
the
-f-
Root of
*
Ztt
this
Equation zaq
-q-\-qq-=z
--
Or y
a
a
~
I
oa>
-. -f- r.
where r
is
the
Root of
this
Equation zar
"Refolution of
-f-
rr-=. -~
~.
And
fo on.
The
any one
of thefe Quadratick Equations, in the ordinary way, will give the which will compleat the value of y. refpeclive Supplement, I took notice before, upon the Article of Divifion, of what may be call'd a Comparifon of Quotients; or that one Quotient be
may
exhibited by the help .of another, together v/ith a Series of known Here we have an Inftance of a like 'Comparifon or iimple Terms. of Roots; or that the Root of one Equation may be exprels'd by the Root of another, together with a Series of known or fimple
Terms, which will hold good in all Equations whatever. And to we mall hereafter find a like Comparifon of carry on the Analogy, one where Fluents ; Fluent, (fuppofe, for inftance, a Curvilinear Area,) will be exprefs'd by another Fluent, together with a Series of fimple Terms. This I thought fit to infinuate here, by way of that I might mew the conftant uniformity and haranticipation, mony of Nature, in thefe Speculations, when they are duly and regularly purfued.
I mall here give, ex abundanti, another Method for this, and of Extractions, tho' perhaps it may more properly bekind fuch Refolution of Affected Equations, which is foon to follong to the low ; however it may ferve as an Introduction to their Solution.
But
The
167
Refidual or Supplemental Equation in the foregoing Procefs was which xx, 2ap -\-pp-=. may be refolved in this manner.
Bccaufe
**
!
/>= -^-, za + t
'
it
will be
all
" by 3 Divilion p
=8*'
za
-{ Aa*
-f-
^
3Z
all
,-^7
fir ft)
+ -^
x*tA
&c.
Divide
the
Terms of
by p, and then multiply them by the whole value of />, and you will have p
=-
or by the
3
ia
'
8*4
-^ -f-
^ -g
6cc.
firft
Terms
Divide
the
Terms of
for
by the value of
in
which
except the two firft, by />, and multiply them or />, by the firft Series, and you will have a Series And by rethe three firft Terms are clear'd of p.
may
clear as
So that at
laft
you
will have
p=
many Terms of p
as
you
-+-
7^
&c. which will give the fame value of y as before. of thefe Examples, and 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. The feveral Roots of all other pure Powers, whether they are Binomials, Trinomials, or any other Multinomials, may be extracted by purfuing the Method of the foregoing Procefs, or by imitating the like Praxes in Numbers. But they may be perform'd much more readily by gene-
^~,
for that purpofe. And as there will be frecertain general Operathe for enfuing Treatiie, quent as Multiplication, fuch be tions to perform'd with infinite Series, Divilion, railing of Powers, and extracting of Roots ; 1 mall here derive fomc Theorems for thofe purpofes.
ral
Theorems computed
occalion, in
E, &c. P-f-Q^-R-f-S-t-T, &c. and a _l__j_^_{_j\.4_ g) &c. reprefent the Terms of three feveral Series and let A-|-B-{-C-f-D-|-E, &c. into P+Q-t-R-f-S+T, refpedlively, a, -\- /B -{&c. y -i- -\- e, &c. Then by the known Rules of be multiMultip'ication, by which every Term of one Factor is to AP, /3 AQ^-jply'd into every Term of the other, it will be
I.
Let
A H- B 4- C + D -+-
<f~
=
it
BP, BS
+ CR-t-DQ^-4- E'P
.
and
fo on.
1-
4-
Then by
Subftitution
will be
<3c.
And
68
And
this will
'The
Method of FLUXIONS,
be a ready Theorem for the Multiplication of any each other 5 as in the following Example.
(E)
A'4
,, . -
(C)
X*
afr*+
=
(D) *J
(P)
(QJ
(R) 1
(S)
(T)
&>+X^+i*?,rb
JL/rv t* A
,
_ ^^TT
v* a **
-P.
9#
\2a"
+**'+
i! 7a
+7|? *
4
_
\a '*
-*-
.3* ^
9
And
II.
fo in all
other cafes.
From
the fame
Equations
above
we
fhall
have
-.
.-DQ.-CR-BS-AT
^
commodioufly for the Divifion of one infinite Series by Here for conveniency-fake the Capitals A, B, C, D, &c. another. in the Theorem, to denote the firft, fecond, retained are third, fourth, &c. Terms of the Series refpedively.
will ferve
Thus,
(>)
for
(/)
Example,
(t)
if
we would
(0)
ii x *
the
'
"
z ,
.
_}_ ^-ii^-_{_
a+^x-i-f-
-f-
~^.
&c.
Quotient
will
be
a *"~
-f-
T*
fx*
&c.
Or
reftoring
the Values
as
z
of
feveral
Terms
5
f#
they /land in
_i_ .11
*^
And
after the
fame manner in
ga 3
'
& Ut r ^'
HI.
all
other Examples.
In the
laft
/3
o,
o>=o, ^
169
0,60:.
then
~~F~
~~p
DQ+CR+BS+AT
^
&(
readl]y find th
Here A, B, C, D, &c. denote the feveral of any infinite Series. Terms of the Series in order, as before.
cal
Thus
<R)
_|_
if
we would know
(T)
(S)
^
And
-
4-
&c.
we
fhall
have by Subftitution
t_i
&c.
la
1-
A, B, C, D, &c.
it
will be
*-
--h ---12^
^- 2.
l
84
^~720*'
>
f.
+ + i*+i<, &c.
f.v
;
And
Theorem if we make P=A, Q^==B, R C, if we make both to be the fame Series that we mail have &c. is, S=D, * zAD + 2 AE + zAF + zAG.tff. A+B+C+D+E+F+G7&^ tf= A+ zAB + zAC+ 1
I
which
Series.
will be a
Theorem
any
"
infinite
Fv
-_ -'_
aa
Sa'^lba 5
iz8a 7
256^
4^*
ga^iea*
zSafl"
25!.,
.'<>
64
2a s
*^c
Ex. J 3.
--u
x1
^a
H-^3
bx*
i
'
&c.
t 1 x'
txl
A-4
TTTI
.7/4 4
64*4
Ex. 4
_l H_H_l^J
Ii
^-,
2434"
*_ - ii._fil
9<?4
30."
>
v.
Method of FLUXIONS, V. In this laft Theorem, if we make A*= P, aAB Qv 2 AC 1 1 2 AE 2BC C -+- 2BD -fS, T, &c. we _f- B =R, 2AD -+R O R S BC D fhallhave A P^ B -^- E== ^-, C==-^T ~ 2BD ~ C
iA
-4-4~ zA ^^
=
,
=
zA
.-
==
"*
&c.
B
z
1
Or p
S
+ Q + K-hS+TH-U,
T
-4-
&c.
BE 2A
^
|
=
'
pi
Qr
2RC
2BD
2A
C^
-4-
^CD -
2A
&c <xu
the Square-root of any infinite Series may eafily be B, C, D, &c. will reprelent the feveral Terms of the Series as they are in fucceffion.
By
this
Theorem
extracted.
Here A,
^1
^i
i^-
_i_
fli
a4
Ex 2^1-
"'~~ o
is
=
P,
VI. Becaufeit
a
,
4-2a/3-f-
2a^
+ 2a^H,
|*
Theorem
for
Q^ R, S,
i
/
1 T, &c. write a
2a/3,
2> + j8S
2a^
-f- 2/3y,
2ag-
&c. refpedively.
X
Then
A
for finding the Reciprocal of the Square
ftill
be a
Theorem
infinite Series.
Here A, B, C, D, &c.
denote the
S,
Terms
write
is
5.
+ B 2AD -H 2BC, &c. (that A+B+C+D,&c.| byTheor.4.)wemallhaveA+B+C+D+E+F = A 3A*B + sAB -h sA*D 3AC + 360, &c. 6ABC+ 36^0 3BD 6ACD B' 6ABD-f+ -- 6ABE
2AB,
s
VII. If in the
Theorem
,
for P,
2AC
Q^
R,
&c.
we
refpedively,
6cc.|
-i-
-j-
-f-
which
Cube of any
r.
13
infinite Series.
A-
v9 ' X
^
11
*'
*"
"
*'*
"T~
2*
" 11 "
yjf^
15 3
^^
Ex.
171
3A*B
fisc.
'+.3A'C = B= C=
Q_
Theorem,
if
we make
1
p:
-S,
A =P,
3
O
that
&c. then
,
A=PT,
is
Sec.
i^K +
+l + ^
j^
Bi
Here alfo A, B, C, D, root of any infinite Series may be extracted. &c. will reprefent the Terms as they ftand in order. xs IPX'* T? x' 1 8* 15 ;** 7*"* 7_ ~ _* ~ "' 8 I
-~"I"
'
- z'
,
5
^ + 8i
'
^
j
243a
Ex.
a*
2.
8 f* 4 -h T 7 A; H- T | T x
7
6cc. l^
=t**-t-r T ** H-Trr^ 4
&c.
J
IX. Becaufe
it is
+ 3a
S,
-f-
/3
-f- 3 a/3
-f-
/3
P,
R,
T, &c. write
',
^
;
/3
-f-
6a/3>-f-
3'fr &c.
refpeflively
then
This Theorem will give the Reciprocal of the Cube of any infinite Series ; where A, B, C, D, &c. ftand for the Terms in order. ; X. Laftly, in the firft Theorem if we make , Q ==3A 1 B, &c. we {hall have >
P=A
A+B-f-C-i-D, &c.
4
I
=A^H-4A
will be a
And
thus
Theorem for finding the Biquadrate of any infinite Series. we might proceed to find particular Theorems for any
other Powers or Roots of any infinite Series, or for their Reciprocals, or any fractional Powers compounded of thefe ; all which will
be found very convenient to have at hand, continued to a competent number of Terms, in order to facilitate the following Operations. Or it may be fufticient to lay before you the elegant and general
Theorem, contrived for this purpofe, by that fkilful Mathematician, and my good Friend, the ingenious Mr. A. De Mo'rore, which was firft publifh'd in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, N 230, and which
will readily
perform
all
thefe Operations.
Or
172
all
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
recourfe to a kind of Mechanical Artifice, by the which foregoing Operations may be perform'd in a very eafy and general manner, as here follows.
Or we may have
When two
to be
to find a third
which
is
and the other the Multiplier. Write dawn upon your Multiplicand, Paper the Terms of the Multiplicand, with their Signs, in a defcending order, fo that the Terms may be at equal diftances, and juft under one another. This you may call your fixt or right-tand Paper. Prepare another Paper, at the right-hand Edge of which write down the Terms of the Multiplier, with their proper Signs, in an afcending Order, fo that the Terms may be at the fame equal diftances from each other as in the Multiplicand, and juft over one another.
This you may call your moveable or left-hand Paper. Apply your movenble Paper to your fixt Paper, fo that the firft. Term of your Multiplier may ftand over-againft the firft Term of your Multiplicand. Multiply thefe together, and write down the Product in its for the firft Term of the Product required. Move your moveplace,
abie Paper a ftep lower, fo that two of the firft Terms of the Mulftand over-againft two of the firft Terms of the Multitiplier may Find the two Produces, by multiplying each pair of the plicand. Terms together, that ftand over-againft one another ; abbreviate
may be done, and- fet down the Refult for the fecond of the Product required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep the of firft Terms of the Multiplier may ftand lower, fo that three of the firft Terms of the Multiplicand. three Find the over-againft each of the Terms three Products, by multiplying pair together that one another fet down the abbreviate them, and ftand over-againft j And proceed in the lame Refult for the third Term of the Product.
them
if it
Term
manner
ana
all
taken
from the
common
Scale of
Decimal Arithmetick
which
will equally explain the Procefs in all other infinite Series whatever. &c. and Let the Numbers to be multiply 'd be
37,528936,
it
or
10 where
is
under-
become
J
3X~
-t-
oX-
3X -\- jX -+- jX-'-f- aX-'-f- 8X-* &c. and 5 X* -f- aX 4- 8X -j- 7 -+-4X-4-f- iX-s, &c. and call the firft the Multiplithe Series
X- +
as
is
cand, and
prefcribed,
Multiplier,
Multiplier,
Multiplicand
?X
-H4X-+
-f-oX-'
8X
174
der one another.
}e
Method of FLUXIONS,
is
This
your
fixt
or right-hand Paper.
Prepare
another Paper, at the right-hand Edge of which write down the Terms of the Divifor in an afcending order, with all their Signs changed except the firft, fo that the Terms may be at the fame equal This will be your distances as before, and jufl over one another.
to
your
Paper, fo that the firft Term of the Divifor may be over-againft the firft Term of the Dividend. Divide the firft Term of the Dividend by the firft Term of the Divifor, and fet down the Quotient over-againft them to the right-hand, for the firft Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that two of the firft Terms of the Divifor may be over-againft two of the firft Terms of the Dividend. Colleft the fecond Term of the Dividend, together with the Product of the firft Term of the Quotient now found, multiply'd by the Terms over-againft it in the lefthand Paper ; thefe divided by the firft Term of the Divifor will be the fecond Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that three of the firft Terms of the Divifor may ftand over-againft three of the firft Terms of the Dividend. Collecl the third Term of the Dividend, together with the two Produds of the two firft Terms of the Quotient now found, each being multiply'd into the Term over-againft it, in the left-hand Paper. Thefe divided by the firft Term of the Divifor will be the third Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that four of the firft Terms of the Divifor may ftand overCollecl: the fourth againft four of the firft Terms of the Dividend. Term of the Dividend, together with the three Products of the three firft Terms of the Quotient now found, each being multiply'd by Thefe divided by the Term over-againft it in the left-hand Paper. the firft Term of the Divifor will be the fourth Term of the QuoAnd fo on to find the fifth, and the fucceeding tient required.
let
+ tax 4-j_
L
x 1 H-+-
^+
I2IA-5
it
7^1
&c. by the
1C'
as
is
Series
a 4- fx
1
_]_
-^
&c.
prefcribed,
Divifor,
175
fr
7^^ Method of
>
FLUXIONS,
c on tne otner 3-4> Paper, when they meet together, will numeral Coefficients. Apply therefore the fecond Term compkat the .of the move-able Paper to the uppertnoft Term of the fixt Paper,
ij
'
;ind the Product made by the continual Multiplication of the three Factors thatftand in a lin-e over-againft one another, [which are the fecond Term of the given Series, the numeral Coefficient, (here the given Index,) and the firft Term of the Series already found,] divided by the firft Term of the given Series, will be the fecond Term of the Series required, which is to be let down in its place overMove the moveable Paper a ftep lower, and the two againft I. Produces made by the multiplication of the Factors that ftand overand elfewhere, care muft be had to -againft one another, (in which, Coefficients numeral take the compleat,) divided by twice the firft Term of the given Series, v/ill be the third Term of the Series reMove quired, which is to be fet down in its place over-againft 2. the moveable, Paper a ftep lower, and the three Products made by the multiplication of the Factors that ftand over-againft one another, divided by thrice the firft Term of the given Series, will be the And fo you may proceed to fourth Term of the Series required.
may
_j_
and the fubfcquent Terms. be amifs to give one general Example of this Reducnot
If the Series az will comprehend all particular Cafes. c&' -+-dz*, ,&c. be given, of which we are to find any Power, or to extract any Root; let the Index of this Pov>er or Root be m. Then prepare the moveable or left-hand Paper as you fee below, where the Terms of the given Scries are fet over one another
tion,
_l_
which
b^
Alfo of after every Multiplication, and after every one, (except the firft or loweft) are put the feveral as m, zm, pn, 40;, &c. with the negative Multiples of the Index, Likewife a vinculum may be undei flood to after them. Sign be placed over them, to connect them with the other parts of the numeral Coefficients, which are on the other Paper, and which make them compleat. Alfo the firft Term of the given Series is the reft by a line, to denote its being a Divifor, or feparated from of a Fraction. And thus is the moveable Paper Denominator the
in
order, at the
Term
is
at equal diftances.
Mark
prepared. To prepare the fixt or right-hand Paper, write down the natural Numbers o, i, 2, 3, 4, &c. under one another, at the fame equal diftances as the Terms in the other Paper, with a Point after them as a Mark of Multiplication ; and over-againft the firft 1 erm o write
" z
,
to this
aw*
will
<
~ t &s*+ I
Term
of the
and you
fet down in its place, for the fecond Move the moveable Paper a ftep lower, a have this Fraction exhibited cz*. 2m o. a z m
,
muft be
Series required.
+
l
az. 2
will
become mu m -
c-{-
down
Bring to be put down for the third Term of the Series required. the moveable Paper a ftep lower, and you will have the m n dz,*. o. a z
Fraction
-f-
yn
.+-
cz*.
bz?.
m
az. 3
ma
*c -+-
L a m- l b 3
Term of
reft
And
in the
fame man-
ner are
all
the
Fixt Paper
o.
i.
-
2.
a^i-o*
-f-
ma m~*c x z"
'
*.
-3 . J
mx7.
-x1
-a m *l>>+mx.'T
am
6c+Ma m
dxz"
az.
will produce Mr. De Moivre's Theorem the mentioned before, Inveftigation of which may be feen in the place there quoted, and fhall be exhibited here in due time and And this therefore will fufficiently prove the truth of the
N. B. This Operation
place.
prefent Procefs.
Method
will be
found
But
178
But
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
fomething of the ufe of thefe Theorems, and jit way for the Solution of Affected and we will here Fluxional Equations; make a kind of retrofpect, and refume our Author's Examples of fimple Extractions, beginning with Divifion itfelf, which we fhall perform after a different and an eafier manner.
to
now
mew
Thus
to divide
aa by b
-f- x,
;
Terms
make
r^=y,
or by -f- xy
Now
this
is
manner
*-J
y difpofe the Terms of this Equation after a 1 , and proceed in the Refolution as you fee
a*x
a*.*
1
done here.
I
=**
a^J
-T-*--T*
7T +
a *x t -77-
>
&C..
+ xy\
h-r
TT
-75
IT
-JT-
>
OCC.
Here by the difpofition of the Terms a*- is made the firft Term of the Series belonging (or equivalent) to by, and therefore dividing of the firfl be Term Series will the to equivalent by b, y, as is fet
down
-4- xy,
below.
Then
will
a^x
be the
firft
Term
of the Series
which is therefore fet down over-againft it; as alfo it is fet down over-againft by, but with a contrary Sign, to be the fecond a Term of that Series. Then will be the fecond Term of y
to
be
fet
down
in
;
its
place,
this
which
will give
and
by.
Term
of
y,
and therefore
~-
down Term of
'~
will be
Term of 4- xy, which mufl be made the fourth Term of by, and therethe fourth Term of y. And fo on for ever.
will
be the third
the Rationale of this Procefs, and of all that will here follow of the fame kind, may be manifeft from thefe Confiderations.
Now
is
known Term
aa.
And
found, each of
thofe
a?id
thofe
IN FINITE SERIES.
refolved into
its
170
Ag;
unknown Terms
is
gregate of which muft (till be equal to the fame known Term aa Therefore all the fubfidiary and adventitious (or perhaps Terms.) are which introduced into the Equation to aflift the Solution, Terms, the Supplemental (or Terms,) muft mutually deftroy one another. Or we may refolve the fame Equation in the following manner
:
y ^
Here a 1
be put
is
= -a*
A"
la*
.V
-4
k*a* -X
-Ha*
A;4
.
,
&c.
made
the
firft
Term
of
-+-
muft
the
down for the firft Term of y. This will give + firft Term of by, which with a contrary Sign muft be ~ muft be put down Term of -+- xy, and therefore
for
the fecond
for the fe-
--
cond
Term
of y.
Then
will
^
Term
be the fecond
Term
of by y
which with
therefore
+-
of y.
into
refolved
the fame
'
-V"
is
:
little
down
manner following
x+x
xx,&cc.
,
ccc. .
+x*y 3
Here in the firft Paradigm, as i is made the firft Term of y, fo 1 x*- will be the be the firft Term of x*y, and therefore will x be and will therefore x* the of fecond Term of fecond Term y,
x* will be third Term of y ; &c. Alfo in the x*y, and therefore -+fecond Paradigm, as i is made the firft Term of x*y, fb will -f- x~'be the
firft
Term
Term
of x*y, or
of y, and therefore x~- will be the fecond x~* will be the fecond Term of y ; &c.
a 2
To
180
tte Method of
refolve the
2.y a
FLUXIONS,
i zx
.
To
make
compound
or 2**
Fraction
~* i
3.
i *
7
1
I+*
quation
=y,
3*
13 =
#v
:
into fimple
Terms,
y 4- AT^
^xy, which E-
may
be thus refolved
2A^
X^
1
3**
+ 34^*
Terms of
the Equation, in
found, tity y above, as you fee is done Term of y, which will give -f-
in a regular
defcending order, and the known Terms here. Then bring down zx^ to be the firfl
2x
for
the
firfl
Term of
the Series
which mufl be wrote with a contrary Sign for the fecond Term of y. Then will the fecond Term of 4- x^y be 2x%, and will be which the firfl Term of the Series 6x^, 3*7 together And this with a contrary Sign would have been wrote SAT*. make
4x*y,
for the third
Term of y, had
J
not the
reduces
it
to
4- jx
be the third
of 4- x*y, collected with a contrary Sign, will make of 3fly, which being 1 3** for the fourth Term of y ; and fo on, as in the Paradigm. If we would refolve this Fraction, or this Equation, fo as to accommodate it to the other cafe of convergency, we may invert the Terms, and proceed thus
:
Term
Term x* been above, which Term of y. Then will 4- yx* and 4- 6x* will be the fecond Term
3-v
V1 x
*-
-i-
y
Bring down will be the firfl
AT*
=f
1, &c.
X'
-f-
'
4f *
ft*3-vy,
its
6cc.
to be the
firfl
Term
of y, to be
fet
Term of down in
whence
~\-
place.
Then
the
firfl
181
Term
fecond
Term
firft
of y.
Then
a contrary Sign will be the 3*?, and therefore -+- f the fecond Term of -+- x^y will be -f- f#s
-f-
of y being -+- f x*, thefe two collected with a *.#* for the third Term of have made 3*}', contrary Sign would z had not the Term +- zx' been prefent above. Therefore uniting x* for the third Term of 3*7, which thefe, we fhall have -f-
and the
Term
will g lve
if, and the a contrary with thefe two collected and therefore fourth Term of T,xy, Term of y and fo on.
-,
Term
?j-x~* f of -+- xh be
the third
Term
Then will the third fecond Term of y being -+- -%, the Sign will make -f- if for
of
y.
1
TT*""
will be
^ e fourth
thus much for Divifion ; now to go on to the Author's pure or fimple Extractions. To find the Square-root of aa -f- xx, or to extract the Root y of
And
this
a -+-/>, then we fhall have aa-{- xx ; make y Equation yy xx, of which affected Quadratick Equaby Subftitution zap -f- pp
we may thus extract the Root p. Difpofe the Terms in this manner zap-^= xx, the unknown Terms in a defcending order oa H-/AJ one fide, and the known Term or Terms on the other fide of the
tion
is
here directed.
7 *'
**/==*
*
-)
x*
za
*4
-
+
A4
8a l
*
s74
5i
640*
*6
5x8
+ H53.
12Sa 8
'
-I-
\6a !
izSa 1
7*
10
.,
-t-f-t
&C.
25O'
the
x
By
this Difpofition
of the Terms, x 1
is
made
firft
Term
of
zap
then
fet
we
fhall
have
for the
firft
Term
4474
of the Series p,
firft
as here
down
*,
is
underneath.
to
Therefore
will be the
Term
.
of the
Series
be put
down
it
in
its
place over-againft
Then, by what
a contrary
obferved before,
muft
therefore
be put
down with
will
Sign
as the fecond
Term
of zap,
which
make
the fecond
Term
of/> to
be
Having
77jt2
Method of FLn /
!-;
s,-
fore the
two
firft
of the foregoing
ries,)
*-
~, we
3AfCi
fhall liave,
(by any
the
two
firft
Terms
of p 1
=~
-~
}
#4 4
'
which
la ft
Term
be wrote with a contrary Sign, as the third Term of zap. Therefore the third Term of * is ^ * and the third Term of Lp*
irmft
, '
which
of zap.
is
to be
wrote with
fourth
8
Term
Term
"""
of p will be
'
-||_,
to be
7IsI
which
is
Term of zap. This will give 2^- for the fifth Term of p and fo 2^O' we may proceed in the Extraction as far as we pleafe. Or we may difpofe the Terms of the Supplemental Equation thus
:
zap
----
-f-
zax
>
za*
-+-
~ *
x
a*
^
AX3
'
c &c
'
, y
&c.
Here * a
is
* ,&c.
Term of the Series/ 4 and therefore x, be the firft Term of p. Then zax will be the (or elfe x,) will zax will be the fecond Term of firft Term of zap> and therefore
made
the
firft
,
p"-
by extracting the Square-root of this Series by any of the foregoiug Methods, it will be found a will be the fecond Term of the Root />. x a, &c. or / Therefore the fecond Term of zap will be 2<2% which muft be 1 third for the Term a wrote with contrary Sign of/ , and thence (by
.
#a
2rfx, 6cc.
Term
,
of
will be --
This
will
make
the
Term
,
of zap to be
to be
of/.
and therefore (by Extraction) o This makes the fourth Term of zap
Term
of / z
.
to
be o, as
alfo
Then
Term
I
of/.
Then
the fifth
Term of
zap
183
of
/>*
will be
4*
. , 5
which
will
make
the fixth
Term
&c.
to
be
and therefore o
Term of p,
we fhould change a. into x and a into x, If we would extradl the Square-root of aa xx, or find the aa xx make y a -f- p, as beRoot y of the Equation yy x then zap -f-/* fore x*-, which may be refolved as in the following Paradigm :
we
;
= =x
aa
-\-
-f-
-f-
"->
-f-
&c. which
is
the fame as
= =
.v4
_
1-
X6
^.V
f I"
z
4fl
8a4
X'
64,1
+r
t>
*4
;
6
<;*
J
J*
.
H- ^~; 84
"4
i
-fJC
. .
-{-
6^.6
CX
^^^^
-
,^_ __
k~^_
^^
"7
c
cSCC*
J,
x 1 the firft Term of -J-/ 1 Here if we mould attempt to make we mould have ^/ x 1 or x^/ i, for the fi rfl Term of/ ; which no Series can be form'd from that being rnpoflible, fliews Suppofi,
,
tion.
xx, or the Root y in this Equa1 x^ x tion yy x xx, make y p, then x -+- zx^p -f- p x*, which may be refolved after this xx, or zx^p -+- /*
find the Square-root
To
=
:
of #
manner
x* the firft being rightly difpofed, make x* be the firft Term of p. Therefore of zx^p; then will a 3 firft Term of be the will which is alfo to be with wrote ~\- px /
The Terms
a contrary Sign for the fecoiid Term of 2x'-p, which will give fA * Then (by fquaring) the fecond Term of for the lecond Term of p.
-
will be
i^ 4 which
,
will give
i* 4
for the
fecond
Term
of
184
zx^p,
ffi?
Method of FLUXIONS,
and therefore
-V^
Term
of
and
fq op.
Therefore in this Equation it will be y=z x'* f x* f A-'" rV*''"* &c. So to extract the Root y of this Equation yy =.aa-\-bx xxt make y then bx which be -+thus a-{-p p* xx, zap may
refolved.
=fa
X*
L'-x'
1
+ *fi,
&C
tx
x*
Ixl
Make
of
p.
alfo to
bx the
firft
Term
firft
l
~20.
be the
b
firft
Term
is
Therefore the
Term
of p 1 will be
-+-
which
zap
will
x*
gjr
5
^'
which
will
make
the fecond
Term of Term of
to be
Then by
Term of/*
which muft be wrote with a contrary Sign 7 *-* -g^ for the third Term of zap. This will give the third Term of p Therefore the Square-root of the as in the Example; and fo on.
will be
Quantity a^
-f-
bx
xx
will be
a -+
^
of
a*
<
-f.
-^ _,
Alfo
if
_
ax 1
we may
ex-
Roots of the Numerator, and likewife of the Denominator, and then divide one Series by the other, as before ; but more
tract the
dire.ctly
thus.
Make
_**!
= =
yy,
or
i
z
-{-
yy
b*x*y*.
bx*-p*,
zp -+-p
bx*-
zbx*-p
may
be thus refolved.
zp
185
+TT*\
ab
^ab
1
,
&c.
~a^b &c.
t
bx^p* _
&c.
Make ax -f- bx* the firfl Term of 2/>, then will frf.v l -f- f&v abx* b*x* will be the firfl Therefore "be the firfl Term of /. and Term of ^a*x* -f- -^abx* -f- -^bx* will be the firfl 2bx*p, Term of/*. Thefe being collected, and their Signs changed, muil be made the fecond Term of 2/, which will give abx* -f- |J*A 2bx*p %a*x* for the fecond Term of/. Then the fecond Term of i and the fecond Term of p* l>*x -f- ^a bx will be -^ab^x
1
6 6 6
>
(by fquaring)
the
firfl
will be
found f a bx
l
Term
of
bx*p
+-
j-a''X
-{6
$frx
6
,
and
4 ;
-^ab'-x
f^'AT
which
being collected
Term
far as
of 2p,
and the Signs changed, will make the third half which will be the third Term of p ; and fo on as
you
pleafe.
And
thus if
this
3
we were
-f1
to extract the
Root y of
Equation 7'
a 3 41
tf 3
Subflitution a
A: S ,
=&
-+- x*,
or 3
-f
may
be thus refolved.
243
B b
The
Method of FLUXIONS,
The Terms
<ia*p
being difpos'd in
order, the
firft
Term
of the Series
will be #',
which
will
to be
*.
make
Thiss
the
will
firfl
make
the
firft
Term of/ 1
And
this will
which with a contrary Sign muft be of ^ap* to be , the fecond Term of 3/z*/>, and therefore the fecond Term ofp will
be
.
.
Term
Then
Term
of ^ap 1 will be
fi 6 .
ff!
Oa*
Term
of
*"=
win be
27<:<
Thefe
y9
,
being collected
the third
make
which with
a contrary
Sign muft be
ill __ _j_
Term of ^a^p, and therefore the third Term of p will be Then by fquaring, the third Term of ^ap* will be
3
will be
make
'
y^-j
>
will be
fo on;'
^T,
8j<i'
Term
of p will be
--
*
-
2 43 a
11
And
Arid thus
in a
may
direct
all
more
is
All that
here intended,
affected Equations, both Fluxional Equations, in- which this Method will be found to be of And firfl we mall proceed with our Author to very extenfive ufe. the Solution of numerical affected Equations.
of
to prepare the way for the Refolution in Numbers and Species, as alfo of
SECT.
II L
Refolution of affected Equations, and firft in Numbers ; our Author very juftly complains, that before his time the exegefa numcroja, or the Doctrine of the Solution
as to the
of affected Equations in Numbers, was very intricate, defective, and What had been done by Vieta, Harriot, and Oughtred inartificial.
Attempts for the time, yet howSo that he had good reaever operofe. fon to reject their Methods, efpecially as he has fubftituted a much better in their room. They -affected too great accuracy in purfuing
in this" matter,
exact
which
led
them
but he
187 knew
very well, that legitimate Approximations would proceed much more and would anfwer the fame intention regularly and expeditioufly,
much
better.
20, 21, 22. His Method may be eafily apprehended from this one Inftance, as it is contain'd in his Diagram, and the Explanation of
it.
propos'd to be refolved, he Root as can be readily and takes as near an Approximation And this may obtain'd. always be had, either by the conveniently known Method of Limits, or by a Linear or Mechanical ConitrucIf this be greater or tion, or by a few eafy trials and fuppofitions. lefs than the Root, the Excefs or Defect, indifferently call'd the Supplement, may be reprefented by p, and the affumed Approximation, together with this Supplement, are to be fubftituted in the given.
a
to the
of
When
Numeral Equation
Equation inftead of the Root. By this means, (expunging what will be fuperfluous,) a Supplemental Equation will be form'd, whole Root is now p, which will confift of the Powers of the affumed Approximation orderly defcending, involved with the Powers of the Supplement which accounts the Terms will be conregularly afcending, on both a in decuple ratio or falter, if the affumed Aptinually decreafmg,
proximation be -fuppos'd to be at leaft ten times greater than the Supplement. Therefore to find a new Approximation, which fhall nearly exhauft the Supplement p, it will be fufficient to retain only the two firft Terms of this Equation, and to feek the Value ofp from the refulting fimple Equation. [Or fometimes the three firft Terms be may retain'd, and the Value of p may be more accurately found from the refulting Quadratick Equation; Sec.] This new Approximation, together with a new Supplement g, muft be fuhftituted initead of p in this laft fupplemental Equation, in order to form a And the fame things may be obferved fecond, whofe Root will be q. of this fecond fupplemental Equation as of the firft; and its Root, or an Approximation to it, may be difcover'd after the fame manner. And thus the Root of the given Equation may be profecuted as far as we pleafe, by finding new iiipplemental Equations, the Root of every one of which will be a correction to the preceding Supplement.
So
that
in the
2x2x2
= 2x2 =
2y
5
4,
o,
'tis
eaiy to perceive,
Therefore
2.
-{-/>,
is
As p
p be the Supplement of the Root, and it will be y i -fand therefore by fubftitution Q. lop -+- 6p* -\-p= here fuppos'd to be much lefs than the Approximation 2,
= =
5.
B b
ty
i88
by
2
The Method of
and
or
Ib
FLUXIONS,
the fafter, cateris parities, as
firft
i -fTerms, io/>=o, Supplement q, 'tis
this fubftitution
much
fere,
p
a
=.
fere
affuming a fecond
-+1
'o-
-h ?
it
accurately.
Equation,
deprefs'd,
becomes
in
o, 6
1,237 + 6>3?* 4-
<f
laft
is
o,
lefs
which
new Supplemental
and
Equation,
in
which
it
is
all
the
Terms
are farther
q will be
much
1
former Supplement p.
or
0,61
-f-
1,23.^
than the
o,
ym?,.
q=
f^e,
0,0054-)^
This
being
accurate,
by afluming
will
r for
the third
Supplement.
fubftituted
give
0,000541554-
11,162;-, &c.
=o,
and therefore
r-=
&c. or_y 0,00004852, &c. So that at laft/=2 -{-^> &c. 2,09455148, And thus our Author's Method proceeds, for finding the Roots of affedted Equations in Numbers. Long after this was wrote, Mr. Rapb-
'^^-^
Jon publifh'd his Analyfis Mquationum imiverjalis, containing a Method for the Solution of Numeral Equations, not very much different from this of our Author, as may appear by the following Com
parifon. To find
5, Mr. Rapbfon he calls Approximation g, which he near the true Root as he can, and makes the Supplement x, fo
the
zy
would proceed
takes as
thus.
that he has_y==g-+Ar.
Then by
=5,
or
if
g=2,
x.
'tis
iOAr-f-6.v* -4- x*
i,
its
ment
and therefore iox= i, or ,v o, i and makes a new x 2,1, being ftill the Supplement, 'tis y 5 2,1 +x, which being fubftituted in the original Equation _y zy 3 x 0,6 1, to determine the, 5, produces 11,23^-4- 6,3** new Supplement x. He rejects the Powers of x, and thence derives
^___oj __
I
1
,25
not being exaft, the Supplement again to be x, fo that 2,0946 -f- x, which be&c. ing fubftituted in the Original Equation, gives 11,162^-+he has 0,00054155. Therefore to find the third Supplement x,
y=
.v
="
54
,'
'
5S
62
0,00004852,
To on.
fo that
y =.2,0946
+ *=
By
189
agree,
we may
fee
how
nearly thefe
two Methods
and wherein they differ. For the difference is only this, that our Author conftantly profecutes the Refidual or Supplemental Equations, But to find the firft, fecond, third, &c. Supplements to the Root Mr. Raphjbn continually corrects the Root itfelf from the fame fupwhich are formed by fubftituting the corrected plementaf Equations, And the Rate of Convergency will the Roots in Original Equation. be the fame in both. In imitation of thefe Methods, we may thus profecute this Inmanner. Let the given Equation to be quiry after a very general m m o, in refolved be in this form ay -+- by"-* -4- cy-* -J- dy ~* &c. which fuppofe P to be any near Approximation to the Root y, and P -4-/>. Now from Then is y the little Supplement to be p. Powers and extracof the is (hewn what before, concerning raifing m m P* -f- wP m-'/>, &c. P -h/> ting Roots, it will follow that y m or that thefe will be the two firft Terms of y ; and all the reft, And for being multiply'd into the Powers of />, may be rejected. m~ l m ~l m~ m~ P m ~- -+ iP P the fame reafon y -h m p, &c. y
:
= =
=
n
2 P"-=p, &c.
and
will be
a ]>>
.4- ~niaP
&c."l
-, &c.
m m
'-
2c
~*p, &c.
>= o
Or
dividing
by P"
7 JP "-"</>,
&c.
&c.
-j-^/P-s
-\-m
^dP~*p, &c.
we mail have/
confequently ^ J
= -o.
=
,
&c.
From whence
*P-'
cP-
+ rfp-*
ar,.
ma?- 1
lbV~' -{.m
z^~3 + m
J^P-4
_
,
/>,
and
Jjff .
r=
,.
To reduce
this to a
I
more commodious form, make Pi= - , whence i B% &c. which being fubftituted, and Numerator and Denominator by A" , it will be
7
A."-"-B*+
=4rfA"-?Bi.
^c-.
will
fo
or P,
and
much
the
77je
'
Method of FLUXIONS,
And hence we may
derive a very
the nearer as
is
convenient and general Theorem for the Extraction of the Roots of Numeral Equations, whether pure or affected, which will be this. m ~~m~ s Let th,e general Equation ay m -^- by" &c. -+ cy -f- d) , =: o be propofed to be folved ; if the Fraction - be affumed
1
as
near
the
Root y
iAA m
1
as
conveniently
F
3
may
this
,
be,
the
Fraction
31
+7
zcA m -S
4.
3n/A
4B4,'feff
nearer Approximation
to the .Root.
And
Fraction,
when coma
by which means
till
Bearer Approximation may again -be had ; and fo on, we pleafe. proach as near the true Root as
we
ap-
Theorems
it
if
as
may be conveniently refolved into as many we pleafe. Thus in the Quadratick Equay
*
.
tion if y
+ by === c,
will be
cy
=
1
A1
,
-4-
rB z
Equation y*
y^r^.
+ ty +
2t\
,"7 D X DO J
p D
fere.
2
In the Cubick
....
d,
it
will be
y
.
==
A
.
3<i
1
-+-dy=ze,
i
it
be
^ ==
-f-
rB4
111-1 c llke of hl
S her
let
l_
Equations.
;
it.be propofed to extract the Square-root of 12, or let us find the Then by comparing with value of_y in this Equation y 1 1.2. And 12. the general formula, we fliall have b =. o, and <: or making g taking 3 for the firft approach to the Root,
#=
we
/I
=T>
that
is,
=4-, fora nearer Approximation. Again, making A 7 12l == || for a nearer Approxiand B 2, we fliall have y 14 X 2 mation. A 28, we fliall have _y= Again, making 97 and B
^~
Az=3
and
B;=
i,
fliall
=
i:!
= =
97j
x 28i
.
__
lil7
S45 2
fo r
'94*
a
2
>
nearer
Approximation.
'
we ^a11 have
_ y=
-r
if
Aeain,
__
i
==
Approximation.
And
we go on
to the
in
the
as
fame method,
y/e pleafe,
we may
find as near an
Approximation
Root
This
191
This Approximation will be exhibited in a vulgar Fraction, which, if it be always kept to its loweft Terms, will give the Root of the That is, it will alEquation in the fhorteft and fimpleft manner. the true Root than any other Fraction whatever^ nearer be ways whofe Numerator and Denominator are not much larger Numbers If by Divifion we reduce this laft Fraction to a Dethan its own.
we mall have 3,46410161513775459 for the Square-root of 12, which exceeds the truth by lefs than an Unit in the lall place.For an Example of a Cubick Equation, we will take that of our
cimal,
Author
_y
2?
=.
2,
and d==.
^-
Root, or making
= =
5.
1
5,
And
4.,
and therefore by Companion b o, the to for the firft 2 Approach taking we mall 2 and that is, A
Again,
y
make
3x11761
~
1
9-
+ 2500
1000
A= 11761
6615
^561 5
= 44 A= __ 6= =
21
5615
=
f
B=i,
a nearer
and B
10,
and
3
1
and
we
mall
have
.
2x5615
9759573 16 495
we might proceed to find as near an Approxi' proximation. mation as we think fit. And when we have computed the Root near enough in a Vulgar Fraction, we may then (if we pleafe) reThus in the prefent Example we duce it to a Decimal by Divifion. &c. And after the fame manner fhall have ^ 2,094551481701, we may find the Roots of all other numeral affected Equations, of whatever degree they may be.
fo
And
SECT. IV. The Refolution of Specious Equations by infinite Series ; and firft for determining the forms of the
Series^
23, 24.
and
the Refolution of numeral affected Equations, our Author J/ proceeds to find the Roots of Literal, Specious, or Algebraical Equations alfo, which Roots are to be exhibited by an infinite converging Series, confiding of fimple Terms. Or they are to be exprefs'd by Numbers belonging to a general Arithmetical Scale, as has been explain'd before, of which the Root is denoted by .v or z. The affigning or chufing this Root is what he means here, by diftinguiming one of the literal Coefficients from the
reft,
TTT^ROM
if
And
this
is
Method of FLUXIONS,
the given Equation, according to the Dimenfions of It is therefore convenient to chufe fuch a that Letter or Coefficient. Series may is choice of the Root Scale, (when allow'd,) as that the Fraction a lefs or If it be the leaft, converge as faft as may be.
the
Terms of
than Unity, its afcending Powers muft be in the Numerators of the Terms. If it be the greateft quantity, then its afcending Powers muft be in the Denominators, to make the Series duly converge.
If
it
may
be con-
Approximation, and that fmall difference, veniently or Supplement, may be made the Root of the Scale, or the conThe Examples will make this plain. verging quantity. 26. The 25, Equation to be refolved, for conveniency-fake, iliould be reduced to the fimpleft form it can be, before its Refoalways But Jution be attempted ; for this will always give the leaft trouble. all the Reductions mention'd by the Author, and of which he gives
the
firft
made
us Examples, are not always neceflary, tho' they may be often conThe Method is general, and will find the Roots of Equavenient.
tions involving fractional
or negative
Powers,
as
well as cf other
Equations, as will plainly appear hereafter. be refolved, in diftin27, 28. When a literal Equation is given to its Root is to conwhich or a guifhing proper quantity, by affigning three cafes or varieties ; all which, verge, the Author before has made For becaufe for the fake of uniformity, he here reduces to one. the Series mull neceffarily converge, that quantity muft be as fmall
-,as
of the other -quantities, that its afcending Powers may continually diminim. If it be thought proper to chufe the greateil quantity, inftead of that its Reciprocal muft be introAnd if it approach duced, which will bring it to the foregoing cafe.
poffible,
in
refpect
near to a given quantity, then their fmall difference may be introduced into the Equation, which again will bring it to the firft cafe. So that we need only purfue that cale, becaufe the Equation is always fuppos'd to be reduced to it. But before we can conveniently explain our Author's Rule, for finding the firft Term of the Series in any Equation, we muft confider the .nature of thofe Numbers, or Expreffions, to which thefe
literal
Equations are reduced, whofe Roots are required ; and in this Inquiry we ihall be much aiTifted by what has been already difcourfed of Arithmetical Scales. In affected Equations that were purely numethe feveral Powers ral, the Solution of which was juft now taught, of the Root were orderly difpoied, according to a fingle or limple
Arithmetical Scale, which proceeded only in longum, and was there
fufficient
regularly difpofed,
extraded, fuppofe y, are to be difpofed in longum, fo as that their Indices may conftitute an Arithmetical Progreffion, and the vacancies, if any, may be fupply'd by the Mark #. Alfo the Indices of the Powers pf the Root, by which the Series is to converge, fuppofe x, are to be difpofed in latum, fo as to conftitute an Arithmetical Progreffion, and the vacancies may likewife be fill'd up by the fame Mark *, when it hall be thought neceffary. And both thefe together will make a combined or double Arithmetical Scale. Thus if the
tion
and therefore are to conftitute a double or combined Arithmetical Scale, which muft proceed both ways, in latum as well as in longum, as it were in a Table. For the Powers of the Root to be
to
Equa-6a* x* fax* 44were i!y4 4y $xy 7* #/ =a=-o, given, find the Root y, the Terms be thus may difpofed 6 V4 y* y* y yS yl yo
s
:
=
Alfo the Equation v f x* by* 4- gbx\ in order to its Solution : jpofed, * * * y' by*
0;
=o fhould be thus
dif-
Method of FLUXIONS,
When
is
the Equation are thus regularly difpos'd, ft then ready for Solution ; to which the following Speculation will the
Terms of
be a farther preparation. 29. This ingenious contrivance of out' Author, (which we may call Tabulating the Equation,) for finding the firft Term of the indeed be to the finding all the Terms, extended Root, (which may or the form of the Series, or of all the Series that may be derived from the given Equation,) cannot be too much admired, or too careThe reafon and foundation of which may be fully inquired into thus generally explained from the following Table, of which the
:
Construction
is
thus.
a^-bt,
ba+bb
2-+J*
ja-\-bb
+4*
40+4^
711+3^
za-\-zb
\a-\-zb
70+ zJ
za+b
za za
b zb
3a
3a
50
bab
bazb
zl
azb
zb
73*
of thefe,- in which write the Term o, and the Terms a, za, 30, 4.a, &c. in-the fuceeeding Parallelograms to the right hand, as alfo the the left hand. Over the Term Terms -*-^ 2a, 3^7, &c. to the write Terms fame ^, zb, 3^, 4^, &c. fucColumn, o, in. the And and the Terms b, zb, 3^, &c. underneath. ceffively",' Now to infert its proper. Term thefe Ave ma^f call primary Terms. in any other afitgiVd. Parallelogram, add the two primary 'Terms that' ftand over-againft if each- way, and write the Sum
together..,
And-* thus all the Parallelograms bethe given Parallelogram. as oecafion there is as-far every way, the whole. Space ing fill's,
in
will
195
become
a Table,
which may be
called
a combined Arithmetical
of the two general Numbers a and t\ ProgreJJion in piano, compofed will be the chief properties. of which thefe following of Terms, parallel to the primary Series o, a, za, ^a, Any
Row
&c. will be an Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common Difference is a ; and it may be any fuch Progreflion at pleafure. Any Row or &c. will be an Column parallel to the primary Series o, zb, 3^, Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common difference is ^j and it may be any fuch Progreflion. If a ftr-ait Ruler be laid on the Table, the Edge of which mall pafs thro' the Centers of any two Parallelograms whatever ; all the Terms of the Parallelograms, whofe Centers mail at the fame time touch the Edge of the Ruler, will conftitute an Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common difference will coniiit of two parts, the firfl of which will be fome Multiple of a, and the other If this Progreflion be fuppos'd to proceed injeriora. a Multiple of b. or from the upper Term or Parallelogram towards the lower ; verjus, each part of the common difference may be feparately found, by fubthe primary Term belonging to the lower, from the primary
,
tracling
If this common diffebelonging to the upper Parallelogram. made to be when found, nothing, and thereby the Rerence, equal determined the b be and a lation of Progreflion degenerates into a Hank of Equals, or (if you pleafe) it becomes an Arithmetical ProgrefIn which cafe, if fion, whofe common difference is infinitely little. the Ruler be moved by a parallel motion, all the Terms of the Parallelomall at the fame time be found to touch the Edge grams, whofe Centers And if the motion of of the Ruler, fhall be equal to each other. the Ruler be continued, fuch Terms as at equal diftances from the found to touch the Ruler, fliall form firfl: fituation are fuccerTively
Term
an Arithmetical Progreflion. Laftly, to come nearer to the cafe in hand, if any number of thefe Parallelograms be mark'd out and dithe reft, or aflign'd promifcuoufly and at pleafure, flinguifh'd from. whofe Centers, as before, the Edge of the Ruler ihall fucthrough from any two (or more) in its parallel motion, beginning ceflively pafs initial or external Parallelograms, :whofe Terms are made equal ; an Arithmetical Progreflion may be found, which ihall comprehend and take in all thofe promifcuous Terms, without any regard had to the Terms that are to be omitted. Thefe are fome of the properties of this Table, or of a combined Arithmetical Progreflion in piano by which we may eafily underfland our Author's expedient, of Tabulating the given Equation, and may derive the neceflary Confequen~es from it.
>,
c 2
For
196
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
For when the Root y is to be extracted out of a given Equation, confifting of the Powers of y and x any how combined togetherother known quantities, of which x is to be promifcuoufly, with the Root of the Scale, (or Series,) as explain'd before fuch a value
;
and become equal to nothing. And y, the whole (hall be deftroy'd, firft the initial Term of the Series^or the firfl Approximation, is to be found, wtyich in all cafes may be Analytically reprefented by Ax* ; or we may always put y Ax m &c. So that we mail have y 1 A 4 * 4 *, &c. And fo of other A*x* m 6cc. 4 A*x, &c. Powers or Roots. Thefe when fubftituted in the Equation, and by that means compounded with the feveral Powers of x (or z} already found there, will form fuch a combined Arithmetical Progreffion in flano as is above defcribed, or which may be reduced to fuch, by and I. Thefe Terms therefore, according to making
1
of y
is
to be found, as
when
fubftituted in the
Equation inftead of
_>'
_}>
a=m
the nature of the Equation, will be promifcuoufly difperfed in the Table j but the vacancies may always be conceived to be fupply'd, and then it will have the properties before mention'd. That is, the Ruler being apply'd to two (or perhaps more) initial or external Terms, (for if they were not external, they could not be at the beginning of an Arithmetical Progreffion, as is neceflarily required,) and thofe Terms being made equal, the general Index m will thereby be determined, and the general Coefficient A will alfo be known. If the external Terms made choice of are the loweft in the Table, which is the cafe our Author purfues, the Powers of x will proceed by increafing. But the higheft may be chofen, and then a Series
will be found,
in
will proceed
by
decreafing.
be other cafes of external Terms, each of which will eommonly afford a Series. The initial Index being thus found, the other compound Indices belonging to the Equation will be known be found', in which alfo, and an Arithmetical Progreffion may they form of the Series wifll the and are all comprehended, confequently
And
there
may
be known.
of the Equation, as above, reduce if the Terms themfelves we fame in be the will effedt, thing to the form of a combined Arithmetical Progreffion, as was fhewn before. But then due care mufl be taken, that the Terms may be otherwife the Ruler cannot be acrightly placed at equal diftances j of the Indices, as may tually apply'd, to difcover the Progreffions be done in the Parallelogram.
Or
it
For
197
For the fake of greater perfpicuity, we will reduce our general Table or combined Arithmetical Progreffion in piano, to the partiwhich will th.n appear cular cafe, in which a-=.m and b=. i
-,
thus
- 2M+0
_,,
m+6
JOT+6
M-6
"'"+5
+5 +
"-+5
w+4 + 4
zm-if 3
2W+4
4'"+ 4
m +4
+ AO-f- 2
CT+2
OT+I
2OT-4-2
4W+2
m-\-
2OT+
5^2
2m
3
<
>
601
the chief properties of this Table, fubfervient to the prefent If any Parallelogram be feledted, and anwill be thefe. purpofe, other any how below it towards the right hand, and if their included Numbers be made equal, by determining the general Number m, which in this cafe will always be affirmative ; alfo if the Edge of the
Now
Ruler be apply 'd to the Centers of thefe two Parallelograms ; all the Numbers of the other Parallelograms, whofe Centers at the fame time touch the Ruler, will likewife be equal to each other. Thus if the be feleded, as alfo the ParalleloParallelogram denoted by m -+- 4 and if we make m -t- 4 ^m -H 2, we mall have -f- 2
gram
jm
m=i.
377*
2,
m -f- 4, 3^7 -|- 2, $m, ;;; -h 6, Alfo the Parallelograms &c. will at the fame time be found to touch the Edge of
i. the Ruler, every one of which will make 5, when And the fame things will obtain if any Parallelogram be felecled, and another any how below it towards the left-hand, if their included Numbers be made equal, by determining the general Number m, which in this cafe will be always negative. Thus if the Parallelogram denoted by 5/w-i-4be felecled, as alfo the Parallelogram 402 -f- 2; Alib 2. and if we make ^m-\-^.-=^.m -t-2, we fliall
m=
the Parallelograms
6w+6, 5^4-4, 4^ + 2,
have>=
3?;;,
zm
2,
6cc.
will
198
will be
7%e Method of
found
at the 6,
FLUXIONS,
2.
which
will
make
(hall
when
things remaining as before, if from the firft fituation of move towards the right-hand by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at greater and greater Numbers, which at equal diftances will form an afcending Arithmetical Progeffion. Thus if the two firft felected 1 whence Parallelograms be zm
The fame
it
the Ruler
m=.,
-j.
5;;;
3,
the
Numbers
if
be
Then
it
correfponding Parallelograms will the Ruler moves towards the right-hand, into the
in all the
I, &c. thefe Numbers will each be %m-\- i, 6m moves to the fame diftance, it will arrive at forwards 3. which will &c. each be If it moves forward +- i, 4/7; -{-3, 7/ 5^. to it will arrive the fame diftance, at yn -fagain 5, %m -f- 3, &c. which will each be 8f. And fo on. But the Numbers f, 3, 52., 8y, &c. are in an Arithmetical Progreffion whofe common diffe-
parallel fituation
If
rence
is
2-i.
And
it
in
other circum-
fiances.
contra, that if from the firft fituation moves towards the left-hand by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at lefler and leifer Numbers, which at equal diftances will form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion. But in the other fituation of the Ruler, in which it inclines downwill follow
it
wards towards the left-hand, if it be moved towards the right-hand by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at greater and greater Numbers, which at equal diftances will form an increafing Arithmetical Progreffion.
rallelograms be
8m
Thus
i
= $m
i
if the
two
i,
firft
feleded
whence
~~ =Numbers
}
or Pa-
and the
4!..
2;;;,
Numbers
in all the correfponding Parallelograms will be moves into the parallel fituation 5^-4-2,
If
8fc.
m-+- i, 6cc. which will each be i-i. If it move forward again to the fame diftance, it will arrive at m -f- 4, And fo &c. which will each be on. But the -+Num2, 4/;z 4^. or bers &c. .Ll, i, |, -L, &c. are in an in4,1, i|, i-i, 4.1,
will arrive at
3,
2m
f.
If it
move on
at the
fame diftance,
creafing Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe common difference is , or 3. And hence it will follow alfo, if in this laft fituation of the Ruler
moves the contrary way, or towards the left-hand, it will continually arrive at lefler and lefler Numbers, which at equal diftances will form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreflion. Now if out of this Table we fhould take promifcuoufly any number of Parallelograms, in their proper places, with their refpeclive
it
Num-
199
cer-
the reft
"M-3
2OT-J-I
5;;;+ 1
The Ruler
Parallelograms
is,
which are in the two of the external being made equal, by determining the
that
to
two (or perhaps more) of the Ambit or Perimeter of the Figure, Parallelograms, and their Numbers
general Number m ; if the over all the reft of the Parallelograms by a paffes parallel motion, thofe Numbers which at the fame time come to the Edge of the Ruler will be equal, and thofe that come to it fuccefllvely will form an Arithmetical Progreffion, if the Terms mould lie at equal diftan-
Ruler
be reduced to fuch, by fupplyingany Terms that may happen to be wanting. Thus if the Ruler fhould be apply'd to the two uppermoft and external Parallelograms, which include the Numbers 3/w-f-^ and o, fo that ^m ~}_ 5, and if they be made equal, we mall have m The next Numbers that the Ruler each of thefe Numbers will be 5. will arrive at will be m -f- 3, 4;;; +3, 6/ -f- 3, of which each will So that be 3. The la ft are zm -f- i, 5>-f- i, of which each is i.
ces
;
or atleaft-they
may
here
which form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion, the common difference of which And if there had been more Parallelograms, any how difpofed, is 2. would have been comprehended by this Arithmetical Numbers their or at leaft it might have been interpolated with other Progreffion, Terms, fo as to comprehend them all, however promifcuoufly and have been taken. irregularly they might if the Ruler be apply'd to the two external PaThus fecondly, and 6m-}- 3, and if thefe Numbers be made rallelograms 5/72+ 5 we mail have m 2, and the Numbers themfelves will be equal, each ic. The three next Numbers which the Ruler .will arrive at
#2
0,
arifing are
5, 3, i,
will
20O
will be each 11,
The Method of
and the two
laft
FLUXIONS,
^ach
5.
will be
But the
Num-
bers 15,
n>
5. will be
comprehended
two
external Parallelograms
6m
and 5*0-4-1, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, we fhall The two next 2, and the Numbers will be each 9.
that the Ruler will arrive at will be each
5, the next the next and the laft i. All which will be i, -+3, in the afcending Arithmetical comprehended Progreffion 9, 7,
Numbers
will be
5,
3,
i,
-+- i,
whofe common
difference
is
2.
Fourthly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the two loweft and external Parallelograms 2m-\-i and 5/77 -+- i, and if they be made equal, we fhall have again m o, fo that each of thefe Numbers will be i The next three Numbers that the Ruler will approach to, will each be 3, and the laft 5. But the Numbers i, 3, 5, will be
compre-
hended
in
is
common we
5.
difference
Fifthly, if the
in -f- 3
have
that the Ruler will approach to will each be 1 1, three next the next will be each 15. two and But the Numbers 5, 1 1, 15, will be comprehended in the afcending Arithmetical Progreffion 5, 7, 9, II, 13, 15, of which the common difference is 2.
2m =Numbers
and
2,
+- i, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, and the Numbers themfelves will be each
The
Laftly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the two external Parallelograms pn -f- 5 and m-\- 3, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, we fhali
have The I, and the Numbers themfelves will each be 2. next Number to which the Ruler approaches will be o, the two next are each All which Numbers i, the next 4. 3, the laft will be found in the defcending Arithmetical Progreffion 2, I, p,
i, 2, 4, whofe 3, fix are all the poffible cafes of external
m=.
common
difference
is
i.
And
thefe
Terms.
to find the Arithmetical Progreffion, in which all thefe refulting Terms fhall be comprehended ; find their differences, and the greateft common Divifor of thofe differences fhall be the common
Now
Numbers were
5,
is
1,15,
2.
common Divifor
the refulting differences are 6, 4, and their greateft Therefore 2 will be the common difference of
whofe
which
will include
all
the
refulting
.ap-
Numbers 5, n, 15, without any fuperfluous Terms. plication of all this will be beft apprehended from the
are to follow.
But the
Examples
that
30
201
$xy*
are dif-
We
ja*x )* +-
6<? 3 .Y 5
4-^Ar*
this
Equation, y<
the
o,
when
Terms
to a double or combined Arithmetical Scale, in orpofed according Or obferving the fame difpofition of the Terms, der to its Solution.
they
may
A;
requires. dices of
be inferted in their refpedive Parallelograms, as the Table Or rather, it may be fufficient to tabulate the feveral Inonly,
when
they are derived as follows. Let Ax" repreSeries to be form'd for y, as before, or let
fubftituting this for y in the given Equam l a tIB s x$ .v
o. Thefe Indices will ftand their with the general Table, refpective Parallelograms,
6fl 3 x J -f-^.x'4,
&c.
$A
-+-
thus:
2 02
Tfo Method of
will give the
FLUXIONS,
This here
has thefe fix Roots, 3*7,. ,/tf, ^/2a, the are Of two laft and to be the of which impoffible, rejected. be for taken others any one may A, according as we would profecute this or that Root of the Equation.
Equation
A6
7rt*A*
5 -j- 6<z
A=v/
o,
which,
Now
the proximation Terms of the Equation are thus ranged, according to a double Arithmetical Scale, the initial or external Terms, (each Cafe in its turn,) become the moil confiderable of the Series, and the reft continually decreafe, or become of lefs and lefs value, according as they recede
,
that this Ax m
is
a legitimate
Method
Ap-
thofe initial
Terms.
Confequently they
rejected, as leaft confiderable, which will make thofe initial or external Terms to be (nearly) equal to nothing ; which Suppofi-
may
Ax n
for the
fir ft
Approximation,
And
afterwards regularly purfued in the fubfeSuppofition and proper Supplements are found, by means of quent Operations, which the remaining Terms of the Root are extracted.
this
is
We
may
try here
likewife, if
we
for the
^m
The Ruler in an d hence each of the Numbers will be 9. Then at zm -f- 2, or its motion will next arrive at $m-\- i, or 8f. Then at 4. And laftly at 3. But thefe Numbers 9, 8f, 5, 4, 5. be comprehended in an Arithmetical Progreffion, of which 3, will So that the form of the Series here the common difference is i.
_j_ y
Root y, by applying the Ruler to the two external Terms and 6m ; which being made equal to each other, will give
m =T>
y =A.v* -f- Ex -+- Cx^ -f- D^, &c. external Terms equal to nothing, in order
will be
But
or
if
we
I
to obtain the
proximation,
we
mail have
A4
=o,
-f-
o,
Apwhich
ini-
So that we can have no will afford none but impoffible Roots. this fuppofition, and confequently tial Approximation from
Series.
no
But
laftly,
we may
apply
will give
Number
27;
The next -, and each of the Numbers will be 4. will be 3 ; the next 2m -\- 2, or 2| ; the next 50* -{- i, or But the Numbers 4, 3, af, 27, the laft will be 6m, or if.
all
to try the third and laft cafe of external Parallelograms, the Ruler to 4 and 4^2-4-3, which being made equal,
if, will
difference will be
+ Bx
H- Cx~*
-+-
Dx~s
the
if the
circumftances of
203
But
a,
we make
o,
the
initial
Terms
equal to nothing,
we
mall have
-\- b*
which will give none but impoflible Roots. So that we can have no initial Approximation from hence, and confequemly no Series for the Root in this form. 1 # =o, when the Terms by -+- qbx* 3 i. The Equation y
s
;
are difpofed according to a double Arithmetical Scale, will have the form as was (hewn before ; from whence it may be known, what cafes of external Terms there are to be try'd, and what will be the
circumftances of the feveral Series for the Root y, which may be Or otherwiie more explicitely thus. Putting derived from hence. " of the Series y, this Equation will become firft Term the for Ax
1
by Subftitution
if
A'A.-?"
M*
1
1"
we
take
thefe Indices
of
o. So that x*, 6cc. gbx* out of the general Table, they will
-f-
ftand as in the following Diagram. in order to have an afcending we may apply the Ruler to Series for
Now
y,
2 and
2W, which
give m will be 2.
therefore being
i,
progreis bers 2, 3,
will firft
whofe common
will here be
firft
;'
Coefficient
a
or
A,
=we
is
to 3, and then to yn, or But the Num5. contain'd in an afcending Arithmetical Progrefiion, difference is i Therefore the form of the Series AA; -f- B* 1 -f-(*', &c. And to determine the
.
9,
that
=+
fhall
bfcx 1
-f-
qbx*
--
o,
So that
either
4-3*,
or
Approximation, according as we intend to extract the affirmative or the negative Root. We mall have another cafe of external Terms, and perhaps another afcending Series for_y, by applying the Ruler to the Parallelograms 2; and 5;^, which Numbers being made equal, will g;ive
be the
initial
3^ may
(For by the way, when we put 5/77, we are not at that to becaufe this would Diviiion, argue by liberty bring And the laws of Argumentation require, that no us to an absurdity. Abfurdities muft be admitted, but when they are inevitable, and the are of ufe to of fome when
m =zo.
2;=
2=5,
falfity
they
mew
then
tion
5//f
2:>i
We
^t>i
t
thought
o.
This Cau-
obferved f >mc,
d 2
who
204
who would
"The
Method of FLUXIONS,
lay the blame of their own Abfurdities upon the AnalyBut thefe Abfurdities are not to be imputed to the Art, Art. tical the unikilfulnef of the Artift, who thus abfurdly apbut rather to
the Principles of his Art.) o, we {hall Having therefore have the Numbers 2/77. in its parallel The o. Ruler 577*' motion will next arrive at 2 ; and then at 3. But the Numbers o,
plies alfo
= = =
777.
2, 3, will be comprehended in the Arithmetical Progreffion o, i, 2, 3, whofe common difference is i. Therefore y A -+- Ex -+- CAT*, &c. will be the form of this Series. Now from the exterior Terms A* 3 bA* o, or A by or A fi, we {hall have the firft Term
have
thefe
Numbers
or
--
Then
the Ruler
will be
3, 2, if, common whofe in a comprehended defcending Progreffion, Ax^ difference is f. Therefore the form of the Series will be y laftly 2777,
=
A: 3
_f.
BA"T
-|-
as the two former' will give i for the firft Coefficient. cafes will each give a converging Series for y in this Equation, when is lefs than .v Unity ; fo this cafe will afford us a Series when x is
A=
CA^
-f-
D, &c.
And
the external
Terms
.v
Now
greater
than Unity ; which will converge fo much the fafter, the is greater fuppofed to be. have 32. already feen the form of this Equation y> -\-axy -f-
We
=o,
when
firft
the
Terms
if
Scale.
And
we
l
Ax*
o.
Approximation 2^ 3 Sec, A' 3 A'X= m -f- aAx m + -+- a'-Ax" Thefe Terms, or at leaft thefe Indices of x, being felecled
,
out of the general Table, will appear thus. to obtain an afcending Series for the Root y, we may apply the Ruler to the three
Now
external
equal,
Terms
will
o,
777,
In the next place the Numbers Ruler will come to 777.4- i, or i ; and laftly But the Numbers o, i, 3, are contain'd in the Arithmetical to 3.
Progreffion o, i, 2, 3, the form of the Root
if the
3777,
o.
whofe
is
common
difference
1
is
i.
Therefore
6cc.
Equation
a1
Dx>,
Now
initial
derived
from the
initial
Term?,)
is
the
If
Quotient
205
2a*,
it
will give
o, or
A=.a
Term
of the
Root^y.
we would
alfo derive a
we
may
being
apply the Ruler to the external Parallelograms 3, yn, i alio thefe made equal to each other, will give m
which
Num-
Then the Ruler will approach to m-\- i, or 2 ; bers will each be 3. But the Numbers 3, 2, i, o, are a dethen to //;, or i ; laftly to o. difference creafing Arithmetical Progreflion, of which the common So that the form of the Series will here be -+- B -+is i.
the Equation form'd by the external Terms , 3 3 or i. x3 .v will be o, 1 c'x 3 -f- c 7 of the Equation x*)' s o, y+X} 33. The form as exprefs'd by a combined Arithmetical Scale, we have already feen, us all the varieties of external Terms, with which will eafily ra But for farther illuftration, putting A,v for Circumftances. other their
CA,
'
And
y=Ax
-
A=
mew
the
firft
Term
I
I i" c'x* -+- c\ &c. 36--A ,v will ftand thus. tabulated, to have an afcending
I
of the Root
y,
we
("hall
=o.
2
Now
Series,
we mufl
apply
the
made
.*-,
m
Number
will be each o.
r,
The
next
zm
or
.J.
and the
la ft is 2.
But the Numbers o, i, 2, will be found in an afcending ArithmetiTherefore y =. Ax~ cal Progreffion, whofe common difference is the Root. To deter-f- C -f- D.x^, &c. will be the form of _l_ B.v from the exterior have Terms mine the firft Coefficient A, we fhall
-i-.
'>
A'-f-6the
o,
which
will give
y^c
c'\
Therefore
,
firft
Term
may
or Approximation to the
Root
will be
y ==.
J/-^
&c.
We
try
if
we
two external Parallelograms, whofe Numbers o, and and 5;-f-2, which being made equal, will give ;;;
are 2
thefe
Numbers
i
;
will each be 2.
laftly
The Ruler
and
at
o.
But
whofe
&c,
And
putting the
initial
206
initial
The Method of
Terms equal
1
FLUXIONS,
c*x*
to nothing, as they ftand in the Equation, we or for the firft Approximation o, <r, this Series will be accommodated to the cafe of Con-
=
-,
Series is accommovergency, when x is greater than c as the other other when x is lefs than c. to the dated cafe, 6 If the o, 27^ 34. propofed Equation be 8z, f> -\- a^y* thus refolved without When reduced it be to any preparation. may
our form,
it
6 8z 6y \* / -}-az J
3
putting_y=A
',&:c.it willbecome
8A*z*"
+ +aA
6
z*'
m +' s
*
*
s
&c.7
*
The
firft
cafe of external
Thefe Indices or Numbers But 0,2, therefore will be each o ; and the other 2/-f- 6 will be 2. will be in an afcending Arithmetical Progreffion, of which the common difference is 2. So that the form of the Series will be y=. Az~~1 And bccaufe 8A' -|- B -h Cs. -+- Dz*, &c. 27^9, or 2A=3^3,
whence 3/^-1-6
=
3
.
Terms
0,
or
m=s
will give
2.
$A*z* m
27^3
27.^'
o,
it
will be
J-0
3
Therefore the
firft
Term
or
Approximation
to
the
Root
will
be
-^2 2. *
But another cafe of external Terms will give aA*-z~- mJc 6 Thefe Indices or Numo, whence 2w-f-6 o, or /;; 3. bers therefore will be each o j and the other yn -+- 6 will be 3. found in a defcending Arithmetical P/ogrefiion, But o, 3, will be So that the form of the Series will whofe common difference is 3
=
tis
=
f
be y J
= Az~* A=+
-f-
Ez~
4
-fr
Cs-'
3v/3 x^
>
ccc.
And
becaufe
^A 1
27^',
^''^ Coefficient.
=:
external Terms, which may Laftly, there is another cafe of pom"a 6 m 6 afford a us -f- aA*z"- ^~ Series, by making SA*z3 defcending bly And the Numbers will be each equal to 6 ; o. o ; whence
is o. But 6, o, will be in a of which the common difference defcending Arithmetical Progreffion, 6 is 6. Therefore the form of the Series will be _y= -f- Ez~ -f1 Oc- 11 &c. Alib becaufe 8A -+- a A o, it is A {a for the
the other
Number,
or Index
of z,
=A
firft
Coefficient.
of
produce one Example more, in order to fhew what variety may be derived from the Root in fome Equations; as alib all the cafes, and all the varieties that can be derived, in the to fhew Let us therefore affume this Equation, prefent ftate of the Equation.
I fhall
Series
y*
--_ +
1,vl
--_ + - _ _
3^ a
/.
ClI
_j_
-+-
_
I
__
fl\*
3
.+.
^
m
,
o,
or
rather y 3
a~ y x
1
-+- a=
-\- x>
a>y~- x
3-
a\)
o.
Which
if
we make
}'
a \y~ z A.
A.\
-}-
a 6 x~ s &c. and
difpofe
207
***
* *
.*x"
+**
Now here it is plain by the difpofition of the Terms, that the Ruler can be apply'd eight times, and no oftner, or that there are eight cafes of external Terms to be try'd, each of which may give a Series for the Root, if the Coefficients will allow it, of which four
And firft for the four cafes afcending, and four defcending. of afcending Series, in which the Root will converge by the afcending Powers of x ; and afterwards for the other four cafes, when the Series converges by the defcending Powers of x. I. Apply the Ruler, or, (which is the fame thing,) afTume the s 1 " -* 1 a"' A- *Equation a A~=x~^ o, which will give 3/77
will be
1
=
;
2in
2,
or
7/7= 2;
6.
alfo
A=^.
then to
The Number
in its parallel
refulting
from
thefe Indices
is
then to 3
6,
3,
will or 2 then zm-{- 2, ; and laftly to 3/7; and 2/774- 2, 2, o, 2, 3, 6, are in an af-
motion
cending Arithmetical Progrellion, of which the common difference is i ; and therefore the form of the Series will be Ax --Bx*
=
or
1-
-f-
its firft
Term
6
will be
l
zm
hence
or
is
i
2,
or
3
;
=f
a''A
}
x--
alfo
The Num;
iJL ; the 37/7, the next ; 2, ; 2/>-f- 2, or j or i ; the two laft zm 4- 2 and are each 3. But 3/7;, 3, the Numbers will be in i, found an i, 3, j, o, i|, 3, Arithmetical of which the common difference afcending Progreffion,
the next o
is
and therefore the form of the Dx% &c. and its firft Term
Series will be
will be
+ ^/ax.
= Ax^
+-
Bx
+-
III.
208
III.
7?je
Method of FLUXIONS,
a* A. 1 .* 11""alfo
2, f; 3 give ber refulting is 3 ; the next 3;?;, or if ; the next i ; the next o ; the next 2m -+- 2, or i ; the next or 3z, or the two laft and 2m which are each But the if; -f- 2, 3 3. Numbers be all if, i, o, i, if, 3, will 3, comprehended in an afcending Arithmetical Progreiiion, of which the common dif-
2?/7
or;;;=
=+
o,
which
will
a*.
The Num2m 2,
ference
is
~h B
-f-
f and therefore the form of the Series will be y - A.y~ f Cx* -f- Dx, &c. and the firft Term will be or a*x~'
; ,
=
is
2;
2m -{-2, or 2 ; the next 3 ; the two laft and 2#?4-2, each of which is 6. But the Numbers 6, 3/tf 2, o, 2, 3, 6, belong to an afcending Arithmetical Progref3, Therefore the form of fion, of which the common difference is i. the Series will be y Ax~- +- Bx~' -+- C -f- Dx, &c. and its firft
6 ; the next o; the next
refulting
3
;
A: 3
^'A 1 *-'*- 2
alfo
2;
2,
A
;
= = The
o,
a*.
which
will
Number
the next
2m
or 2
give
=
6
2/w -4- 2, or #2
;
=
<
Au
;
a-'A 1 x"- m + l
alfo
2;
o,
which
will
re-
The Number
2,
fulting
is
O; the
3/72
next
or 2
the next
and
2m
2,
3,
2,
each of which
6,
6.
6, 3, 2, o,
of which the
be/
common
belong to a defcending Arithmetical Prodifference is i. Therefore the form 1 C Ex D.*Ax* -i&c. and the firft ~f-f,
x*
alfo
a~
=+
x im Jri
~
o,
which
will give
a*.
The Number
refulting
be 3;^, or if; the next 2;/z-f-2, or i ; the ,/ or i ; the next 2, if; the yn, or two laft and 2m 2 are each But the Numbers 3 3. 3, if, i, o, i, if, 3, belong to a defcending Arithmetical Therefore the ProgreiTon, of which the common difference is i. form of the Series will be_)' Ax^-i-Ex+Cx~^-{- DAT*', &c. and the firft Term will be ^/ax.
the next wi: 3 next o ; the next
is
;
III.
Aflume the Equation x <7A-** *+ + 2 w H- 2, or TW f alfo A gve 3 ber refulting from hence is 3 the next will be
=
;
=
i,
209
o,
which
or if 2, or
2,
will'
a*'.
The Num;
3;;?,
the
i ;
the next o
the next
laft
if
3, are a Arithmetical comprehended defcending Progreflion, of which the common difference is f Therefore the form of the Series will
3.
whichare
But the
two Numbers
the
.
3,
3 if, i, o,
2m and 2m
each of
if,
in
bcy=Ax~*-t-Bx~'-i-Cx~~ l -l-Dx- %
be
&c
an d the
firft
Term
will
+ a*x~*
or
+a
3;;;
==='#. alfo ; next zm 2, refulting is 6 ; the next will be 3 ; the or 2 ; the next o ; the next 2m -f- 2, or 2 ; the next the ; 3 two next 3#; and 2m But the Numbers 6, 3, 6. 2, are each 2, o, 2, 6, belong to a defcending Arithmetical Progref3,' of which the -common difference is r. Therefore the form of iion,
will give
2,
which
2m -f-
or
rfA.- I
2
The Number
be/=A x
<
H-BA
the
firft
fuffice
Approximations.
no
Now
Method of
Terms
fucceffively,
.SECT. V. The Refolution of Affe&ed Specious Equations, firofecuted by various Methods of Analyfis.
has been fhewn, when an Equation is ~J_ propofed, in order to find its Root, how the Terms of the Equation are to be difpoied in a two-fold regular fucceffion/fo as thereby to find the initial Approximations, and the feveral forms of the Scries in all their various circumftances. the Author proceeds in like manner to difcover the fubfequent Terms of the Series, which may be done with much eafe and certainty, when the form
35.
it
TTT ITHERTO
Now
of the Series is known. For this end he finds Refidual or Supplemental Equations, in a regular fuccefTion alfo, the Roots of which are a continued Series of Supplements to the Root In required. one of which the every Supplemental Equations Approximation is
found,
2io
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
found, by rejecting the more remote or lefs confiderable Terms, andfo reducing it to a fimple Equation, which will give a near Value of the Root. And thus the whole affair is reduced to a kind of Comparifon of the Roots of Equations, as has been hinted already. The Root of an Equation is nearly found, and its Supplement, which, ihculd make it compleat, is the Root of an inferior Equation > the Supplement of which is again the Root of an inferior Equation ; and fo on
for ever.
Or
36. The eafy to be underflood ; yet however it may be thus farther explain'd. Having inferted the Terms of the given Equation in the left-hand
retaining that Supplement, we may flop where we pleafe. Author's Diagram, or his Procefs of Refolution, is very
Column, (which
therefore are equal to nothing, as are alfo all the fubfequent Columns,) and having already found the firft Approximation to the Root to be a ; inflead of the Root y he fubflitutes its
equivalent a-\-p in the feveral Terms of the Equation, and writes the Refult over-againfl them refpedtively, in the rightrhand Margin. Thefe he collects and abbreviates, writing the Refult below, in the
.
of which rejecting all the Terms of too high a ; i i he retains only the two loweft Terms ^.a p-\-a x=.o^ compofition, x for the fecond Term of the Root. Then which give p -%x-}-q, he fubflitutes this in the defcending Terms afluming/> to the left-hand, and. writes the Refult in the Column to the righthand. Thefe he collects and abbreviates, writing the Refult below Of which rejecting again all the higher in the left- hand- Column. i o i which T T-cx Terms, he retains only, the two loweft ^a*q
left-hand
Column
==
give a
Term
of the Root.
And
fo on.
Or
imitation of a former Procefs, (which may be feen-, ,pag; the Refolution of this, and all fuch like Equations, may be
in
i)3_|_tf^y=
a*
-+.axy-h
+ +ay
a*
!L
J ing,
I
r
By which
Procefs the
Root
will be
found
_y
X
<z
7* 4-
^,
&c.
Or
211
Method
3
w>. W-p -f- axp -f- 3^/ -4-/ muft be difpos'd in the following manner.
of unneceffary prolixity,
briefly denotes, that a for the Value of y.
is
is
a'-x -+ x*
-,
it
the
firft
Term
Alfo^=*
is
1
the fecond
infinuates,
Term
Alfo y
* -f-
644
&c.
that -4- r
out any regard to the other Terms. Terms ; and the like is to be underftood of
ever.
Term And fo
of the Series
for
all
y, **
with-
4*'/l
==
a*x
+*
40963
13 1x4
^
7T7T
&c.
c &c
-
To
made
folved
is fet
this Procefs,
Term of
or 4 .a*p
down
a
_f-3^)
below,
= Then
l
,
it a*x is may be obferved, that here the Series, into which ^a l p is to be rea*x, &c. and therefore p x, &c. which
is
-t-Tz-ax
1
,
per Places.
which with
of ^a*p
;
or 4d a/>
down in their procollecled, will make -V^S muft be fet down for the fecond Term
let
l
}
+
,
-r'^ax
=
i
il. > &c. and (by fquaring) 3<?/> a * W^" ' ^ c T^efe being collected
3
-
= =
* -f-
-?-
>
be wrote down with a contrary Sign; and with A: 3 , one of the Terms of the given Equation, this, together * * -f- --'x* } &c. and therefore />= * * -f- -^- ? will make a*p '*" a
make
^,
to
&c.
Then
axp= *
* -J-
~~
1*4
,
3^/1*
=
s
* *
212
_,
Ih* Method of
'
FLUXIONSJ
and (by * -f- -1^1 &c. all which cubing) * N ] ft! 1024* 1 ***-fbeing collected with a contrary Sign, will make 4tf /> 59i_* &c. and therefore And by the -f,' &c.
.
1&22
4096.1
&c
, '
40961*
/=***
163841
fame Method
we may
'
we
pleafe.
Rationale of this Procefs has been already deliver'd, but as it will be of frequent ufe, I fhaM here mention it again, in femewhat a .different manner. The Terms of the Equation being duly order'd, fo as that the Terms involving the Root, (which are to be
refolved into their refpecttve Series,) being
fide,
all
The
in a
;
Column on one
any adventitious
and
t,he
known Terms on
Terms may be introduced, fuch as will be neceffary for forming the feveral Series, provided they are made mutually to deftroy one another, that the integrity of the Equation may be thereby preferved. Thefe adventitious Terms will be fupply'd by a kind of Circulation,
which
ceffary
make the work eafy and pleafant enough ; and the neTerms of the fimple Powers or Roots, of fuch Series as comw^ill
muft be derived
,
are willing to avoid too many, and to0 high Powers in thefe Extraction's, we may proceed' in the following manner.
Or
if
we
The Example mall be the fame Supplemental Equation as before, which may be reduced to this form, 4a* -f- ax -+- ^ap -4- pp -x.p =s of which the Refolution may be thus a*x * 4-#
3
"
'
.'
'
-'!
'
4rf
a
.
__, 3
H- ax
.
.$
2a
,
-4-/
h TV**
77^
&c:
X*
64
I*S
5i2i
16384^3^
I call the aggregate Factor, of or which I place the known part parts 4<2* -{- ax .above, and the unknown, parts ^ap -f- pp in a Column to the left-hand, fa as that their refpeclive Series, as they come to be known, may be placed
The Terms
4^*
-f-
ax-\-
^p-^-fp
Under
2,
thefe a
Line
is
drawn, to receive
the
2*3
the aggregate Series beneath it, which is -form'd by the Terms of the as become Under this aggregate Seknown. Factor, they aggregate ries comes the fimple Factor />, or the of the Root to be fymbol
Terms become known alfo. Laftly, under all are the known Terms of the Equation in their proper Now as places. thefe laft Terms (becaufe of the Equation) are equivalent to the Product of the two Species above them from this confideration the Terms of the Series p are gradually derived, as follows.
extracted, as
its
;
(of the aggregate Series) is brought no other Term to be collected with having Term, multiply 'd by the firft Term of />, firft Term of the is to the fuppofe q, Product, that is, ^.a'-q equal a*x, it will be q ~x, cr p -L.v, &c. to be put down in its we have T Thence (hall place. ap-=. %ax, &c. which towith will make the fecond Term for -}-ax above, gether -^^'ax
Firft,
the
initial
Term 4^
>
of the aggregate Series. Now if we fuppofe r to reprefent the le-of and to be cond Term wrote in its place accordingly ; by crofsp, -'y-ax^ =^ o, becaufe the fecond multiplication we lhall have ^.a^r
_v^
Term of the Product is abfent, or=ro. Therefore r-=. which 64*' * -f- -^x may now be fet down in its place. And hence yap l &c. and p* ^x*, &c. which being collected will make ^~x Now if we fuppofe for the third Term of the aggregate Factor. of then s to third Term the p, by crofs-multiplication, (or reprefent
3 -,
by our Theorem * ;
256
fore
=
3
^=
256
for
(for
Multiplication
of
infinite
Series,)
q.a ;
4-
is
the
third Term
of the Product.)
There* * -4-
to be fet
i
1
down
in its place.
,
Then
-lap
512^*
=
will
&c.
5
I
and
2a
Azea
&c.
which together
make
_j_
^2l
Term of the aggregate Series. Then putting fourth Term of p, by multiplication we fliall have
to be o, whence / ' 4096* 2048^ would proceed any farther in the ExIf fet down in its place. of the Setraction, we mufl find in like manner the fourth
^=
= -^L
Term
we
ries
thus we may eafily and furely carry of the aggregate Series. on the Root to what degree of accuracy we pleafe, without any danger of computing any fuperfiuous Terms ; which will be no mean advantage of thefe Methods.
Term And
of p*-,
Term
Or
Method of FLUXIONS,
Or we may
proceed in the following manner, by which
railing
at
all.
Supany fubfidiary Powers of the fame -f+axp ^ap* -fExample, ^cfp plemental Equation all of others in imitation a*x-{-x*, (and this,) may be p=
we The
fliati
reduced to
this
form,
/\.a*-
-+-
ax-+- ^a
-{-
x/> x/>
a*x
x>,
refolved.
4#*
-f-
ax
for the
this
Paradigm, bring
as
it
down
be
4^*
Series,
may
ftill
call'd,
and fuppofe
q to reprefent the
or^=
of the Series p. Then will ~x, which is to be wrote every where x for the firft Term Multiply +- 3*2 by
firft
Term
ax
ax
the Refult
let
~#x
Then
-r-s-^x
the Term above, Term of the aggregate Term of />, and we fhal'l
collect
o,
or r
=
1
to
be
Term
of^>.
Then
1
we
fhall
have 3^ x ~~ a
-I- -rV-v
= ^V^
s
is,
as above,
by crofs-
Term
to reprefent the
Term
+
'
',
256
256
=x
(fee the
Theorem,
a
. '
that
s=^^
5iz
-of
to
be wrote every where for the third Term of p. And by the lame of the Term of the fourth way Multiplication aggregate Series will be
found to be
\-2L.
}
which
will
make
the fourth
Term
to be
And
fo on.
this
Among
all
variety
of Methods
for
thefe Extractions,
is
we
mon
to ftipply
com-
4~
ijX
4~ ^n.D l x 1 4~ 4^ 3A*C 4-
-D'AJ" 3
4~
}
^"*> *^c*
6ABC4- 36^
4-f-
6ABD
o.
aA.x 4-
aBx
1-
4- aCx*
aDx*, &c.
an indeterminate quantity, and muft continue' fo to be, every Term of this Equation may be feparately put equal tonothing, by which the general Coefficients A,B, C, D, &c. will be determined to congruous Values ; and by this means the Root^ will be
becaufe
Now
is
known.
as
Thus,
(2.)
( i.)
1 4- a A
2a~>
before.
3A B
a
-+-
aA
-+- a*-B
= =
o,
which
will give
A=/r,
o, or
B==
i B -4-6ABC-j-3A*D4-rfC-H a D o, orD'=^_> aD 4- ^E A*E 6ABD AO 44o, or 3 3B-C 3 (5.) _^2_ And. fo on, to determine F, G, H, &c. Then by fubfti163^4^^ Values of A, B, C, D, &c. in the aflumed Root, we tuting thefe
3
(4.)
(hall
conveniently enough refolve this Equation, or the fame kind, by applying it to the general Theorem, any other of ra CT 1 90. for extracting the Roots of any affedted Equations in NumFor this Equation being reduced to this form ;i3 * 4- a 1 4-^x bers.
Or
.
we may
&c.
2.
x/
2l b
x
2rt 3 -+-A:'
The Method of
c
FLUXIONS,
#2
x.y
=
if
i
;
o,
we
fliall
have there
3.
And
inftead
of the firft, fecond, third, fourth, fifth,- &c. Coefficients of the Powers x , o, 2# 5 of y in the Theorem, if we write 1,0, aa -f- ax,
?
.&c. refpectively
and
we make
the
firft
or
A= a and B =
to
Approximation
A
*
,
=
,.
>
4"
4
, a
-f-
for a nearer
mation
the Root.
-f-
4^
ax,
A=
zqSjt
have
48a*.v4
-f-
Zfi4 ,* -f-
+1*9
But
five
this laft
Approximation
is
fo
And taking this Numerator we fliall approach nearer ftill. near, that if we only take the firft
divide
them by the
firft five
will be
Theorem will converge fo faft on this, and fuch like ocA a, (ma-cafions, that if we here take the firft Approximation ** have we fliall a &c. i ~x, &cc. y ,) king B -^ ^ a .And if again we make this the fecond Approximation, or A we fliall have y i,) t*, (making B
And
the
=
1
ax ~T
-i
z 4
if
again
^
*
we make
_
*-**
Approximation, or
J,)
A=:a
D ti&
&c. (making
'B==
we
fliall
to eight Terms at this Operation. the number of Terms., that double will ation true
Root
laft
To
form,
Operation. proceed
v
=
o,
with the fame Equation we have found before, we might likewife have a defcending Series in this AA'H-B -j-Cx- &c. for the Root y, which we fliall
ftill
; 1 ,
extract
or three ways, for the more abundant exemplification of It has been already found, that this Doctrine. i, or that x Make therefore y =. x is the firft Approximation to the Root. x> and fubftitute this in the given Equation jy 3 -f- axy -f-
two
A=
+
*a=
-4-
=
_t_
which
a^x
will then
ax 1
-f-
become -f- axp -f- a?p -\- ^xf This may be reduced to this form o.
^p
any
-^
ax
-{-/* x/>
ax"-
a*x
2a*,
and
may
OAT*
be refolved as follows.
217
3A'
-f-
ax _
.
aX
-f-
rt*
a*
_+_
_+_
IE1
t
Sec.
4_
p*
+^
-f-
_;
&c>
3-v*
*
"
3-v
t rfl
*""*
+~ _i-
&c.
c --
/,.. '
_i_^
3
~~ -U_
64 " 4
81^^
The Terms of the aggregate Factor, as alib the known Terms of the Equation, being down ^x l difpofed as in the Paradigm, bring for lire firft Term of the aggregate Series ; and fuppofing q to reprelent the firft Term of the Series p, it will be ax*, or
3^^
q=firft
Term of 3^ to be its This will make the place. fecond Term of the aggregate Series to be nothing fo that if rethe fecond Term fliall have we of prefent by multiplication 3vV p, of p, to be put down a 1 *;, or for the fecond Term "_ in its a 1 be the fecond Term of $xp, as alfo Then will place. 1 to be fet down each in their places. ^d"~ will be the firft Term of/ The Refult of this Column will be -^z 1 which is to be made the third Term of the Then putting s for the third aggregate Series. Term of/, we mall have by Multiplication ^x^s -V rt3 == 2(l or s= $52the next Operation we fhall have / And thus by J 1
; ;
y,
for the
firft
Therefore
ax
will be the
'
>
and
"Or
if
fo on.
we would
the railing of Powers was avoided, and going; Methods, by which wherein the whole was performed by Multiplication alone ; we may
reduce
it
to
this
d^X
_j_
2n* ,
fix -f- a -f- 3* -j-/ x/> x/ form, 3* the Refolution of which will be thus
:
^.v
j.v-
2I 8
tte Method of
3**
-f-
FLUXIONS,
a*
ax -h
3*
--+
T*
~
+
a
,
fa*
3*-
&c.
--8ix*
243*3'
The Terms being difpos'd as in the Example, bring down 3*'* for the firft Term of the aggregate Series, and fuppofing q to reprefent the firft Term of the Series p, it will be ax*, or q yx^q Put down -+- 3* in its proper place, and under it (as alfo after La. it) put down the firft Term of/, or La, which being multiply'd, and collected with -j- ax above, will make o for the fecond Term of the aggregate Series. If the fecond Term of p is now reprefented to be put a'-x, or r by r, we fhall have ix^r * down in its feveral places. Then by multiplying and collecting we mail have -f- a* for the third Term of the aggregate Series. And putting s for the third Term of p, we fhall have by Multiplication or j= T T rf3 =2d 3Ar*j |^ And fo on as far as we pleafe. Laftly, inftead of the Supplemental Equation, we may refolve the
3^*
'
manner
ax
%a*x La*x
-f-
\a* La* +-
* 28*4
,
Sec.
-----f-
ax 1
&c.
y= x
,
'a
243^5
Here becaufe it is y~> =x*, &c. it will be y x, &c. and therefore -I A which &c. muft in be fet down its =-fThen _t_ xy place. wrote with a it muft be again contrary fign, that it may be y= == * * rfx*, &c. and therefore (extracting the cube-root,) a * &c. Then -+- a*y 4- a*x, &c. and + axy j-^^, &c. which
= /=
,
l &c. and (by Extraction) y * * -f- a y 3 &c. and -f- ^v>'= * * # frt a*, &c. which being cola and united with -f- 20 J above, will lected with contrary fign,
,
will
219
* *
make y"'
&c.
* * *
-+-
f^
5
,
Then
=
'
&c. and
j*,
-f-
axy
= =
* * *
4-^
>
* * *
+ ^7'
collected
177
fo
I
'
&c
I
&c.
And
on.
need not trouble the Learner, or myfelf, with of the Author's giving any particular Explication (or Application) Rules, for continuing the Quote only to fuch a certain period as {hall be before determined, and for preventing the computation of fuperfluous Terms ; becaufe mod of the Methods of Analyfis here deliver'd require no Rules at all, nor is there the leaft danger of making
37, 38.
think
When we
1
are
3
to find the
t)'
-+-
fj
v4
+ t>"> &c
as
*>
tllis is
ufually
call'd
For as here the Aggregate is the Reverfion of a Series. exprefs'd by the Powers of y; fo when the Series is reverted, the Aggregate
This Equation, as now it will be exprefs'd by the Powers of z. the of z the Series) to be unknown, (lands, fuppofes (or Aggregate it are to to we that and indefinitely, by means of the approximate
known Number y and its Powers. Or otherwife the unknown Number z is equivalent to an infinite Series of decreafing Terms, an Arithmetical Scale, of which the known Number y exprefs'd by
;
is
the Root.
to be lefs
than
And thence it will folUnity, that the Series may duly converge. be much lefs than will This is ufually calthat z, alfo low, Unity.
led a
Logarithmick
Series,
it
ex-
between the Logarithms and their Numbers, as preffes the Relation If we look upon z, as known, and therefore will appear hereafter. mull be reverted; or the Value of y muft the Series as unknown, y be exprefs'd by a Series of Terms compos'd of the known NumThe Author's Method for reverting this Seber z and its Powers. ries will be very obvious from the confideration of his Diagram and we mall meet with another Method hereafter, in another part of
;
Works. It will be fuffiqient therefore in this place, to perform after the manner of fome of the foregoing Extractions.
his
it
f 2
Method of FLUXIONS,
y
= a + |~
*
-+- f:i
+ TV-4-
4- T5o-3 }
>
&c
fVA./
>
h f*
M
-s
'f^ 4 -H 4 _. fS
L.
&C.
Sec.
in a
fet
In this Paradigm the unknown parts of the Equation are fet down defcending order to the left-hand, and the known Number z is
down
Sec. which is to be fet down in its fa with a place, contrary fign, fo that _}'= * -f- f % & c 1 And therefore (fquaring) * f 2', Sec. and (cubing) f^ 3 3 -h fy fa Sec. which Terms collected with a contrary fign,
1
,
to
the
right-hand.
Then
is
z, Sec.
and
alfo
make
* *
y=
4
=4,
=
f_)'
* * -f- -.^s,
Sec.
And
-4-
=:
y
rV24
f.?.
&c
Sec.
therefore (fquaring)
3
an d (cubing)
54 '
f_y*
=
4
* -|a
fa
4
,
Sec.
and
fign,
f/
f ,
which Terms
collected
-j -?-
^c
with a contrary
y_y
Therefore
make
&c.
* # *
f.s
H- f^
&c. which Terms collected with a contrary fign, ***-{- -4-a Sec. And fo of the reft. if we were to revert the Series y -f- f/ -f- ^V>' + TT-T^ Thus 40. -f- T .fy T y' -h TTTS->''S ^ c ^, (where the Aggregate of the Seunknown Number ries, or the a, will reprefent the Arch of a Circle, whole Radius is i, if its right Sine is reprefented by the known Number y,) or if we were to find the value of r, confider'd as unknown, to be exprefsd by the Powers of a,, now confider'd as known
5
-{#-
y=
we may proceed
thus
Lo*3
,^1^
]_
o*
____'__
*?"
-.{
^9
o^C
+
Sec.
3 5 i>>9 3 T"T"3""a"
ATr* vVv
The Terms
Sec.
fs
Sec.
3
,
Sec.
fo
= fa we
we
3 ,
Sec.
lhall
have
and
alfo
-^y
=-5
mall have
f_>'
-rV^'j
fign,
5-a
!r
Sec.
221
7
>
r==*
*
-+-TT.T-'.
&c
Hence
7
TV~
7
,
* * * contrary tign, v It" we fhould defire to perform this Extraction by another of the the Equation to be reduced foregoing Methods, that is, by fuppoiing; 6 4 &<' x to this- form i -+- j-_v* 4- -rV +- TTT.' ;==;, it TTTT^'^ may be fufHcient to let down the Praxis, as here follows.
'
= = TTT~
\<->
* *
>
&<--.
WT^"'
&c<
T TV
'
&
^y
222
The Method of
FLUXIONS.
but perhaps moft readily by fubftituting the Value of y now found in the given Equation, and thence determining the general Coefficients as before. By which the Root will be found to be _)'
TT 3 TTTT' T^ T JTT^rT 42. To refolve this affected Quadratick Equation, in which one of the Coefficients is an infinite Series ; if we fuppofe y =. Ax m , &c. we (hall have (by Subftitution) the Equation as it ftands here below.
I
i
or Z.O
I-
Z^ gt**
'_ *;7
T ~
*
*_2i
9 9
fy7 6
~3
f, _
> **-*-.
Then by
whence
in
its
we
.
{hall
have
aAx m
-+-
4,
and
=~
=o,
is
The
parallel
motion will
arrive at,
is
-+- I,
or 5;
the next
m-\-2, or 6; &c. fo that the common difference fion is i, and the Root may be reprefented by y Cx 6 , &c. which may be extracted as here follows.
x"
223
x
-f_,_
will be
found y
g,
1 *
&c.
vj
Now
ji
-\-
-+is
-4-
4-
^r
a
&c.
as
is
a Geometrical
and therefore
equal to
may
be proved by Divifion
-
if
we
fubftitute this,
if
become
in
*
_>*
y -f-
^
way,
o>
it
And
will
we
y
ex-
the
ia~
fquare-root
a ...4+ -x
the
or
-~^
lax
ordinary
give
r=
exa
R ootj And
if this
Radical
be refolved, and then divided by this Denominator, the fame two Series will arife as before, for the two Roots of this Equation. And
very remarkable, and of general ufe, the not (if obvious) mould be always affign'd, when that can be conveniently done; which renders a Series ftill more ufeful and elegant. This may commonly be difcover'd in the Computation, by attending to the formation of the Coefficients, efpecially
this fufficiently verifies the 43. In Series that are
whole Procefs.
Law
of Continuation
if
as
we put Letters to reprefent them, and thereby may be, defcending to particulars by degrees.
for instance,
is
Series,
z=y
{y
-f- .lys
Confecution
Term, tho' ever fo remote, be to reprefent any at if we put For aflign'd may eafily pleafure. Term indefinitely, whcfe order in the Series is exprefs'd by the navery obvious, fo that any
tural
Number
then will
4- or
according as
is
-j", where the Sign muft be an odd or an even Number. So that the
l
T
,
=+
hundredth
Term
is
L-y
the next
thus.
is
-j-_J_^
3
101
,
&c.
4
In the
is
Let
is
whofe order
m
in
the Series
-+- -y^a
-4-
T=
tinued
for the
^p- , which Series in the Denominator mud: be conto as many Terms as there are Units in m. Or if c ftands Coefficient of the Term immediately preceding, then is
T=
+
m <y
m
I >
z fz"> -+- T TO-S' ToV^ 27 Again, in the Series y _r' the &c. (by which the Relation between Circular Arch _ rT TT a*nd its light Sine is exprefs'd,) the Law of Continuation will be thus.
224
If
*?%*
Method of FLUXIONS,
Series,
be any
Term
of the
whofe order
;
is
exprefs'd by w,
and
I
,
if c
then
y -f-
T
3
-f- -?)' -f- T T y~ be thus. If of will Confecution _f-_|^- T r reprefents any Term, the Index of whole place in the Series is ;//, and if "" ,,i-i_ And c be the preceding Coefficient j then
And
of
this Series,
or
z.
_ f _im
".
zm
x zm
^v
cc.
the
Law
2/11
X 2
44, 45, 46. If we would perform thefe Extractions after a more and general manner, we may proceed thus. Let the given Equation be v*_ -}- a\v -\- rf.vv z<jj r , j5 the Terms of which Ihould be difpofed as *, * Q * * * l> -}in the Margin. p, where Suppofe y _ ; y is to be conceived as a near /; Approximation to the Root y, and p as its fmall Supplement. When this is fubftiftand the will as it tuted, Equation a ~P I becaufe .v and f> ? ^'f" does here. f=~\
2^x-=o, _ +
+
fl
Now
-^
+
"
are both fmall quantities, the moil confiderable quantities are at the beginning of the Equation, from
f
*/.
_i_
'/ 3
+ _
/*
*
x
=
a s
^
'
whence they proceed gradually dias oug;ht minifliing, both downwards and towards the right-hand when the to be Terms of an are fuppos'd, always Equation dilpos'd
;
And becaufe inftead of according to a double Arithmetical Scale. we have unknown here introduced two, If and one quantity _v, />, we may determine one of them b, as the neceffity of the Relblution
iliall
the moft confiderable require. Quantities out of the Equation, and to leave only a Supplemental Equation, whofe Root is/>; we may put 6* -+- a*b 2^ o, which Equation will determine b, and which therefore henceforward we are to And for brevity fake, if we put a 1 -+- 3^* look upon as known. mail have the we c, Equation in the Margin. Now here, becaufe the two initialTerms \. aox+axp -f- cp -+- abx are the moft con fiderable of ? * = * r the Equation, which might be removed, if
To
remove therefore
to^ we
fiiould
afiume
prefs'd
-flwll
^
this
and the
would be de-
lower ; therefore
make p
_f- q,
and by fubftitution
we
Or
have
Equation following.
225
3*?*
3
Equation,
make
^
'
-+-
=/;
itwillaffume
this
form.
.e.
=
if
.
+ J7
^+
^,
> V
**?
< 3
x*
to be next
removed
*
are-f- cq -j-^-x^we
may
-x
+- r,
and by Sub-
+<?
ftitution
we
fhall
have another
+?
?
+ 3V _ 1^-^*
-f? l
|
Supplemental Equation, which will be farther deprefs'd, and fo on as far as we pleafe. Therefore
^
*
we
a
<
-x
c
--x*
c
b* -+.
a*b
za*
Sec.
where b
c
o,
will be
-f-
3^*
in this
3
,
Equation
we
affumc
this in
the Equation, to determine the general Coefficients, we fhall have e . a\ c a , . , -ja' c is the x"' t &c. wherein -x -tx*-\ y ,.-
= A --
--
-f. a*
-=
art 5
o,
and
3 A*
a*.
47. All Equations cannot be thus immediately refolved, or their Roots cannot always be exhibited by an Arithmetical Scale, whofe Root is one of the Quantities in the given Equation. But to perform the Analyfis it is fometimes required, that a new Symbol or Quantity fhould be introduced into the Equation, by the Powers of which the Root to be extracted may be exprefs'd in a convergAnd the Relation between this new Symbol, and the ing Series. of the Equation, mu ft be exhibited by another Equation. Quantities were if it Thus propofed to extradl the Root y of this Equation, 1 4 &c. it would be in vain to expedt, x fi-\-y 4/ -Hy}' ^_}' that it might be exprefs'd by the fimple Powers of either x or a.
For the Series itfelf fuppofes, in order to its converging, that y is fome fmall Number lefs than Unity but x and a are under no fuch
;
limitations.
Powers of
And x, may
therefore
Series,
be a diverging
Series.
introduce a
form'd
4-
226
form'd of
its
Ibe Method of
tho' ever
ami
Powers may converge it is plain, that x fo muft becaufe be each near other, rf, great, always is a therefore difference &.c. (mall Aflame their y y* } quantity. a the Equation x z, and z will be a fmall quantity as required; and being introduced inftead of x a, will give z-= y y* -f4 &c. whofe Root be extracted will z->t-^^ -ly being y ^y* -j-y.2 4-TV s4 ^cc> as before. x o, to find 48. Thus if we had the Equation _> -f-j* -h_y
FLUXIONS, to y. Now
>
i3
= =
the
Root y Powers of
a Series for y compofed of the afcending would which x, converge if x were a fmall quantity, lels but would than Unity, diverge in contrary Circumftances. Suppox to be a large Quantity in this cafe the was known that then fing
; ;
we might have
Author's Expedient
pofing the Equation
is
this.
x=
Making &
,
l
inftead
of x he introduces
into the
Equation, by which means he obtains a converging Series, confining of the Powers of z afcending in the Numerators, that is in reality, of the Powers of x afcending in the Denominators. This he does, to keep within the Cafe he propofed to himfelf ; but in the Method here purfued, there is no occafion to have recourfe to this Expedient, it being an indifferent matter, whether the Powers of the convergor the Denominators. ing quantity afcend in the Numerators
Thus
king y
in the given
5-
4-
jy
* ? *
j
'
= Ax
The
laft
m
,
6cc.)
A**'" 4-
*""
4-
Ax m
&c.?
.3
v*
=
is
we
m=.
3.
next
Term
i.
5 A' mall have the exterior Terms A 3 A* i. Alfo the refulting Number or Index to which the Ruler approaches will give 2/11,
or 2; the
m, or
But
3, 2, i,
is
1
common
= Ax
difference
i.
4- B 4- Cx"
a defcending Progreffion, Therefore the form of the 4- DAT"* &c. which we may
,
make
+y
'
1 1 ,&c.it will be _y=x,&c.and therefore _y =A- , &c. which will make y* * * #*, &c. and (by Extraction)/ -^ with which ~x A* Then &c. * &c. below, } (by fquaring)^* ~x } &c. and therefore * * and changing the Sign, makes j 3
Becaufe
>)'
=A
l}
Then ;* * * * * .1, &c. and y , }*~", &c. * * * -4&c. which together, changing the Sign, make y> * * &c. and TV*~S &c. Then y-f- 44*-', _ and * therefore &c. * ^ _^_ ^.^-^ ^ # Sec. and *""'> 75 ~ &c * * * * -f- -pT x 3 &c. and _v Now as this Series is accommodated to the cafe of convergency when x is a large Quantity, fo we may derive another Series from
*
=
-
;'=***
_>'
= =
==
,.
227
,
>
hence, which will be accommodated to the cafe when .v is a fmall For the Ruler will direct us to the external Terms Ax* quantity. and and the refulting Numi ; x5 o, whence 3, or will 6 ; and the lair, is next Term The ber is 3. give 2m,
m=
A=
3*77,
or 9.
9 will form an afcending Progremon, of which the common difference is 3. Therefore v =Ax'' -+- Ex 6 -t-Cy 9 &c. will be the form of the Series in this cafe, which may be thus
But
3, 6,
derived.
-}
=
x
6
x>
x6 h x
s
-+-
#
2X> +-
*
11
3AT
4*" 2x"
-f-
14*'
8
7A-
&c. &c.
= y =
&c. and therefore and &c. v , 2x, y^5=^9, &c. and therefore y Then y* * H- .V, &c. * * -j- 3^'*, 6cc. and 11 3 &c. and therefore7= * * * -f. o, &c. * S-^ The Expedient of the Ruler will indicate a third cafe of external m K Terms, which may be try'd alfo. For we may put A=x= -{- A*x*' m -f- Ax o, whence m o, and the Number refulting from the other Term is 3. Therefore 3 will be the common difference of the Progrelfion, and the form of the Root will be _y= A -{- Bx' -{A Cx 6 &c. But the Equation A 5 -f- A a o, will give A o, this to the former Series. And the other two which will reduce Roots of the Equation will be impofftble. If the Equation of this Example jy 3 -f- y* -{- r x"' o be the factor we mall have the Equation y* i, multiply'd by y y ... * ) y o, or r+ * # X~'y -f- x'
Here
*
becaufe_)'
&c.
=Then = =
Ar 3
,
&c.
it
will
*
bej>*=x
'folved, will
A'_)
--
AT
C=o,
which when
re-
only afford the fame Series for the Root y as before. l 1 This zy -+- i 49. Equation \* 2f' o, when x\y -h xy reduced to the form of a double Arithmetical Scale, will ftand as in
the Margin.
Now
228
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
_>
the finl Cafe of external Terms, fhewn by the Ruler, in order for an afcending Series, will i" 2 A*" make A'.**" _|- 2
-+i
Now
+2."-
2>-f
*-
refulting;
i
= Number=
o, or
;;/
A^
o
or
Or making y
Axm>
fc
where the
M^
zAljc
tm jri
is
alfo o.
i ;
the third the Arithmetical Progreffion will be o, Therefore or 2. zm-}- 2, i ; and is difference common confequently it will be i, 2, whofe 1 the But +- zA* Equation v == A -f- Bx -+ Cx -+- Dx*, &c. of the firft Coeffithe Value mould "_ zA -H i which o, give
fecond
is
zm -h
The 11-1
A 1*
\4-s ^
i,
cient,
none but impoffible Roots ; fo that y, the Root of this Equation, cannot be exprefs'd by an Arithmetical Scale whofe Root is x, or by an afcending Series that converges by the Powers of x, when x is a fmall quantity.
will fupply
us with
As
Ruler
fff
and
A=+
i.
= The Number
A
two
cafes to be try'd
is
o, whence ^m
= zm
;
firft
the or
-f- 2,
arifing
be zm -f- i, or 3 ; the next 2w, or 2 ; the next m, or i ; the laft o. But the Arithmetical Progreffion 4, 3, 2, i, o, has^ i for its common Series will be y Ax -+ difference, and therefore the form of the ufual our Method, it B 4- CAT"', 8cc. But to extract this Series by this x* to the to reduce 4- x -+- z form, beft be will Equation thus to then __ 2 l and o, proceed
y~ 4- y~*
-_ x i
2 -f- ZX~*
| A:
~1
>
&c
c
97'
h
Becaufe
A;~ I ,
77
&C.
_ x y
&c.
_j_
jy
JL
fo that
-VAT-% &c.
>
&c.'
zy~ which being united with a contrary '~ I & c> ant^ therefore by Extraction TA
= x %x~ y= Then
x*
l
2,
1
&c.
'tis
therefore
(by Extradlion)
zx-*,
* * *
&c.
* * *
=
,
==
=*
* -f- -i-^"
=
o,
In the other cafe of a defcending Series whence zm +- z A 1 *""^ -f- i hence arifing is o Number The i
=o,
=
;
we
i,
and
zm
r,
Cjf
229
But and the laft 4w, or 4. the Numbers o, I, 2, 4, will be found in a defcending Arithmetical Progrelfion, the common difference of which is i. Therefore the form of the Root is y A.x~' -+- Bx~'- -+- Cx~*, &c. and the Terms of the Equation mufl be thus difpofed for Refolution.
the next
2//v,
or
-,
---
- 2X -
1 I-f- A*""
x 1 &c. it will be by Extraction of the y~&c. and by finding the Reciprocal, y x~', Square-root y~ a contrary Sign, &c. Then becaufe &c. this with 2X, zy~ and collected with x above, will make_y 1 * -{- x, &c. which &c. makes and * -+ i, y~ (by Extraction) by taking the Recii becaufe Then * i, &c. ^^~ 6cc. procal, /== * zy~* this with a 2 above, will make contrary fign, and collected with and therefore * * 8ec. * * i, y~* (by Extraction) y~ 3 &c. Then becaufe and &cc. * * -f- ^x~ y 4*"" , (by Divifion) jy l # * * * * -}- -^"S ^ w iH be y %x~*y &c. and 2y~' " * * * -V*~J > & c Then 4* , &c and >'=*** j1 &c. and /* becaufe * * * -f- -fA;2y~' x~~-, &c. thefe
Here becaufe
l
it
is
=x,
= = =
l
= = =
=
-
collected with
&cc.
and y~'
= =
a
* * * *
V-v ~%
rlT*"4
*
an ^
** **
-f-
&c.
Thefe are the two defcending Series, which may be derived for the Root of this Equation, and which will converge by the Powers of x, when it is a large quantity. But if x mould happen to be
fmall, then in order to obtain a converging Series, As if it were known that the Root of the Scale.
we much change
x
differs
but
little
conveniently put z for that fmall difference, or 2 &. That is, irulead of x we rmy aflame the Equation .v and mall we have a new Equain this Equation fubftitute 2 2,
from
2,
we may
tion y*
--
zy*
^zy*
2y
= =
o,
which
will appear
as
in
the Margin.
Here
230
Here
to have
an afcending SezAz'" muft we put A+z*? ries, whence m o, and * _ T-l__ -KT The Number hence i. A arifing is o ; the next is 2/H-i, or i ; and the laft 2m -f- 2, or 2. But o, 1,2, are in an afcending
2;
4-
'
1=0, +=
>
?*'
= l>
Or
A4.,
A
whole
y
= Acommon
-f-
difference
is
i.
B;s
-f-
Cs a
-+-
D;s 3 , 6cc.
And
if the
be extracted by any of the foregoing Methods, it will be found y =. 1 Alfo we may hence find two defcending Se6cc. i -+--iz -^s ries, which would converge by the Root of the Scale z, if it were
,
Root y
large quantity.
field for the Solution 50, 51. Our Author has here opened a large indeterminate of thefe Equations, by Shewing, that the quantity, or what we call the Root of the Scale, or the converging quantity,
be changed a great variety of ways, and thence new Series will be derived for the Root of die Equation, which in different circum-
may
/tances will converge differently, fo that the the preSent occafion may always be chofe.
does not fufEciently converge, we may be able to change it for another that (hall converge falter. But that we may not be left to uncertain interpretations of the indeterminate quantity, or be obliged to make Suppositions at random j he gives us this Rule for finding initial Approximations, that may come at once pretty near the Root
Which required, and therefore the Series will converge apace to it. to what amounts this: are find when Rule to fubquantities,
We
make
ftituted for the indefinite Species in the propofed Equation, will it divifibk by the radical Species, increaSed or diminished by
The fmall diffeanother quantity, or by the radical Species alone. rence that will be found between any one of thofe quantities, and the indeterminate quantity of the Equation, may be introduced inftead of that indeterminate quantity, as a convenient Root of the
by which the Series is to converge. the Equation propofed be y= -f- axy -f- cSy x* 2# o, and if for x we here Substitute #, we Shall have the Terms i 3 -f- 2a y a, the Quotient be3^*, which are divisible by y _y Therefore we ing y* -h ay -f- 3*2*. may fuppofe, by the foregoing x & is but a fmall quantity, or inftead of x we Rule, that a a in the Substitute z may propoied Equation, which will then o. become y* -f- 2a*y 2# 5 A azy -\- y-z 3"* -t- z=
Scale,
Thus f
;
Series
from hence, compofcd of the afcending mull converge faft, crtfcris parifats, becaule the Root of the Scale z is a (mail quantity. Or in the fame Equation, if for x we fubftitute a, we fliall a have the Terms \* which are divifible by y a, the QuoSeries derived
3
231 Powers of z9
Therefore
we may
of
.v
rence between
a
a and
.v
to be but little,
in (lead
or that
=
_>'
is
its-
fmall quantity,
and therefore
equal
r3
in the This will then become given Equation. z a* where the Root y will con-f- 303* o, azy -f- T,a the Powers of the fmall quantity z. verge by Or if for x we fubftitute za, we lhall have the Terms which are divilible by y-\- za, the Quotient being _)* a*? -4- 6^
l
we may
fubftitute
x Wherefore we may fuppofe there is but a fmall difzay-i- 3rt between is a fmall za and x, or that x ference za quantity ; and therefore infread of x we may introduce its equal z into the Equation, which will then become jv* za a'-y } 6a> o. -4-f- iza*z -f- 6az* -f-s azy
.
=z
Laftly, if for
3
x we
fubftitute
z~*a,
we
fliall
jy
z^a'-y -4-tf*y, which are divifible by y, the Radical Species alone. Wherefore we may fuppofe there is but a fmall difference between z^a x z^'a and x, or that z is a fmall quantity ; and
-
therefore inflead of
will reduce the
1
x we may
fubfthute
its
equal
2?a
z,
which
Equation to y* -f- i azy -+- 3^4 x a^z ^z x a"y o, wherein the Series for the Root y may -\- 3^2 x az -f- Z' converge by the Powers of the fmall quantity z. But the reafon of this Operation ftill remains to be inquired into, which I mall endeavour to explain from the prefent Example. In x3 za* the indeterminate the Equation y~> -\- axy -f- a*y muft be fufceptible of all poffible quantity x, of its own nature, Values at leaft, if it had any limitations, they would be fhew'd by
=o,
impoflible Roots.
-rza,
z~*a, 6cc.
Among
in
o,
other values,
cafes
it
a,
+- za*y
30*
which
a1
become
o,
3
y*
_y
Now as thefe Equations admit 2^a*y -f- a'-y =. o, &cc. refpedtively. anof jull Roots, as appears by their being divifible by y -f- or
other quantity, and the laft by y alone; fo that in the Refolution, the whole Equation (in thofe cafes), would be immediately exhaufted And in other cafes, when x does not much recede from one of thofe
:
Values,
232
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
Therefore the Values, the Equation would be nearly exhaufted. is of the between x and any which fmall difference z, introducing and itfelf mull muft z the of thofe Values, pne deprefs Equation ; be a convenient quantity to be made the Root of the Scale, or the
converging Quantity.
I (hall give the Solution ples,
which mall be
this,
of one of the Equations of thefe Exam3 a* o, or _y azy -f- y-z -4- ^az*
Here becaufe
fl2r, 6cc.
5
_>'
#;
&c.
it
will be
y
y*
therefore
*
&
make Then
V
"
ssz # *
217Z 5
,
<>
-f- .Is
3 ,
&c. and
_)'*
= ***
;
s>'
= = =
3a
,
a,
&c.
* *
azy and fign, 2a*z, &c. and 1 6cc. and -f- ^az
,
Then
* *
&c.
Then
J-.ss,
&c. and y
* * *
OCC.
The Author
Series
hints at
many
tion'd difference
to be indefinitely great,
and from
(hall
we
find Series, in
nothing converging quantity fome other quantity of the Equation, which then may be confider'd
This Cafe we have all along purfued indifcriminately with minators. other the Cafe, in which the Powers of the converging quantity afcend in the Numerators, and therefore we need add here
it.
about
Another Expedient
is,
as indeterminate.
and x
az -f- bz\ x 3 , 5 pofe x &c.) between the indeterminate quantity of the Equation x, and the quantity z we would introduce into its room, by which new equivalent Equations may be form'd, and then their Roots may be extracted. And afterwards the value of z may be exprefs'd x} means of the afby by
into a.
So here, for inftance, we may change a into x, Or laftly, to affume any Relation at pleafure, (fup-
= ~-
J^
fumed Equation.
52.
The
233
The Author here, in a fummary way, gives us a Rationale of whole Method of Extractions, proving a priori, that the Series thus form'd, and continued in infinitum, will then be the juft Roots
And if they are only continued to a of the propofed Equation. of number Terms, (the more the better,) yet then will competent near a be very Approximation to the juft and compleat Roots. they an when For, Equation is propofed to be refolved, as near an Approach is made to the Root, iuppofe y, as can be had in a lingle Term, compofed of the quantities given by the Equation and be*.
;
Relidual or Secondary Equation is Remainder, is whole the Root thence form'd, p Supplement to the Root of the Then as near an approach given Equation, whatever that may be. as can done a be is made to by lingle Term, and a new Relidual /, is form'd from the Remainder, wherein the Root q is the Equation the Relidual Equations Supplement to p. And by proceeding thus, are continually deprefs'd, and the Supplements grow perpetually lels and lefs, till the Terms at laft are lefs than any affignable quantities. may illuftrate this by a familiar Example, taken from the ufual
caufe there
is
We
At every Operation we Divifion of Decimal Fractions. in the Quotient, as the Dividend and Divifor put as large a Figure Then this will permit, fo as to leave the leaft Remainder poflible. of we the a new which are to Remainder (applies Dividend, place as be done one we can exhauft as far by Figure, and therefore put the greateft number we can for the next Figure of the Quotient,
Method of
and thereby
either
till
can bz done, or a fufficient till we have obtain'd Approximation in decimal places or And the fame of way Argumentation, that proves our Aufigures. thor's Method of Extraction, may ealily be apply'd to the other ways of Analylis that are here found.
the
if that
can.
And
fo
we go
on,
Here it is feafonably obferved, that tho' the indefinite fhould not be taken fo fmall, as to make the Series conQuantity faft, yet it would however converge to the true Root, verge very more And this would obtain in tho' by fteps and flower degrees. even if it were taken never fo large, provided we do proportion, not exceed the due Limits of the Roots, which may be difcover'd,
53, 54.
either
a
from the Root when exhibited deduced and illuftrated by fome Series, may by Geometrical Figure, to which the Equation is accommodated. So if the given Equation were yy =. ax xx, it is eafy to obbe that nor x can but infinite, ferve, neither^ they are both liable to h flv.rul from the given Equation,
or
or
be farther
The Method of
ieveral
FLUXIONS,
For if x be fuppos'd infinite, the Term ax Limitations. xx, which would give the Value ofjyy would vaniih in refpedt of Nor can x be negative; for then the on this Supposition. impoffible be would of Value negative, and therefore the Value of_y would yy
If
o,
that difference
is
then is^ o allb ; which is As yy is the difference between greateft, then will yy, and con-
But this happens when x a, as fequently^, be greateft alfo. from the following Prob. 3. And in alfo y ftf, as may appear number of Terms, whether is exprefs'd by any general, when y to its come Limit when the difference then it will or finite infinite, and the affirmative is negative Terms j as may apgreateft between from the fame Problem. This laft will be a Limitation for y t
pear
Laftly,
For
if
when x a, we fuppofe x
then_y
Term
yy negative, upon the whole, the Limitations of x in this Equation will be thefe, that it cannot be lefs than o, nor greater than a, but may be of any intermediate magnitude between thofe Limits. Now if we refolve this Equation, and find the Value of y in an infinite Series, we may ftill difcover the fame Limitations from
thence.
which
ax
fquare-root,
X
1
before,
we
'
fhall
have y
i
=. a^
**
L
za*
~
_5.
Sa 1
c.
that
is,
i6a z
==
;
d*x* into
X -
3
,
&c.
Here
TT
x cannot be
negative
for then
;
Nor
by which the Series is exprefs'd, would be and confequently the Series would diverge,, and greater than Unity, The Limit between converging and not converge as it ought to do. and therefore y o diverging will be found, by putting x=a, i Series Numeral i identical the have fhall cafe we in which of fome which we _' nature with thofe, r &c. of the fame _l_ ^ -if. So that we may take x of any have elfewhere taken notice of. intermediate Value between o and a, in order to have a converging But the nearer it is taken to the Limit o, fo much fafter Series. nearer it is taken the Series will converge to the true Root and the But it will to the Limit a, it will converge fo much the flower. however
or the
Root of the
Scale
= =
'however converge, if A: be taken never fo little lefs than a. Analogy, a like Judgment is to be made in all other cafes. The Limits and other affe&ions of y are likewife difcoverable from When x o. When x is a nafcent quanthis Series. o, then y to be or all but the Terms but the rirft juft beginning pofitive, tity, will and be a mean proportional between a and x. y may be negledted, Alfo y o, when the affirmative Term is equal to all the negative
235 And by
=
ib3
Terms.or when
For then
_ rj &c. as above. Laftly, y will be a Maximum when the difference between the affirmative Term and all the negative Terms is greateft, which by Prob. 3. will be found
i
f
i=
-f.
-f_f_
8a*
u-
-?
, '
&c. that
is,
when x
a.
4.
when x
Now
and
/cifs
to this Series,
be adapted to this Equation, and which will have the fame Limitations that
may
they have,
AB
= =
the Circle
x,
and
its
is
Ordinate
BC=^
and
ACD, whofe
of the
AD
a,
its
Ab-
For
as the
mean
a
proportional
between
rrn x ==. ax yy nate BC
AB
the Segments
BD
=
is
Diameter
it
xx.
_y
And
it
will be exprefs'd
going
Series.
But
ture of the Circle, that the Abfcifs cannot be extended backfo as to become neither can it be continued forwards, negative ; wards beyond the end of the Diameter D. And that at and D,
AB
is
nothing.
at the Center,
or
when
AB
And
SECT. VI.
55.
'
'Trqnfitton fo the
fagacious
Method of
Fluxions.
"^HE
learned and
plifh'd
one part of
his deiign,
Method of
converting all kinds of Algebraic Quantities into fimplc Terms, by reducing them to infinite Series He now goes on to fhew the ufe and application of this Reduction, or of thefe Series, in the Method of Fluxions, which is indeed the principal defign of
this Treadle.
For
it.
this
Method
lays
dependence upon
defective without
the foregoing,
has fo near a connexion with, and that it would be very lame and the fundamental Principles of
this
He
down
h 2
The Method of
this
FLUXIONS,
very general and fcientiflck manner, deducing them from the received and known laws of local Motion. Nor is this inverting the natural order of Science, as Ibme have pretended, by introducing the Doctrine of Motion into pure Geometrical Spe-
Method
in
For Geometrical and. Analytical Quantities are belt conceived as generated by local Motion; and their properties may as well be derived from them while they are generating, as when their
culations.
generation
fuppos'd to be already accomplifh'd, in any other way. right line, or a curve line, is defcribed by the motion of a point, a fmface by the motion of a line, a folid by the motion of a furface, an angle by the rotation of a radius ; all which motions we
is
may
conceive to be performed according to any ftated law, as occafion (hall require. Thefe generations of quantities we daily fee to obtain in rerum naturd, and is the manner the ancient Geometricians had often recourfe to, in confidering their production, and then de-
ducing their properties from fuch adhial defcriptions. And by analogy, all other quantities, as well as thefe continued geometrical be conceived as generated by a kind of motion or quantities, may of the Mind. progrefs The Method of Fluxions then fuppofes quantities to be generated by local Motion, or fomething analogous thereto, tho' fuch generations indeed may not be eflentially neceflary to the nature of the They might have an exiftence independent of thing fo generated. thefe motions, and may be conceived as produced many other ways, and yet will be endued with the fame properties. But this conception, of their being now generated by local Motion, is a very fertile notion, and an exceeding ufeful artifice for discovering their proand a great help to the Mind for a clear, diftincl:, and meperties, For local Motion fuppofes a notion thodical perception of them. of Ideas. a fucceffion time of time, and eafily diflinimplies what is, and what will be, in thefe geguifh it into what was, nerations of quantities ; and fo we commodioufly confider thofe be too much for our faculties, and exthings by parts, which would Mind take in the whole together, without for the to difficult tream fuch artificial partitions and distributions. Our Author therefore makes this eafy fuppofition, that a Line may be conceived as now defcribing by a Point, which moves either uniform motion, or elfe accorequably or inequably, either with an Velocity ding to any rate of continual Acceleration or Retardation. and like all fuch, it is fufceptible of is a Mathematical Quantity, infinite gradations, may be intended or remitted, may be increafed
We
or
237
or dlminifhfd in different parts of the fpace delcribed, according to it is infinite variety of fluted Laws. plain, that the fpace thus defcribed, and the law of acceleration or retardation, (that is,
Now
have a mutual relation to each other, and muft mutually determine each other ; fo that one of them being affign'd, the other by neceflary inference may be derived from it. And therefore this is ftrictly a Geometrical Proand And all Geometrical blem, capable of a full Determination. Propoluions once demonftrated, or duly investigated, may be fafely made ufe of, to derive other Proportions from them. This will
1
the prefent Problem into two Cafes, according as either the or Velocity is affign'd, at any given time, in order to find the Space Arid this has given occasion to that diftin<5lion which has other.
divide
each of irrcerje Method of Fluxions, confider apart. 56. In the direct Method the Problem is thus abftractedly proFrom the Space deferibed, being continually given, or affumed, pofed. or being known at any point of Time ajjigrid ; to find the Velocity of the in equable Motions it is well known, Motion at that Time.
lince obtain'd,
which we
fhall
now
Now
is
always as the Velocity and the Time of is directly as the Spice dedefcription conjunclly ; or the Velocity And even in fcribed, and reciprocally as the Time of defcription. or as are accelerated or retarded, fuch continually inequable Motions,
that the Space defcribed
according to fome ftated Law, if we take the Spaces and Times very fmall, they will make a near approach to the nature of equable MoBut if we tions ; and flill the nearer, the fmaller thole are taken. be and to the Times indefinitely fmall, or if Spaces may fuppofe then we fhall have the Veor evanefcent nafcent quantities, they are
locity in
any
as that
tempufculum inverlely. tions being thus deduced, will afford us a medium for folving the So that the Space as will be fhewn afterwards. prefent Problem, and the whole time of its defcribed being thus continually given, at the end of that time will be thence dedefcription, the Velocity
terminable.
abflract Mechanical Problem, which amounts to 57. The general the lame as what is call'd the inverfe Method of Fluxions, will be From the Velocity of the Motion being continually given, to dethis.
For the termine the Space defcribed, at any point of Time affign'd. afTiflance have the of we fhall this of which Mechanical Solution Theorem, that in inequable Motions, or when a Point defcribes a
Line
<>8
*!}
to
Method of FLUXIONS,
any rate of acceleration or retardation, the indefidefcribed in Spare any indefinitely little Time, will be in nitely ratio of the Time and the Velocity ; or thejpafiolum will a compound be as the velocity and the tempiijculum conjunctly. This being the
Line according
little
Law
of
all
equable Motions,
it
when
in
the Space
all
and Time
are
any
finite
quantities,
inequable
Motions, when
the
For by this means all Space and Time are diminiih'd in infinitum. as it were, to equability. are Motions Hence the reduced, inequable Time and the Velocity being continually known, the Space delcribed may be known alfo as will more fully appear from what follows. ThisTroblem, in all its cafes, will be capable of a juft determina;
tion
tho' taking
difficult
it
in
its
full extent,
we mult acknowledge
it
to
be a very
blema.
58.
good reafon
for
calling
moleftijfimum
&
omnium
difficilltmum pro-
To
fix
general Problems by
are defcribed
Example.
If
fuch manner, that the Space x being uniformly increafed, in the nature of Time, and its equable velocity being reprefented by the Symbol x ; and if the Space y increafes in=. xx ihall equably, but after fuch a rate, as that the Equation y always determine the relation between thofe Spaces j (or x being continually given, y will be thence known ;) then the velocity of That is, if the the increafe of y fhall always be reprefented by 2xx. the of increafe of y, then the be to velocity reprefent put fymbol y will be (hewn hereafter. will the Equation y =. zxx always obtain, as Now from the given Equation y xx, or from the relation of the
by two points
or its representative,) (that is, the Space and Time, Spaces y of the Velocities relation y=.2xx is being continually given, the found, or the relation of the Velocity y, by which the Space increafes, to the Velocity x, by which the reprefentative of the Time increales. And this is an inftance of the Solution of the firft general Problem,
and x,
or of a particular Queftion in the direct Method of Fluxions. But 2xx were given, or if the Ve-.vice versa, if the kit Equation y
which the Space y is defcribed, were continually known locity y, by from the Time x being given, and its Velocity x , and if from thence. we ihould derive the Equation y xx, or the relation of the Space and Time This would be an inftance of the Solution of the fecond
:
= =
.general
Problem, or of a particular Queftion of the inverfe Method And in analogy to this defcription of Spaces by movof Fluxions. ing points, our Author confiders all other quantities whatever as generated
239
nerated and produced by continual augmentation, or by the perpetual acceffion and accretion of new particles of the fame kind. the Laws of his Calculus of Fluxions, our Author 59. In fettling
very fkilfully and judicioufly difengages himfelf from all confideration of Time, as being a thing of too Phyfkal or Metaphyfical a nature to be admitted here, efpecially when there was no abfolute
neceffity
Motions, and Velocities of Motion, compared or meafured, may feem neceflarily to include a notion of Time; yet Time, like all other quantities, may be reprefented by Lines and Symbols, as in the foregoing exfor
it.
For
tho'
all
when
they come
to be
efpecially when we conceive them to increafe uniformly. thefe reprefentatives or proxies of Time, which in fomc meafiire may be made the objects of Senfe, will anfwer the prefent purSo that Time, in fome fenle, may pofe as well as the thing itfclf. be laid to be eliminated and excluded out of the inquiry. By this
ample,
And
is no longer Phyfical, but becomes much more and as Geometrical, being wholly confined to the defcription fimple and with their Lines of Spaces, comparative Velocities of increafe and decreafe. Now from the equable Flux of Time, which we conceive to be generated by the continual acceflion of new particles, or Moments, our Author has thought fit to call his Calculus the Method of Fluxions. 60, 6 1. Here the Author premifes fome Definitions, and other Thus Quantities, which in neceflary preliminaries to his Method. or Equation are fuppos'd to be fufceptible of continual Problem any increafe or decreafe, he calls Fluents, or flowing Quantities ; which are fometimes call'd variable or indeterminate quantities, becaufe they are capable of receiving an infinite number of particular values, in The Velocities of the increafe or dea regular order of fucceilion. fuch are call'd of creafe their Fluxions ; and quantities in quantities the fame Problem, not liable to increafe or decreafe, or whofe Fluxions are nothing, are call'd conftant, given, invariable, and determinate This diftindlion of quantities, when once made, is carequantities. obferved through the whole Problem, and infinuated by proper fully Symbols. For the firft Letters of the Alphabet are generally approfor denoting conftant quantities, and the laffc Letters compriated monly lignify variable quantities, and the fame Letters, being pointed, repreient the Fluxions of thofe variable quantities or Fluents refpecThis diftinction between thefe quantities is not altogether tivcly.
arbitrary, but
leafl
has fome foundation in the nature of the thing, at the Solution of the prefent Problem. For the flowing during or
24-O
7#* Method
of
FLUXIONS.
or variable quantities may be conceived as now generating by Motion, and the conftant or invariable quantities as fome how o other alThus in any given Circle or Parabola, the Diame.ready generated. ter or Parameter are conftant lines, or already generated ; but the
Abfcifs,
local
Ordinate, Area, Curve-line, &c. are flowing and variable quantities, becaufe they are to be underftood as now defcribing by
Motion, while
their
may be this. A conftant or given Irne in any Problem is tinea qtitzdam^ but an indeterminate line is line a qua-vis Or laftiy, vel qutzcunque, becaufe it may admit of infinite values.
conftant quantities in a Problem are thofe, whole ratio to a common Unit, of their own kind, is fuppos'd to be known ; but in variable quantities that ratio cannot be known, becaufe it is varying perpetually.
properties are
derived.
Another
diftinc-
This diftinction of quantities however, into determinate and indeterminate, fubfifts no longer than the prefent Calculation requires;
for as
it is
a diftinftion form'd by the Imagination only, for its own conveniency, it has a power of abolifhing it, and of converting determinate quantities into indeterminate, and vice versa, as occaiion
In require ; of which we fhall fee Inftances in what follows. a Problem, or Equation, theie may be any number of conftant quantities, but there muft be at leaft two that are flowing and indeterminate ; for one cannot increafe or diminifh, while all the reft con-
may
If there are more than two variable quantities in tinue the fame. a Problem, their relation ought to be exhibited by more than one
Equation.
ANNO-
241
ANNOTATIONS on Prob.i,
O
R,
SECT.
I.
firft
orcler^
and
t(f
HE
Author having thus propofed his fundamental Pro-' abftra<ft and general manner, and gradually them down to the form mod convenient for* brought
blems in an
s ;
he now proceeds to deliver the Precepts his Method of Solution, which he illuftrates by a fufficient variety of Examples,! referving the Demonftration to be given afterwards, when his Readers will be better prepared to apprehend the force of it, and when their notions will be better fettled and confirm'd. Theie Precepts of Solution, or the Rules for finding the Fluxions of any given' and appealEquation, are very fliort, elegant, and compreheniive to have but little affinity with the Rules ufually given for this purto their is But that of owing great pofe degree univerfality. are to form, as it were, fo many different Tables for the Equation,
;
:
We
flowing quantities in it, by difpofing the Terms accorthe Powers of each quantity, fo as that their Indices ding may' form an Arithmetical Progreflion. Then the Terms are to be multiply'd in each cafe, either by the Progreflion of the Indices, or
as there are
to
'
the
Terms of any
fame
.have the
other Arithmetical Progreflion, (which yet common difference with the Progreffion of the Indices
I
i
by mould
;)
'
as
242
as
alfo
Tfo Method
of
FLUXIONS.
by the Fluxion of that Fluent, and then to be divided by La ft of all, thefe Terms are to be collected, accorthe Fluent itfelf. ding to their proper Signs, and to be made equal to nothing; which will be a new Equation, exhibiting the relation of the Fluxions. This procefs indeed is not fo fhort as the Method for taking Fluxions, be given p relent ly v) which he el fe where delivers, and which is (to commonly follow' d ; but it makes fufficient amends by the univerlality of it, and by the great variety of Solutions which it will afford. For we may derive as many different Fluxional Equations from the lame given Equation, as we .(hall think fit to affume different Arithmetical Progreffions.
.Yet
all
and
tho' differing in form, yet each will truly give the Fluxions, as will appear from the following
2.
In the
x>
firft
Example we
Examples.
tion
ax 1
-{-
brought over to to the powers of the Fluent x, or being conlider'd as a Number exax 1 -fprefs'd by the Scale whofe Root is x, will iland thus x> o; and affuming the Arithmetical Progrefiion 3, 2, y>x ayx* which is here that of the Indices of x, and ], o, multiplying each Term by each refpedlively, we fhall have the Terms jx 3 zax-
Equao, where the Terms are always axy y"> one fide. Thefe Terms being difpofed according
-
which again multiply'd by i or xx~ according to 1 2axx -f- ayx. Then in the fame Equathe Rule, will make ^xx tion making the other Fluent/ the Root of the Scale, it will ftand 5 o ; and affuming the Arith-f- oy*-i- axy thus, _y ax*y
H- ayx
*
l
>
3_)'
* -+a
axy
*,
which multiply'd by
colle(^i n
-f-
or yy~*,
will
make
1
g the Terms, the Equation yxx o will ayx axj give the required relation of the tyy* if refolve For we this Fluxions. Equation into an Analogy, we fhall 2 ax i^x 1 have x y zax -h ay which, in all the values that 3>' x and y can affume, will give the ratio of their Fluxions, or the comparative velocity of their increafe or decreafe, when they flow according to the given Equation. Or to find this ratio of the Fluxions more immediately, or the
3i>'
zaxx
+
:
-+
axJ-
Tlien
: :
-,
4'
by fewer
fteps,
we may
proceed thus.
after
it,
Write
in the
down
the Fraction
and
Numerator
243
minifh'd, if you pleafe, by any common Number,) as alib divided by .v. In the Denominator do the fame by the Terms, when diiThus in the prepofed according to y, only changing the figns. fent Equation x"' ax 1 -f- axy we (lull have at once o, ;'
3
Numerator of the equivalent Fraction write the Terms of the Equaeach betion, difpos'd according to x, with their refpective figns the Index of x in that Term, (increafed or diing multiply'd by
=
;
y ~ *
i,x*2ax-\-av
J>* *
ax
Let us now apply the Solution another way. The Equation x ax* -f- axy o being order'd according to x as before, y* will be x ax* -(- ayx y*x =. o and fuppofing the Indices of x to be increas'd by an unit, or aifuming the Arithmetical Pro-
=
~
greffion
-~~
-j, t
refpectively,
.
1 have thefe Terms ^.xx* Then y-xx^axx -}- zayx 1 the Terms ordering -f- oy according to /, they will become -\-axy -i- x*y =.0; and fuppofing the Indices ofy to be diminifli'd ax*
we
fhall
_)'
by an unit, or afluming the Arithmetical Progreffion ^ and multiplying the Terms refpecYively, we mall have So that collecting 2yy* * * x*yyax*yy~*.
.>
1
we
the Terms,
lhall
ax*yy~*
have
o,
4.v.v*
+- 2 ayx
4X
, 2
y>xx~
T
-.
zyy*
Equation required. *
a -f-f- 2ay
Or
.
.
3_J
J
v'v
Z)
* *
-f-As,
ax l
_
*
l
w hich
,
ratio
\<
may
Or
by
be found immediately by applying the foregoing Rule. contrary-wife, if we multiply the Equation in the fir ft form
the Progreffion
~
1 .
?
,
}
~ ^
, ,
v
,
we
flinll
axx
-\-ytx\-
cond form by
,
!
And if we ^ l y- we
y
,
5
4^*
H-
+ rxx~>
zcixy -+-
x=j}~
will
cx-yy~'.
Therefore collecting
>
of the Fluxions
l.avc
been found at once by the foregoing Rule. And in general, if the Equation x"> - -ax % -- axy o, in y* a\- -f- <?.yv --> ,v the form xbe o, multiply'd by the Terms ";+ 3 "L+J. of this Arithmetical Progreffion v .v r ;n \> 11 JL O
;
= ^ ^ ~^:^^.,-r
=
)
Or
,
which might
-v,
m -\-y.\-~
I
m-+-2n>:x-{i 2
m -\-
icxt
mj'xx-'-,
and
244
and
_fif
)e
Method of FLUXIONS,
K\y=
ax 1
the fame Equation, reduced to the form y*-\o, b; multiply 'd by the Terms of this Arithmetical Pro"
grerTion
*
Mjs
have
1
7, ~7~7' "^'
H-
H- iaxy-\-nx~>yy-*
ilia 11
nax lyy~
;
Then
l
collecting the
Terms,
i
we
my"'.\x~ w ~f- 3.X) * 4-^-t- irftfy -fo, for the nx*yy~~ Or the ratio of the. Fluxions will be Fluxional Equation required.
*
m -\-
vx 1 3.
-i-
arfxv
n -j- D * -j- ax -f- nax^y nx'j found immediately from the given Equation, by the foregoing Rule. Here the general Numbers m and n may be determined pro lubitu, by which means we may obtain as many .Fluxional Equations as we
;? I
=m
-4-
3*"
*
- - -js -(-
H- m-\-.iaxy nax*yy*
. .
=
.
z* -j- m -j-
ay
:
m)$x
:
*
1
.
;
l
pleafe,
which
will
all
And
is
thus
we
o,
if
may
and
beft ac-
commodated
== o, we
;
mall have 4
X
we make
as
-
=
Or
=
i
,
Thus
ax
l
if
,
we make
4*
:
*'*-*"* + ">
a
as
found before. Or
a
*-
i,
and
n=
'
3j
11
n have we ihall
i,
before.
=.
i
fy-
if ax +_> A
x*j
we make
'-\~axij
zax
-r- 7, '
-_ m=ihall
and n
=^ =
if
j
before.
Or
we fhall we make m
i,
have
?, J J
and n
y -(-
=.
3^4
we
11
l. V have -
=
_
of Qthers
^axi
Now
th
no ambiguity in the Conclusion, as poffibly might have been fufpected; for it is no other than what ought neceffarily to arife, from the different forms the given Equation may acquire, as
will beget
If we confine ourfelves to the Progremon of will appear afterwards. the Indices, it will bring the Solution to the common Method of taking Fluxions, which our Author has taught elfewhere, and which, becaufe it is eafy and expeditious, and requires no certain order of the Terms, I mall here fubjoin. For every Term of the given Equation, fo many Terms mufr. be
form'd in the Fluxional Equation, as there are flowing Quantities in And this muft be done, (i.) by multiplying the Term that Term. by the Index of each flowing Quantity contain'd in it. (2.) By
dividing
it
by the quantity
Fluxion.
o,
Thus
in
itfelf j and, (3.) by multiplying by the foregoing Equation x> ax* -f- ayx
its
the
Term
.v 3
is
or ^x^x.
The
245
zaxx.
ax 1
avxv
1-
is
or
The
the
ayxx
is
And
or Fluxion belonging to / 3 is y-y. So that the whole or Fluxion of the the whole Fluxional Equation, Equation, a 1 Ais zaxx -fThus the Equation -f3-v ayx ayx 3_>' _y=o. m m -* m x =}', will give mxx the and ; =.y Equation x z," y, will m t z" -f- nx mzz"~ give mxx y for its Fluxional Equation. And the like of other Examples. If we take the Author's funple Example, in pag. 19, or the Equation y or rather x* x ly ay xx, o, that is ayx o, in order to find its moft general Fluxional Equation ; it may be perform'd by the Rule before given, fuppofing the Index of x to be encreas'd by m, and the Index of y by ;;. For then we {hall have
, l
=
?
diredtly x
nx zy
"-'-g+-'*
'
n -|- \a
For the
firft
Term
of the given
Equation being ayx, this multiply'd by the Index of x increas'd by l that is by ;;z, and divided by x, will give mayx~ for the firlt 7/7, Term of the Numerator. Alfo the fecond Term being x*y, this that is by w-f- 2, and of A- increas'd by the Index m, multiply'd by
for the fecond Term of the Nuof the given Equation may be now Index of y increas'd by n, that ,Y*J, which multiply'd by the l is by ;;, and divided by r, will give (changing the fign) nx y~ for Alib the fecond Term will the firft Term of the Denominator.
m -h
2X
Term
that
by ;/, (changing the Sign) n -|- \a for die fecond Term of the Denominator, as found above. Now from this general relation of the Fluxions, we may deduce as many particular ones as we pleaie. Thus if we make ///= o, and
is
then be
the Index
of/
increas'd
by n
and divided by
y,
will give
7/r=o, we
1
fhall
have
n
--
--
;z=
o,
r,
we
;/
II
lhall
have -
and
n
=
o.
i,
we
(hall
we make
as before.
= Or = -7^7 = =
,
or
ay
we
1
make;=
. .,
2TA
2,
2tfl>
-77
-
Or
^
'
if
we make
.
have
X j
v
and m-=.
2,
we
fhall
have -
= =
A"
Or
.
m
,
if
-1-,
-^-^
may
be
it
eafilv*
c:
Or we may prove
rally
246
rally
>e Method tf of
FLUXIONS,
it is
thus.
=
OT
~ mayx
n -+-
y=x a~
i
,,.
.
I ,
,
in
the
m-\-zx c
we
/,
11
fhall
have
V ~-
2j -f- x*y 2cysi in Z' which are there three o, -4flowing quantities y, x, and z, and therefore there muft be three operations, or three Tables mufl be form'd. Firft difpofe the Terms according to y, thus ; z~>y= o, and multiply by the Terms of the Pro2j3 _j_ oja _{_ x*y
3.
The ^z*
= =
-= *
na
gA& -.
_7^ri7
7 mbmtute
3
its
value,
and
+ 2X
i
2X
as above.
is
- 2CZ
1
i xj//- , relpeclively, (where greffion 2 xjj"" , ixj/y" , oxj/y"" , the Coefficients are form'd by diminishing the Indices of y by the com-
and the refulting Terms will be qyy* * * -f- &yy*. Secondly difpofe theTerms according to x, thus-> yx*--}-ox-t-2y">x=o 3
mon Number
;
:,)
2cz
and multiply by the Terms of the ProgreiTion 2xxx~\ i xxv~ r , oy.xx~ , (\vhere the Coefficients are the fame as the Indices of x,) and the only refulting Term here is -+- 2yxx * *. Laftly, difpofe
l
the
Terms according
to z, thus
z=
-+-^y^
I
,
2cyz--x*yz=o
-4- 2}"
f , ,
3xs~
2xzz~'
.
(where the Coefficients are alfo the fame as Then collecting the Terms will be ^zz* -h 6yzz-~-2cyz * 1 thefe Terms together, we fhall have the Fluxional Equation fyrj
i
2cyz =. o. of our Author's dexterity, at Here we for abbreviating. For in every one of thefe Opefinding expedients rations fuch a Progreffion is chofe, as by multiplication will make the greateft deftrudtion of the Terms. By which means he arrives that the nature of the Problem will allow. at the fhorteft Expreffion, It we mould feck the Fluxions of this Equation by the ufaal me~3yy
_|_ av,v.v
yzz*
-+-
6yzz
thod, which
is
we
zcyz -+- ~}yz* ~r- dyzz more' than the other form. (-j increas'd, in each cafe, by any common general Numbers, we may form the moil: general Expreilion for the Fluxional Equation, that the Problem will admit of.
t
if we always a flu me the Prois, have 6yy* -+ 2xxy -\- xy 2cyz o ; which has two Terms 3'zz* And if the Progreffions of the Indices
fhall
4-
247
laft Example, in which are three Fluents our Author makes an ufeful Obfervation, for and their Fluxions, the Reduction and compleat Determination of fuJi Equations, tho' the Rules of the vulgar Algebra it be derived from which matter thus. be confider'd of two flowing Every Equation, conlilling may is what correfponds to an indetcrmin'd Proor variable Quantities, Therefore one blem, admitting of an infinite number of Anfwcrs. of thofe quantities being afiumed at pleafure, or a particular value being affign'd to it, the other will alfb be compleatly determined. And in the Fluxional Equation derived from thence, thofe particular values being fubftituted, the Ratio of the Fluxions will be given in Numbers, in any particular cafe. And one of the Fluxions being taken for Unity, or of any determinate value, the value of the other may be exhibited by a Number, which will be a compleat Determi;
On
occafion of the
nation.
given Equation involve three flowing or indeterminate Quantities, two of them muft be a/Turned to determine the third ; or, which is the fame thing, fome other Equation muft be either given or aflumed, involving fome or all the Fluents, in order to a compleat Determination. For then, by means of the two Equations, one of the Fluents may be eliminated, which will bring this Alfo two Fluxional Equations may be derived, to the former cafe. three the Fluxions, by means of which one of them may be involving And fo if the given Equation mould involve four Fluents, eliminated. two other Equations fliould be either given or afTumed, in order to This will be fufficiently explain 'd by the a compleat Determination. two following Examples, which will alfo teach us how complicate Terms, fuch as compound Fractions and Surds, are to be maif the
But
naged
5,
in this
6.
Method.
a*
To
the
Let that be z
y-
going Solution
x* z* r= o. Then by the foreFluxional Equations (at leaft in one cafe) will zxx> o. Thefe two Fluenbe 2jy z zz o, and a*xx and their Fluxional Equations, may be reduced tial Equations, to one Fluential and one Fluxional Equation, by the ufual methods that is, we may eliminate z and z by fubftituting of Reduction
a-
= = =
&
:
x\/a*-
o, their
and
their values yy
a a and zyy.
a1
x\/ a 1
.v
248
'tis
!
fix Method of
" "
J
FLUXIONS,
and 2yy
"__
= ==
l z
o.
rt
a"x z
^4 -- za*
if
=
its
y* 4- 2a y
o.
Or by
o,
taking
away
the furds,
2xx=.
7.
o,
Or
to
ay*
-f-
x^^/ay
-\-x*1
corresponding Fluxional Equation ; to the two flowing quantities ,v and y we may introduce two others .z and i', and thereby remove the Fraction and the Radical, if we affume the
find
two Equations T.
-~
+_>'
z,
and x*~i/ay-t-xx=zv. ^
Then we
(hall
i;=o, az-\-yz will give the three which by* V z Fluxional Equations ^xx* o, az +- yz -+- yz -+zayy and 2vv= o. 6xx o, Thefeby,ay'x* -+- ^.ayxx' -f"^byy* to on& of the be reduced common Algebra may known Methods Fluential and one Fluxional Equation, iavolving x and y and their
ay
-\-
o,
Fluxions,
8.
as
is
take the Fluxions of Binomial or other Radicals, of any kind, any how involved or compliAs for inflance, if we were to find the cated with one another.
And by
we may
xx=yy.
xx, put it equal to y, or make ax-i~ xx s$. Then we fhall Alfo make </ aa
1 y have the two Fluential Equations ax-\-z o, and a* AT*; 1 have the two Fluxional we mall whence z o, from Equations 2xx 2zz o.' o, or xx -f- zz o, and ax-}- z 2j/y ax~ This laft Equation, if for z and z we fubftitute their values^
==
=
y
'
and zyy
o
tute
;
ax,
will
whence
value
become xx
A
'
2\i
-f~" ~ - 2HX1
A
2yy*
.
zaxyy
axy*
-{-
a^xx-
And
,
here if for * y
we
fubfti--
its
many yax + y aa xx of a like- kind will be found in the fequel of this Work. pies 1 1, 12. In Examp. 5. the propofed Equation is 9, 10,
quired
vax-+-\/aa
ax
7.1/fta
-J
an
x
----------
A Jf
:
re-
And
other
T^
Exam--
xx
axz
4
.)'
=>
zz
-{-
there are three variable quantities x, y, the relation of the Fluxions will be 2zz -|-
which
and
axz
wants another Fluential EquaFluxional thence another and tion, Equation, to make a compleat Fluxional if another determination ; Equation were given or only afTurned, we mould have the required relation of the Fluxions x and y,..
as there
<
But
Suppofe
249
Fluxional Equation were i=.vv/^-v xx ; then by xx fubftitution we mould have the Equation zz -f- ax x x^/ax
this
axz
4)7
o,
v/rftf
.vx -f-
rf;s,
be eliminated,) till xx is fuppos'd to be derived. Fluxional Equation And thus we may have the relation of the Fluxions, even in fuch cafes as \re have not, or perhaps cannot have, the relation of the
2Z -4- ax x Analogy x :y :: 4_>' which can be reduced no farther, (or & cannot we have the Fluential Equation, from which the
or the
3
:
z=x\/ax
Fluents.
not perhaps be conveniently perby Calculation, yet it may poffibly be perform'd Geometrically, as it were, and by the Quadrature of Curves ; as we may learn from our Author's preparatory Proportion, and from the following general Conliderations. Let the right Line AC, perpendicular to the right Line AB, be conceived to move always
tho'
this
But
Reduction
may
forni'd Analytically, or
parallel to itfelf,
fo as that
its
extremity
A may
AB.
and fixt, or always at the fame diftance from A, how move from towards a let another with C, velocity any point does accelerated or retarded. The parallel motion of the line
be
AC
not at all affect the progreffive motion of the point moving from A towards C, but from a combination of thefe two independent ; morions, it will defcribe the Curve while at the fame time the fixt point C will
ADH
defcribe
Let the line AC be conceived to move thus, Then till it comes into the place BE, or BD. the line AC is conftant, and remains the fame, while the indefinite or flowing line becomes BD. Alfo the Areas defcribed at the fame time, ACEB and ADB, are likewife flowing quantities, and their velocities of defcription, or their Fluxions, muft neceflarily be as their refpeclive defcribing Let AC or BE be Linear Unity, lines, or Ordinates, BE and BD.
or a conftant
are
CE,
parallel
to
AB.
known
right line, to
;
which
in
all
be compared or refer'd
tacitely
refer'd
juft as
to as being the fimi, all Numbers. of And let the Area ADB be pleft fuppos'd to be 'd to BE, or Linear which it will be reduced from Unity, by apply the order of Surfaces to that of Lines j ami let the refulting line be call'd z. That is, make the Area ADB z x BE ; and if AB be call'd x, then is the Area ACEB x x BE. Therefore the K k Fluxions
to
or
25 o"
Ibe Method of
FLUXIONS,
Fluxions of thefe Areas will be z x BE and x x BE, which are as z and x. But the Fluxions of the Areas were found before to be as x x BD. ED BE i, or z BD to BE. So that it is z x the Fluxion of the Area will be as the Consequently in any Curve, Ordinate of the Curve, drawn into the Fluxion of the Abfcifs. Now to apply this to the prefent cafe. In the Fluxional Equa: :
:
tion before
xx, if x reprefents the Abfcifs xx be the Ordinate ; then will this Curve of a Curve, and \/ ax So that will z and be a Circle, reprefent the corresponding Area. a of Circle can be exhibited whether the Area we fee from hence,
affumed
z=x</ax
Terms, tho' in the Equation proppfed there which cannot be determined or exbe involved, fhould quantities Geometrical Method, luch as the Areas or Lengths prefs'd by any of Curve-lines ; yet the relation of their Fluxions may neverthelefs
be found.
13. or to the
Demonftration of his Solutions the of Method of Fluxions, here laid proof of the Principles down, which certainly deferves to engage our mcft ferious attention. And more efpecially, becaufe thefe Principles have been lately drawn into debate, without being well confider'd or imderftoqd ; polfibly be T caufe this Treatife of our Author's, expreffly wrote on the fubjed, had not yet feen the light. As thefe Principles therefore have been treated as precarious at leaft, if not wholly inefficient to fupport the Doo trine derived from them ; I Shall endeavour to examine into every the moll: minute circumflance of this Demonstration, and that with
to the Author's
We
now come
the utmoft circumipeclion and impartiality. have here in the firft place a Definition and a Theorem to-r Moments are defined to be the indefinitely jmall parts offoiv-
We
gether,
itig
the acceflion of which, in indefinitely quantities, by The are continually increajed. of time, tboj'e quantities
fmall portions
word Moment
a mevcoj by analogy feems to have been (momentum^ movimentum, borrow'd from Time. For as Time is conceived to be in continual and as a greater and a greater Time is generated flux, or motion, more and more Moments, which are conceived of by the acceffion So all other flowing Quantities as the fmalleit particles of Time
:
may
their
be underitood, as perpetually, increafing, by the accellion of which therefore may not improperly be call'd
Moments.
are not to
But what are here call'd their jmalleft particles, be underftood as if they were Atoms, or of any definite
as in the
Method of
Indivisibles.}
till
but
than
251
than any afiignable quantities, and yet may then retain all poffible That thefe Moments are varieties of proportion to one another. not chimerical, vifionary, or merely imaginary things, but have an existence Jut generis, at leaft Mathematically and in the Underftandfrom the infinite Divifibility of Quaning, is a neceflary confequence For all contity, which I think hardly any body now contefts *. tinued quantity whatever, tho' not indeed actually, yet mentally may be conceived to be divided in infinitutn, Perhaps this may be beft illuftrated by a comparative gradation or progrefs of Magnitudes. Every finite and limited Quantity may be conceived as divided into any finite number of fmaller parts. This Divifion may proceed, and thofc parts may be conceived to be farther divided in very litor particles, which yet are not Moments. tle, but flill finite parts, But when thefe particles are farther conceived to be divided, not as to become of a magnitude Ids than actually but mentally, fo far any afiignable, (and what can flop the progrefs of the Mind ?) then As are they properly the Moments which are to be understood here. includes no or condiminution of this gradation abfurdity certainly tradiction, the Mind has the privilege of forming a Conception of thefe Moments, a poffible Notion at leaft, though perhaps not an adequate one ; and then Mathematicians have a right of applying them to ufe, and of making fuch Inferences from them, as by any flrict way of reafoning may be derived. It is objected, that we cannot form an intelligible and adequate
Notion of thefe Moments, becaufe fo obfcure and incomprehenfible an Idea, as that of Infinity is, muft needs enter that Notion ; and therefore they ought to be excluded from all Geometrical Difquifitions.
It
may
we
as exhatifts the
whole nature
of the thing, neither neceflary ; partial Notion, which is that of their Divifibility fine Jine, without any regard to
their magnitude,
is
for a
There are many is fufficient in the preient cafe. other Speculations in the Mathematicks, in which a Notion of Infinity
neceflary ingredient,
which however
are admitted
by
all
The
Doctrine
of commenfurable and incommenfurable magnitudes includes a Notion of Infinity, and yet is received as a very demonftrablc Doctrine. We have a perfect Idea of a Square and its Diagonal, and yet we
k 2
know
know
infini-
In common Arithmetick we know, that the vulgar Fraction the decimal Fraction 0,666666, &c. continued ad infinitum^ and 1., are one and the fame thing j and therefore if we have a fcientifick notion of the one, we have likewife of the other. When I deicribe a right line with my Pen, fuppofe of an Inch long, I defcribe firft one half of the line, then one half of the remainder, then one half of the next remainder, and fo on. That is, I actually run over all thofe infinite divifions and fubdivifions, before I have comI do not attend to them, or cannot diftinpleated the Line, tho' And by this I am indubitably certain, that this Series guifh them. of Fractions i -f- JL _j_ -.-}- _'r> &c. continued ad infinitum, is preto Unity. Euclid has demonflrated in his Elements, cifely equal that the Circular Angle of Contact is lefs than any aflignable rightlined Angle, or, which is the fame thing, is an infinitely little Angle in comparifon with any finite Angle And our Author fhews us fHll greater the infinite about fteries, gradations of Angles of ConIn Geometry we know, that Curves may continually approach tact. towards their Arymptotes, and yet will not a&ually meet with them; infinite diftance. till both are continued to an know likewife, or be that many of their included Areas, but of a finite Solids, will and determinable magnitude, even tho' their lengths mould be actually know that fome Spirals make infinite continued ad infinitum. about a Circumvolutions Pole, or Center, and yet the whole Line, thus infinitely involved, is but of a finite, determinable, and aflignable length. The Methods of computing Logarithms fuppofe, that between any two given Numbers, an infinite number of mean Proportionals maybe interpofedj and without fome Notion of Infinity
tum.
:
My
We
We
their nature
And
and properties are hardly intelligible or difcoverable. many of the moft fublime and ufeful parts of muft be banifh'd out of the Mathematicks, if we are knowledge fo fcrupulous as to admit of no Speculations, in which a Notion
in general,
of Infinity will be neeeflarily included. may therefore as fafely and the Principles upon which the Method built, as any of the fore-mention'd Specula.
We
The nature and notion of Moments being thus eftablifli'd, we may pafs on to the afore -mcnticn'd Theorem, which is this.
253
(contemporary) Moments offairing quantities are as the Velocities of if this be flowing or increafing ; that is, as their Fluxions.
Now
flowing quantities be always adequately rcprefented and exin Lines. But equable Motions, the Times being given, pounded by the Spaces defcribed will be as the Velocities of Defcription, as is known in Mechanicks. And if this be true of any finite Spaces whatever, or of all Spaces in general, it muft alfo obtain in infi-
it
all
may
nitely little Spaces, which we call Moments. tions continually accelerated or retarded, the
And
even
in
Mo-
Motions
in infinite-
So ly little Spaces, or Moments, muft degenerate into equability. that the Velocities of increafe or decreafe, or the Fluxions, will be Moments. Therefore the Ratio of always as the
contemporary
the Fluxions of Quantities, and the Ratio of their contemporary Moments, will always be the fame, and may be ufed promifcuoufly for each other. 14. The next thing to be fettled thefe Moments, which a convenient Notation for be diftinguifh'd, reprefented, by they may It has been compared, and readily fuggefted to the Imagination. for ftand that when &c. variable or appointed already, x, y, z, v, flowing quantities, then their Velocities of increafe, or their Fluxions, fhall be reprefented by x, y, z, -j, &c. which therefore will be proBut as thefe are only portional to the contemporary Moments. or of another Species, they cannot be the MoVelocities, magnitudes ments themfelves, which we conceive as indefinitely little Spaces, or other analogous may therefore here aptly introquantities. duce the Symbol o, not to ftand for abfolute nothing, as in Arithrnetick, but a vanifhing Space or Qtiantity, which was juft now finite, but by continually decrealing, in order prefently to terminate
is
We
is now become lefs than any affignable Qinintify. have certainly a right fo to do. For if the notion is intelligible, and implies no contradiction as was argued before, it may This is not furely be infinuated by a Character appropriate to it. the which be would to the hypothefis, contrary aligning quantity,
in
mere nothing,
And we
but
the'
ral
only appointing a mark to reprefent it.- Then multiplying Fluxions by the vanishing quantity we fhall have the fcveis
<?,
are vanifhing likewife, and pioportional to the Fluxions refpedlively. Thefe therefore may now reprefent the contemporary Moments- -of x, y, z, v, &c. And quantities
.\o,
yo,
zo,
r?,
cc.
which
Spaces,
54
je "*fl
Method of FLUXIONS,
Spaces, arc reprefented by A-, y, z, -v, &c. as o may (land for a. of the fame kind, and as x, -vanishing quantity y, z, v, &c. may ftand for their Velocities of increafe or decreafe, (or, if
you
pleafe,
fpr
zo,
Numbers
i-o,
refpedive fynchronal Moments, .or momentary accefiions, and may be admitted into Computations And this we corne now to apply. .accordingly.
extenfive property,
may
xo,
yo,
and Equations that involve flowing that in the progrefs of is, Quantities. flowing, the Fluents will continually acquire new values, .by the accefilon of contemporary parts of thofe Fluents, and yet the Equation will be equally true in all thcfe, cafes. This is a neceffary refult from the Nature and Definition of variable Quantities. Confequently thefe Fluents be .how or increafed diminifh'd any .rnay by their contemporary or Increments Decrements ; which Fluents, fo increafed or dimiAs if niihed, may be fubflituted for the others in the Equation. an Equation mould involve the Fluents x and _y, together with any and Y X and are fuppofed to be of their conquantities, given any
15.
We
temporary Augments reflectively. Then in the given Equation we may fubflitute x -f- X for x, and y -+- Y for -y, and yet the Equation will be .good, or .the equality of the
.So if
Terms
y we might
were contemporary Decrements, x X and y Y reflectively. And as this inuft hold good of all contemporary Increments or Decrements whatever, whether finitely great or infinitely little, it will be true likewife of contemporary Moments. That is, in flea d of .r and y in xo and y we fubflitute .v-fany Equation, may -t-jo, and yet we
fubflitute
and
quancontemporary Moments, or x -- xo and y -i-yo respectively. Tlien we ihall have the Equation x -+- xo 3 a x x AO a -f- a x x -|- xo x y -Jo~ o. Thefe T+"}f Terms .being expanded, and reduced to three orders or columns, according as the vanifhing quantity o is of none, one, or of more
tities
have a good Equation. The tendency of this will appear from what immediately follows. 16. The Author's fingle Example is a kind of Induction, and the a.\* proof of this may ferve for all cafes. Let the Equation x be given as before, including the variable a xy quantities x and r, inftead of which we may fubflitute thefe
ihall
flill
s
_>'
=o
i
increas'd
by
their
>
/limenfions,
Margin.
255
* ?* w +3 A *"* r
17,
1
\
_ i_ +a.rj> + _
v
)3
2f,^
ox _ a ll'l
a.\iy
-\-axjs-
)>=o,
|
_,;>,
_ "j.
mon
be divided by the comThis being- done, all the Terms Multiplier <?, whatever it is. ftiil be affecled of the third order will by o, of one or more dimenfions, and may therefore be expunged, as infinitely lels than the remain thofe of the fecond order or others. Laftly, there will only
Terms may
all
column,
that
is
i 3.vA.'
zaxx
-+-
axy 4- ayx
Tjy-
o,
which
Q^. E. D. in fomething a difbe thus derived, may be any fynchronal Augments of the Let and ferent manner. variable quantities A* and y, as befoie, the relation of which quanwill be the Fluxional
Equation required.
The fame
Conclufions
Then may tf-J-X and y 4exhibited by any Equation. be fubfKtuted for x and y in that Equation. Suppofe for inftance 3 o ; then by fubftitution we flwll that x> ax* 4- axy _y
tities
is
-
=
|
3 a x .v 4- X a 4-#x.v4-Xx/4-Y have x 4- X y 4- V 1 z 1 ax or in termini* expanfis .v 5 -f- 3X X -f- 3xX -+- X o a 4 aX* ^XY Y 2rfxX -t- axy -\- <?.vY4- aXy -fj 3j 3;'Y 3 o will vaY o. But the Terms ,v ax* -+- axy _y niHi out of the Equation, and leave 3# 1 X 4- 3xX a 4-X 2axX 3
|
|
=
,.
Y- == o, for XY 3/i y* Y of the let their the relation magnitude be contemporary Augments, what it will. Or refolving this Equation into an Analogy, the ratio Y /7X -Lv ,. 2 ..* ?r*-|- ^rX-L. X 1 A of thele Augments may be this, * X =. a* ..v _|-j* r 3.., + Now to find the ultimate rc.tio of thefe Augments, or their ratio when they become Moments, fuppofe X and V to diminil'h till they become vanishing quantities, and then they may be expunged out Or in thofe circumftances it will be of this value of the ratio.
,-
3
3
P
-
y
is
.V
~^ax
which
as
.
is
now
.
Moments.
or
-
And
be
as
this
the
1
fame
ratio
that
of the
2f>x--ai
or
a
3_)'
axy
Fluxions,
it
will
$x-x
zaxx 4- ayx,
wss
found before.
is no aflumption made, but what is of the ancient and modern both Methods iuflifiable by the received We only defend from a general Proportion, which Geometricians. is undeniable, to a particular cafe which is certainly included in ir. That
In this
way of
arguing there
256
That
is,
having the relation of the variable Quantities, we thence the relation or ratio of their contemporary Augdeduce da-eddy and ments having this, we directly deduce the relation or ratio of thofc contemporary Augments when they are nafcent or evanefcent, in a word, when they are Mojuft beginning or juft ceafing to be or To evade this realbning, it ought ments, vanilliing Quantities. be can be conceived lefs than afiignto proved, that no Quantities able Quantities; that the Mind has not the privilege of conceiving Quantity as perpetually diminiiLingy/w^w ; that the Conception of a .vanishing Quantity, a Moment, an Infinitefimal, &c. includes a In fhort, that Quantity is not (even mentally) divificontradiction ble ad infinitum ; for to that the Controverfy mufb be reduced at laft. But I believe it will be a very difficult matter to extort this been fo Principle from the Mathematicians of our days, who have long in quiet poiTefTion of it, who are indubitably convinced of the evidence and. certainty of it, who continually and fuccefslully apply it, arid who- are ready to acknowledge the extreme fertility and ufefulnefs of it, upon fo many important occalions. but to account for thefe two cir19. Nothing remains, I think, of Fluxions, which our AuMethod the to .cumilances, belonging
; ;
:
Firft that the given Equation, whofe thor briefly mentions here. Fluxional Equation is to be found, may involve any number of This has been fufficiently proved already, and flowing quantities. feveral have feen we Examples of it. Secondly, that in taking Fluxions we need not always confine ourfelves to the progreffion of the Indices, but may affume infinite other Arithmetical Progreflions,
as
conveniency
may
require.
This
than what muft neceiTarily refult from any given Equation may afTume, in an 3 ax 1 -4- axy Thus the Equation x 3 infinite variety. j o, m will become #"+*>' being multiply'd by the general quantity x y", m x my"~^^ -r- ax -$- 1y" -h ax m+ly"'t' o, which is virtually the fame as it was before, tho' it may aiTume infinite forms, accorEquation And if we take the ding as we pleafe to interpret m and n. ufual in the Fluxions of this Equation, way, we mall have m m i 1 nax m ^yy n~^ -fm -+- zaxx ^y" y* -j- nx^rty}*B n mxxm~ y a ''* -f- n + irf.Y" 'j/)ftration, tho' it is no other the different forms, which
.5= o.
Now
if
we
by
l
x"}",
-+-
we
mail have
4-
nx*j>y~*
m -f-
2axx
a
nax*yy~~
m -+-
?= o,
And
which
the like
is
Examples.
SECT.
257
SECT.
II.
Concerning Fluxions
the
of fuperior orders^
and
purfues Speculations which require the ufe of fecond Fluxions, or higher orders, yet he has very artfully contrived to reduce them to firft Fluxions, and to avoid the necefTity of introducing Fluxions of fuIn his other excellent Works of this kind, which perior orders.
our Author confiders only fir ft Fluxions, and has not thought fit to extend his Method to fuperior orders, as not diwithin his prefent purpofe. For tho' he here rectly foiling
this Treatifc
IN
have been publifh'd by himfelf, he makes exprefs mention of them, he difcovers their nature and properties, and gives Rules for deriving Therefore that this Work may be the more fertheir Equations. viceable to Learners, and may fulfil the defign of being an Inftitution, I mall here make fome inquiry into the nature of fuperior Fluxions, and give fome Rules for finding their Equations. And
afterwards,
of
Now
fider'd,
in its proper place, I mail endeavour to (hew fomething their application and ufe. as the Fluxions of quantities which have been hitherto con-
themfelves, and of their own nature, variable and flowing quantities alfo, and as fuch are themfelves capable of perpetual increafe and decrea&, or of perpetual acceleration and retardation ; they may be treated as other flowing quantities, and the relation of their Fluxions
be inquired and difcover'd. In order to which we will adopt our Author's Notation already publifh'd, in which we are to confo thefe ceive, that as x, y, z, &c. have their Fluxions #, z., &c.
may
z,&c.which
being
ftill
by x,
of x,
y, z, &c.
And
y, z, &c. which are the third Fluxions thefe again, being ftill flowing quantities,
have their Fluxions x, /, z, &c. which are the fourth Fluxions of And fo we may proceed to fuperior orders, as far as x, y, z, &c. there mall be occafion. Then, when any Equation is propofed, conof variable futing quantities, as the relation of its Fluxions may be found by what has been taught before ; fo by repeating only the fame and the Fluxions as operation, confidering flowing Quantities^ the
relation
258
relation
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
of the fecond Fluxions may be found. And the like for all of Fluxions. higher orders have the Equation y* we ax if o, in which are the Thus we and fhall have the firft Fluxional x, two Fluents y Equation zyy And here, as we have the three Fluents j>, y, and x, o. ax if we take the Fluxions again, we fhall have the fecond Fluxional
ax= o.
+
And
..
y, y,
and x,
if
we
we
fhall
have the
or zyy
bjy
if
ax
=
o.
zyy -f-
^.yy
ax
o,
4-
o.
And
and x,
we
we
l
fhall
Equation zyy
ax
if
=
i
zyy
-f-
6yy
-+-
6y
ax
or
-f-
6y*
And
and
xy
we
_j_
we
fhall
have zyy
ax ax o, for the o, or zyy +- i oyy -f- zoyy zyy And fo on to the fixth, feventh, 6cc. fifth Fluxional Equation. the Demonftration of this will proceed much after the manner as our Author's Demonftration of firft Fluxions, and is indeed ax o} For in the given Equation^* it. virtually included in if we fuppofe y and x to become at the fame time y -f- yo and x-)- xo, if we fuppofe yo and xo to denote the fynchronal Moments (that is, * of the Fluents y and x,) then by fubftitution we fhall have ~y +yo\
fyy
zyy
-f-
8yy -{-
Now
axx
axo
= = Where
-f-
xo
o,
or in termini* expanjis,
will
this
y,
o.
Now
by
o,
it
expunging y be zyy
y, and
ax ax
if
in
Equation,
fubftitute
Moments of
the Fluents
x, to
we may
it
= = we
ax
divi-
o, andj/
1
,
and
o for the
firft
fluxional
x+
will
axo o. becaufe and o by the given Equation, Here becaufe zyy vanishes ; divide the reft by o, and we fhall have zy* + zyy zy'yoo o for the fecond fluxional Equation. ax Again in this Equao,
ax=
axx
+ xo
tion, if
we
xt
Moments of
;
the Fluents y,
for
y, and
and xo refpedively
thofe Fluents
we
259
x
+- xo in the lad
y+yo, y
become
a
\
Equation, and
will
2x7 -\-yo
+- zy -+- 2yo x
-f-
yo
l
axx
_j_
xo
o,
2yyo -trfx
_l_ 2/_y
s;^
ax
laft
axo
o
=
;
o.
o by the
Equation
expunging
have 6yy
in like
all
the
Terms
ax
in
which
will
-+-
2yy
manner
for all
o for the third fluxional Equation. And other orders of Fluxions, and for all other
rinding fuperior Fluxions
5
Examples.
To
Q^
E. D.
illuftrate the
method of
by another
ax -{-axy let us take our Author's Equation # y> of the Fluxions relation he the has found which o, fimpleft o. Here we have the to be 3x^ a zaxx -h axy +- axy 3^/7* the Rules and fame the Fluxion of by flowing quantities x, y, x, y ;
3-
Example,
in
this
Equation,
when
contracled, will be
s
!L
o. And in this Equazax* H- axy -+- 2axy -\- axy 3vy 6jf y tion we have the flowing quantities x, y, x,y, x, y, fo that taking the Fluxions again by the fame Rules, we fhall have the Equation,
=
s
3#w
+ 6x*x
2axx
when
contracted,
^xx
-f-
iSxxx
-{-
6x 3
6y
2axx
i 3 yy* fyyy %axy -+- T,a.\y -f. axy are found the there flowing Equation
-f-
And
as in
this
quantities x, y, x,
x, y,
x, y, we might proceed in like manner to find the relations of the fourth Fluxions belonging to this Equation, and all the following orders of Fluxions. And here it may not be amifs to obferve, that as the propofed
and y
Equation expreffes the conflant -elation of the variable quantities x and as the firft fluxional Equation exprefles the conftant relation of the variable (but finite i.nd alTignable) quantities x and y, which denote the comparative Velocity of increafe or decreale of x and y in the propcfed Equation So the fecond fluxional Equation will exprefs the conftant relation of the variable (but finite and afligdenote x and which the nable) quantities y comparative Velocity of
-,
And in and_y in the foregoing Equation. the conftant relation ot the variable the third fluxional Equation we have
the increafe or decreafe ot
.v
(but finite
and
aflignable) quantities
.v
and
r,
which
will denote
the
com-
260
comparative Velocity of the increafe or decreafe of "x and "y in the And fo on for ever. Here the Velocity of a foregoing Equation. Velocity, however uncouth it may found, will be no abfurd Idea when rightly conceived, but on the contrary will be a very rational and intelligible Notion. If there be fuch a thing as Motion any how
continually accelerated, that continual Acceleration will be the Velocity of a Velocity ; and as that variation may be continually varied, that is, accelerated or retarded, there will 'be in nature, or at leafl in the Understanding, the Velocity of a Velocity of a Velocity. in Or other words, the Notion offecond, third, and higher Fluxions, muft be admitted as found and genuine. But to proceed : may much abbreviate the Equations now derived, the
We
From the given Equation x* ax 1 -+ax ^ere is found a new Equation, wherein, becaufe of y y"' two new Symbols x and y introduced, we are at liberty to aflume another Equation, belides this now found, in order to a jufl Determination. For fimplicity-fake we may make x Unity, or any other conftant quantity that is, we x to flow equably, may fuppofe and therefore its Velocity is uniform. Make therefore x i and
by
the
3j)/)'
firft
1
2ax* -+. o there are four new 3 vj* axy -i- zaxy -h axy 6y\y Symbols introduced, x, y, x, and r, and therefore we may afiume two other congruous Equations, which together with the two now found,
fluxional Equation will become 2ax -+- ay 3^* a So in the o. 2axx Equation 3x.v -f- 6x*x
+ axy
will
amount
;
to a compleat Determination.
fimplicity
.v
we make one
and
this,
=o
}',
to be x
Thus
of
the other
Equation to
thus in
x,
6x
2.0.
-f-
6y*y
fix
o.
And
new Symbols
x, y, x,
now
found,
will
take
x=
i,
and thence
x=o,
x=
we may
it
o,
which
reduce
i And the like of yy* $yyy 6f> == o. of orders. Equations fucceeding But all thefe Reductions and Abbreviations will be beft made as the Equations are derived. Thus the propofed Equation being x~> ax* o, taking the Fluxions, and at the fame time axy y=
x,
x,
o.
&c.
=o,) we
taking
(hall
have
And
the Fluxions
again.
261
3yy*
will
be 6x
20. -f-
zay +- axy
it
6y*y
o.
And
=
4
axy
it
%yy*
will
o.
And
2 4-yy'y
axy
far as there
is
3^
I
3677*
again,
o.
be
And fo
on, as
occafion.
(hall
But
now
Fluxions, Let us allume Figure, adapted to a iimple and a particular cafe. the Equation y 1 r=ax, otyzs=ia*x*, which will therefore belong to
the Parabola
for the clearer apprehenfion of thefe feveral orders of endeavour to illuftrate them by a Geometrical
ABC, whole
Parameter
is
is
AP
a
and Ordinate
LD =y
where
AP
And fupyaPsve~~*. taking the Fluxions, we fhall have motion of the the Parabola to be defcribed the equable pofing by Ordinate upon the Abfcifs, that equable Velocity may be expounded
Then
by the given Line or Parameter
a, that
is,
= y=
-?, '
tf,
Abfcifs
at the
AD
x,
Tangent
Vertex A.
\t\v]\ibey=(a*x
this Conftrudtion.
*= ~k =
zx
we may
) ' 2X
put x
a.
Then
us
"?
2X
:
which
will give
:
zx
Make x (AD)
y (BD)
if
if
::
a (|AP)
DG
y, J
DG
will therefore
the Ordinate
DG
AE
be fuppos'd to
move upon
Curve
with a
parallel motion,) a
GH
will be conftiucted or delcribed, whofe Ordinates will every where expound the Fluxions
of the correfponding Ordinates of the PaThis Curve will be one of rabola ABC. the Hyperbola's between the Afymptotes
3.
AE
and
AP
.
for
its
Equation isjx=
-11
Or yy
"
,
or
as
zay
-{-
2xy=aj,ory
=J
=a
2 *y
ay,
by taking
fhall
before,
we
have
that_y is to be confider'd rather as a retardation than an acceleration, or an acceleration the this will give us the contrary way.
Now
following
202
following
DI
\a (iAP)
DG, And
and the Line DI will therefore reprefent the Fluxion of y, or of j, and therefore the fecond Fluxion of BD, or of/.
if this
be done every where upon AE, a Curve IK will be whofe Ordinates will always expound the fecond Fluxions comlructed, of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This Curve likewife will be one of the Hyperbola's, for its Equation is y
/Jy
fl*
G.
a*
^
Again,
6*5
from
the
Equation
^-
or
2xy
=
ay.,
ay' t
~y=~
y (DI)
::
we
mail have
2ay
zxy
=:
or
:
which
Make x (AD)
will
\a (|AP)
DL=y,
DL
therefore
reprefent the Fluxion of DI, or of y, the fecond Fluxion of DG, And if this be or of y, and the third Fluxion of BD, or of^. be will a done every where Curve conflructed, whofe AE,
upon
LM
Ordinates will always expound the third Fluxions of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This Curve will be an Hyperbola,
and
fo
its
Equation will be
y=. '=-1
; ,
or
yy=
"
64*"*
And
we might
which
(in the prefent Example) would expound fourth, fifth, and other orders of Fluxions. might likewife proceed in a retrograde order, to find
We
thefe
if
when
given.
As
if
we had y
= =
3.
,
La*xx~*} or
(as
GH
were given
will be
^-r
would be y
= (a^x*= =
Make \a (|AP)
which
::
will give us
:
this
2
Conftruction.
,
.v
(AD)
y (DG)
DB
-J
DB
will reprefent
or of y. And if this be done every where upon Curve AB will be con ftru died, whofe Ordinates AE, will always expound the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Curve GH. This Curve will be the common Parabola, whofe i Parameter
the Fluent of
DG,
a
the Line
the Line
AP
263
is
a.
For
its
Equation
a*x'* t
yy=ax.
So
if
we had
the Parabola ABC, we might conceive its Ordinates Fluxions, of which the correfponding Ordinates
QR, would
To
/
find
Iff
of
let, &c. _/, y, y, /, j/, y, y, &c. be a Series of both Terms proceeding ways indefinitely, of which every fucceedthe Fluxion of the preceding, and vice versa ; ing Term reprefents a Notation of our Author's, deliver'd elfewhere.) Then to according
y,
&c.
becaufe
it
'
will be y
= (div*=<z^x^ =) ^r = [, W = =y
is_y
'
it
.x
2f!i!
3
J2. 3*
which
Con-
ftrudion.
Make $a (|AP)
ft
(AD)
and the Line DQ^will reprefent the if the fame be done at every point will be form'd, the Ordinates of which will always expound the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This a be of alfo will but a higher order, the Equation Curve Parabola,
3.
y (BD)
=y =
I I
of which
is^=
or yy
zx
=
i
3^
Again, becaufe
"
= f ~ ==
\ $a?
3ilJL
$a
l
v.
ents
it
will be
y=(
"*
JfL.sff!|x"=
|
\ =J
7
,
^fl
->.a.'-
which
Conftruaion.
Make
(|AP)
x (AD)
: :
DQ^J
=
////
_y
/
= And
DS, and the Line DS will reprefent the Fluent of DQ^, or of_y. if the fame be done at every point of the Line AE, a Curve ST will thereby be form'd, the Ordinates of which will expound the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Curve QR. This
//
Curve will be
.
a Parabola,
whofe Equation
as far as
is
jy=
pleafe,
1^1
,
or yy
^-.
And
fo
we might go on
we
Laftlv,
264
Laftly, if
The Method of we
conceive
FLUXIONS,
common
Ordinate of
all
DB,
the
thefe
Curves, to be any where thus conftrucled upon AD, that is, to be thus divided in the points S, B, G, I, L, 6cc. from whence to are drawn Ss, Qtf, B^, Gg, I/, L/, 6cc. parallel to and ; if this Ordinate be farther conceived to move either backwards or
AP
Q^
AE
with an equable Velocity, (reprefented by and as it defcribes thefe Curves, to x,) carry the aforeThen the points s, q, b,g, faid Parallels along with it in its motion fuch a manner, in the Line AP, as i, /, &c. will likewife move in that the Velocity of each point will be reprefented by the diflance of the next from the point A. Thus the Velocity of s will be reprefented by Aq, the Velocity of q by A, of b by Ag, of g by A/, of / by A/, &c. Or in other words, Aq will be the Fluxion of A.S ; Al> will be the Fluxion of Ag, or the fecond Fluxion of As ; Ag will be the Fluxion of Ab, or the fecond Fluxion of Aq, or the third. Fluxion of As ; Ai will be the Fluxion of Ag, or the fecond Fluxion of Ah, or the third Fluxion of Aq, or the fourth Fluxion of As ; and fo on. Now in this inftance the feveral orders of Fluxions, or Velocities, are not only expounded by their Proxies and Reprefentatives, but alfo are themfelves actually exhibited, as far as may be done by Geometrical Figures. And the like obtains wherever elfe
forwards
AP
= =
tf
upon AE,
a beginning ; which fufficiently mews the relative nature of all thefe orders of Fluxions and Fluents, and that they differ from each other by mere relation only, and in the manner of conceiving. And in general, what has been obferved from this Example, may be eafily accommodated to any other cafes whatfoever. Or thefe different orders of Fluents and Fluxions may be thus explain'd abftractedly and Analytically, without the afliftance of CurveLet any conflant and lines, by the following general Example. known quantity be denoted by a, and let a" be any given Power or Root of the lame. And let x n be the like Power or Root of the variable and indefinite quantity x. Make a m x m a y, or
we make
=^ =
m
a
~ mx m
Here y
as
alfo
will be
an indefinite quantity,
which
foon as the value of x is affign'd. Then taking the Fluxions, it will be y ma l ~ m xx m~ 1 ; and fuppofing x to flow or increafe uniformly, and making its constant ma* mx m -*. Here if a, it will be y Velocity or Fluxion x
will
become known
= =
for
a
:
n m
we
y.
write
its
value y,
it
will be
ma
So that y will be
alfo a
y known and
that
is,
affignable
Quantity,
and
tity,
N FINITE SERIES.
is
265
taking the ia* "xx"- 1 ;;; x
-
affign'd.
Then
Fluxions again,
;
we
;
mall
irtS"""^*""
or for ma"-~
is,
have^=wxw m m~
x
l
= ~~
x
writing
la
:
:
its
value y,
it
will
be
ta v
-
that
come
known
quantity,
when
y.
Then
we
,
fhall
have y
=m
And
m
::
or
y=.-^~
have y
:
that
is,
za
where
will be
known, when x
is
given.
i
taking the
Fluxions again, we
fhall
=
30
rnx
::
m
:
2 x
m
alfo
=
Letter
that
is,
is this Inductipn we given. may conclude in general, that if the order of Fluxions be denoted by any integer number ?/, or if n be put for the number of points over the
known, whenever x
y /. And from
So that y will
be
na y y y ; or from the Fluxion of any order being given, the Fluxion of the next immediate order may be hence found.
t
it
will always
be
^_____
: :
n
:
ll-l-i
_______ thus invert the na : x proportion m and then from the Fluxion given, we fhall find its next
"+t
: :
n
:
Or we may
Fluent.
y
i
ate
'tis
\a
As x
if
::
=
:
immedi-
2,
'tis
y.
If
72
za
0,
A;
: :
y
:
y.
: :
If n -
'tis i,
ma
'tis
n==
1
y
ia
y.
And
::
m-:
x
1
y
1
y where y is put for the Fluent of; or for y with a negative point. And here becaufe y=.a - mx m it will be m 4- la x :: a -" *"
,
l
'
y, or
caufe
y y
= =
~V+
m-\-\a
_
x
{a*-<"x*>
= =
I
1 1 v" -*-
^
m-\-\a
which
alfo
may
thus appear.
Be-
__Zj__T
/
=) il
m-f,,
next Problem,)
.
it
will be
-:
tism-{-2a
::
y}
or
=^ =
II
m
I
Again, if we
make
=
.
2,
v
..
..
+...
For
Mm
becaufe
266
becaufe
The Method of
y
FLUXIONS,
,
.f
-x
m
==
Again,
if
it
will be
-.
_
this
m+
we make
=
l
3,
'tis
m -|fo for
And
-t-3
all
-\- 2
j+3a
"~'~*
And
may
fuffice
in general, to
feveral orders
to teach the operations by which they are produced, or to find their As to the ufes they may be apply 'd refpeftive fluxional Equations. when that will come more properly to be confider'd in found, to,
another place.
SECT.
III.
Tfte
THE
metry
foregoing- Principles of the Doftrine of Fluxions being chiefly abftradted and Analytical I mail here endeavour, after a general manner, to (hew fomething analogous to them in Geoa.nd Mechanicks ; by which they may become, not only the of the Underftanding, and of the Imagination, objeft (which will only their but even of Senfe poffible exiftence,) too, by making prove them adually to exift in a vifible and fenfible form. For jt is now become neceffary to exhibit them all manner of ways, in order to give a fatisfaclpry proof, thai they have indeed any real exiftence at
all.
And
tion, fider
it
fir ft,
by way of prepara-
Let the right Line AB be defcribed by the equable motion of a point, which is now at E, and will preAlfo let the Line fently be at G. to the CD, parallel former, be dethe fcribed by and K, at equable motion of a point, which is in the farne times as the former is in E and G. Then will EG and be contemporaneous Lines, and therefore will be proportional to
HK
the
267
Draw the indefithe Velocity of each moving point refpedlively. of like Tri-^ becaufe in L then and GK, meeting nite Lines ; and E and HLK, the Velocities of the points H, which angles and HK, will be now as EL and HL. Let were before as the defcribing points G and K be conceived to move back, again, and C, and before they apwith the fame Velocities, towards
EH ELG
EG
let g and ^, at any fmall proach to E and diftance from E and H, and draw gk, which will pafs through L ; then ftill their Velocities will be in the ratio of Eg and H/, be thofe Let Lines ever fo little, that is, in the ratio of EL and HL. with the moving points g and k continue to move till they coincide
them be found in
will pafs decreeing Lines Eg and that are lefs and lefs, and will finally polYible magnitudes through become vanishing Lines. For they muft intirely vanifh at the fame moment, when the points g and k mall coincide with E and H. In all which ftates and circumftances they will ftill retain the ratio Let of EL to HL, with which at laft they will finally vaniih. have coincided with after ftill continue to thofe points move, they E and H, and let them be found again at the fame time in y and
and
in
which
cafe the
all
K, at
Still the Velocities, which are any diftance beyond E and H, and efteemed be and H*, Ey negative, will be as EL may of any finite magnithofe whether Lines and are Hx and HL, Ey if the Line yx.L, by its tude, or are only nafcent Lines ; that is, to be but and divaricate from juft motion, beginning emerge angular EHL. And thus it will be when both thefe motions are equable motions, as alfo when they are alike inequable ; in both which cafes the common interfedlion of all the Lines EHL, GKL, gkL, &c. But when either or both thefe motions -will be the fixt point L.
now
as
are fappos'd to be inequable motions, or to be any how continually accelerated or retarded, thefe Symptoms will be fomething different for then the point L, which will ftill be the common interfeclion
;
of thofe Lines
will
when they
firft
no longer be a fixt but a moveable point, and an account muft be had of its motion. For this purpofe we may have recourfe to
the following
Lemma.
fixt right Line, along which anothe: moveable right Line DE may be conceived to move or roll in fuch a manner, as to have both a progreflive motion, as alfo aa That is, the common angular motion about a moveable Center C. interfection C of the two Lines AB and DE may be fuppofed to move with any progreffive motion from A towards B, while at the fame 2
Let
AB
be an indefinite and
indefinite but
Mm
26S
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
tame time the moveable Line revolves about the lame point C, with any angular motion. Then as the Angle continually decreafes, and at two Lines laft vanifhes when the and
DE
ACD
ACB
DCE
yet even then the point of interfection it C, (as may be ftill call'd,) will not be loft and annihilated, but will appear again, as foon as the Lines begin to divaricate, or to feparate from each That is, if C be the point of interfeclion other. before the coincidence, and c the point of interfeccoincide
;
when the Line dee {hall of AB out there will be fome inter; again emerge mediate point L, in which C and c were united in the fame point, at the moment of coincidence. This
tion after the coincidence,
call'd
the Node,
Now
to apply this
be defcribed by the continually accelerated motion of a point, which is now in E, and will be prefently found inr G. Alfo let the Line CD, parallel to the former, be defcribed
AB
the equable
mo-
by
tion of a point,
in
is found and K, at the fame times as
which
the
is
other point
in
and G.
HK be
EH
contem-
Let the defcribing and C, again towards in of their moVelocity, every point tion, as they had before acquired ; and let them arrive at the fame time at g and k, at fome fmall diftance from E and H, and draw Then Eg and Hk, being contemporary Lines gki meeting EH in /. and little alfo, very by fuppofuion, they will be nearly as the Ve-
raneous Lines will be as El and and be conceived to points each with the fame degrees of
HI
refpedlively.
move back
locities
269
and which contemporary Let the points g and k continue their motion till they coincide with E and H, or let the Line GKI or gki continue its progremve and angular motion in this manner, till it coincides with EHL, and let L be the Node, or point of no
at
g and
k, that
is,
at
Lines will be
now
as E/'
and
H/'.
divarication, as in the
foregoing
Lemma.
Then
of the vanifhing Lines Eg- and lik, which is the ratio of the Velo' cities at E and H, be as EL and refpe&ively. Hence we have this Corollary. If the point E (in the foregoing be fuppos'd to move from A towards B, with a Velocity figure,) moves from how accelerated, and at the fame time the point any if an with D C towards equable Velocity, (or inequable, you pleafe ) will be refpectively as the Lines EL and thofe Velocities in E and
HL
HL, which
Lines
EG
point
and
HK
EG and and angular motion, fhall always be contemporary Lines, till at laft GKI mall coincide with the Line EHL, at which time it will determine the Node L, or the point of no divarication. So that if the Lines AE and
progreffive
in
Or by fuppofmg
to be found, by fuppofmg the contemporary continually to dkninim, and finally to vanim. to move with a the moveable indefinite Line
is
GKI
HK
CH
reprefent
at
two
fcription ratio of
E
it
Fluents, any how related, their Velocities of deand H, or their refpe&ive Fluxions, will be in the
EL
and HL.
will fol-
And
low
cus
hence
^
C
IH
T>
point or
is,
Node
L-,
that
of
all
the points of
and
GK/
mined by
however the
relation of
its
;
be determined in
given Fluents.
all cafes
and vice versa. Or intercepted Tangents EL and HL may that is, the ratio of the Fluxions of the
;
AE
and
CH
For
270
For
EG
Make the us apply this to an Example. x, and let the relation of thefe be always x". Make the contemporary Lines this Equation y exprefs'd by are contempoand Y and HKs=X.; and becaufe and by fuppofition, we fhall have the whole Lines
=
1
AE
CH
rary
AG
Y
x"
CK +
contemporary alfo, and thence the Equation y -f-Y= by our Author's Binomial Theorem will produce y -nx"~ X -+- n x"-^-x*~*X* , &c. which ( becaufe y
x -j-X
-+-
=
|
This
x"
be-
will
come
Y=
i
:
x"- X-JI l
^-^Ar'-^X
&c. or
in
an Analogy,
y
let
::
nx n ~
lation of the
EG
and HK.
Now
us fuppofe the indefinite Line GKI, which limits thefe contemand angular motion, porary Lines, to return back by a progrefiive and HK, and fo as always to intercept contemporary Lines
EG
and by that means to determine the we may fuppofe EG Y and X, to dibecome which and to in cafe minifli hi i-nfinitum, vanifhing Lines, i nx"~ . But then it will be like wife X we fhall have X Y EG :: HL EL x y, or i nx"~' x :y, ory=nxx'. Y And hence we may have an expedient for exhibiting Fluxions and Fluents Geometrically and Mechanically, in all circumftances, fo as to make them the objects of Senfe and ocular Demonftration. Thus in the laft figure, let the two parallel lines AB and CD be defcribed by the motion of two points E and H, of which E moves may be fuppos'd to move any how inequably, and (if you pleafe) and K correfpond to equably and uniformly ; and let the points E and G. Alfo let the relation of the Fluents AE =r y and
with
EHL,
HK =
: :
: :
HK
: :
CH
be defined by any Equation whatever. Suppofe now the them to carry along with the indefinite defcribing points E and Line EHL, in all their motion, by which means the point or Node L will defcribe fome Curve L/, to which EL will always be a TanOr fuppofe to be the Edge of a Ruler, of an ingent in L. which moves with a progreffive and angular modefinite length,
=x
EHL
;
combined together the moveable point or Node L in this will have the leaft angular motion, and which is which Line, always of no divarication, will defcribe the Curve, and the Line the point
tion thus
or
ments E and
be a Tangent to it in L. Then will the fegbe proportional to the Velocity of the points or will exhibit the ratio of the Fluxions refpeclively y to the Fluents and CF x. a-nd x, belonging
Edge
itfelf will
EL
and
HL
AE=y
i
Or
271
fuppofe the Curve L/to be given, or already conftmcled, we may conceive the indefinite Line EHIL to revolve or roll about it, and by continually applying itfelf to it, as a Tangent, to move be the and from the fituation EHIL to GK.ll. Then will
we
AE
CH
of the defcribing points E and Fluents, be their Fluxions, and the intercepted Tangents EL and be the redlilinear meafures of thofe Fluxions or Velocities.
the fenfible velocities
:
H will HL will
Or
it
may be reprefented thus If L/ be any rigid obftacle in form of a Curve, about which a flexible Line, or Thread, is conceived to be wound, part of which is ftretch'd out into a right Line LE, which will therefore touch the Curve in L ; if the Thread be conceived to be farther wound about the Curve, till it comes into the fituation this motion it will exhibit, even to the Eye, the fame L/KG ;
by
of increafe, or their increafing Fluents as before, their Velocities of thofe Fluxions, as alfo the Tangents or rectilinear reprefentatives the done be fame Thread, And the Fluxions. by unwinding may we Thread of the inftead Or in the manner of an Evolute. may
make
by applying its Edge continually to the curved Obftacle L/, and making it any how revolve about the moveIn all which manners the Fluents, able point of Contadl L or /. Fluxions, and their rectilinear meafures, will be fenfibly and mechamuft be allowed to have a place nically exhibited, and therefore they And if they are in nature, even tho' they were but in rernm naturd. and conceiveable, much more if they are fenfible barely pofiible and vifible, it is the province of the Mathematicks, by fome method or other, to investigate and determine their properties and proufe
of a Ruler,
portions.
by one Thread EHL, perpetually winding about the curved obftacle L/, of a due figure, we mall fee the Fluents AE and CH at any rate aflign'd, by the mocontinually to increafe or decreafe, tion of the Thread EHL either backwards or forwards ; and as we (hall thereby fee the comparative Velocities of the points E and H, that is, the Fluxions of the Fluents AE and CH, and alfo the Lines EL and HL, whofe variable ratio is always the rectilinear meafure of So by the help of another Thread GK/L, windthofe Fluxions obftacle in its part /L, and then ftretching out into a the about ing or Tangent /KG, and made to move backwards or forright Line wards, as before ; if the firft Thread be at reft in any given fituation EHL, we may fee the fecond Thread defcribe the contempoIncrements EG and HK, by which the Fluents porary Lines or AE and CH are continually increafed ; and if GK/ is made to ap-
Or
as
proach
272
proach towards
Method of FLUXIONS,
fee thofe
contemporary Lines contiapproaching towards and continuing the motion, we may pretwo Lines actually to coincide, or to unite as one fently fee thofe then we may fee the contemporary Lines actually to vaand Line, the fame at ntfh time, and their ultimate ratio actually to become And if the motion be ftill continued, we mall that of EL to HL. fee the Line GK/ to emerge again out of EHL, and begin to defcribe other contemporary Lines, whofe nafcent proportion will be And fo we may go on till the Fluents are exthat of EL to HL.
imallv to diminim, and the ratio of EL to HL
their ratio continually
;
EHL, we may
haufted.
may
be thus eafily
made the
objects
of
firft Fluxions geometrically and mechanically, we may do prefented the fame thing, mutatis mutandis, by any higher orders of Fluxions. Thus if we conceive a fecond figure, in which the Fluential Lines fhall
fight, or of Ocular Demonftration. This may ftill be added, that as we have here exhibited and re-
of the ratio of the intercepted Tangents (or the the firft Fluxions) of figure ; then its intercepted Tangents will expound the ratio of the fecond Fluxions of the Fluents in the firft
increafe after the rate
Alfo if we conceive a third figure, in which the Fluential figure. Lines fhall increafe after the rate of the intercepted Tangents of the fecond figure ; then its intercepted Tangents will expound the And fo on as far third Fluxions of the Fluents in the firft figure. This is a neceflary confequence from the relative naas we pleafe. ture of thefe feveral orders of Fluxions, which has been fhewn before.
And
well
farther to
mew
how
accommodated to explain and reprefent all the circumftances of Fluxions and Fluents; we may here take notice, that it may be alfo adapted to thofe cafes, in which there are more than two Fluents, which have a mutual relation to each other, exprefs'd by one or more Equations. For we need but introduce a third parallel
it is
any how moving, and that any two of thefe defcribing points carry an indefinite Line along with them, which by revolving as a Tangent, defcribes the Curve whofe Tangents every where determine the Fluxions. As alfo that any other two of thofe three points are connected by anit
to be defcribed
by
a third point
which by revolving
in
like
manner
defcribes
may be four or more parallel All but one of thefe Curves may be affumed at pleafure, Lines. when they are not given by the ftate of the Queftion. Or Analyfo there
tically,
And
'
///. j //'//<'. i
i( //.
uvuutm
/v
/(v Yfa/?////
2-3.
273
fo
many
I
Equations
is
it
may
the
be aflumed,
number of
may not be difficult to give a pretty good notion of Fluents and Fluxions, even to fuch Perlbns as are not much verfed in Mathematical Speculations, if they are willing to be This iniorm'd, and have but a tolerable readinefs of apprehenfion.
But
laftly,
believe
in a familiar
(lioot
Let us fuppofe the right Line AB prefented in the Frontifpiece. to or be the level with the Ground, in which to Horizon, parallel a Bird is now flying at G, which was lately at F, and a little be-
And let this Bird be conceived to fly, not with an equable or uniform fwiftnefs, but with a fwiftnefs that always increafes, (or with a Velocity that is continually accelerated,) according to fome known rate. Let there alfo be another right Line CD, parallel to
fore at E.
the former, at the fame or any other convenient diftance from the Ground, in which another Bird is now flying at K, which was lately at I, and a little before at ; juft at the fame points of time as the
Bird was at G, F, E, refpectively. But to fix our Ideas, and to make our Conceptions the more fimple and eafy, let us imagine this fecond Bird to fly equably, or always to defcribe equal parts of the Line in equal times. Then may the equable Velocity of
firft
CD
this
Bird be ufed as a known meafure, or ftandard, to which we may always compare the inequable Velocity of the firft Bird. Let us now fuppofe the right Line to be drawn, and continued to the point L, fo that the proportion (or ratio) of the two Lines EL and be the fame as that of the Velocities of the two may
EH
HL
fame time at the and he that directed his or L, Gun, point Fowling-piece, according to the right Line LHE, in hopes to moot both the Birds at once. But not thinking himfelf then to be fufficiently near, he forbears to difcharge his Piece, but ftill pointing it at the two Birds, he advances towards them continually according to the direction of his Piece, till his Eye is prefently at M, and the Birds at the fame time in F and I, in the fame right Line FIM. And not being yet near enough, we may fuppofe him to advance farther in the fame manner, his
Piece being always directed or level'd at the two Birds, while he himfelf walks forward according to the direction of his till
his
his
and Birds, when they were at refpeclively. ther fuppole, that the Eye of a Fowler was at the
And
let
us far-
Eye
Eye,
is
now
at
N, and
at
and G.
Piece, the Birds in the fame with Line right The Path of his Eye, delcribed by this
double
274
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
double motion, (or compounded of a progreffive and angular mobe ibme Curve-line LMN, in the fame Plain as the reft tion,) will of the figure, which will have this property, that the proportion of the diftances of his Eye from each Bird, will be the fame every where as that of their refpeftive Velocities. That is, when his Eye
was
at
at
and H,
their Velocities
were then
as
EL
HL, by the Conftruftion. And when his Eye was at M, and the Birds at F and I, their Velocities were in the fame proporand IM, by the nature of the Curve LMN". tion as the Lines
and
FM
is
And when
cities
his
Eye
at
N, and
the Birds at
are
in
the proportion of
GN
fame Curve. And fo univerfally, the Ratio of thofe two Lines will Now if thefe Velocities, the ratio of thofe two fenfible Velocities. or the fwiftneffes of the flight of the two Birds in this inflance, are call'd Fluxions; then the Lines defcribed by the Birds in the fame time, may be call'd their contemporaneous Fluents; and all inftances whatever of Fluents and Fluxions, may be reduced to this Example, and may be illuflrated by it. And thus I would endeavour to give fome notion of Fluents and Fluxions, to Perfons not much converfant in the Mathematicks j but fuch as had acquired fome fkill in thefe Sciences, I would thus to inflrudl, and to apply what has been now deliver'd. proceed farther The contemporaneous Fluents being EF=_y, and Hl=.v, and their rate of flowing or increafing. being fuppos'd to be given or known their relation may always be exprefs'd by an Equation, which will be compos'd of the variable quantities x andjy, together with any known quantities. And that Equation will have this probecaufe of thofe variable quantities, that as FG and IK, EG perty, and HK, and infinite others, are alfo contemporaneous Fluents; it will indifferently exhibit the relation of thofe Lines alfo, as well as of EF and HI ; or they may be fubflituted in the Equation, inftead of x and y. And hence we may derive a Method for determining the Velocities themfelves, or for finding Lines proportional to them. X ; in the given Equation I may For making FG =Y,.and IK fubftitute y -}- Y inftead of ^y, and x -f- X inftead of x, by which I fhall obtain an Equation, which in all circumftances will exhibit
;
and K, their Veloto KN, by the nature of the of all other fituations. So that be the fenfible meafure of always
Now it may be plainly the relation of thofe Quantities or Increments. if the Line MIF is conceived continually to approach perceived, that nearer and nearer to the Line NKG, (as jufl now, in the inftance
of the Fowler,)
till it
finally coincides
with
it;
the Lines
FG
Y, and
X, will continually decreafe, and by decreafing will apand K, and nearer to the Ratio of the Velocities at nearer proach and will finally vanifh at the fame time, and in the proportion of
275
to KN. thofc Velocities, that is, in the Ratio of Confequently in the Equation now form'd, if we fuppofe to decreafe and and at laft to vanifh, that we obtain their ultimate continually, may
GN
mail thereby obtain the Ratio of to KN. But when and vanifh, or when the point F coincides with G, and I with .x'; fo that we fhall have H, then it will be y, and : x :: And hence we mall KN. obtain a Fluxional Equay tion, which will always exhibit the relation of the Fluxions, or Ve-
Ratio
we
GN
GM
for
EG
HK
locities,
Thus,
relation
Example,
Lines y and
y*
A:
if EF=j', and HI x, and the indefinite are fuppofed to increafe at fuch a rate, as that their
y -f-
= Y
may
o
;
for j,
and x
1
-+-
FG=Y,
we
-+-
for
1 Equation x
and
= IK =
Y
arife,
(fee before,
pag, 255.)
-\-
fhall
have ^x"-X
-f-
zaxX
aX
-f-
axY
aXj
:
rfXY
ax
3y*Y
in
and
X
:
^
:
an Analogy,
aX -+:
3#X
-f!
=
:
o,
2 ax
This
Y
:
X
::
x :: x, it will be y the of the Which gives ax. -+- ay 3X 3^* proportion And the like in all other cafes. Q^. E. I. Fluxions. might alfo lay a foundation for thefe Speculations in the fol:
Y
:
are vanishing quantities, or their ultimate And ax. ^ax -f- ay 3** 3^*
:
GN
KN
::
zax
We
lowing manner.
Let
ABCDEF,
let
the Sides
AB, BC,
of any
whatever.
any
diftance,
draw
the two parallel Lines /6, and bf\ to which continue the right Lines
Now
if
we
fuppofe
n 2
276
or bodies, to be at $ and b, and to move pofe two moving points, in the fame time to y and c, with any equable Velocities ; thofe Velocities will be to each other as @y and be, that is, becaufe of the as /3B and bE. Let them fet out again from y and c,
parallels,
and
arrive at the
fame time
at
^ and
and
d,
and and
and
with any equable Velocities ; Let is, as yC and cC. and arrive in the fame time at g
d,
cd,
that
Velocities
S-t
that
is,
as
Let their number be increafed, and their magnitude be diminim'd in infinitum, and then the Periphery of the Polygon will continually approach towards a Curve-line, to which the Lines AB^/3, ECcy, CDd, &c. will become Tangents as alfo the
-,
will be the
or retarded continually. where the defcribing points are found at the fame time, their Velocities (or Fluxions) will be as the Segments of the refpeclive Tan-
to degenerate into fuch as are accelerated Then in any two points, fuppofe and d,
and the Lines /3^ and bd, intercepted by any two Tangents J>D and /SB, will be the contemporaneous Lines, or Fluents. Now from the nature of the Curve being given, or from
gents cTD and
;
dD
the property of its Tangents, the contemporaneous Lines may be And vice versa, from the found, or the relation of the Fluents. Rate of flowing being given, the correfponding Curve may be found.
ANNO-
277
ANNOTATIONS on Prob.iO
R,
The
Relation of the Fluxions being to 7 & o given, find the Relation of the Fluents.
SECT.
the
I.
A particular Solution
E
are
general Solution,
by 'which
diftribitted
into-
three Cafes.
of the Author's fecond fundamental Problem, borrow'd from the Science of Rational Mechanicks Which is, from the Veloto the Solution
:
now come
all times given, to find the defcribed or find to the of the Fluents from the ; Spaces quantities In difcuffing which important Problem, there will given Fluxions. And firft it may be occafion to expatiate fome thing more at large. not be amifs to take notice, that in the Science of Computation all the Operations are of two kinds, either Compolitive or Refolutative.
cities
of the Motion at
The Compolitive
rectly, in
or Synthetic Operations proceed neceffarily and dicomputing their feveral qit(?fita> and not tentatively or by
way of
tryal.
Such
Opera-
fuppofe require the contrary Synthetic Operations, to prove and confirm every llep The Compofitive Operations, always when the of the Procefs. data are finite and terminated, and often when they are interminate
i
tions, as Subtraction, Divifion, Extraction of Roots, and finding of Fluents, are forced to proceed indirectly and tentatively, by long or deductions, to arrive at their feveral qutefita ; and
or
Author's particular Solution of this Problem extends to fuch <afes only, wherein the Fluxional Equation propofed either has been, or at leafl might have been, derived from fome finite Algebraical
The
the necefTary Terms Equation, which is now required. Here be are neceflary, it will not being prefent, and no more than what difficult, by a Procefs juft contrary to the former, to return back But it will moft commonly happen, again to the original Equation, either if we aflume a Fluxional Equation at pleafure, or if we arrive at one as the refult of fome Calculation, that fuch an Equation is to be refolved, as could not be derived from any previous finite Alredundant or defigebraical Equation, but will have Terms either
all
cient
and confequently the Algebraic Equation required, or its be had by Approximation only, or by an infinite Series. mufl Root, cafes we mult have recourfe to the general Solution of all which In
;
this
Problem, which
we
(i.) All fuch Precepts for this particular Solution are thefe. Terms of the given Equation as are multiply 'd (fuppofe) by x, muft be difpofed according to the Powers of x, or muft be made a
The
NumThen
whofe Root
is
x.
(2.)
they muft be divided by A-, and multiply'd by x ; or x muft be changed into A', by expunging the point. (3.) And laftly, the Terms muft be feverally divided by the Progreilion of the Indices of the Powers of x, or by fome other Arithmetical ProgrerTion, as need mail require. And the fame things muft be repeated for every one of the flowing quantities in the given Equation. zaxx -f- axy Thus in the Equation $xx^yy- -f- ajx -Q^ 1 zaxx -\-axy by expunging the points become the Terms -^xx zax*- -+- axy, which divided by the Progreffion of the Indi^x''
.
ces 3, 2,
a
3.X)'
which
Alfo the Terms -+- axy. the become ayx by expunging points 3j * -f- ayx, divided by the Progreffion of the Indices 3, 2, i,
I,
reflectively,
will give
A'
ax*
* -+-
refpectively,
will give
The
aggregate of thefe,
-\-
redundant
required.
ax*
axy
_}"
So
279
m-\- 2(jyxx
1
if the
i
-f-
^yxx*
-f-
-+-
=.
if
n-\- $xyy> -\-n-\- lax^yy -+- nx+y nax>y m} values n whatever the and m Numbers o, general may acquire ; thofe Terms in which x is found are reduced to the Scale whofe
is
ay* xx
Root
x,
-+-
yyxx'
-+-
zayx*.
-+
my**-, or expunging the points they will become m -f- Ziivx* +- m -+- \ay-x 1 Thefe being dim -+- %yx+ m\*x. vided refpedtively by the Arithmetical Progreffion m -f- 3, m-\-2,.
m-\-\ay*xx
1 Alio m, will give the Terms yx+ y+x. ayx -f- ay'-x whofc Scale the Terms in which y is found reduced to the being
m-\-
i,
Root
-4-
or expunging the points they will become n -\~^ x * -^~ n ~^~ iaxi)" Thefe being divided reipeclively by the Arithmetical Pro+- nx+y.
grefTion ^-{-3,
1
?i-{- 2,
ax*}' -)-
mull
all
But
as
?z-|-i, thefe
i
;;,
will
give the
Terms
xy* -\-
Terms, being the fame as the former, redundant, and therefore are to be rejected.
-f-
ay
xi
y*
ax -\-ayx
=
I
y^x=o
o will
Thus
it
if
we had
-+- ;z-f;
this Fluxional
Equation mayxx~
m -+- 2xx
nx*yy~*
belongs
\ay
=. o,
Equation to which
the Terms mayxx~ * m -f- 2xx, by expunging the and dividing by the Terms of the Progreffion m, m-\- 1, w-t-2,
Terms ay
x*.
Alfo the
Terms
nx^yf
-+-
n-\-iay,
by expunging the points, and dividing by n, n-\- i, will give the x 1 -f- ay. Now as thefe are the fame as the former, they Terms are to be efteem'd as redundant, and the Equation required will be o. And when the given Fluxional Equation is a genex1 ay and ral one, adapted to all the forms of the Fluential Equation, as cafe of the two laft Examples is the then all the Terms ariling from the fecond Operation will be always redundant, fo that it will be fufficient to make only one Operation. Thus if the given Equation were ^.yy 1 -f- z 3yy~ J -f- 2yxx 3:32* H- 6}'z.z o, in which there are found three flowing quan2cyz tities j the only Term in which x is found is 2yxx, in which exthe and then point, punging dividing by the Index 2, it will be1 Then the Terms in which y is found are 4^*4- z*yy~~ t come^* which expunging the points become # * 4-s 3 , and dividing
by,
280
72k Method of
FLUXIONS,
5 ; .
s i, give the Terms aj Laftly by the Progreffion 2, i, o, the Terms in which z is found are zcyz, which yzz* -J- 6yzz 32;"' -f- 6yz* 29-2, and dividing expunging the points become
Now
we
by the Progreffion
if
3,
2,
i,
give
z"'
the
Terms
1
&+
T.yz
zcyz.
z*,
we
collect thefe
mall have
yx
-+- 2y>
yz
2cyz
Term
we
of proof, whether we have proceeded rightly or not, in returning from the relation of the Fluxions to the relation of the Fluents. For every refolutative Operation mould be proved by its contrary comSo if the Fluxional Equation xx pofitive Operation. <xy xy-\o were given, to return to the Equation involving the Fluents ny'= by the foregoing Rule we fliall firft have the Terms xx xy, which will the become x* and .vy, by expunging points dividing by the 1 will the Terms the Terms, or Alfo ^x Progreffion 2, i, give xy.
;
xy -+- ay, by expunging the points will become xy. by Unity. So that leaving out the l redundant Term xy, we fhall have the Fluential Equation x xy Now if we take the Fluxions of this Equation, we -+- ay == o. iliall find by the which foregoing Problem xx xy xy -+- ay fame as the we the are to conclude our work is Equation given, being But if either of the Fluxional Equations xx true. xy -f- ay or xx o had been propofed, tho' by purfuing the xy -f- ay foregoing method we fhould arrive at the Equation x* xy-\-ay o, for the relation of the Fluents ; yet as this conclulion would not fland the teft of this proof, we muft reject it as erroneous, and have recourfe to the following general Method ; which will give the value of y in either of thofe Equations by an infinite Series, and therefore for ufe and practice will be the moil commodious Sorather
-+- ay,
Term, which
=o,
=o,
lution.
5.
As
Velocities can
and
all
other quantities with others of the fame Species only ; therefore in every Term of an Equation, the Fluxions muft always afcend to the
lame number of Dimenfions, that the homogeneity may not be deWhenever it happens otherwife, 'tis becaufe fome Fluxion; ftroy'd. taken for Unity, is there underftood, and therefore muft be fupply'd
when
occafion requires.
making
z=i,
vice versa.
And
az'-x* o, by Equation xz -+- xyx ax*==o and like wile may become -x -f- xyx as this Equation virtually involves three variable
>
The
quantities,
281
Fluential
will
require
another
Equation,
either
or
yx=yy;
other.
in like
manner
this
contains only two of the Fluxions may always be reduced to fimple Algebraic Terms. The Antecedent of the Ratio, or its Fluent, will be the quantity to
are taught fome ufeful Reductions, in As when the Equation Equation for Solution. their with Fluxions, the ratio flowing Quantities
Here we
be extracted ; and the Confequent, for the greater fimplicity, may o is be made Unity. Thus the Equation zx +- 2xx yx y y 'tis 2 2 -+ 2X reduced to this, y y, or making
=
,
_^_ 2 x
y.
So the Equation ya
i,
king
_!_
x=
_j_
will
_|_
become y
yx
a (
xa -fy
2L
f!?
^
o,
~^+
-f-
ticular Solution to
__ ##
yjr
becomes yy -+- xx, and ex-i ~ the Series 'tis \/ -j- xx y tracting the fquare-root, 8 6 1 &c. either i -jthat x*-{-2X is, 2.-4-X y 5X -f- I4x', 8 10 1 6 4 * 4 x -f- x zx 6 x -{-2x x jx -f- I4* , &c. or y 1 1 10 &c. 8 , Again, the Equation y> -+-axx*y-{-a x y _j_ rx I4-.V 3 ? 3 x 2x'tf i, becomes _y -\-axy -\-ay X 3x putting 3 affected an Cubic of form this has o. Now 2<7 Equation a been refolved before, (pag. 1 2.) by which we mail have y ^x + ? 4 xx ^9^ c, iji* " ' ~*~ uz" 1 16384^5 6^ of the fake 12. For perfpicuity, and to fix the Imagination, our Author here introduces a diftinction of Fluents and Fluxions into The Correlate is that flowing Quantity which Relate and Correlate. he fuppofes to flow equably, which is given, or may be arTumed, at any point of time, as the known meafure or ftandard, to which
_{_ tfy
But we may apply the par1 this Example, by which we mail have {x xy and thence y =."- ^~Thus the Equation
&c. by Divilion.
.
xy-{-xxxx, making
x=i,
=y
=o,
'
x=
It the Relate Quantity may be always compared. may therefore and or denote Time its ; Fluxion, Velocity being an very properly uniform and conftant quantity, may be made the Fluxionai Unit, or the known meafure of the Fluxion (or of the rate of flowing) of
The
ral
282
ral are
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
concern'd,) is that which is fuppos'd to flow inequably, with; of acceleration or retardation ; and ts any degrees inequability may combe meafured, or reduced as it were to equability, by
conihntly This correfponding Correlate or equable Quantity. is the to be therefore found by the Proble'm, or whofe Quantity Root is to be extracted from the given Equation. And it may be conceived as a Space defcribed by the inequable Velocity of a Body or Point in motion, while the equable Quantity, or the Correlate, or meaiures the time of This may be illureprefents defcription. ftrated by our common Mathematical Tables, of Logarithms, Sines, In the Table of Logarithms, for Tangents, Secants, &c. inflance, the Numbers are the Correlate Quantity, as proceeding equably, or while their as a Relate differences, equal by Logarithms, Quantity, And this refemblance proceed inequably and by unequal differences. would more nearly obtain, if w e mould fuppofe infinite other Numbers and their Logarithms to be interpolated, (if that infinite Numparing
it
with
its
ber be every where the fame,) fo as that in a manner they may become continuous. So the Arches or Angles be confider'd as
may
the Correlate Quantity, becaule they proceed by equal differences, while the Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. are as fo many Relate Quantities, whofe rate of increafe is exhibited by the Tables. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. This Diflribution of Equations into Orders, or Gaffes, according to the number of the flowing Quantities and their Fluxions, tho' it be not of abfolute for the Solution,
neceflity
may
make it more expedite and methodical, and yet ferve to convenient with us places to reft at. fupply
may
SECT.
II
~|~^HE
-i.
firft
Cafe of Equations
?
,
is,
wherr
the
Quantity
or
what
fupplies
its
te found in Terms compofed of the Powers place, can always of x, and known Quantities or Numbers.. Thefc Terms are to be multiply'd by x, and to be divided by the Index of .v in each Term,, which will then exhibit the Value of jr. Thus in the Lquationj/ a .xi/
-+-
x x*,
10
it
-t-x*
x*
7
-f-
2x
$x* -f-t-
Therefore =^-4- x* x'-f- 2,v I4* , &cc. x jX* &c. and confequently y -fx -f- ^x" be as &c. may ealily proved by the direct Method.
5^'
9
14*'*,
3
J-x
-j-l^A"
But
283
and the
by a Method form'd
this
like Equations, may be refolved more readily in imitation of fome of the foregoing Analyfes,
manner.
make x
:
then
it
will bej)*
=j/-l-.v*, which
thus refolved
y y*-
H=
4
X*
-+-
X*
.V 4
J $
-f-
2X S 2X &
-f-
9 &C. pC 9 5X , &C.
,
Make
of y ; then will x 4 be the firft Term of which is to be put with a contrary Sign for the fecond j/ Term of y. Then by fquaring, -f- 2X 6 will be the fecond Term of 2x* will be the third Term of y. Therefore j/, and 8 will be the third Term of and -f- 5*" will be the
AT*
the
firft
Term
5#
j/,
fourth
and fo on. Therefore taking the Fluents, y ix 7 -f-4-x, &c. which will be one Root of the I..V -+-fx* x -+And if we fubtradt this from x, we (hall have y Equation. 7 &e. for the x other -i-A; Root. AX', ^.v* -fof y
; 5 3
Term
=
.
So
if -
=
i
a
li
A
4-r -4'
r
"
04^
,
-^
5
I
2*
>
&c
that
is,
if
6?
*
-^yii:
&c
jj-T
then
v=^->^4^
j. v
= ^ = ax + ^,
A'
I?IA.'4
&c.
yx
ya
&c
then Y
s
.
or
==f c
*.
If 4
=
^
-,
ex?
=
;
or
^--**. x
c
then
_y=^
v
f.
Laftly,
if
'-
dex
o,
it
will be
or value of y,
y mufl be
lefs
~,
or
a
,
'
= =
y
is
^v
dividing
by the InExpreffion,
is
or
infinite.
That
For
this
infinite,
is
very plain.
as
a vanim-
ing quantity,
or
finite.
or
its
Reciprocal
that
is,
quantity,
in-
o 2
284
The Method of
that this quantity
FLUXIONS,
infinite,
Now
and
and
in
In the Equation
ought to be
,
may
be thus proved.
let
AB
CE
let
a point
de-
fcribe the
its
Line
CDE,
any
indefinite part
elfe,)
is
CD
be x,
reprefented
A
c
o,
285
-,
fhall
vx
is
-4-
have ~
=
\ -f-
and then by
ax
-r b
-r-v
it
~
2.6.
ax :. V*-}-*
f
( "-
=
~
j
\
J
"X 1
tl
-f.
-77
}'=
So
=
2X 1
^-
~,
-'
,
6cc.
-J- 3
'
Term
-f-
which
would
X, and
we
2X
zx
s
fhall
then have
x"',
~X
|
we may
-4-2
yx
-
write
zx
-
-^
^x
r
,
1-
or by Divifion
=
2x*
inftead of y xx, or X
=
-f-
4x
-+- ^.x
4x*
3
-f-
xj
-f-
y=.^x
zx
:
|x 4
is
&c.
y the Equation ~
Or
4
z -^^ +-
x1
that
-f-
xy
jx
xj
may
4
be thus refolved
*
y^
^"
H- xyj
= y= =
T
firft
3*
-J-
11
A: J AT 3
3
4X h 4^
4
4.V
4X
-j-
4x* 4- x AT* 2x
_ ^X3
-f_|_
iX4
of j, then 4x will be the firfl Term of 4* will be the fecond Term of j. Then xy, and confequently a be the fecond Term of .vy, and therefore -(- 4x* will 4x 3x , or x*, will be the third Term of_y ; and fo on.
Make 4
the
Term
fc
27. So
if
-.
x~
X
x'~,
becaufe
-+I
of the
s/
X
i
Term x~'
x.
change x into
the by *
-+-
==
-.'
,
foregoing;
6cc.
yi v Methods of Reduction
X
I
But
-+-
'tis
4
x5 ,
and v/i
-f-
x*
4-^
r-^
-rr x ^
&c.
a"d
'tis
4-
4-
ix
-t-
T^-x
3 ,
&c. that
is-^
=x4-2x*
4
,
-f-
|x
+
~
of
^x 4 &c.
,
&c.
i.
==
is.
~^
~"
X%
"
'^ A
'
|
that
inftead
write x,
286
-
7$
x, then
1
Method of FLUXIONS,
f3
c*-X
--
Al
_>'
c*x-
and therefore
c">x~*
xl
.
1
,
yx
or
c*x~*
^c=x-~ -\-c*x~
SECT.
2 9>
III.
belonging to this fecond cafe are thofe, wherein the two Fluents and their Fluxions, fuppofe x and y, x and j, or any Powers of them, are promifcuoufly inAs our Author's Analyfes are very intelligible, and fee'm to volved. want but little explication, I mall endeavour to refolve his Examples in fomething an eafier and fimpler manner, than is done here ; by applying to them his own artifice of the Parallelogram, when needful, or the properties of a combined Arithmetical Progreffion in
3- TT^Quations
M^
=
a
xxy
is
Correlate
occafion for a Tranfmutation, or to change the beginning of the x. therefore the conftant Quantity ArTurning quantity b, we may put 4whence Divifion will be had -f- -^ , by
=^
ax
-j
==
ax z
-+-ji
ax*
-^
-I-
77
>
e &c which
i i
'
-.-,
Equation
is
then
prepared for the Author's Method of Solution. But without this previous Reduction to an infinite Series, and the Reiblution of an infinite Equation confequent thereon, we may The given Equaperform the Solution thus, in a general manner.
tion
is
now 4
yx
-f-
=
a
1
j-
-|-
or putting
=
:
i,
it
is
aby
-f-
axj
/y ~+\
aby
xy
287
-
firft
firft
Term
a
will be the
firft
Term
ax
of
i
y. *
So that
firfl
/
x
of
will be the
by.
Term
of
to-
axv, /*
and
i
ax
will be the
gether,
or -,x
Term
Thefe two
down
y '
Term
with a contrary Sign, mud be put of aby. Therefore the fecond Term of
x,
and the
like
Term
'-'-~ b"
firft
of -' y will be
A*,
A*.
^b-
Then
the
fecond
Term
of ..\y will be
Term
of
ly will be
-^~
abx
*,
and the
Term
Thefe
three together
make
~
-
2*
_
~
A*,
xy will be
a
yA*.
contrary
which with
Therefore the third Sign muft be made the third Term of aby. ~-^-'A* and the third Term of y will be Term of ry will be ZaL
' *
_^_
A'
And
fo on.
Here
in'
a particular
cafe if
we
7
make.
,
=.
Or
a,
if
we
y =. x
* -+-
^
i
&c.
this
Root y of
=<!*
a
_f_
~f-
b x
---
a**a*bx~
-+l
zu\ +- zab
~'
-~t
, '-,
&c. &c.
6cc.
JJ/=:
rt
A~
and make a* the firft Term of the Difpofe the Terms as you fee, - be the firft Term of y, and a*x~"- will Series xy, then will
be the
be the firft Term of of axy which together by, l make a-\- b x a x~ ; this therefore with a contrary Sign muft be the fecond Term of Then the fecond Term of y will xy.
firft
Term
I
of y.
t
Then
the
and a"'X~
will be
firft
Term
Term
be ofj/ will
a-\-
l>-x.2a
x~ 3
Term
of
by will
be
-f- b
x tf*Av~*,
and
88
Term
1
TZe Method of
will
FLUXIONS,
be
;
of aby will
-+- b*
be
a^bx~-
xa 1 *.*. ThiswithacontrarvSisnmuftbethethird ^za -I2a* -+- zab -+- b % x a 2 x~3 for the Term of xy, which will give Here if we make b=.a, thenj= third Term of y ; and fo on.
zab
-x
a1
za*
ca4
'
&C. +- *'r ^T x* 3 And thefe are all the Series, hibited in this Equation, as
For
that Method may be extended to thefe Fluxional Equations, as well as to Algebraical or Fluential Equations. To reduce thefe within the we are Limits of that to confider, that Rule, Equations
as
reprefent the initial Term of the Root jr, in both thefe kinds of Equations, or becaufe it may be y Ax m , &c. fo in
Ax m may
Fluxional Equations (making #=1, we mall have a\foy=mAx m I ) 6cc. or writing y for Ax m , 6cc. 'tis myx~* , &c. So that in y the given Equation, in which y occurs, or the Fluxion every Term of
=
t
of the Relate Quantity, we may conceive it to take away one Dimenfion from the Correlate Quantity, fuppofe x, and to add it to the Relate Quantity, fuppofe y ; according to which Reduction we
may
inlert the
Terms
will
all
Quantity.
This
the Parallelogram. And we are to make the Powers of the Fluxion of the Relate bring all Fluxional Equations to the Cafe of
in
Algebraic Equations, the Refolution of which has been fo amply treated of before. the Thus in the prefent Equation aby -+- axy by -f- yx +- aa, Terms mufl be inferted in the Parallelogram, as if yx~ ' were fubftituted inftead of y ; fo that the Indices will ftand as in the Margin,
and the Ruler will give only two Cafes of exterOr rather, if we would reduce this nal Terms. to the form of a double Arithmetical Equation
Scale, as explain'ci before, we mould have it in this Here in the firft Column are contain'd thofe form.
Terms which have y of one Dimenfion, In the fecond Column is equivalent to it.
Alfo in the or y of no Dimenfions. or fuch in Terms which x xy,
.
or
is
what
a1
,
+ axi i_
y
C~
In
the,
firft
is
Line
,
.
is
of one Dimenfion.
a
1
, ,
Terms
-j-
by~l
<f
in
of
.v,
becaufe
is
axy
is
regarded
as
were
is
ay.
aby t
or the
Term
Laftly,
which x
of one negative
Dimenlion
289
Terms being
is confider'd as if it were -f- abx~~ )\ And thus dilpos'd, it is plain there can be but two Cafes
of external Terms, which we have already difcufs'd. -TV ?2. If the oropofed Equation be 2 x -4O jy
making
x=
y
1
i,
'tis
-f- 3_v
2.v -f-
xy~
Solution of which
we
xx
>
or
Firft,
the
Terms
Roots
are to be difpos'd according to a double Arithmetical Scale, the of which are y and .Y, and then they will Itand as in the Margin.
The
Method of doing
in all cafes
is
this
with certainty
I
as follows.
obferve in
2.V
p+ Xj~
which
are
2JXfore I place thefe in order at the top of the Table. I obferve likewife that there are four
y, and 7-'
A
I ,
there-
Powers of
x,
which
are
.v
1 ,
x,
and x~
l
,
which
of the Equation in its proper place, acof y and x in that Term ; filling up the cording to its Dimenfions vacancies with Aflerifms, to denote the abfence of the Terms beThe Term _}'*""', y I infert as if it were longing to them.
as
it
will be
enough
Term
is
before.
Then we may perceive, that if we apply the Terms, we mail have three cafes that may prowhich
is
duce
begin
for
always to be omitted, as never affording any Series. defcent, with the defcending Series, which will arife from the
To
two
external
Terms
2x and
-f-
xy~
s
.
The Terms
are to bsdifpos'd,
:
-J44*-*, &c.
1 2X, 6cc. then y2, &c. and by Divifion and &c. Therefore 3>'=T, &c. confequently A-> " 1 and or &c. &c. , -I*" * -f# by Divifion y 4, y~1 l 1 x c an d &c. x\~ Therefore *^ y 2)' confequently -f.*- , c anc^ ^7 ^' v ^" * * r^ % * T*"~% T*" ) &c. So that y~
Make xy~
=
-
=
&
T=4,
=
.
'=
fion
* * -f- r f x~'^c
= Then =
l
'
3v
-j-
4r A ~%
^c
anc^
P p
Method of FLUXIONS,
Thefe three&c. and A % 6cc. zyx~* i l * * * make 4- r^x- , and therefore xy~ 44*"% together J A on. c & "d fo * * that * fo -fV|T*~~ &c. y Another defcending Series will arife from the two external Terms 2X, which may be thus extracted -4- -y and
==
* -f- i*-"-,
=
-
zx
-f-
41*-'
'
_ ^4x-*,
i|*-
+^
= = =
ternal
* 2X, &c. then y 3/ ^x, &c. and (by Divifion) y 1 x~*, &c. and x>'~ =|,&c. and y=- T> c - ThereS &c. and _y fore 3_y * * T T) &c. and (by Divifion) * -g-*" , &c. and zyx~* _y= * o, &c. and xy~* and &c. * * * 4&c. Therefore 4, ~x~\ jy 3_y=* i-j..*J &c. 6cc. ^.i^ , The afcending Series in this Equation will arife from the two ex-
Make
= =
l
&
Terms
y,
tion
y,)
by
2yx~* and xy~ ; or multiplying the whole Equathe external Terms may be clear'd from (that one of
3^*
:
we
4- zxy
x 4- 2y i x~ 1
=
&r
o,
of which
Jl
M^~
t^V
- v\ #
^S~" r
v* ^^*
-1 ^ vl/ ^
_I_ .
9
*r
"T"*\
v3
'
LA/V *
a A* 1 * * **> &c. and confequently 2v*x~ 4-v*, &c. and by extracting the fquare-roor,
291
,
Then yy
&c. and therefore
|.v
5
,
-f- o,
&c. and
2.vy
2)'
x~ t
* *
_>'
= =
-4--V-'
* *
&c.
&c.
Author's Procefs of Refolution, in this and the folis
33, 34.
The
very natural, fimple, and intelligible; it proterminatim, by p'afling from Series to Series, and by gathering Term after Term, in a kind of circulating manner, of which Method we have had frequent inftances before. By this means he collects into a Series what he calls the Sum, which Sum
lowing Examples,
ceeds Jeriatim
&
is
the value of
,v
or of the Ratio
and Correlate in the given Equation and then by the former Problem he obtains the value of y. When I firft obferved this Method of Solution, in this Treadle of our Author's, I confefs I was not u little pleafed ; it being nearly the fame, and differing only in a few circumftances that are not material, from the Method I had happen'd to fall into feveral years before, for the Solution of Algebraical and Fluxional Equations. This Method I have generally purfued in the courfe of this work, and fliall continue to explain it farther by
the following Examples.
The
Equation of this Example i 3^ -f- y + x -+- xj y o being reduced to the form of a double Arithmetical Scale,
l
will (land as
here in
the
Margin
and the
Ruler will difcover two cafes to be try'd, of which one may give us an afcending, and the
other a defcending Series for the firft for the afcending Series.
~
xI
v,
v<)
Root
y.
And
y=x,
being difpofed as you fee, makej/=i, &c. then Therefore x, &c. the Sign of which Term y it will x * * -{changed, 2.v, &c. bej/= being 3 AT, &c. Pp 2 and
The Terms
&c.
292
and therefore y
77->e
* , -+- #% &c. and thefe each 'tis &c. * * -+**, other, *% .vy deftroying y therefore * &c. and Then &c. *-t-7.* _y=** ^x*, _y &c. and * * * .I* , &c. * -f- x', &c. it will be jxy &c. und therefore y * * * &c. y ^x*
= =
=
:
The
-+
I2X~ 3
*
1
&C.
h x
V
4
4
~t-
6*- 1
f~ 2
&c
= = =
H
x l , &c. then ;' Therefore x, &c. xy _y x x, &c. and changing the Sign, 'tis % xy-=. 3*, &c. * Then * -h 4, &c. 4*, &c. and therefore y jy= * &c. 4, i, &c. and changing the Signs, 'tis andj xy * * H- 5 -f- i, 6cc. * # -l- 6, &c. and y * * 6x~*, &c. &cc.
Make
= =
2X~1, &C.
6CC.
AT
6*-" 1 +- 6.V~ Z *
I2AT~*,
= =
Equation were
^ ==:i-f-^-f.^._f_^:
&c.
its
Refolution
may
be thus perform'd
zx'i
&c
4
>
X
XV
&c
A*
A*
1
&c.
1, &c.
a*
A*
A4
"T~
i/)3
*"
&c.
2^2
*^
^^4
"I"
o>,4
Make
&c. and
y
y
i,
&.c.
then
y=
x, &c.
Therefore
_y
2
o
f
a
;,
* *
&c. and j
=
,
=*+-, &c.
J7
j
Then
therefore
* *
&c.
And
fo on.
Now
293
|
-+-
Now
.
in
is
tf
this
Example,
=?
becaufe the
it
Series
4-
^
.
-+.
'
&c.
o ; which that is, jx -f- rfx xx ay -+- j will the Solution before deliver'd, give the particular Equation, by o. Hence relation of the Fluents yx I** y ay -{-ax
=jy
a* a
equal to a
*",
'
will be
y=
A;
h
A
I,
=
, '
or ay '
xy J
-_xx
an(j
Divifion J
y= x
*
-f-
za
za~
-,
r -f- 2a*
&c. as found
above.
37.
The Equation
Example being
or
of
this
x-'
tabulated,
reduced
Where
it
may
be ob-
ways ad injinitum, there can be but one of exterior Terms, of which the Solution here follows:
294
was fuppos'J
Th* Method of
to be
is
FLUXIONS,
This
an affirmative Velocity.
Remark mull
take
occafion for
it.
this Example the Author puts x to reprefent the Relate 38. In or the be Root to and to extracted, Quantity, y reprefent the Corto Bat the confufion of relate. Ideas, we mall here change prevent
.v
into y, and / into A", fo that y (hall denote the Relate, and x the Let the given Equation there-fare be Correlate Quantity, as ufual.
~x
4**
-\-
2xy'
-f^
-h 7#*
-+-
zx'
whofe Root y
is
to
Thefe Terms being difpoled in a Table, will ftand the Refolution will be as follows, taking y and -t- x for the two external Terms.
be extracted.
thus:
And
X1 X1
a
* *
+ **
'*
_|- 7A;
5
J
i:
_j_
^i
-t
2J34-4*
If
J
Z-
*x
X
1
I*'
-A'H-ZX
** + I*
*
4..1
* *
* * *
x/
#
*
*
At
.
*
y
-l-x
a
,
&c.
Now
becaufe
it
&c.
it
it
will be alfo
&c.
will
4**, &c.
caufe
it is
2Ay
therefore
us with
= y= = y = ***-{_ two
zxy^
*
x* then >r 3 , &c. &c. be* * Now _y= 3**, * -f- o, &c. it will be alfo y^ == * -\- o, &c. and * -f- o, &c. and confequently y E= ***-{- 7^^, &c. and
* # -f-
be
y= =
* o, &c.
x*, &c.
And
whereas
and therefore
jx=s = is^ = y
|-x,
it is
which
will
fupply
into Surds.
much
univerfality of the to proceed in like cafes. here, that the fame Fluxional
Equation
variety of Series for the Root, according as conftant quantity at pleafure. Thus the or # -j-f3* -\-y xy, may be re-
j/=i
manner:
295
1
r^3*+
ax ax
y
i<?*',
<:.
= +
*l
+ ax+ax
ax 1
x*
^
axt, isV.
,
Ji
Here inftead of making i, 6cc. we may make _y=o, &c. becaufe then y and therefore y a, &c. y o, &c. then <z -+and 6cc. * &c. and -fi, a, confequently y therefore^ * ax =; * -+- ax -- x, 6cc. Then x, &c. and y xy * * -f- zax -f- x == _- ##, &c. and therefore y 3*, &c. * * -f- ax* x 1 &c. There* * -f- 2ax zx, &c. and then y 1 1 ax -f- x 6cc. and * * fore y xy= * ax* AT*, * and * tax* * &C. -f. -f- x*, 6cc. and y confequently y &c. &c. Here if we make a a, * * -f- .iflx -f- -i-* o, we fhall have the fame value of y as was extracted before. And by what-
ji/
= == = = =
,
= =
ever
Number a
is
interpreted,
fo
many
different Series
we
fhall
obtain for y.
40. The Author here enumerates three cafes, when an arbitrary Number mould be affumed, if it can be done, for the firft Term of the Root. Firft, when in the given Equation the Root is affected with a Fractional Dimenfion, or when fome Root of it is to be extracted
convenient to have Unity for the firft Term, or fome other Number whofe Root may be extracted without aSurd, As in the if fuch Number does not offer itfelf of its own accord. 1 &c. and tisA' therefore we fourth Example i}' , may eafily have
;
for then
it is
>
Secondly, it muft be done, when by reafon of the fquare-root of a negative Quantity, we fhould otherwife fall upon Laftly, we muft aflame fuch a Number, when impoflible Numbers. otherwife there would be no initial Quantity, from whence to begin that is, when the Relate Quantity, the computation of the Root or its Fluxion, affects all the Terms of the Equation. 41,42,43. The Author's Compendiums of Extraction- are very
x^
-i->'>
&
c>
curious, ProcciTes
and fhevv the univerfality of his Method. As his feveral want no explanation, I lhall proceed to refolve his ExamMethod. As if the given Equation ples by the. foregoing general 1 x4 x or y the Refolu-tion might /-' werej=:,
be thus
296
'y
The Method of
T
1
FLUXIONS,
< .
O
'
X*
l<3-7x 3
&c.
f J
/7
a.~ I -f-
a~*x
_I_ -4-
\a~$x*- -\'IL
a~ 7 x*, &c.
4-^~*A"
;
_1_ -t-
**
j
1^
ga,
,
,77
AT see.
&c. then afluming any conftant quantity a, it may a~ &c. and 'Then by Divifion a, y~ l 1 a* therefore _y * -f* -4- a~ x, 6cc. and confequently _y , &c. Then by Divifion * -{- -3x, &c. and therefore y y~ 3 * * * * a~ix, &c. and confequently _y ^S & c Then 1 Divifion and therefore y &c. y-' 4^ s'x again by
_y
Make
be
= y= =
*H-|d~5 A
o,
&c.
= =
l
==
>
4~
* *
fo
i
= =
=
J
a-*x*
i,
^x',
we
ihall
-f-
IK*
-f-
.x*
|-|-Ar
&c.
:
Or
may
be thus refolved
8
- y~
Make
==
A"
I4AT8
-+- 2
'
l6x-
3,
=
y~'=
+ l8x- + 28oxJZ
z
,
2i6x'~~ I 3,
I
7
)
2Ar~ 3 , &c. Thenj/= Divifion y =z* -\-2x~ &cc. and confequently by 1 8 Then j/=* yi4x~ ,&c. and therefore 8 12 Then * *4-i4.v~ , &c. and by Divifion _)'= * *+i8^^ , &c. ^ 3 2 * l6x~ 21 6jf * * -f* * &c. and therefore y~ } y 17 fo on. &c. and by Divifion y 28o^~ , &c. And * * * Another afcending Series may be had from this Equation, viz.
A-S&c.
l
or_y=^~
3
,
= =
r=*
y=^/2x
\ X'
**
-f-f-
^
of yj.
,
&c. by multipying
it
by y, and
Term =
1
3 -+- 2y
x~ y- may
J
be thus refolved
-4- ojc-
&c.
IN FINITE SERIES.
then y ^x, 6cc. Therefore zy 6x, &c. &c. and 6cc. * Therefore c)x, 3*, confequently_>' 1 Then * -f- 3* 6cc. and x~ y l === y == * IA*, &c. a_>' 4 * &c. and / * * -f- 6# * * -f- 2AT 3 , 9**, 6cc. Therefore^ &c. &c. Or the Refolution may be perform'd after thefe two following manners
3 ,Scc.
Ma ke y
I
and x~ y i
= =
= = =
,
= =
297
zy
1=3
*-' -f- IA
*,&c.
;'*-'\=
_? v~~ l ^ 1 _j _/
T
-*
=
-
^^^r.-v
v~~
&"f* A'^*
2A--j-i
A-~'
&C.
&c. or_y =r o, &c. and ?, 6cc. then &c. Therefore * , 2_y %x~ &c. or / ~ 1 z * -f- T*"", } &c. and l c anc & * %x by fquaring x~'j* y 1 -'''" 2 2 &c. * and therefore * I , -f- ^A*~ , 6cc. and 2_>'=r* 2 * * And fo on. I-*" } &c. y &c. Again, divide the whole Equation by y, and make x y "2, 1 &c. And &c. and becaufe &c. 2A;, thenj' j'^ni^ j/=2, "" "" 1 1 &c. and Aj ^ c therefore yx~* I-* 'tis^" 3>'~~
Make
zy-=.
3,
= = =
*
= j=
>
=
*
= =
=
1
H- T-^"
o,
1
)
^C
&c. and
* *
&c. and y
= y=
an(l y
I
H-
=&
T>
2
,
-
* -+- -I-*"
&c
T X ~*> ^cc>
^c
becaufe j^y" 1
l
==
~4
>
* *
T"v
y -\- x~'
X~-,
its
77
s 4-jrJ
x-*+x~
_!_*-
/;
298
as
The Method of
FLUXIONS,
we pleafe, of which the Fluents may be exprefs'd in finite Terms; but to return to thefe again may ibmetimes require particular Expe} Thus if we aflume the Equation y 2x x* -fdients. ,
taking the Fluxions, and putting
-f1
|x
-for
as alfo
x=
i,
= we
ZX
{hall
have
jr
=^
2
^x we
-+-
~x*.
have j/
Subtract this
laft
from
,
fhall
=
i
2#-f-l* t
which here
follows.
y=
-f-
2#-{- !#*, of
which
the Solution
may
be thus
\
'
fx
gx*
__
ex'
fx
= o.
tabulating the Terms of this Equation, as ufual, it may be l obferved, that one of the external Terms y -+- ^yx~ is a double Term, to which the other external Term i belongs in common.
By
= ==x
'tis
Therefore to
e,
feparate
thefe,
afllime
-f-
ez=
&c. and confequently i &c. That becaule 2ex ex, is, So if i, or _y= 2x, &c.
i-
then
v
*
1
* -+-
l/x
that
_y
== *
s== * *
-f-A'%
and/ =
that
gx
3
=#
* * -f*
^-.v
^s
&c.
&c. or 2g
if
&c.
then
i-
-f- e ,
&c. and
therefore y
i z
,
-f- ex, or
-j-e,
5cc.
-f-
2/x
~\~fx
i,
2x,
&c. and
-i.
is,
or
makejv'
* * +- zgx*,
So &c. then
* * -+-gx* -4-
ix 1 ,
__. >
<Scc.
or
fo
*.
* 2/^x 4 ,
&c. then
/JA: 3
,
-=*#*and
tion
* * * -f-
/w
_y=
all
* * * -f-
&c.
the fubfequent Terms except will vanifh in infinitum, and this will be the exact value of And y. the fame may be done from the other cafe of external Terms, as
o.
Butbecaufe here
And fo
2^=^^,
this
Equa-
will appear
from the Paradigm. 48. Nothing can be added to illuflrate this Investigation, we would demonftrate it fynthctically. Becaufe^ =ex* as
}
unlefs
is
here
found,
299
in (lead
e:
v+~', or
=
x
Iff!
Here
of
ex'(
and we
fhall
have_y
=~
as given at firft.
-f- 3
x~49, 50. The given Equation y =yx~- 4thus reiblved after a general manner. be may
4-
2.V
4*-'
n
/
2x 4- 3
-fi
*
2 4A- 4- x1 '
-~ x~ z )\
-----
-f- 4-v
4-rf.v~
4A
"~'
y= x
ficc.
-f- 4.v
+a
1
4- i-*-* &c. 4- ax~* a *~* + *~ 3 T*~* &c. ax~* -\-ax~* #-' +- fx~ z .x~* ,.&c.
.v-*
,
rtx~~ 3
^A-"~' -j-
ax~ z
fax" 3
quently quantity a,
^A,-"
1
,
= = = y
Make_y
2* , &c. then;
1
conlequently
* -+- 4.x,
it
y=
=
i
,
x1
6cc.
Therefore
* -f6cc.
-+- 3,
&c.
&c.
Then
be y
x~ zy
x~ zy
* * -f- o,
may
fix'
1
&c. and
therefore
y=.
a
* * *
o,
'tis
= * + 4*
1
x"
= = j And
1
Then
#-*_y
* *
&c.
; H-
&c.
this Example is y=. ^xy* -\-y, which our ufual we fliall refolve by Method, without any other preparation than dividing the whole by j*, that one of the Terms may be
51, 52.
The Equation of
clear'd
c=
from the Relate Quantity ; which will reduce thus 3r, of which the Refolution may be
:
it
yy~^
^
'
3x
-f-
=f
f X-X*
x
6
-f-
TT *3
'
-|-
^rx*
TTTT^
4
+ -~-x
-
s
,
&c.
-+
-V^ T'^
TT4<T*'>
&C
-4-
TTY*"> &c
Make
or y^
jJ;y"~^
fx
1
,
3#, .&c. or taking the Fluents, 6 &c. or y And becaufe fAr , &c.
%y~'
y$
&c.
5
it
will be jj)T~7
^.x
&c. and y^
==*_{- f^
* -f-
1
,
&c.
and therefore
&c.
Then becaufe
therefore 37'
&c.and
;=
=
y"'
&c. and by cubing * rV^'S & c 'tis ji/y""^ * # -+- T T * 4 &c. and ;-j And * * 4- T TT-v8 ) & c l
,
-
^x
'
= =
*
y=
= = ^=
*
* * -f-
|jc% 6co.
fx*,
^
4x7
>
4- TV
* *
+T
-V
v? >
'
Tr- v
4
>
on
Qjl
53-
-oo
53. Laftly,
7%e Method of
in the c
Equation
FLUXIONS,
zy^
-+-
x ty*,
orjj/y
i==
zx
-4-
xx*,
is
afTuming
and taking the Fluents, it will y*=c -+- x -f- -i-x'. Then by fquaring,
o,
-icx*
receive as many diffe_y may !** -+ f^ rent values, while x remains the fame, as c can be interpreted diffe-
c 1 -+-
2cx
rent ways.
Make
is
an Excufe for his being fo minute and particular, in dilcuffing matters which, as he fays, will but feldom come into practice ; but I think any Apology of this kind is needlefs, and we cannot be too minute, when the perfecare rather much obliged to him tion of a Method is concern'd. for giving us his whole Method, for applying it to all the cafes that may happen, and for obviating every difficulty that may arife. The ufe of thefe Extractions is certainly very exteniive ; for there are no Problems in the inverfe Method of Fluxions, and efpecially fuch as are to be anfwer'd by infinite Series, but what may be reduced to
The Author
= make
x1
We
fuch Fluxional Equations, and may therefore receive their Solutions from hence. But this will appear more fully hereafter.
SECT.
IV.
fame
54.
neceffary Demonftrations.
more methodical Solution of what our Author a moft troublejbme and difficult Problem, (and furely the Inverfe Method of Fluxions, in its full extent, deferves to be call'd fuch a Problem,) he has before diftributed it into three Cafes. The firft Cafe, in which two Fluxions and only one flowing Quanin the given Equation, he has difpatch'd without much tity occur The difficulty, by the affiftance of his Method of infinite Series. in which two fecond Cafe, flowing Quantities and their Fluxions are any how involved in the given Equation, even with the fame affiftance is flill an operofe Problem, but yet is difculs'd in all its The third varieties, by a fufficient number of appofite Examples. Cafe, in which occur more than two Fluxions with their Fluents, is here very artfully managed, and all the difficulties of it are reduced to the other two Cafes. For if the Equation involves (for inftance) three Fluxions, with fome or all of their Fluents, another full DeEquation ought to be given by the Queftion, in order to a
the
calls
TT* O R
terminationj
301
termination, as has been already argued in another place; or if not, the Queftion is left indetermined, and then another Equation may be affumed ad libitum, fuch as will afford a proper Solution to the And the reft of the work will only require the two Queftion. former Cafes, with fome common Algebraic Reductions, as we fhall fee in the Author's Example.
to confider the Author's 55. Example, belonging to this third Cafe of finding Fluents from their Fluxions given, or when there are more than two variable Quantities, and their Fluxions, either exprefs'd or underftood in the This Example given
Now
z 4- yx zx o, in which becaufe there are three Fluxions A-, and therefore (and z, y, virtually three Fluents x, y, and z,) and but one Equation given ; I may affume (for inftance) x=y, whence x =JK, and by fubftitution zy z -\-yy o, and therefore zy Now as here are only two Equations x y== o & + T)'* l and zy z-\-^y =o, the Quantities x, y, and z are ftill variable Quantities, and fufceptible of infinite values, as they ought to be. Indeed a third Equation may be had, as zx z-\-x* o; but as this is only derived from the other two, it new limino brings tation with it, but leaves the ftill indetermiand quantities flowing
is
Equation.
nate quantities. Thus if I mould affume zy=a-\-z for the fccond Equation, then zy=z, and by fubftitution zx zjr-k-yx=;o, x -f- .Ixv -f- ^x'-x, &c. and therefore y or y x -+- ix 1 j^ H-TT# & c which two Equations are a compleat Determination. s and thence x=Z)y Again, if we affume with the Author 1 1 we mall have by fubftitution <\.yy z -^-yy o, and thence zy z -+o, which two Equations are a fufficient Determina-
=
S
x=j
tion.
this
is
o ; but as z -+- ^x^ may indeed have a third, zx included in the other two, and introduces no new limitation,
ftill
= ^ We
remain
fluent.
And
1
of fecond Equations
may
be aflumed, tho
that the affumed Equation fliould be as fimple as may be. Yet fome caution muft be ufed in the choice, that it may not introduce fuch a limitation, as fhall be inconfiftent with the Solution. Thus if I fhould affume zx o for the fecond Equation, I mould have
o to be fubftituted, which would make yx o, and therefore would afford no Solution of the Equation. 'Tis eafy to extend this reafoning to Equations, that involve four or more Fluxions, and their flowing Quantities but it would be And thus our Author has comneedlefs here to multiply Examples. this Cafe alfo, which at firft view might appear forpleatly folved midable
zx
z=
302
Cafes.
difficulties
to
the
two former
Author's way of demonstrating the Inverfe Method of Fluxions Short, but fatisfactory enough. have argued elfewhere, that from the Fluents given to find the Fluxions, is a direct and fynthetical Operation ; and on the contrary, from the Fluxions And in the given to find the Fluents, is indirect and analytical. order of nature Synthefis mould always precede Analyfis, or Commould before Refolution. But the Terms Synthefis and go pofidon often ufed are a in Analyfis vague fenfe, and taken only relatively, as in this For the direct Method of Fluxions place. being already demonftrated fynthetically, the Author declines (for the reafons he gives) to demonstrate the Inverfe Method alfo, that is,
is
The
We
fynthetically He contents primarily, and independently of the direct Method. himfelf to prove it analytically, that is, the direct Meby fuppofing
thod, as fufficiently demonstrated already, and Shewing the neceSTary connexion between this and the inverSe Method. And this will always be a full proof of the truth of the conclufions, as Multiplication is a good proof of Division. Thus in the firlt Example we if that the is x1 found, given Equation y -f- xy I,
we
cc.
Shall
conclufion, we may hence find, 1 direct i the 2x .i* 3 -f-f#* Method, -{-x _y by T T X', &c. and then fubStitute theSe two Series in the given Equation, as follows;
To
-j-
fx
-*
y=^x
-f-
^.x*
-^r*
_{_
X<
3.4
, _J_ _>_ X
--
^ ^+
_j_
__
__ _^ X 6
6 _{_ _?_ X 5
^f
-rX'
^X
Now by collecting thefe Series, we mall find the refult to produce the given Equation, and therefore the preceding Operation will be fufticiently proved. 58. In this and the fubfequent paragraphs, our Author comes to open and explain fome of the chief My Steries of Fluxions and Fluents, and to give us a Key for the clearer apprehenfion of their nature and properties. Therefore for the Learners better instruction, I Shall not think much to inquire fomething more into this
circumstantially
order to which let us conceive any number of right ae &c. Lines, AE, t as, indefinitely extended both ways, along which a Body, or a defcribing Point, may be fuppofed to move in each
matter.
In
Line,
303
Line, from the left-hand towards the right, according to any Law or Rate of Acceleration or Retardation whatever. Now the Motion thefe of of every one Points, at all times, is to be eftimated by its diftance from fome fixt point in the fame Line ; and any fuch Points may be chofen for this purpole, in each Line, fuppoie B, I), /3, in which all the Bodies have been, are, or will be, in the fame Mo-
to
compute
their
contemporaneous
Augments, Differences, or flowing Quantities. Thefe Fluents may be conceived as negative before the Body arrives at that point, as
nothing when in In the rlrft Line
and as affirmative when they are got beyond it. AE, whole Fluent we denominate by x, we may the luppofe Body to move uniformly, or with any equable Velocity then may the Fluent x, or the Line which is continually defcribed,
it,
;
A
a,
J>
:E
, 2
*
!
/?
9" 1-1
c/^
II8
to
reprefent
Time, or {land
which the
according to any conftant Rate or Law, (which Law is exprefs'd by any Equation compos'd of x and y and known quantities j) then will there always be contemporaneous parts or augments, defcribed in the two Lines, which parts will make the whole Fluents to be contemporaneous alfo, and accommodate themfelves to the Equation
feveral Relate Quantities are to be constantly refer'd and compared. For in the fecond Line ae, whofe Fluent we call y, if we fuppofe the Body to move with a Motion continually accelerated or retarded,
So that whatever value is afiumed for the Circumftances. the Correlate x, correfponding or contemporaneous value of the ReOr from late y may be known from the Equation, and vice versa. the Time being given, here represented by x, the Space represented by y may always be known. The Origin (as we may call it) of the Fluent x is mark'd by the point B, and the Origin of the Fluent y If the Bodies at the fame time are found in and by the point b. BA and ba. If then will the contemporaneous Fluents be
in
all its
fame time, as was fuppofed, they are found in their refpecthen will each Fluent be nothing. If at the tive Origins B and fame time they are found in ^ and c, then will their Fluents be And the like of all other points, in which the -1- BC and -\-bc.
at the
,
moving
304
moving Bodies
time.
The Method of
either
FLUXIONS,
or
fliall
have been,
be found,
at
the fame
of thefe Fluents, or the points from whence we tho' they muft be conceived to be variable begin to compute them, (for and indetermined in refpedt of one of their Limits, where the deat prefent, yet they are fixt and determined as to fcribing points are
As
to the Origins
their other Limit, which is their Origin,) tho' before appointed the Origin of each Fluent to be in B and b, yet it is not of abfolute mould begin together, or at the fame Moment of neceffity that they Time. All that is neceflary is this, that the Motions may continue as before, or that they may obferve the fame rate of flowing, and
have the fame contemporaneous Increments or Decrements, which will not be at all affected by changing the beginnings of the Fluents.
Lines will ftill be AB and ab, BC and be, &c. tho' they will change AB we fhall have o, inftead of B or o Inftead of their names. of -+- BC we fliall have -f- AC ; &c. inftead have we fliall -+- AB, ac -{-be, inftead of b or o we have ab we fliall So inftead of fliall have cd, &c. That be, inftead of-f- /Wwe fliall have -+- bc the general Law of determines which in the is, Equation flowing we may always increafe or diminifh x, or y y or both, or
The Origins of the Fluents are intirely arbitrary things, and we may remove them to what other points we pleafe. If we remove them from B and b to A and c, for inftance, the contemporaneous
increafing,
occafion may require, and yet the Equaquantity, as tion that arifes will ftill exprefs the rate of flowing ; which is all that Of the ufe and conveniency of which Reduction is neceffary here. we have feen feveral in fiances before. If there be a third Line a.e, defcribed in like manner, whofe
by any given
its parts correfponding with the others, as be another Equation, either given or muft & a/3, &y, y, of flowing, or the relation of z to the aflumed, to afcertain the rate Or it will be the fame thing, if in the two Equations Correlate x. For thefe the Fluents x, y, Z, are any how promifcuoufly involved. determine the Law of and limit two Equations will flowing in each And we may likewife remove the Origin of the Fluent z Line. And fo if there were more to what point we pleafe of the Line a. Fluents. more Lines, or what has been faid by an eafy inftance. Thus 59. To exemplify
Fluent
may
be z, having
c - there
we may aflume y inftead of the Equation xy -+- xxy, or x is diminifli'd of x is the where by Unity ; for changed, Origin of which Reinftead of The lawfulnefs x, fubftituted j -J-- x is
y=xxy,
duction
305
may be thus proved from the Principles of Analyticks. Make which (hews, that xand2 flow or increale i -\-z, whence x alike. Subftitute thefe infteadof x and x in the Equation^':=xxy, and
x=z,
become y zy -+- zzy. This differs in nothing elle from afTumed the Equation y xy -f- xxy, only that the Symbol x is the into which can make no real change in the z, Symbol changed So that we argumentation. may as well retain the dime Symbols
it
will
as
i,
we may
as well
60, 6 1. The Equation expreffing the Relation of the Fluents will times give any of their contemporaneous parts for afluming of values different the Correlate Quantity, we ma'!, thence have the
;
correfponding different values of the Relate, and then by fubtradion we fhall obtain the contemporary differences of each. Thus if the
given Equation were
tity
= =
x
-{-
where x
;
is
fuppos'd to be a quan-
make x
2|,
3.1,
o, i, 2, 3, 4, 5,
5-^-,
2,
taking their differences, while x flows from o to i, tively. from i to 2, from 2 to 3, &c. y will flow from infinite to 2, from 2 to 2-i-, from 2| to 3.1, &cc. that is, their contemporaneous parts
will
And
4^,
&c. refpec-
be
i,
i,
i,
i,
Likewife,
have x
2-i-,
if
we
go
i,
infinite, backwards, or if
&c. and
2,
i,
-{.I,
&c. refpeclively.
mall
2,
o,
fore.
Perhaps
tion,
may make
GOH
to reprefent this
and
KOL
let
ABC
;
and
DEF
An-
be oppofite Hyperbola's
bifed the
by the indefinite right Line gle yOR, perpendicular to which draw the Diameter BOE, meeting the Hyperbola's
in B and E, from whence draw and EST, as alfo CLR and
rallel
GOK
DKU
is
BQP
pa-
to
GOH.
Now
if
OL
made
quantity x in
then
CR may
= CL = ^ = = OLR= CR =^ LR
For
l
(fuppofing
-4-
therefore
or
306
or
*The
Method of FLUXIONS,
the Origin of
If
If x
= CR, = = OL,
o,
-f-
Now
OL,
or x, being in
if
then
= OK =
all their
and
infinite.
If x
2,
then
x=
if
Afymptote
then
_y
and
2 i.
fo
of the
reft.
Alfo
o, then y
be fuppofed
i,
_y
and therefore will be negative then 2. If x &c. And thus we 2~, may
purfue, at leaft by Imagination, the correfpondent values of the flowing quantities x and_y, as alfo their contemporary differences, through
poiTible varieties
;
x +- by the Equation y The Transition from hence to Fluxions is fo very eafy, that it may be worth while to proceed a little farther. As the Equation
as exhibited
.
.
of the Fluents will give (as now obferved) of fo if thefe differences their contemporary parts or differences any are taken very fmall, they will be nearly as the Velocities of the
expreffing the relation
;
moving Bodies, or points, by which they are defcribed. For Motions continually accelerated or retarded, when perform'd in very But if thofe diffefmall fpaces, become nearly equable Motions.
rences are conceived to be dirninifhed in infiriitum, fo as from finite differences to become Moments, or vanifhing Quantities, the Mo-
equable, and therefore the Velocities of their Defcription, or the Fluxions of the Fluents, will be accurately as thofe Moments. Suppofe then x, y, z, &c. to reprefent or Equations, and their Fluxions, or VeFluents in
tions in
them
will be perfectly
any Equation, of increafe or decreafe, to be reprefented by x, y, z, &c. and their refpedlive contemporary Moments to be op, oq, or, &c. where p, q, r, &c. will be the Exponents of the Proportions of the Moments, and o denotes a vanifhing quantity, as the nature of Moments requires. Then x, y, z, Sec. will be as op, oq, or, &c. So that ,v, y, z, &c. may be ufed inflead that is, as p, g, r, &c. That is, the fync ni th e designation of the Moments. r ^ of/>, ?> of be Moments &c. chronous x, y, z, may reprefented by ox, oy, in the Fluent x may be fuppofed Therefore &c. oz, any Equation to be increafed by its Moment ox, and the Fluent y by its Moment &cc. or x -+- ox, y -{- oy, &c. may be fubftitnted in the Equation oy, inflead of x, y, &c. and yet the Equation will flill be true, becaufe From which Opethe Moments are fuppofed to be fynchronous.
locities
->
ration
307
Equation will be form'd, which, by due Redu&ion, muft the relation of the Fluxions. neceflarily exhibit x -+- z be given, by Thus, for example, if the Equation y Subftitution we fliall have y -f- oy =. x -f- ox -+- z -+- oz, which, bex -f- z, winch ox -f- oz, or y x -+- z, will become oy caufe y
is
or
= zx = we =
A-
Here
again,
if
we
afllime
>
or ~x-f-
by increafing the Fluents by their contemporary Mohave z -+- oz x A- -f- ox ozx -f- oxz i, or zx i. Here becaufe zx o, i, 'tis ozx -f- o.\z -+- oozx o. But becaufe ozx is a vanifliing Term in -+- 02X
fliall
'tis
zx -f- A z
= =
,
o,
or z ===
'tis
-f
Now
as
A-
as the
increafes
Equation y
be
z
x
,
will decreafe,
-+- z,
if
-+-
And
as before,
=: x -+-
we
;
derived the
fo
contemporaneous
Fluxional Equation y
rate
=
:
from the
^
I
now
found,
we may
obferve the
at different values
of the Fluents.
For becaufe
o,
: :
\
:
: :
x1
x1
when
or
is
when
the Fluent
it is
when y
locity
infinite,)
wherewith x
but beginning to flow, (confequently That is, the Vei. y :: o defcribed is infinitely little in comparifon of the
is
will be
and moreover it is infinuated, (becaufe velocity wherewith^ is defcribed; of increafes x that while i,) by any finite quantity, tho' never fo
This of from the the When appear infpeclion foregoing Figure. i That is, o. i, (and confequently _)'= 2,) then x y x will then flow infinitely faflrer than y. The reafon of which is, that y is then at its Limit, or the leaft that it can poflibly be, and
little,
will decreafe
by an
fame time.
:
will
x=
x=2,
ftationary for a moment, or its Fluxion of that of x. So in the foregoing Figure, nothing comparifon BP is the lea ft of all fuch Lines as are reprcfented by CR. When Or 27,) it will be A(and therefore y 3. y :: 4
it
is
in
the
Method of FLUXIONS,
the Velocity of x
of^, in the ratio of 4 :: x 8. And fo on. So that then When to 3. 9 y tend towards equality, which the Velocities or Fluxions conftantly
is
x=3,
(or CL) finally vanishing, x and y become they do not attain till And the like may be obferved of the negative values of equal.
x and
y.
SECT. V.
of Fluxions.
ALL
,
the foregoing Extractions (according to a hint of our Auand thor's,) may be perform'd fomething more expeditioufly,
if
have recourfe to To (hew this firft by an eafy Inftance. orders of Fluxions. fuperior Let it be required to extradl the Cube-root of the Binomial a 3 -\- x"' ; or to find the Root y of this Equation y 1 a> -f- x 3
or rather, for fimplicity-fake, let be_) &c. or the initial Term of y will be a.
it
we
this
Taking the Fluxions of l But i, or -$yy-^y~ Equation, 1 it will be and fubftitution 6cc. &c. is as it a, jtf" by y y 1 &c. a Here * -f- \a~ z^ vacancy is taking the Fluents, 'tis For left for the firft Term of y, which we already know to be a.
we
fhall
have
= = = =y =
3
=a* -+- z.
Then y=.a,
.
y=
another Operation take the Fluxions of the Equation jj/=: j/~* ; 5 Then becaufe y whence y a, &c. %yy~* jy~
'tis
firfl Terms of Here two vacancies are to be left for the are already known. For the next Operation take the y, which 6 s =. Fluxions of the Equation y=. -f^y~ that is, y 9-yy~
?&"*, &c. and taking the Fluents, and &c. taking the Fluents again, 'tis $a~ z,
y
3
jy-
6cc.
= y = = two
'tis
*
l
,
* *
^a-^z
_l_^.ji-
Or becaufe _7=c,&c.
'tis
s
'tis
the Fluents,
* * *
-v
T a~*z*,
y= &c.
* L^. a -*z,
_y=if(S&c. y *
8
,
&c.
Then
1
,
taking
-^a-^z
6cc.
and
Again,
for
Fluxions of the
Equation y
=
Then
Iry"
11
-
Or
the
becaufe
Fluents,
taking
= y=
=: ~~y^
a,
whence
'tis
&c.
"y
1
=
jy
-*f^~
IT^"", &c.
^a-
^, &c.
* *
H-a-^z
= And
'
I
* * *
fo at
_+._ _.rt
"z
v
5
,
&c. and
as far as
-\ -. 1
_)'
=
,
309
*
*
* *
we may go on
laft,
that
^C*
I
we
9
pleafe.
-f-
We
B
y.
'tis
fa
+
x
x-
=
,
~g
8i
-+-
1*
n
"
'
XI bi
,3
^1
l\f\^
Or
firfl
univerfally,
if
we would
infinite Series,
make y
=
m
.
refolve a -f-
m
\
-f-
ra
\
and we
Term
j_
of the Series
caufe
y=a
i,
or y,
it
will be
y we
is
=
y
fhall
Then
i
be-
fhall
have ~yy
a m, &c.
it
=
~
be
t
But becaufe
m
it
&c. and
= =
'tis
will
ma m
it
6cc.
Again, becaufe
lyv
it
is
will
Sec.
*
be y
x
ly
'tis/
?
ia
m ~'i
and becaufe y
* *
am
&c.
i~%
it
6cc.
and therefore y
Again, becaufe
will be
is
y
i
=m
x
=m
;//
2j/y
'tis
_=
j
=
2
'tis
=- d m ~ 2
I
x% &c.
it
//;
17
"',
m
x
and becaufe
7 :=
'^^6cc.
a m , &c.
'tis
_y
=m
*
And
y
x
CT
/==
m
w
and
=**/;/
m
And
2a -ix*, &c.
fo
w/
pleafe, proceed as maif the Law of Continuation had not already been fufficiently ~ m x -+a* -f- ma So that we fhall have here a -+- x nifefl. * ~~" ^ m ^ 2 ni __ m m x -+- m x m x !LU fl x l 4- w x - - x - a
3,
I
~y-3 X
we might
far as
we
ftt
~^
-*
tho' difcover'd
by
.,him after a very different manner of Investigation, or rather by lldufr *>v >'$ vntrrrU*t> Indudion. It is commonly known by the name of his Binomial a x; may JujJf&rcL f Theorem, becaufe by its amftance any Binomial, as be exof it Root or at Power to
be
railed
any
pleafure,
any
may
tradted.
And
it
is
obvious, that
when m
is
interpreted
&'
**'*
r^
r
.3
i
311
have a
+x
ra
I
a"
-f-
mx
^.
own
-f-
"'+'
x
-7-
^7
;
*'"*=
of
its
accord, at a finite
number
of Terms, when m is any integer and negative Number that is, when the Reciprocal of any Power of a Binomial is to be found. But in all other cafes we mall have an infinite converging Series for the Power or Root required, which will always converge when a
By comparing
each the
thefe
^ two
-
which
:
is
always
lefs
than Unity.
Series together,
,
common
_
.
_ a-
or by collecting from
fliall
quantity
TO
^ x
x -f2
we
-+equivalent Series
,
11 x
a
+ x |*
+ 11 x "L_ x ==^=2
3
-j-
-j-x
,
&c.
=
we
a-i-x
might derive an infinite number of Numeral Converging Series, not inelegant, which would be proper to explain and illuftrate the nature of Convergency in general, as has been attempted in the former part of this work. For if we aflume fuch a value of i as
will
make
either
finite,
exhibit the quantity that arifes by an Approximation ad infinitum. And then a and A; may be afterwards determined at pleafure.
Method, we fliall fhew (according to promife) how to derive Mr. de Moivre's elegant Theorem ; for to any indeterminate Power, or for extractraifing an Infinitinomial fame. The way how it was derived from the of the Root ing any of and genefis of Powers, (which the nature abftract coniideration indeed is the only legitimate method of Inveftigation in the prefent cafe,) and the Law of Continuation, have been long ago communicated and demonftrated by the Author, in the Philofbphicai TranfYet for the dignity of the Problem, and the betactions, N 230.
As another Example of
this
ter to
illuftrate
it
the prefent
lhall
deduce
here as follows.
|
b~ -+- cz* -f- itz* -4- ez* &.c. * where the value of y is to be found by an infinite Series, of )', which the firfl: Term is already known to be a m or it is y a", a -f- l>z -f- cz, 1 -J- dz> -f- ez*, &c. and putting &c. Make v z i, and taking the Fluxions, we mail have -y r^zi b -+- 2cz -+-
I2
-f-
Tie Method of
4s*. &c
-y
7</jz
if
we make
=
-
Then
<*,
becaufe
&c. and V
= =
_y
FLUXIONS,
u",
it
it is
=
_>
t>,
&c.
will
we
be
1 ,
fliall
=
_y
maF*kst
ii>i;"'~
z
.
= mvv"=
&c.
^,
it is
2f -f- 6<fe
=
&c. for
6cc. refpec,
12^2;*,
v,
and -yfubftituting
tively,
we
fliall
have
* 2fnca -\-m-x. m i*tf*-**, taking the Fluents m l z* -\-m~x. * * mca taking the Fluents again, y
J
= 7 =
jy
their values a,
1
zmca" -+mz
i6*a
m-z
&c. and
6cc.
and
^^^a
m- 2
z1 )
&c.
..
= mw
v,
m- 1
-+-
mxm
ixw
~
iv 1 v m
2 tv m
~1
t
m v"j m ~ + yn
i
l
iv m
~z
-vv-{-m\m
v, v,
*v">.
And
becaufe
-u
= 6^+24^2;,
&c.
6^/,
x.
&c. for
fliall
v, fubftituting a,
6cc. b,
&c.
\bca
it
2c, m ~'i
&c.
i
we
x
-\-
Fluents
will
Km
x
be y 2foa m ~*z,
=
x
m
*
m
l
6mda m ~
l/
8cc.
have )"=, 6mda m l -f- 6m x m 2l> a ~*, &c. And taking the \bca m -*z -+- m x z -+- 6m x m
3
* *
^^ x w
m
and/
* * *
.
mda m- l z*
-+
z'
And
fo
on
/-
finitum.
We
fliall
therefore have
tf
And
if the
it
length,
whole be multiply'd by s", and continued to a due form of Mr. de Moivres Theorem.
of
all
Algebraical or Fluential Equations may be exFor an Example let us take the Cubick tradled by this Method. x"' 2 3 fo often before refolved, Equation y* -\~axy -\-a*y the &c. Then in which y Fluxions, and making a, taking
The Roots
z Here o. we fliall have ^yy- -+- ay +- axy -f- a*-y 3x 1 if for y we fubftitute a, &c. we fliall have ^y -\- a 4- axy 3**, &C A " d &c &c. =o, or>= -j:+^" =.-v &c. * Then the Fluents, taking the Fluxions -i-x, taking
=o,
i,
= ^'
j
'
again
313
6y y
1
6x= o.
Equation,
we
if
fliall
have 37}*
Where
'
we make 7
CSV.
1
=
-
-f-
a,
'
&c.
*y
we
*
fliall
have
=
^
,
"\2.ii
_!_ 32a
4-
'""
* *
'
(3 -I.'?
Again, ?yy*
-{- iSyy'y ^
3^7
-f-
axy
-\- a*-j
0.
Make 7
4a
=
4
a,
"
&c. 7
5j; C-
=
__
6cc.
=
^
-
3 2a
6cc.
^|j,
then 7
*
^ + ^~ ^,
^^
&c. 7
^
=
* *
and 7
* * *
&c.
o.
4- 4^7 4,
^7x7
4- a*y
=
|^
Make 7
&c. and 7
:,
= =
&c. then 7
^-.
,
&c.
and7=#
* * * *
is
'-
&c.
'
= = 7=
643
a,
&c. 7
^,
&c./
* *
^
&c. and y
= ai + f- H-H^ + i68'
x
12^'
r68a
^C
'
^ nc
^ on as ^ar as
-|2|fl
J
we
&c.
when found by this Method, muft always have its Powers afcending but if we defire likewife to find a Series with defcending Powers, it may be done by this eafy artiAs in the prefent Equation y* -\- axy -f- a*y x"' fice. 2a* o, we may conceive x to be a conftant quantity, and a to be a flowing or rather, to prevent a confufion of Ideas, we may change quantity
Series for the
The
Root,
and x into a, and then the Equation will be _y 5 -f- axy -+ ax 3 o. In this we mall have y a, &c. and tax*y 6x* o, king the Fluxions, 'tis 3j/y* -4- ay -f- axy -f- 2xy +- x*y z "~" #& ay 2X],"-r- 6-V n r o But becauie y=a, &c. tis ^ or ficc. 7-1 r
into x,
rt 3
=
>
y=
4
==
'tis
y +<**+*
1
-f- 6)/
Again taking the Fluxions I2x o, or / 4- zay +- axy -\-2y-\- ^.xy -+- x*y
*
-i-.v,&c.
= y=
e>
-yj>-^-'j-4y+"* yJ+flX-f-*
1
_y
-6^-2^-2,
y*
'tis
=
Qr
2a
king
=
rt
a,
&c. and
_y
_y
=s
Again
&c. and
= =
|, &c.
==
~^ + f~
3^
&c. &c.
x*_y
^
5
&c. and
;'=**
-+.
it
is
-f-
3^} 4- axy
67
H- 6x/ H-
S f
12
_
v /
12
=
* *
O,
&c.
y
= = -^ = ^T
a t &c.
y
2"<Z
Or
4-'
and
+ v -T + + 12
2 2
3>
&c.
,
Then
&c. and y
fore
we
mall have y
3**
&c.
|^
Gift
c.
And
,
fo on.
There-
<z
7^
+ 7^7
&c.
Or now we
_ _
may
x into #, and a into x ; then it will be y x again change -. &c. for the Root of the given Equation, as itf _i_ ,
3* ii^j
2 16,
&c.
Alfo in the Solution of Fluxional Equations, we may proceed in As if the given Equation were ay a*x -{- xy the fame manner. Radius of a if the Circle be o,. (in which, reprefented by a, and the of the Arch fame, if y be corresponding Tangent will be
any
x 3) let it be required to extradl the Root y out of reprefented by this Equation, or to exprefs it by a Series compofed of the Powers a 1 -Ji, then the Equation will be of a and x. Make x
Here becaufe_y' i, &c. taking the Fluents x * x, &c. it will be y taking the Fluxions of this EquaBut (hall have -f- 2xy -+o, or tion, -^T 1
a
_,
.
ay
becaufe
quandty
&c.
Term
of y,
fuppofe
o,
'tisj/=
again,
if for
* o,
&c. and
y =.
* * o,
&c.
o,
Then
or
'tis
a'y -f- 27
+ 4*7
-{-
xy
=
i,
=
o,
.
"J'^.'T*
&c.
Here
y and_y we
&c. and
il
,
we
*
mall have
}'=
and
&c. whence y
,71
>
&c y
the
= =
o,
c.
'tis
7 ==
* * *
^c
o,
Taking
01-7
Fluxions
J
again,
ay +6y +
fore
6xy
+xy
ay
~*?~^
o,
<5cc.
There-
* o,
&c.
_y=
-+-
* *
o.,
&c. j.'= * * *
8^,7 -fA' 4
&c.
or y
y =. **#
2
1
Q, &-C.
Again,
I2y 4-
o,
=~
^!.''
=+
-
&c.
Then
,
Jr^*^^,
jy
&c.
,
;<
_>>=:***-{"'
}
&c.
= **4- ^
&c.
* * * *
&c.
o,
*****
&c.
Again,
r56 7? =
-f-
45
4loxy
* * * 6*5
o
&c. and
_}=*****
whence y=s
o, or
-f-
xy
=
.
o,
i2*y
-+- A,"^
y=.
&c
.
y~^=:- 30 x
j
==- * *
30*4
2 4 rf-
&c.
_ !^2f
-c.
-, &c.
and _/
have here
--^ y= = = ******* -H y= ^ +
12x30**
,
&c.
&c. ;
= ***
*6
_y
# * * * *
-^
c^c.
j)/=******
And
fo on.
A' 7
&c.
So that
that
is,
we
*
,
ox- 1
OA 4
'
^;
>
&c
_y
fl + 5^ P This
'
*!
/'
'
&c
Example
it
and
tion
how we
itfelf,
is only to {hew the universality of this Method, are to proceed in other like cafes ; for as to the Equamight have been refolved much more fimply and ex-
peditioufly,
in
Becaufe
*6
Divifion
it
will be
= =
y
*L
=
,
-^.
by
ta-
+^
-+;
1
-f-
&c
>
And
4- x ^ o, if it requir'd to exprefs x by y, (the Tangent by the Arch,) or if x were made the Relate, and y the Correlate, we might proceed thus. Make x
^ a*x
4-
&c. ^ were
y J
=
,
i,
then a*
* y,
a?x +- x*
o,
Then x
~-^
&c.
= 14 = = ^ =s = =
jc
or
si
G,
5c c
'tis
* o,
&c. and x
* * o,
So that the Terms of this Series will be alternately deficient, and therefore we need not compute them. Taking the Fluxions
&c.
again,
tis
*
-j-
Zxx
=:
2
,
&c.
i-i->i
Therefore x
2V
* -^
&c.
>
A-
* *
j-,
&c. and
^==
# * *
&c. ^ S f 2
,
Again,
x=z -^
-l-^r
and
Method of FLUXIONS,
and again,
A-
= =
>X
xx
-f-
-^
alfo
i6y
h
o,
-
2XX XX
.
c ,n_.
Subitituting
for
i,
&c. and
will be
tf
,2
>-
and
6cc.
c
# and
*
#,
it
=
&c..
6
&c.
,
t. whence x =.
<j4
**
,
occ.
*
J
= **
.
gy*
, '
8v'
_,
.
&c.
6
Again, x
=- A-
* * * *
"
'
2 4
>'
&c.
and x
7
==-***#,
21*
'
J
,
20xx+
J and again, x
=
,
-::
&c. x
* # *
2n*-
-4--;o.;x4-i2.v.v-(-2.vA-
--
Here
for x, x,
and x writing
x
i,
&c.
&c. and
Sec.
&c. re-
fpeaively,
'tis
^U.
&c.
&c
^
3^
Then x
^i
fi
v
,
&c.
&c.
= ..i4\
* * * * *
ig
^=
*,
&c.
That
is,
=y+.^ + -l. +
7.1 Cfl
l us take the Equation ^*jj* .y j> if the Radius of a Circle be denoted which, /z*x* o, (in by a, then the the of Arch be fame,, and if y correfponding right Sine any which are to extract the Root from we x will be denoted by j) y.
let
Make
x=i,
&c. or
then
it
will be
a*y*~
x^y
a*, or ;}*
* x,
= -^^
Taking
J}
j/=
fhall
i,
&c.
and therefore
y=.
1
the Fluxions
Xy __ x y
again,
'tis
=
}
we
0, or "y
=
}
have za*yy
^r~7i
=
* *
zxy*
'
2X yy
=
_y
&c.
o ) or
a*y>
^^ ^ nc^
o,
ta ^ing. the
Fluxions
.
y
a*y
j/
3*
^a
Therefore
=
a ;y
&c. ^
5^'
/=
x*y
or
,
__.
&c. and
=
<7
* * *
19_y
&c.
Then
x
4^
=
&c.
o,
and again
j/
^=o,
*
,
orj
&c,
fore y
:=
= i^=,&c. = J,& ^= y
'
There-
* *
>
* * *
&c.
*
^5^
*
INFINITE SERIES,
* * ,
.
4 j^-
6cc.
and
6
= ***#*
::
317
&c.
o,
-IL
,
Taking
the
7
Fluxions again,
'tis
n ly
i6y
g.y
or
;<
x*y
2^Y
=
i
and again,
&c.
c
a*jr
z$y
1*7
x*y
^
y
, '
&c.
Therefore J
-2-3 x r
=
r
* * *
&c.
= j= =
o,
_)'
xv
a*
&c. J v
x4 >
* *
2a 6
&c.
* * *
r 6
^-|x
-^-. 6
TI2a
&c. y &c.
&c. 4- -^- 4- -^ II2* 40^.4 If we were required to extraft the Root x out of the fame Equa1 1 l the: rt * x 1)/ 1 o, (or to exprefs the Sine by tion, a y*
.
Arch,)
-*,
put
and therefore x
'tis
= ****** ~ Or = = = y =
v *
gJT
^ c>
y
,
&c.
and
=
o,
y ===
* * * * *
*****#*
-i-
t><i
i,
then
a1
x1
i,
&c.
and x
Fluxions
Therefore x
again,
'tis
= =
,
axx
* o,
2a*xx
&c. x
=
,
=
or
a** 1
or x*
=
o,
* y,
&c.
Taking
the-
o,
x= x=
*
=:
&c,-
=:
* * o,
&c.
=
^
,
^
* *
&c.
Thence
^,
&c.
2^1
&c.
andx=*
-+-
Oi
,
&c.
Again, x
=
&c. x
^>
fi
and x
1
t
=
,
~
occ.
-^
x - v*
i
= =
, *
&c.
J
,
Therefore x
=
j4
* * *
&c. x
===
i
* *
?r/24
&c.
x Again, * O
6
= =
v
^
,
=
x
fl
* * *
occ.
and x
x
a
,
and
?
=
*
6 ,
6cc.
Therefore x
6cc.
=
*
^j
x
-1
g
=
,
~
1
y
&c. x
*
j.J
t
-^-j
_
*__
&c.
-^I
&c. x
,
2Ofl*
..
,
&c. x
J
* *
V*
f
,
&c. and
-f-
x= **
this
-^
6cc.
And
therefore
x= y> ^
<
72Ofl
If
*y
.
it
were required to extraft the Root y out of w1 o, (where x =s i,) .x*y* + m*y*
we might
Equation, proceed
3i 8
ceed thus.
The Method of
'"
FLUXIONS,
v
-
Becaufe y~ ==.
-#
^ ~^
o,
;*, &c.
'tis
;/
;;;,
See.
an d_y=
w*> &c.
r=
3xy
'tis
2xy*
2x*yy -bJzr$*yy
fhall
have 2a*yy
o, or
'tis
or
ay
xy
xy -+- my
^r=
^c
x 1/
=
'
o,
OT
or
=
y *
-I
m, &c.
y=
OTX
=
'
'"
'
"~
A
/2
"'x,
&c. -^ y
za''
i^LV,
=
1
OT
* * *
zx.
ya
~^\-', &c.
Taking the
o
j
Fluxions again,
cfy
{- in*
'tis
a*y -+-
4
x2
i/
x_y
$xy
o,
xy
Q
=
lx
4
9
and again,
->'
9 x y
7xy
&c>
or y
;"
"'' x
~t~
" vv
___
,--x 9 -^
4
Therefore
y=
'
g'
CT
\y
&c
'
v ^
equivalent to a Theorem of our Author's, which (in he For if A- be the another place) gives us for Angular Sections, Sine of any given Arch, to Radius a ; then will y be the Sine of another Arch, which is to the firft Arch in the given Ratio of m to Here if m be any odd Number, the Series will become finite j i. and in other cafes it will be a converging Series. And thefe Examples may be lufficient to explain this Method of Extraction of Roots ; which, tho' it carries its own Demonftration along with it, yet for greater evidence may be thus farther illustrated. In Equations whofe Roots (for example) may be reprefented by the A -+- Ex -f- Cx 4 Dx 3 6cc. (which by due Regeneral Series y duction may be all Equations whatever,) the firfc Term A of the Root will be a given quantity, or perhaps o, which is to be known from the circumftances of the Queilion, or from the given
This
Series
is
Equation,
319
have been abi ^antly explain'd already. Equation, by Methods that we flrall have have y B -f- 2C.v -+- 30**, Then making i, &c. where B likewife is a conftant quantity, or perhaps o, and
x=
firft Term of the Series This therefore is to be y. reprefents the firft Fluxional the derived from Equation, either given or elfe to be found ; and then, becaufe it is y B, &c. by taking the Fluents * Ex, ccc. whence the fecond Term of the Root it will be y
will be
known.
Term of y ; this is the conftant to be derived from the fecond Fluxional Equation, either given or And then, becaufe it is y to be found. zC, &c. by taking the
firft
-f-
6D.v,
&c. or becaufe
Fluents
it
will be
* *
which the
it
third
Term
Cx 1 Then
cc.
by
becaufe
is_y=6D, &c. or becaufe the fent the firft Term of the Series y
6D
will repre-
this
is
to be derived
from the
third
Fluxional Equation. And then, becaufe it is y 6D, &c. the it will be Fluents v * 6Dx, &c. y * * 3D*'-, by taking See. and _)'==.* * * D* 3 &c. by which the fourth Term of the Root will be known. And fo for all the fubfequent Terms. And hence it will not be difficult to obferve the compofition of the Co-
= =
efficients in
moft
cafes,
and thereby difcover the Law of Continuaare notable and of general ufe.
to
know how
from the
the Center A, with Radius a t let the Quadrantal Arch BC be Draw the Tangent BK, and defcribed, and draw the Radius AC. of the Circumthrough any point c ference D, draw the Secant ADK,
AB
in
K.
At any
other point d of the Circumference, but as near to as may be, draw the Secant A.tte, meeting BKin/ ; on
AK,
defcribe
in
/,
Arch
K/,
meeting
Then
fuppofing
:
the point
d con-
tinually to approach towards D, till it finally c<- .ncides with it, theTri-
lineum K//6 will continually approach to a right-lined Triangle, and to funilitude w/ith the Triangle ABK So that when Dd is a
:
Moment
320
Moment
x
The Method of
of the Circumference,
it
FLUXIONS,
will be K-! Da
&.1
Make AB
;
a,
the
BD=y
+
x*y
a*x
From
to
= AB
a,
= BK = Moments Kk =
Tangent
x,
it
^4 x L)J
=
~
AB
and Dd,
the
will be
"
+ *a*
,
or a 2J v
o.
and de
let
fall
the Perpendiculars
DE
F
and
Dg-,
which Dg meets
Make
Dd,
be
-
Then the ultimate form de, parallel to DE, in g. of the Trilineum Ddg will be that of a right-lined Triangle fimilar to DAE. Whence "Dd : dg :: v/
AD
x
:
=
a
AD
:
AE
BD=_>', and
\/ a
1
DE=x;
1
=
:
/iJJ$
and
a*
for
the
x,
1
D&q. Moments
it
,
dg,
:
Fluxions
x
1
y and
a
3-
and
x
is
will
: 1-
x^y*
a'-x
=
to
AT*.
Or^
::
or a^y 1
x,
o.
right
Sine
being
by
is
f^_^
right Sine
y, being exprefs'd
i
by
"x
i?_
,
,.
if thefe
Arches are to
x
each other as
in the
x
: :
fame proportion,
:
and
vice versa.
Therefore
Ja
*/
;,
or
'tis
da
.
x
l
= -T37i
==
'
or putting
#=
i,
a*y
We
thefe,
might which
o ; the fame Equation as before refolved. derive other Fluxional Equations, of a like nature with would be accommodated to Trigonometrical ufes. As
if/ were the Circular Arch, and x its verfed Sine, we mould have a^x* o. Or if y were the Arch, the Equation zaxy* x'-y'l it would be # 4 x* and x the correfponding Secant, x^y* a*-x*y o. Or inftead of the natural, we might derive Equations for
=
the
But I fhall leave thefe Tangents, Secants, &c. that others fuch and might be propofed, to exmany Difquifitions, of the Learner. ercile the Induftry and Sagacity
artificial Sines,
SECT,
321
An
Analytical Appendix
',
explaining fome
Terms and
mention has been frequently made of given Equations, I mall take ocad libitum, and the like BEcaufe calion from hence, by way of Appendix, to attempt fome kind of explanation of this Mathematical Language, or of the Terms giver/, and required Quantities or Equations, which may afligjfd, affiimed, fome to things that may otherwife feem obfcure, and give light may remove fome doubts and fcruples, which are apt to arife in
and others aframed
;
Now the origin of fuch kind of ExpreiTions feems to be this. The whole affair of purfuing probability or of Mathematical Inquiries, refolving Problems, is fuppofed (tho' be tranfacled between two Perfons, or Parties, the Protacitely) to the Refolver of the Problem, or (if you pleafe) between the and pofer Hence this, and fuch like Mafter (or Inftruclor) and his Scholar.
the
in
Mind of a
Learner.
all
Phrafes, datam reffam, vel datum angtthim, in iniperata rations JeAs Examples inftrudl better than Precepts, or perhaps when care. both are join'd together they inftrucl beft, the Mafter is fuppos'd to
propofe a Queftion or Problem to his Scholar, and to chufe fuch Terms and Conditions as he thinks fit ; and the Scholar is obliged
to
Problem with thofe limitations and reftriclions, with Indeed it is required thofe Terms and Conditions, and no other. on the part of the Mafter, that the Conditions he propofes may be
folve the
confident with one another ; for if they involve any inconfiftency or contradiction, the Problem will be unfair, or will become abNow furd and impomble, as the Solution will afterwards difcover.
thefe Conditions, thefe Points, Lines, Angles, Numbers, Equations, Gfr. that at firft enter the ftate of the Queftion, or are fuppofed to
be chofen or given by the Mafter, are the data of the Problem, and the Anfwers he expects to receive are the qii(?/ita. As it may fometimes the data may be more than are neceffary for determining that happen, the^Qiu ft'.on and lo perhaps may interfere with one another, and the Problem (as now propofed) may become impolTible fo they may be fewer than are neceffary, and the Problem thence will be indetermin'd, and may require other Conditions to be given, in order to a compleat De,
termination, or perfectly to fulfil the quafita. In this cafe the Scholar is to fupply what is wanting, and at his difcretioa miy a(Jit me fuch and fo
will
322
7&? Method of
FLUXIONS,
For it is convenient the Problem fhouM the moft general manner. as as be propofed may be, the better to fix the Imaginaparticular tion ; and .yet the Solution mould be made as general as poffible, that it may be the more inftrucHve, and extend to all cafes of a
like nature.
will be neceffary to his purpofe, and will befl conduce to the fimthe eafieft, and neateft Solution that may be had, and pleft, yet in
is
often ufed in
a fenfe
which
is
fome-
from a quantity, which is known or neceffarily infer'd given before This is the Notion of Euclid'?, fenfe the in explained. data, and other Analytical Argumentations of that kind. Again, that is often call'd a given quantity, which always remains conftant and invariable, while other quantities or circumftances vary ; becaufe fuch as thefe only can be the given quantities in, a Problem, when taken in the foregoing fenfe. To make all this the more fenfible and intelligible, I /hall have,
till it is
but which ultimately centers in it. As datum, when one quantity is not immediately given, but however is neceffirily infer'd from another,, which other perhaps is neceffarily infer'd from a third, and fo on in a continued Series,
from
this,
recourfe to a few pradlical inftances, by way of Dialogue, (which, was the old didadlic method,) between Mafter and Scholar; and this only in the common Algebra or Analyticks, in which I fhall borrow Examples from our Author's admirable Treatife of The chief artifice of this manner of SoluUniverfal Arithmetick.
my
tion will confift in this, that as faft as the Mafter propofes the Conditions of his Queftion, the Scholar applies thole Conditions to
ufe,
them Analytically, makes all the aeceffary deducfuch confequences from them, in the fame order derives and tions, they are propofed, as he apprehends will be mcft fubfervient to the And he that can do this, in all cafes, after the fureft, fimSolution. readieft manner, will be the beft and ex-tempore Mathematipleft, But this method will be beft explain'd from the cian.
argues from
following
S.
Examples.
I.
M.
the
Sum
Let
M. Among
S. Let the number of poor be then - would fbme poor people. _}>, M. He wanted 3 fiillings have been the fhare of each. S. Make for lake of the and let the rf, univerfality, 3 pecuniary Unit be then the be to Sum distributed one Shilling ; would have been x-{-a,
and"
32"
M.
So that each
b,
^^y
S.
Make 5=^,
then
^=
whence
by
4=f,
fallings
M. "Therefore he gave every ot.e 4 fallings. S. Make Money diftributed will be cy. M. And he has 10 S. Make io d, then cy -f- d was the Money remaining.
a.
then the
at
he intended
firft
to diftribute; or cy -+the
"*"'
(x
=) byS.
a,
or
=5
^jt-f
M.
J^rf* w<2J
7
''
number was y
c=
the
had at firft x a by 62 M. How do Solution? 3 fhillings. you prove your S. His Money was at firft 62 fhillings, and the number of poor But if his Money had been 62-4-3 === ^5 r people was 1 3. 3 x 5 each poor perfon might have received 5 millings. But fhillings, then as he gives to each 4 fhillings, that will be 13x4=52 fhillings diftributed in all, which will leave him a Remainder of 62 52
= 5x13
tf/tf
Of
tff
^ry? intend
= =
number of poor
1-2.
people ?
The
M.
to
diftribute ?
S.
He
= ^
10
fhillings.
II.
M.
A young Merchant,
certain
World with a
Sum
at his firjl entrance npon bufmefs, began S. Let that Sum be x, the of Money.
one Pound. M. Out of which, to maintain pecuniary Unit being S. Make the the Jirjl year, he expended 100 pounds. given himfclf he had to trade with then x ioo a. M. He number tf; traded with the reft, and at the end of the year had improved it by a .S. For univerfality-fake I will aflume the general numthird part. n then the Improveber n, and will make ^ i, (or n ;)
a nx na x -f- a, and the Tradingi xx ment was n fiock and Improvement together, at the end of the firft year, was M. He did the fame thing the fecond year. S. That is, na. MX
his
this year,
= =
whole Stock being now nx na, deducting a, his Expences for na a for a Trading-ftock, and he would have nx na ix nx n*a nx -f- a for this year's Imn a, or n'-x which make n'-x n*a na for his Eftate at together provement, M. As aljo the third year. S. His die end of the fecond year. nx a whole Stock being now ;< a x na, taking out his Expences
for the third year,
his
^~
n'-a na a, Trading-ftock will be n*x i X*Abe n n'-a na a, Improvement n=a n'-x -f- a, and the Stock and or J x Improvement together, n*a or his whole Eftate at the end of the third year will be n*x
and the
n1 a
na, or in a better
form
n"'x
-+
"-^na.
In like manner
if
324
if
i
Th* Method of
FLUXIONS,
he proceeded thus the fourth year, his Eftate being now n*x rf a na, taking out this year's Expence, his Trading-flock n a na n>a if a a, and this year's Improvement is will be n>x if a na or n*x is a n^a n*x -f- a, Fx n=x a, n his will be n*x n*a tfa 72-^2 which added to Trading-ftock
na, or
year.
at the
11*
-f-
of the fourth
-4-
And
fo,
by Induction,
fifth year.
found n s x
if I
na
end of the
And
univerfally,
m
i
neral
Number m.
nx -f-
_ ~
any number of years denoted by m. M. But he made his Eftate double to -what it was at firft. then nmx -tS. Make 2 m m ==-#. M. At the end of 3 years. bx, or x l _^na
S.
n"
100, b
2,
%,
64
400
1480.
M.
Eftate atjirji?
S. It
was 1480
pounds.
III.
M. Two
S.
Bvdies
and
is
from each
be given, though it is not fo. other. Let the initial diftance of the actually, I may therefore aflume it. M. And e y and let the Linear Unit be one Mile. Bodies be 59 move equably towards one another. S. Let x reprefent the whole x be the before they meet ; then will e fpace defcribed by whole fpace defcribed by B. M. With given Velocities. S. I will to be fuch, that it will move 7 c Miles aflume the Velocity of of one in 2 Unit Time Hour. Then the beHours, being
their diftance
faid to
As
=f
it is
A
-
caufe
: :
A will move
his
whole fpace x
in the
time
will
Y
move
e
Alfo
8
=
:
aflume the Velocity of B to be fuch, that it d Miles in 3 ==:g Hours. Then becaufe it is d :
I will
::
j-g>
will
move
his
whole fpace
-
in the time
'-7%.
i
S.
S.
equal
U's
time added
to
the
time hy
or
^ = '^g
is
-f- h.
M,'
325
have x
what
From
this
Equation we
1^ X7== J r x X7== 7 35 Miles, which will ' ' / ' x 3' x2 37 oxz-r7 35 be the whole fpace defcribed by A. Then e 59 be the whole fpace defcribed by B. will Miles 24 IV. M. Jf 12 Oxen can be maintained by the Pafture 0/37 Acres S. Make 12 ^, 4=cj #, 3! of Meadow-groundfor 4 weeks,
x=
Numbers
e,
f, h, to be determin'd after-
wards
we
Oxen
If
26 Time
,,
7%e Method
Oxen
df r *
^FLUXIONS,
-
~*
Time
*'
ace
Ti bh
"
7 f
-m
c
.
Oxen
tO
df h
ace
'
TZ bh
'
that may be maintain'd by the of But it the e, only growth pafture during the whole time h. was found before, that without this growth of the Grafs, the Oxen
which
will be the
number of Oxen
for the
time
h.
There-
fore thefe
two
together, or
_f_ -^-^
x -
~ ""
,
will be the
be maintain'd by the pafture e, and its growth the time b. M. How many Oxen may be maintogether, during S. Suppofe x to tain d by 24 Acres offitch pafture for 1 8 week s ?
may
make
24=^,
and
h=
b.
18.
Then
by analogy
Oxen
If
Pafture
Then
ex
requ ij. e
J <g
r And conlequently T J
.
,
i
ex
f ~ jf = T +
dft
a^j
=
/>
ace
j-r bh
r
ac
21*9
I
x 4
14
fi
J-j
S. Let x be the prefent value have an Annuity of i pound to be received i year hence, then (by analogy) x* will be the prefent value of I pound to be received 2 years hence, &c. and in general, x" will be the prefent value of i pound to be received m years hence. Therefore, in the cafe of an Annuity, the Series x -f x* -+- x"' ~+- x*, &c. to be continued to fo many Terms as there are Units in m, will be the prefent value of the whole Annuity of i pound, to be continued for m years. But becaufe
V.
M. If I
-I
=x-{- x
will
-f- x''
H-A' 4
(as
&c. continued to
fo
many Terms
in in,
*~ y
reprefent
;;/
the
to be continued for
years.
a*
= m=
^
327
a,
then
a.
5.
the
Amount
of
this
Annuity
for
years
will
S.
S.
be
M.
fuccejji'vely.
Then
Make
=
tion of
is
c,
then
-a
c,
or
x""
--
Equation.
centum per annum? S. Make 100 ^; then becaufe x is the value of i to be i received prefent pound year hence, or (which
the fame thing) becaufe the prefent Money x, if put out to ufe, i will year produce i pound; the Intereft alone of i pound for i year will be i x, and therefore the Intereft of 100 (or K) for i will be b bx y which will be known when x pounds year
in
is
known.
thod
might be fufficknt to (hew the conveniency of this Mebut I mall farther illuftrate it by one Geometrical Problem, which mall be our Author's LVII. VI. M. In the right Line AB I give you the ftuo points and B.
this
;
And
S.
Then
their diftance
AB
two points
figure
and
=m
is
given
alfo.
ACBD is
out of the
Line AB,
S.
the the
takeA</=AD,
and
Bf=KD.
Aljb
the
M.
you
I give
indefi-
EF
pajjing
thro' the
S. Then the Angles and BDF are given, to which green point D. (producing AB both ways, if need be, to e and y ) I can make the Angles h2e and B<f/~ equal refpedlively, and that will determine the and f, or the Lines Ae And becaufe a, and Ef=c. points e de and <T/"are thereby known, I can continue de to G, fo that^/G.
ADE
=
eG
Sj\
line
c=
b.
Likewife
can draw
CH
and
228
and
K
let
fpecie,
will
make
CK
the given
green points
will
Angles CAD and C BD be conceived to revolve or Poles A .and B. S. Then the Lines AD
refpeftively, .meeting
AB
in
and
and
CA^
move
</A/,
AL
and cAt,
fo as that the
Angles
DAL,
and
obtain a
new
fituation
BL
and
CBc will be equal. M. And let D, the Interfeflion of the Lines AD and BD, always move in the right Line EF. S. Then the new point of Interfedtion L is in EF; then the Triangles DAL and </A/, as alfo DBL
andJ'BA, are equal and iimilar
;
BD
and
then^//=
DL=
cTA,
and therefore
will be the nature of the Curve defer ibed by the G/==/A. S. From the new point of Interfection c other point of InterfeSt ion C ? and to AB, I will draw the Lines ch and ck, parallel to refpec-
M. What
CH
CK
tively.
Then
though not
Alfo the Triangle in magnitude, for it will be Iimilar to ^CHK. to the And indefinite Line Bck will be fimilar mayBtf. be aflumed for an Abfcifs, and ck y may be the correfponding Then becaufe it is Bk (x) ck (y ) Ordinate to the Curve Cc.
Bk=x
:
::
Bf(c) :/A
= =
;
G/.
.
Subtraft
this
from
Ge-=&, and
there
will remain
le=.b
it
Then
(d)
:
and
CHK,
(/O
:
will be
CK
ck
(
CH
hk
ck (y)
ch=
'j
And
.
CK
Bk
HK
(/)
::
y]
=
it is
hk
(a)
:
=m
c
-\
Therefore A/J
= AB
:
X
-v
)
.
..
But
A/6
(m
x
'f )
cb
2)
::
le
(b
Therefore
dc
ae
bft. xv
demy
bdx*
+ bdmx =
fxb
J
o.
= ^,
or
In which
becaufe the indeterminate quantities x and y arife only Equation, to two Dimenfions, it mews that the Curve defcribed by the point
Conic Section. M. Ton have therefore folved the Problem in general, but you fionld now apply your Solution to the feveral fpecies of Conic Sections in parthe following manner S. That may eafily be done in ticular.
is
l 'f
ctl
__ 2p
come fcf
zpcxj>
trading
329
-.x
.
Square
I
1
- root
it
will
.
be
y
XT
=
jj
-f.
.
.
-f,
.
!Z
I'P
+ - x x* +
Term
;
*"1
-..
''d
_ XA + __.
"
</*;*
Now
here
-4its
it
is
plain,
o, or
that if the
r
=
is,
~ x X L were j 4is,
abfent, or if
--
that
,
if
the quantity
(changing
fign) fhould
be equal to
^
?
But
if
the
fame
that
is
Term were
if
-f-
- be
or if
affirmative,
it
always
-.
be
when
affirmative,
be negative and
than
>}
the Curve
will be
an Hyperbola. Laftly, if the fame Term were prefent and is negative, (which can only be when negative, and greater than
the Curve will be an Ellipfls or a Circle.
y>
I
the Reader, for this Digreffion did not hope it might contribute if not to his improvement. And I am
to
if I
whoever fhall go through the of our Author's curious Problems, in the fame manner, (where-
by experience,
that
according to his ufual brevity, he has left many things to be or fuch other Queflions fupply'd by the fagacity of his Reader,) whether and Mathematical Diiquifitions, Arithmetical, Algebraical, Geometrical, &c. as may eafily be collected from Books treating
fhall do this after the fay, whoever foregoing a very agreeable as well as profitable exercife : As being the proper means to acquire a habit of Investigation, or of arguing furely, methodically, and Analytically, even in other Sciences as well as fuch as are purely Mathematical ; which is the
on
it
great
end to be aim'd
at
by thefe
Studies.
SECT,
330
7%e Method of
FLUXIONS,
E
be
Series
;
are
now
arrived at a period,
conclujion of tie Method of Fluxions ami Infinite for the defign of this Method is to teach the nature of Series
call'd the
in general, and of Fluxions and Fluents, what they are, are derived, and what Operations they may which ;
how
they
defign As to the applica(I think) may now be faid to be accompliili'd. tion of this Method, and the ufes of thefe Operations, which is all that now remains, we mall find them infilled on at large by the Author in the curious Geometrical Problems that follow. For the
undergo
either
by
Series or
by Fluxions, may
eafily
be reduced to the Refolution of Equations, either Algebraical or Fluxional, as it has been already deliver'd, and will be farther apI have continued my Annotations ply'd and purfued in the fequel. in a like manner upon that of the Work, and intended to have part added them here ; but finding the matter to grow fo faft under my hands, and feeing how impoffible it was to do it juftice within
fuch narrow limits, and alfo perceiving this
to a
I refolved
is,
to
lay
it
opportunity,
Therefore all of review of what has been hitherto deliver'd, and to give a fummary account of it, in order to acquit myfelf of a Promiie I made
in the Preface. thor's
referving the completion of it to a future if I mall find my prefent attempts to prove acceptable. that remains to be done here is this, to make a kind
And having there done this already, as to the Auof the work, I (hall now only make a fhort recapitulapart tion of what is contain'd in my own Comment upon it. And firft in my Annotations upon what I call the Introduction, or the Refolution of Equations by infinite Series, I have amply purfued a ufeful hint given us by the Author, that Arithmetick and Algebra are but one and the fame Science, and bear a ftridl analogy
to each other, both in their Notation and Operations ; the firft computing after a definite and particular manner, the latter after a general and indefinite manner So that both together compofe but
:
one uniform Science of Computation. For as in common Arithmetick we reckon by the Root Ten, and the feveral Powers of that
Root
fo in Algebra,
or Analyticks,
when
the
Terms
are orderly
dilpos'd
331
prefcribed,
Powers, or
we may
Arithmetical Scale, by which to exprefs and compute any Numbers And as in common Arithmetick we approximate continually required. to the truth, by admitting Decimal Parts /;; infnititm, or by the ufe of Decimal Fractions, which are compofed of the reciprocal
our Author's improved Algebra, or in the Method of infinite converging Series, we may continually apNumber or Quantity required, by an orderly fucproximate to the cefiion of Fractions, which are compofed of the reciprocal Powers
;
fo in
Operations in common Arithmetick, having a due regard to Analogy, will generally afford us proper patterns and fpecimens, for performing the like Operations in this Univerfal Arithmetick.
of any Root
in general.
And
the
known
proceed to make fome Inquiries formation of infinite Series in general, and particularly into their two principal circumftances of Convergency and Divergency; wherein I attempt to (hew, that in all fuch Series, whether converging or diverging, there is always a Supplement, which if not exprefs'd is however to be underftood which Supplement, when it can be aicertained and admitted, will render the Series finite, perfect, and
Hence
and
accurate.
diverging Series this Supplement muft indifpenand fablv be admitted exhibited, or otherwise the Conclufion will be But in converging Series this Supplement imperfect and erroneous.
That
in
be neglected, becaufe it continually diminifhes with the Terms the of Series, and finally becomes lefs than any affignable quantity. And hence arifes the benefit and conveniency of infinite converging
may
Scries
entangled
that whereas that Supplement is commonly fo implicated and with the Terms of the Series, as often to be impoiliblc to
be extricated and exhibited ; in converging Series it may fafely be neglected, and yet we mall continually approximate to the quantity reAnd of this I produce a variety of Inftances, in numerical quired, and other Series. I then go on to mew the Operations, by which infinite Scries are either produced, or which, when produced, they may occasionally As firft when fimple fpccious Equations, or purs Powers, undergo. are to be refolved into fuch Series, whether by Divifion, or by Extraction of Roots ; where I take notice of the ufe of the afore-mention'd Supplement,
by which
Scries
may
be render'd
finite,
that
is,
may be compared with other quantities, which are confider'd as I then deduce feveral ufeful Theorems, or other Artifices, given.
Una
for
332
for the
tte Method of
FLUXION s,
more expeditious Multiplication, Divifion, Involution, and infinite Series, by which they may be eafily and reain all cafes. Then I fhew the ufe of thefe in dily managed pure or from whence I take occasion to introExtractions; Equations, duce a new praxis of Refolution, which I believe will be found to be very eafy, natural, and general, and which is afterwards apEvolution of
ply'd to
of Equations. Then I go on with our Author to the Exegefis numerofa, or to the Solution of affefted Equations in Numbers ; where we mall find his Method to be the fame that has been publifh'd more than once in other of his pieces, to be very {hort, neat, and elegant, and was a great Improvement at the time of its firft publication. This Method is here farther explain'd, and upon the fame Principles a general Theorem is form'd, and diftributed into feveral fubordinate Cafes, by which the Root of any Numerical Equation, whether pure or affected, may be computed with great exactnefs and facility. From Numeral we pafs on to the Refolution of Literal or Specious affected Equations by infinite Series ; in which the firfl and chief difficulty to be overcome, confifts in determining the forms of the feveral Series that will arife, and in finding their initial ApproximaThefe circumftances will depend upon fuch Powers of the tions. Relate and Correlate Quantities, with their Coefficients, as may happen to be found promifcuoufly in the given Equation. Therefore in latum, the Terms of this Equation are to be difpofed in longum of the Indices thofe lenft to a or at combined Powers, according
all
fpecies
&
Arithmetical Progreffion in p/ano, as is there explain'd ; or according to our Author's ingenious Artifice of the Parallelogram and Ruler, the reafon and foundation of which are here fully laid open. This will determine all the cafes of exterior Terms, together with the Progreffions of the Indices ; and therefore all the -forms of the feveral Series that may be derived for the Root, as alfo their initial
Coefficients,
then farther profecute the Refolution of Specious Equations, by diverfe Methods of Analyfis or we give a great variety of ProcefTes, by which the Series for the Roots are eafily produced to any number of Terms required. Thefe ProcefTes are generally very lim-,
We
Terms, or Approximations.
ple,
and depend chiefly upon the Theorems before deliver'd, for And finding the Terms of any Power or Root of an infinite Series. is illustrated a and 'd whole of Inthe by exemplify great variety ftances, which are chiefly thofe of our Author.
The
333
dilcufs'd,
thus
fufficiently
is
explain'd at large.
And fome
general Observations are made, chiefly from the Science of Rational Mechanicks, by which the whole Method is divided and diftinguiih'd into its two grand Branches or Problems, which are the Diredt and Inverfe Methods of Fluxions. And fome preparatory Notations are deliver'd
thefe
Me-
thods.
then proceed with my Annotations upon the Author's firft Problem, or the Relation of the flowing Quantities being given, to determine the Relation of their Fluxions. I treat here concerning Fluxions of the firft order, and the method of deducing their EquaI tions in all cafes. explain our Author's way of taking the Fluxions of any given Equation, which is much more general and fcientifick than that which is ufually follow'd, and extends to all the varieties
I
of Solutions.
This
is
alfo apply'd
to
it
which means
compound,
comprehends thofe
irrational,
or mechanical
Quan-
be included. But the Demonftration of Fluxions, and of the Method of taking them, is the chief thing to be confider'd here; which I have endeavour'd to make as clear, explicite, and fa-
may
tisfactory as I
was
able,
and to remove the difficulties and objections it But with what fuccefs I muft leave
:
then treat concerning Fluxions of fuperior orders, and give the For deriving their Equations, with its Demonftration. tho' our Author, in this Treatife, does not expreffly mention thefe orders of Fluxions, yet he has fometimes recourfe to them, tho' taI have here ("hewn, that they are a necelTary citely and indirectly. and that refult from the nature and notion of nrft Fluxions not abfolutely all thefe feveral orders differ from each other, and effentially, but only relatively and by way of companion.
Method of
And
and
this
I
prove
as
well
actually
exhibit
from Geometry as from Anaiyticks ; and make fenfible thefe feveral orders ot
Fluxions.
But more efpecially in what I call the Geometrical and Mechanical Elements of Fluxions, I lay open a general Method, by the help of Curve-lines and their Tangents, to reprefent and exhibit Fluxions and Fluents in all cafes, with all their concomitant Symptoms and
AffecYions,
334
3e
Method of FLUXIONS,
Aiic&ions, after a plain and familiar manner, and that even to ocular view and infpedlion. And thus I make them the Objects of Senfe, which not only their exiitence is proved beyond all poflible con-
by
tradiftion,
Method of
and
deriving
them
is
at the
fame time
fully evinced,
illuftrated.
follow my Annotations upon our Author's fecond Problem, or the Relation of the Fluxions being given, to determine the Relation of the flowing Quantities or Fluents ; which is the fame thing And firft I explain (what outas the Inverfe Method of Fluxions. Author calls) a particular Solution of this Problem, becaufe it cannot be generally apply 'd, but takes place only in fuch Fluxional Equations as have been, or at leaft
Then
from fome
might have been, previoufly derived or Fluential Equations. Whereas the Algebraical that and whofe Fluents or Roots Fluxional Equations ufually occur, are required, are commonly fuch as, by reafon of Terms either refinite
dundant or deficient, cannot be refolved by this particular Solution ; but muft be refer'd to the following general Solution, which is here
distributed into thefe three Cafes of Equations.
The firft Cafe of Equations is, when the Ratio of the Fluxions of the Relate and Correlate Quantities, (which Terms are here exbe exprefs'd by the Terms of the Correlate plain'd,) can Quantity in which Cafe the Root will be obtain'd by an eafy alone proIn finite Terms, when it may be done, or at leaft by an cefs And here a ufeful Rule is explain'd, by which infinite Series. infinite an Expreffion may be always avoided in the Conclufion, which otherwife would often occur, and render the Solution inexpli;
:
cable.
fecond Cafe of Equations comprehends fuch Fluxional Equations, wherein the Powers of the Relate and Correlate Quantities, with their Fluxions, are any how involved. Tho' this Cale is much more operofe than the former, yet it is folved by a variety of eafy
The
and fimple Analyfts, (more fimple and expeditious, I think, than thofe of our Author,) and is illuftrated by a numerous collection of Examples. The third and laft Cafe of Fluxional Equations is, when there are more than two Fluents and their Fluxions involved j which Cafe, without much trouble, is reduced to the two former. But here are alfo explain'd fome other matters, farther to illuftrate this Dodlrinej as the Author's Demonftration of the Inverfe Method of Fluxions, the Rationale of the Tranfmutation of the Origin of Fluents to other
i
places
335
pleafure,
the
way of
like.
Then to conclude the Method of Fluxions, is propofed and explain'd, for general Method
kinds of Equations,
or
and
all
the Refolution of
Algebraical This Method indeed is not conto fuperior orders of Fluxions. Author's tain'd in our prelent Work, but is contrived in purfuance of a notable hint he gives us, in another part of his Writings.
Fluxional,
by having recourfe
And
this
Method
is
blems.
Laftly, by way of Supplement or Appendix, fome Terms in the Mathematical Language arc farther explain'd, which frequently occur in the foregoing work, and which it is very neceflary to apprehend rightly. And a fort of Analytical Praxis is adjoin'd to this in which is Explanation, to make it the more plain and intelligible ; exhibited a more direct and methodical way of refolving fuch Algebraical or Geometrical Problems as are ufually propofed ; or an attempt is made, to teach us to argue more cloiely, dhtinctly, and Analytically. this
is And chiefly the fubftance of my Comment upon this part of our Author's work, in which my conduct has always been, to endeavour to digeft and explain every thing in the moft direct and natural order, and to derive it from the moft immediate and genuine I have always put myfelf in the place of a Learner, and Principles. have endeavour'd to make fuch Explanations, or to form this into fuch an Inftitution of Fluxions and infinite Series, as I imagined would have been ufeful and acceptable to myfelf, at the time when I fidl Matters of a trite and eafy nature enter'd upon thefe Speculations. But in things of more animadverfion over with a have I flight pafs'd or greater difficulty, I have always thought myfelf obliged novelty, to be more copious and explicite ; and am conlcious to myfelf, that
:
Wherever have every where proceeded cumjincero ammo docendi. have fallen fhort of this defign, it fliould not be imputed to any want of care or good intentions, but rather to the want of fkill, or I (hall be to the abftrufe nature of the lubject. glad to fee my deand (hall be abler fects hands, by always willing and thankI
fupply'd
ful
to be better
instructed.
may furnifli perhaps will give the greateft difficulty, be the Explanations mod matter of objection, as I apprehend, will before given, of Moments, -vanifiing quantities, infinitely little quantitles,
What
and
236
fjfies,
The Method of
and the
like,
FLUXIONS,
and
I fhall
therefore
tions, in
hopes farther to clear up this matter. And this feems to be the more necefTary, becaufe many difficulties have been already ftarted about the abftracl nature of theie quantities, and by what name they ought to be call'd. It has even been pretended, that they
which our Author makes ufe of in this Treatife, deducing and demonftrating hisMethod of Fluxions. here add a word or two to my foregoing Explana-
are utterly impoffible, inconceiveable, and unintelligible, and it may therefore be thought to follow, that the Conclu lions derived by their means muft be precarious at leaft, if not erroneous and impoflible. to remove this difficulty it mould be obferved, that the only
Now
letter
by our Author to denote thefe quantities, is the But this o, by itfelf, or affected by fome Coefficient. a and finite ordinary quantity, which Symbol o at firft reprefents mu ft be understood to diminim continually, and as it were by local Motion ; till after fome certain time it is quite exhaufted, and termiThis is furely a very intelligible Notion. nates in mere nothing. But to go on. In its approach towards nothing, and juft before it becomes abfolute nothing, or is quite exhaufted, it muft neceflarily of all proportions. For it cannot pafs through vanifhing quantities to at once an affignable quantity that were ; nothing pafs from being to proceed per fa/turn, and not continually, which is contrary to the While it is an affignable quantity, tho' ever fo little, Suppofition. exact truth, in geometrical rigor, but only an Apthe not is it yet and to be accurately true, it muft be lefs than it ; proximation to
Symbol made
ufe of
either
any
a vanifhing is, it muft be the Conception of a Moment, or Therefore vanishing quantity. muft be admitted as a rational Notion. quantity, But it has been pretended, that the Mind cannot conceive quanbe fo far diminifh'd, and fuch quantities as thefe are repretity to Now I cannot perceive, even if this impoflifented as impoffible. that the Argumentation would be at all affected bility were granted, would be the lefs certain. The imby it, or that the Concluiions of Conception may arife from the narrownefs and imperpoffibility fection of our Faculties, and not from any inconfiftency in the naSo that we need not be very folicitious about ture of the thing. the pofitive nature of thefe quantities, which are fo volatile, fubas to efcape our Imagination ; nor need we be tile, and fugitive, in much pain, by what name they are to be call'd j but we may confine ourfelves wholly to the ufe of them, and to difcover their
properties,
337
They are not introduced for their own fakes, but only properties. as fo many intermediate fteps, to bring us to the knowledge of other are real, intelligible, and required to be known. quantities, which It is fufficient that we arrive at them by a regular progrefs of diminution, and by a juft and neceflary way of reafoning and that they are afterwards duly eliminated, and leave us intelligible and For this will always be the confequence, indubitable Conclusions. when we argue let the media of ratiocination be what they will, And ftriet Rules of Art. it is a to the very common according
;
thing in Geometry, to make impoffib'e and nbfurd Suppofitions, which is the fame thing as to introduce iinpoffible quantities, and
by
their
means
to difcover truth.
this,
We
in
tities,
which, though
as
inconceiveable and
impofTible as thefe
can be, yet when they arife in Computations, they do not affect the Conclufion with their impoffibility, except when they ought fo to do; but when they are duly eliminated, by juft Methods of Reduction, the Conclufion always remains found and good. Thefe.
Quantities are thofe Quadratick Surds, which are diftinguifh'd by the name of impoffible and imaginary Quantities ; fuch as ^/ i,
^/a,
number
v/
is
3,
v/
;
to be found,
negative quantity
&c. For they import, that a quantity or which multiply'd by itfelf mall produce a which is manifeftly impoffible. And yet thefe
4,
have all varieties of proportion to one another, as thofe quantities aforegoing are proportional to the poffible and intelligible numbers 8cc. respectively -,. and when I, ^/2, v/3, 2, they arife in Compuare eliminated and excluded, they always leave tations, and regularly a juft and good Conclufion.
lax" Thus, for Example, if we had the Cubick Equation x~> from whence we to were extract the Root x; 42 =o, -J-4IX we to mould have this fiird ExRule, by proceeding according the x for Root, 4 -f- y'3 4- v/ -"fr-f- ^J^ ,/ preffion -~ is involved -^, in which the impoffible quantity ^/ and this not to be as abfurd and ufelefs, yet Expreffion ought rejected becaufe, by a due Reduction, we may derive the true Roots of the Equation from it. For when the Cubick Root of the firft innis culum rightly extracted, it will be found to be the impoffible Number i -+as may appear by cubing ; and when the ^/ Cubick Root of the fecond vinculum is extracted, it will be found
to be
\/-
j-
Then by
collecting
thefe
X.x
338
impoffibie
77je
Method of FLUXIONS,
will be eliminated,
Number </
will be
found x
=
.
' be A -f- y/ T T) as may likewife appear by Involution ; and of the fecond vincu_' So that another of the Roots of lum it will be | T </ Or the Cuthe given will be x 4 -f- 1 -f- A 7.
firft
vinculum will
alfo
Equation bick Root of the fame firft vincuhtm will be \ i| J v/ i H- ^/ and of the fecond will be .11. So that the third And Root of the given Equation will be x T 4 - 4 3in like manner in all other Cubick Equations, when the furd vincula include an impoffible quantity, by extracting the Cubick Roots, and then by collecting, the impoffible parts will be excluded, and the three Roots of the Equation will be found, which will always be But when the aforefaid furd vincula do not poffible. include an impoffible quantity, then by Extraction one poffible Root only will be found, and an impoffibility will affect the other two Roots, or will remain (as it ought) in the Conclufion. And a like judgment may be made of higher degrees of Equa-
tions.
So that thefe impoffible quantities, in all thefe and many other inftances that might be produced, are fo far from infecting or dethat they are the neceflary ftroying the truth of thefe Conclufions, means and helps of difcovering it. And why may we not conclude the fame of that other fpecies of impoffible quantities, if they muft needs be thought and call'd fo ? Surely it may be allow'd, that if thefe Moments and infinitely little Quantities are to be elteem'd
a kind of impoffible Quantities, yet neverthelefs they may be made in findufeful, they may affift us, by a juft way of Argumentation, or or other poffible Quanof Velocities, Fluxions, ing the Relations And finally, being themfelves duly eliminated and tities required. excluded, they may leave us finite, poffible, and intelligible Equations, or Relations
of Quantities. Therefore the admitting and retaining thefe Quantities, however impoffible they may feem to be, the investigating their Prowith our utmoft induftry, and applying thofe Properties to perties ufe whenever occafion offers, is only keeping within the Rules of Reafon and Analogy; and is alfo following the Example of our aud illuftrious Author, who of all others has the greateffc
fagacious 'Tis enlarging the numto be our Precedent in thefe matters. right ber of general Principles and Methods, which will always greatly
i
con-
'43
THE
CONTENTS
I
on the Introduction ; or the Refolution of /JNnotations *-* Equations by Infinite Series. pag. 143 Sedt. I. Of the nature and conjlruttion of or infinite converging Series.
Sedt. II.
P-H3
=
by infinite Series.
Sedt. III.
Sedt.
p.
59
86
p.
ries
IV. The Refolution of Specious Equations by ; andfirjifor determining the forms of the
infinite Se-
Series,
P-
ami
1
p.
209
Method of Fluxions.
the Relation
to
P-235
II.
Annotations on
Prob.
i.
or,
of
Sedt.
I.
their Equations.
Sedt. II. Concerning
find p.24i
the
and
]
Seft. III.
The
of
Fluxions,
p.266
III.
[T]
CGNTENTa
,111.
Annotations on Prob.
being given,
Se. I.
p.2 77
particular Solution
by which
;
'with
it
is
a preparation
dijlributed
into
to the
general Solution,
Cafes.
three
Sedl. II.
Sedt. III.
Seft.
p.a//
p. 282
neceffary Demonftrations.
P-3OQ
Fluxional,
.
by >
the
afliftance diJ
p-3o
and ExpreJJiom
P-33
Reader is defired to correfl the following Errors, which I hope will be thought but few, and fuch as in works of this kind are hardly to be avoided. 'Tis here neceflary to take notice of even literal Miftakes, which in fubjefts of this nature are often very That the Errors are fo few, is owing to the kind affillance of a flcilful Friend or material. the IVefs ; as alfo to the care of a diligent Printer. two,_ who fupplyfd my frequent abfence from,
THE
ERRATA.
In tie Preface, pag. xiii< lirt, 3. read which P. 1 19. I. 1 2. read here fubjoin'd. Ibid. 1. 5. for matter read read Hyperbola. to the Fluxion of the' Area, manner. Pag. xxiii. 1. alt. far Preface, &e. nWConclufton of this Work. P- 7. \.T,i.for lDxIP P. 15. 1.9. ready P.I3J.1.8. readJf !>**+ -&*' ~{- read =..
is
=
\.
CE x \Q
);
ACEG .
and
Ibid.
-',4,
&c.
P'.
17.
1.
17.
read
P. 32.
9*
P. 35,
1.
19, read. !
P. 135.
1.
15. read
P.
9"
read
P. 145. \.fenult. 13.8. I. 9. ^WAb&Jifs^AB. P. 149. 1. 2O. read whkh irt; read 7\~~ 3 P. 157. I.i3./-f^ ax. P.i68. l.j. retd^ax. P. 1 77.' P-I7I. \.\j.fir Reread $*. \.l$.rcait
.
.
l,'2j.
read -
3:
for
.
lOtfjr*
loxty.
~~r'~
P. 63.!. 31.
firyreatl-y.
A>.
*
6. read to 2m, P. 213^ [.-j. far5 P. 229, 1. 21* for x Species read Series. retu( t. read 30. x 4. /i/V. 1. 24. for x 4'readx *. P. 234. P. 87. 1. 22. read 1. 2. P. 236. 1. 26. ;vW genera^or yy ready. P.t P. 243. 1. 29. read. Ibid. 1.22,24. reaJAVDK. ting. ax*yi*. P. 284.
Ibld:\.ult.for
y Ibid.
\.
read
y~-
....
1.
1
P. 204.
\,2-[. read.
P.-gz. 1.5.
read-\-
.7
-,',
Ibid.
1.
uit.
read
i
j^
P. 289.
i,
2.' 1.
1.
17.
\.z\.for z read
P. 109.
1.
x.
33. dele as
ofen.
left.
P. 295.
y.
1.
read'
dil:
x 4 --^-J-ax*.
P. 298.
1.14.
P. 297. \.ig.forjx
read y*
.
'.
read
1. 1
1\3O4.
20, 21
-(- be.
8.
read
m a ~t>
P^og.
1
a'-j
.
P. 3
7.
1. tilt,
read
and v/ ^ 1
x l '=.
P.
nj,
7.
for Parabola
ADVERTISEMENT.
Lately publijtid by the Author,
THE
Map.
j
BRITISH HEMISPHERE, or a Map of a new contrivance, proper for initiating young Minds in the firft Rudiments of
It is in the form of a Halfof Inches but about Diameter, Globe, comprehends the whole 15 known Surface of our habitable Earth ; and mews the iituation of all the remarkable Places, as to their Longitude, Latitude, Bearing and Diftance from London, which is made the Center or Vertex of It is neatly fitted up, fo as to ferve as well for ornament the
as ufe
and
to
make
it
intelligible
to every Capacity.
Sold by
W. REDKNAP,
at the
in Fleet-jlreet
Church.
St.
Dunftan's
339
contribute to the Advancement of true Science. In fhort, it will enable us to make a much greater progrefs and profkience, than we othervvife can do, in cultivating and improving what I have elfe-
where
call'd
FINIS.
3T
..