TDS1191, Tutorial 3

Subject: Session:

Discrete Structures 2 2006/2007

Tutorial 3
Part A: Sets

1. Determine whether each of the following statements is true or false. (a) 0 (b) {} {} (c) {} (d) { } {} 2. Given A = {x N (x is divisible by 3) (x < 50)} and B = {x Z x is the square of an integer (x < 100)}. Find (a) A B (b) A B (c) A B (d) A B (e) P(A B) (f) |P(B A)| (g) |P(P(A B))|

3. Let X = {1, 2}, Y = {2,3} and Z = {3,4,5}. Find: a) XYZ b) XZY 4. Formalize the set operator whereby A B is the set of all elements being in A or B but not in both A and B. Show that it is the same as A B. Prove that A B if and only if A B = B. Prove that A (B A) = A B by using all methods taught in the lecture. Prove that A (B C) = (A B) (A C). Prove that A (A B) = A B.

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. Determine whether each of the following sets is the power set of a set: a) b) { , {a}} c) { , {a}, { , a} } d) { , { } } e) { , {a}, {b}, {a, b} }

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TDS1191, Tutorial 3

Part B: Relations
10. Determine whether the relation R on the set of all MMU students is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (x,y) R if and only if a) x is not shorter than y b) x is shorter than y. c) x and y are not born on the same day. d) The first three digits of the ID numbers of x and y are the same. 11. Determine whether the relation R on the set of integers is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and/or transitive, where (x,y) R if and only if a) x + y = 0. b) xy 0 c) x2 = y2 d) x2 y2 is divisible by 5. e) x y > 0. 12. Determine whether each of the following relations is i) an equivalence relations ii) a partial ordering. a) R = {(a,a), (b,b), (c,c), (d,d)} on S = {a, b, c, d} b) R = {(a,b) | a2 b2} on Z. c) R = {(a,a), (b,b), (c,c), (d,d), (a,c), (b,d)} on S={a, b, c, d} d) R = {(a,a), (a,b), (a,c), (b,a), (b,b), (b,c), (c,a), (c,b) (c,c), (d,d)} on S={a,b,c,d} If R is an equivalence relation, find all the equivalence classes. 13. Given the relation R = {(1,2), (1,3), (2,4), (3,1), (4,2), (5,4)} on the set S = {1,2,3,4,5}. a) Draw the digraph representing R. b) Find Rn, where n is a positive integer. c) Find R1 d) Find R*. 14. Let A and B be nonempty sets and f : A B a function. Define a relation R on A by (x, y) R if and only if f(x) = f(y). a) Show that R is an equivalence relation. b) If A = {x Z | 5 x 5}, B = N and f(x) = x2, find all the equivalence classes. 15. Let R be the relation on the set of integers such that (m,n) R if and only if m n is divisible by 5. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find all the equivalence classes. 16. Let R be the relation on the set of ordered pair of real numbers such that ((a,b), (c,d)) R if and only if a + d = b + c. Show that R is an equivalence relation. 17. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Define a relation R on S by (a,b) R if and only if a b. a) List all the elements of R. b) Represent R with a matrix (with the element of this set listed in increasing order). c) Show that R is a partial ordering. d) Draw the digraph representing R. e) Draw the Hasse diagram of R.

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TDS1191, Tutorial 3

18. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12}. Define a relation R on S by (a,b) R if and only if a divides b. a) List all the elements of R. b) Represent R with a matrix (with the element of this set listed in increasing order). c) Show that R is a partial ordering. d) Draw the digraph representing R. e) Draw the Hasse diagram of R.

Part C: Functions
19. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Determine whether each of the following relations determine a function on S. a) R = {(1,2), (2,2), (3,1)} b) R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)} c) R = {(1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1)} d) R = {(1,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,1)} 20. Given the functions f and g where f : R R, f(x) = x 3 and g : R R, g(x) = 2x + 5. Find a) g f b) f g c) (f g) 1 d) f 1 e) g1 f) g1 f 1 g) f.f 21. Give an example each of a function f : N N which is a) injective as well as surjective b) injective and not surjective c) surjective but not injective d) neither injective nor surjective. 22. Let S = {x N | 2 < x < 20}. Find f(S) if a) f(x) = x/2 + 1 b) f(x) = (x + 3) / 5

c) f(x) = 5x 4

23. Determine whether each of the following functions is invertible. a) f(x) = 3 x b) f(x) = 2x2 + 3 c) f(x) = 2x3 5 d) f(x) = 4x5 + 9 24. Determine whether each of the following is true or false. a) For any real number x and any integer m, x + m = x + m. b) For any real number x and any integer m, x + m = x + m. c) For any real number x, x x = 1. d) For any real number x, 2x = 2x

e) f(x) = 3x4 1

25. Let f : R R and g : R R be defined by g(x) = x + 4 and f(x) = x 2. Find f g and g f.

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TDS1191, Tutorial 3 26. Suppose g is a function with g : A B and f is a function with f : B C. Show that if both f and g are injections, then f g is also an injection. 27. Suppose g is a function with g : A B and f is a function with f : B C. Show that if both f and g are surjections, then f g is also a surjection.

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