Agenda Day 2

09:00 - 10:30 10:30 - 11:00 11:00 - 12:00 12:00 - 12:30 12:35 - 13:50 14:00 - 15:00 15:00 - 15:30 15:30 - 16:00 16:00 - 17:00 17:00 - 17:30 System Issues Tea Break Landing on Contaminated Runways Procedures and Techniques Lunch CNS/ATM FDM Guidance Tea Break Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Declaring an Emergency

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Agenda

Introduction Some facts Some numbers Case studies Final considerations

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Agenda

Introduction Some facts Some numbers Case studies Final considerations

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Introduction
Usually, landing deceleration and takeoff stop performance do not take into account the use of thrust reversers (T/R) The T/Rs are a kind of bonus available for increased safety margins On the other hand, carbon brakes are very efficient and work better under some specific conditions T/R and Brakes operating policies may vary a lot from an operator to another...

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

So, whats the best option???
Should T/Rs be used on all landings? Or should they be used only on restricted/contaminated runways? How can I save my carbon brakes? Can I combine Autobrake with T/Rs?

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Agenda

Introduction Some facts Some numbers Case studies Final considerations

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about reversers
T/Rs are more effective at high speeds; the use of reverses below 60 kt increases the chances of foreign object ingestion by the engine Thrust reversers are stopping devices which do not depend on runway condition On slippery runways, thrust reversers may be the most effective way to stop the airplane Costs of T/Rs usage are difficult to be determined as T/R maintenance is usually part of particular agreements with the engine manufacturer

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about carbon brakes
Brake wear is far more related to the number of applications than to the energy applied Braking performance can be optimized by applying maximum continuous pressure on the brake pedals. The ANTI-SKID system will modulate the brakes if required so keeping pedals pressed and modulating the pressure is a good technique for minimizing the brake wear. Pedals should not be pumped!!!

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about carbon brakes (Cont.)
Test results show that the average temperature where the brakes wear is minimized is around 200C Carbon brakes wear faster when they are cool Costs of brakes usage are (also) difficult to be determined due to particular agreements with the brakes supplier

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about performance... The Autobrake system works aiming a deceleration target:
a) LO mode: - 4 ft/s2 b) MED mode: - 8 ft/s2 c) HI mode: -13 ft/s2.

Brakes applied as required to reach target deceleration level Deceleration is affected by three factors:
Aerodynamic drag Wheel brakes Reverse thrust

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about performance (Cont.)...
In a few words, if the braking coefficient is good, the thrust reversers will not help the landing performance

Deceleration

Total Deceleration Brakes Deceleration Reversers Deceleration Autobrake Target

Time

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Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about performance (Cont.)...
but, if the braking coefficient is NOT good, the thrust reversers could help achieve the maximum deceleration

Deceleration

Total Deceleration Brakes Deceleration Reversers Deceleration Autobrake Target

Time

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Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Facts about performance (Cont.)...
Effect of Thrust Reversers on Landing Distance
-2 Landing Distance Reduction (%) 0 2 4 6 8 E190 97000lb Sea Level ISA

MAN HI MED LO

10

Dry

Std Water 1/8

Std Water 1/2

Slush 1/8

Slush 1/2

Compacted Snow

Ice

Contaminant Type

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Agenda

Introduction Some facts Some numbers Case studies Final considerations

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Carbon Brakes Assembly Replacement
Reason (Worn to limits, damaged, inoperative, leakage, cycle limit, etc.)

EJETS SCHEDULED REMOVALS RATE L12M E-Jets - Brake Removals BRAKE ISSUES
0,300 0,250

Rate per 100 S.F

0,200 0,150 0,100 0,050

0,000 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D 2007 2008 2009

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

MLG Tire / Wheel Assembly Replacement
Reason (Worn to limits, damaged, time limit, etc.)

EJETS - SCHEDULED REMOVALS RATE L12M E-Jets - Wheel and Tire Removals TIRE AND WHEEL ISSUES
3,500 3,000 2,500 Rate per 100 S.F 2,000 1,500 1,000 0,500 0,000

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D 2007 2008 2009

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

So what??
On the previous plots there is no clear correlation between brake wear and wheel/tire replacements... therefore, best practices for saving brakes do not necessarily mean that there will be more wear on wheels and tires! As an estimated reference, a 500 cycles increase in brakes life represents a reduction of about 6 USD/FC on brakes cost (i.e about USD 12000 savings considering a 2000 cycles per acft/yr average utilization) Using T/R for 15 seconds per flight would increase fuel consumption by about 20lbs per landing (i.e. about USD 10000 acft/yr if reverse is used on all landings considering a 2000 cycles per acft/yr average utilization and fuel @ USD 2/Gal)

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Agenda

Introduction Some facts Some numbers Case studies Final considerations

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Case studies
Plot was created based on a set of worldwide operators (Americas, Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific) Operators were asked about their policies for (auto)brakes and T/Rs utilization Environmental conditions and severe winter do have an effect on brakes life... ...but most of all, good practices do make the difference!

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Case studies
Reverse is used on all landings TRs are always opened but reverse thrust is used only on short, wet or contaminated runways Reverse usage is as required but on normal landings reverse thrust is limited to idle reverse. TRs are mandatory on contaminated runways Brake wear reduction policies are adopted and spread between pilots. Rational utilization of TRs and (auto)brakes during landings, taxi and parking procedures.

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage Agenda

Introduction Some facts Some numbers Case studies Final considerations

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

What have we seen so far ...on Brakes:
Carbon brakes wear is more a function of the number of applications rather than the amount of braking used so its not a good idea to pump the pedals Carbon brakes can withstand higher temperatures without loss of efficiency or fading Brakes wear is greater when they are cool, so special attention should be paid to taxi-out procedures Maximum carbon brake life can be achieved during taxi by using a small number of long, moderately firm brake applications instead of numerous light brake applications Releasing the parking brake after confirmation that the chocks are in place is a good idea as this expedites the cool-down time.

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

and on Reversers
If the autobrake is set to LO, reversers should not be used as the system will disengage brakes anytime the target deceleration is sensed Whenever the airplane braking coefficient is good and autobrakes are used (any setting), the T/Rs will not improve the landing performance For expected braking coefficient medium or poor, the use of thrust reversers could increase the airplane deceleration, decreasing the landing distance The T/R should only be used when the pilots judgment says to do so, according to the airplane speed, weight, weather conditions, etc.

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Remember our initial questions???
Should T/Rs be used on all landings? Or should they be used only on restricted/contaminated runways? How can I save my carbon brakes? Can I combine Autobrake with T/Rs?

Now we should be able to get them answered

and don`t forget

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

Considerations on Brakes and Reversers usage

Safety and passenger comfort come first!

THIS INFORMATION IS EMBRAER PROPERTY AND CANNOT BE USED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION.

THANK YOU!