Chapter 1 Health in a Changing Society Multiple Choice Questions 1. The primary goal of wellness is the ability to achieve A.

. freedom from disease. B. a multicultural view of health. C. the highest possible quality of life. D. greater control over lifestyle decisions. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): 2. C 2 1

Which of the following is considered a social determinant of health? A. heredity B. lifestyle choices C. substance abuse D. the physical environment Answer: Page(s):3, 4 Objective(s): D 1

3.

Which of the following best demonstrates an ecological view of health and wellness? A. seeking a natural balance between your own life forces and those in your environment B. being aware of hereditary risks and avoiding unhealthy environments and behaviors C. going to the doctor whenever you suspect an illness D. seeking nontraditional medical treatments Answer: Page(s):3-4 Objective(s): B 1

4.

One of the hallmarks of community health promotion is its emphasis on improving A. common health-related resources. B. privately funded wellness programs. C. taxpayer-funded health initiatives. D. the regulation of hospitals and clinics. Answer: Page(s):4-5 Objective(s): A 1

5.

Which of the following best illustrates a public health measure? A. upgrading the local hospitals dialysis equipment

B. C. D.

preventing the spread of disease-carrying insects medical schools competing for research grants promoting a new surgical technique B 5 1

Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): 6.

The aspect of personal health that is most within your control is A. genetic inheritance. B. human biology. C. lifestyle. D. environment. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): C 3, 8 1, 3

7.

Which of the following is one of the five basic criteria that describes culture in the health promotion context? A. physical characteristics B. technological status C. language D. politics Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): C 6 2

8.

Which of the following explanations for the poor health outcomes of ethnic minorities focuses on the lack of infrastructure to support health? A. acculturation theory B. risk exposure theory C. racial discrimination theory D. resource deprivation theory Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): D 7 2

9.

What model was developed in the 1950s to understand why people failed to take advantage of accessible and low-cost prevention programs? A. Transtheoretical Model B. Theory of Reasoned Action Model C. Health Belief Model D. Stages of Change Model

Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): 10.

C 8 3

In general, what can American ethnic minority populations expect concerning their health, as compared to the general population? A. lower lifestyle risk factors B. equal health benefits from medical advances C. higher rates of cancer, infant mortality, and alcoholism D. decreased exposure to carcinogens Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): C 7 2, 4

11.

Charlies sister lectures him daily about the threat that his smoking poses to his health. She argues that, if he quits, he would improve both his health and his athletic performance. Charlie knows his sister is right, but according to the Health Belief Model, he will only quit smoking if A. he thinks he can and that it will be worth the effort. B. others also criticize his smoking. C. his sister stops lecturing him. D. he has a serious health scare. Answer: Page(s):8 Objective(s): A 3

12.

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of health behavior change differs from the Health Belief Model in its emphasis on the A. need for change. B. stages of change. C. benefits of change. D. effectiveness of change. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): B 9-10 3

13.

Mackenzie has resolved to start exercising three times a week when her membership at a local gym begins in two weeks. In which stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model is Mackenzie operating? A. contemplation B. action C. precontemplation D. preparation E. maintenance

Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): 14.

D 9 3

In which stage of change in the Transtheoretical Model does an individual intend to change a specific health behavior within the next six months? A. preparation B. contemplation C. maintenance D. precontemplation E. action Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): B 9 3

15.

Which of the following statements best illustrates a sense of self-efficacy? A. I should do it. B. I cant do it. C. I must do it. D. I can do it. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): D 10 3

16.

The two major goals of Healthy People 2010 are to (1) increase life expectancies and life quality, and (2) A. decrease tobacco and alcohol use in all age groups. B. eliminate health disparities among different population groups. C. decrease binge drinking among college students. D. cut the incidence of accidental deaths in half by 2020. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): B 7 2

17.

Which of the following best illustrates a SMART goal? A. I will get more exercise in the new year. B. I will avoid situations where I am tempted to eat junk food. C. I will make smart health choices in each major life activity. D. I will eat my meals on time and limit myself to one snack daily. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): D 10 3

18.

What type of research study can suggest likely associations but cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships? A. correlational B. perspective C. retrospective D. experimental Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): A 12 4

19.

The purpose of making a clinical study double-blind is to A. guarantee the results. B. reduce researcher bias. C. disguise the studys sponsors. D. make the results depend on the outcomes of other studies. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): B 12 4

20.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning medical research studies? A. Subjects are not randomly assigned to either a treatment group or control group. B. To be considered reliable results, the same results must be obtained by no other researchers conducting the same study. C. Researchers assign participants to either a treatment group or control group in order of when the participants register for the study. D. Clinical studies attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): D 12 4

21.

The best type of website on which to do research on health issues is one that is sponsored by a(n) A. commercial health organization. B. nonprofit political organization. C. educational institution. D. individual. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): C 13 4

22.

Which of the following statements about health risks is FALSE? A. The definition of health risk is the probability or likelihood of an event occurring.

B. C. D.

A health risk is the probability of exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences. All health risks can be avoided. Health risks include factors such as age, gender, family history, income, and education. C 11 4

Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): 23.

The basic definition of health literacy refers to ones ability to A. navigate the health care system successfully. B. obtain and use health information. C. describe symptoms to a doctor. D. achieve maximum wellness. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): B 11 4

24.

Advanced literacy, cognitive, and interpersonal skills that enable consumers to navigate the health care system are known as ____________ literacy. A. critical B. health C. functional D. interactive Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): D 11 4

25.

Basic reading and writing skills that enable consumers to follow health messages are known as ____________ literacy. A. critical B. health C. functional D. interactive Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): C 11 4

26.

Which statement is TRUE concerning the obesity epidemic in the United States? A. Fifty percent of children and adults are classified as overweight or moderately obese. B. People who are overweight at age 40 are likely to die sooner than people who are not overweight. C. Americans walk more today than they did 20 years ago.

D.

Physical inactivity and poor diets are not likely to overtake smoking as the leading cause of preventable death. B 13 4

Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True/False Questions 27.

Health and wellness are conceptualized as having several domains, such as physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual domains. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 2 1

28.

The terms disease prevention and health promotion mean the same thing. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 5 1

29.

According to the risk exposure theory, minority communities are more likely than white communities to be exposed to environmental health risks. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 7 2

30.

Factors such as income level, available health care services, and literacy are examples of social determinants of health. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 3 1

31.

In the United States, poor health outcomes are associated with environmental pollution, low educational attainment, and poverty. Answer: Page(s):4 Objective(s): True 1

32.

Ethnicity is synonymous with race.

Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): 33.

False 6 2

Advances in medical technology, lifestyle improvements, and environmental protection have produced significant and equal health benefits for most American ethnic populations. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 6 2

34.

The slogan healthy people in healthy communities accurately expresses the goals of Healthy People 2010. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 8 2

35.

A major assumption underlying most theory-based models for health behavior choices and change is that people usually gravitate toward unhealthy lifestyles. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 8-9 3

36.

The Health Belief Model was developed in the 1950s in an effort to understand why people failed to take advantage of disease prevention or detection programs. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 8 3

37.

The Health Belief Model is a more useful and accepted framework than the Transtheoretical Model for understanding health behavior change is. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 8-9 3

38.

In the maintenance stage of the Transtheoretical Model for health behavior change, a new behavior has been in place for more than two years. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 9 3

39.

For some types of health problems, such as alcohol addiction, few people reach the termination stage of the Transtheoretical Model. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 9 3

40.

Activities such as developing social support systems and establishing goals and rewards help people to move through the stages of change in the Transtheoretical Model. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 10-11 3

41.

Your behavior change plans must include strategies for dealing with potential barriers to change. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 10 3

42.

For a person to change a behavior successfully, he or she does not necessarily have to have efficacy expectations about making the change. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 10 3

43.

Behavior change contracts are among the most effective tools for change. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 10 3

44.

Most people are motivated more by the long-term benefits of health behavior change than by the short-term benefits. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 10-11 3

45.

The most important factor influencing health behavior change is commitment to change. Answer: True

Page(s): Objective(s): 46.

10 3

Cultural values have little influence on health. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 6-7, 11 2, 4

47.

Early public health programs were created mainly to combat chronic degenerative illnesses. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 5 1

48.

Healthy People 2010 includes a focus on community responsibility. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 7 2

49.

Scientists typically consider the results of a single study to be conclusive and definitive. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 12 4

50.

Three of the top ten current health concerns in the United States are substance abuse, immunization, and mental health. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): True 13 4

51.

In the future, we can expect our society to face less-complex health questions, largely as a result of technological advances. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): False 12-13 4

Short Answer Questions

52.

___________________ is generally defined as the process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and life satisfaction. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): Wellness 2 1

53.

The sense of identity that individuals draw from a common ancestry, as well as a common national, religion, tribal, language, or cultural origin, is referred to as __________________. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): ethnicity 6 2

54.

In the Transtheoretical Model, a person intends to change a specific health behavior within the next six months in the ___________________ stage. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): contemplation 9 3

55.

In the Transtheoretical Model, a sixth stage called _________________ occurs when the new behavior is firmly entrenched in a persons lifestyle. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): termination 9 3

56.

____________________ is an internal state in which a person feels competent to perform a task. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): Self-efficacy 10 3

57.

Signing a ________________ change contract is one of the most effective strategies for change. Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): behavior 10 3

58.

The ________________ People initiative sets national health objectives aimed at improving the quality of life for all Americans. Answer: Page(s): Healthy 7

Objective(s): Matching Questions Match the following: A) B) C) D) E) 59.

wellness public health disease prevention health promotion community health

The study and practice of health promotion and disease prevention at the population level Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): B 5 1

60.

Actions taken to protect individuals from specific diseases Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): C 5 1

61.

Activities directed toward bettering the health of the public Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): E 4-5 1

62.

The process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): A 2 1

63.

Actions designed to maintain a current healthy state or to advance to a more desirable state Answer: Page(s): Objective(s): D 5 1