;

20080605

NPV

Abstract
Energy-conservation, as another important energy following after the coal, natural gas,
petroleum, hydropower, and nuclear energy, plays an irreplaceable role in the country's
increasingly tense situation in the energy. On the other hand, as a kind of clean energy,
energy-conservation makes more indelible contributions to relieving the problem of
environmental pollution that the industrial development brings. Energy- conservation work
penetrates all aspects of life and production, of which the use of industrial waste heat
energy is very important in a part of. The industrial waste heat resources of our country are
abundant, but inefficient use and recovery of it, especially in low-temperature flue gas
utilization of waste heat energy has great potential. In this paper, recovery and utilization of
waste heat in the industrial flue gas as the main research subjects, the optimization research
of the heat exchanger in the waste heat recovery as the focus, the optimization research for
the recovery and utilization of waste heat in the industrial flue gas has been launched.
In this paper, the use of waste heat of the flue gas general principles has been summed
up from the thermodynamic point of view. The ways of utilizing flue gas waste heat of
different temperature levels has been analyzed applying thermodynamics. And that, the heat
exchanger in the waste heat recovery plays a critical role in the use of the flue gas waste
heat of middle and low- temperature.
The optimization research for the heat exchanger of waste heat recovery is the core
content of this article. In this paper, the introduction of optimization (also known as the
mathematical programming), a new model has been to bring up, which the value type
dynamic evaluation indicators of technical and economic-net present value (NPV) as the
optimized goal, the heat transfer area of heat exchanger in waste heat recovery as the design
variables. With the second law of thermodynamics and technical economics theories,
detailed building process of the mathematical model was derived. Than the effect of
optimization model was validated through specific examples. The result reveals:
Optimization of net present value than conventional design can achieve better economy
efficiency and environmental benefits.
The design and calculation of recovery and utilization of waste heat at tail flue gas was
carry out, which is the part of the project of pulverized coal and lime rotary kiln togas
burning in Tongshan County of Hubei Tongli Magnesium Indstry limited liability company ,

II


by optimization of net present value. The economy efficiency and environmental benefits
after the recovery and utilization of waste heat was calculation. And it will offer the reference
to the determination of project of recovery and utilization in the tail flue gas.
In the optimal design model of the heat exchanger in waste heat recovery of his paper,
not only the optimization problem of energy was considered, combined with technical
economics theory, the time efficiency of capital has also been considered. Through analysis
of the economic effect of the entire operation period after investment, a more
comprehensive evaluation on the reasonableness of the recovery scheme can be made.
Methods and conclusions of this paper can also be offered certain reference for the
application of project.
Keywords: waste heat recovery; industrial flue gas; optimization; the heat exchanger;
net present value (NPV)

III

______

1.1
1.1.1

2004
23 1.4% 2.23
1.2% 1145 12.6%

2030
1-1[1]

1-1


65%
1-1 60

1990~2004 [2]

1-1

/ %

1990

98 703

76.2

16.6

2.1

5.1

1995

131 176

74.6

17.5

1.8

6.1

2000

130 297

66.1

24.6

2.5

6.8

2001

134 914

65.3

24.3

2.7

7.7

2002

148 222

65.6

24.0

2.6

7.8

2003

170 943

67.6

22.7

2.7

7.0

2004

197 000

67.7

22.7

2.6

7.0

1-2
25

20

15
10
5
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

1-2

[3]

1.1.2

1)

()

2003 893
2.3 2.7 9.4
45[4] 1-2
1-2

2003 GDP

GDP

GDP

GDP

13200

1178.3

8.93

1.00

5590

345.3

6.18

1.45

7330

212

2.89

3.09

58800

504.8

0.86

10.40

5060

670.8

13.26

0.67

27100

332.2

1.23

7.28

18300

260.6

1.42

6.27

13900

223.2

1.61

5.56

12400

181.9

1.47

6.09

7540

291.4

3.86

2.31

94600

2297.8

2.43

3.68

36300

9747.1

2.68

3.33

57% 51% 33% 20

2) ,

CO 2 [5] 1-3 400


1600 [6]

70
60

58.2
50.6

50
40
30
20

15.4

12.1

11.5

10

8.1

5.5

5.3

4.5

3.9

1-3

CO2

1.1.3

2004 1990 GDP 45%

33% 10~20 [7]

2010 GDP 20%

2006 GDP 4%

1.2
1.2.1

4000 [8] 1-3

1-3

830

10.4

180

21.7

650

62

4.9

20

30.8

45

620

8.8

260

41.9

360

680

24.5

380

55.9

300

CHEN

305

3.2

85

27.9

220

280

6.1

70

21.9

210

70

6.1

30

42.9

40

70

2.2

30

42.9

40

120

3.1

20

16.7

100

3040

7.3

1075

34.9

1965

7.3%
34.9%
70%

[9, 10]


1.2.2
1-4

1-4

[11]

1)

2)
15
3)


4)

5)

400
6)

1.2.3

25%

1) 1975
30.4% 28% 54%
76.8%
2)

3)

4)


50%

1)
65%
2)
3)
4)

1.3

[12, 13]

[14, 15]

1)


2)

3)

4)

5)
1-5

1-5

2.1

[16]

()
()

10

[17]

2.2

[18, 19]

1)

[20]

11

2) [21]

30%
1000

3)

[22] 2-1

12

2-1

2.3 [8, 16, 23]

2-1
2-1

1650~1900

100~300

1100~1300

400~500

1400~1600

300~600

1000~1100

250~400

900~1200

400~600

600~800

250~600

650~900

300~450

600~650

13


2.3.1

600
5000 Nm3 /h

Ty1 T0
1 2
2
2
T
T
E y = dQ 1 0 = 1 0 C p dT
1
1
T
T

2-1

Wmax

2
T
T
Wmax = E y = 1 0 C p dT = C p (Ty1 Ty 2 ) T0 ln y1
1
Ty 2
T

2-2

Q = C p (Ty1 T0 )

2-3

1
W
=
Q Ty1 T0

Ty1
(Ty1 Ty 2 ) T0 ln

Ty 2

2-4

2.3.2

14

1)

Qin = Qyx + Qr

2-5

Qyx
Qin

100%

2-6

Qhs Qin = Qin Qhs

Qin = Qyx + Qr

2-7

hs =

Qyx
Qin

100%

2-8

Qin kJ/h Qin

kJ/h Qyx kJ/h Qr kJ/h Qr

kJ/h

= 1

Qhs
=
hs Qin

2-9

2-2A

15

2-2

2)

Qin = Qyx + Qr = Qgo Qgi + Qr

2-10

Qgi kJ/h Qgo

kJ/h

Qyx

100%
2-11
Qin
Qhs
Qgi = Qgi + Qhs Qyx = Qyx Qhs
Qin Qin
[8]

16

Qyx
Qin

Qyx

2-12

Qin

Qin + Qhs = Qyx + Qr

2-13

hs =

Qyx
Qin

Qyx Qhs
Qin

Qyx
Qyx Qhs

1
Q
1 hs
Qyx

2-14

= 1

Qhs
=
hs Qyx

2-15

2-2BC

3)

Qin = Qyx + Qhs + Qr

2-16

hs =

Qyx + Qhs
Qin

= +

Q
Qhs
= 1 + hs
Qyx
Qin

2-17

= 1

Qhs

=
hs Qyx + Qhs

2-18

2-2D
2-9
2-15
2-18

17

Qhs
Qhs
Q
>
> hs
Qyx Qyx + Qhs Qin

2.4

1.

2.

3.

4.

18

3.1
3.1.1
(Optimization)

()
(Mathematical Programming)[24]
50 70

3.1.2

[25, 26]

19

3.1.3
[27]

()
()

[28]

20

[29]
n
min f ( X )

X = ( x1 , x2 , ^, xn )

S .T .gi ( X ) 0

( i = 1, 2, ^, m )

hj ( X ) = 0

( j = 1, 2, ^, l )

f ( X ) X n m
l gi ( X ) h j ( X )

3.1.4

3.2

21


3.2.1

[30-38]

NPQ

NPQ = CQ Q B I
CQ /J
Q W s

B / I /

NCQ = CQ Qg + B + I

Qg

Ce Ec + n ( Ecr + E yr ) I
Q

Ce /J Ec kJ/h Ecr E yr
kJ/h

T=

I
B C

I B / C
/

22

NPV

NPV = ( CI CO )t (1 + i0 )

3-1

t =0

( CI CO )t t CI CO

T i0

3.2.2

3.2.3

[39]

1)
1000

23

200 1400

140~150

2)

3)

0.8 1.75
[23]

4)

24


3.3
3.3.1

[40, 41]

1.

Q = Gc C pc (tc 2 tc1 )

3-2

Q
K tm
tm
F=

tm =

(t

y1

3-3

tc 2 ) ( t y 2 tc1 )
t t
ln( y1 c 2 )
t y 2 tc1

t t t t
( y1 c 2 ) ( y 2 c1 )
Q
= Gc C pc (tc 2 tc1 ) / K
F=
t t

K tm
ln( y1 c 2 )

t y 2 tc1

3-4

Q = Gc C pc (tc 2 tc1 ) = G y C py (t y1 t y 2 )

t y 2 = t y1

Gc C pc
G y C py

(tc 2 tc1 )

3-5

3-53-4

25

F=

GcC pc G y C py

t y1 t c 2

3-6
Gc C pc

Gc C pc
t y1 +
1 t
t
G y C py c1 G y C py c 2

2
F / m Gc C pc G y C py / W K -1 K

K ( Gc C pc G y C py )

ln

/ W/ ( m 2 K ) tc1 t y1 tc 2 t y 2 /

R=

GcC pc
G y C py

NTU ,

1
NTU =

KF
NTU 3-6
Gc C pc

exp NTU ( R 1) 1 t y1 + ( R 1) exp NTU ( R 1) tc1

tc 2 =
R exp NTU ( R 1) 1

3-7

NTU

Ec = Q T0 S = Gc C pc (Tc 2 Tc1 ) T0 ln (Tc 2 / Tc1 )

3-8

T0 / K ,

2.

[34]
p
kc 1
3-9
GcC pcT0 ln 1 c
kc
pc1

kc pc / pa pc1
Ecr =

26


/ pa
p1 = f

c uc2 L
2 di

c kg/m3 U c m/s

L / di p2 =

c uc2
2

1
3-10
pc = f c L + c cU c2
di

2
p
K
Eu = 12 St =

u
uC p
NTU =

KF
3-10
Gc C pc

NTU
d

3-11

f c + i L c pc1
8 Euc Stc

1
Fc =

( f c + i c ) Fc
8 Euc Stc
L
pc =

p
3-11 c = Fc NTU
pc1

Ecr =

kc 1
Gc C pcT0 ln (1 Fc NTU )
kc

3-12

3.

p k 1
G y C pyT0 ln 1 y = y G y C pyT0 ln (1 Fy NTU )

ky
p y1
ky

k y Fy
E yr =

ky 1

3-13

3.3.2

27

NPV
[42]

NPV = 0 NPV > 0

NPV < 0 ,

1.

I c = CeEc

3-14
1
Ce /J[43] Ce =
C
1 ln Q

CQ /J =

Ty1
T0

Ec kJ/h
2.

nn35[44] E yr < 0 Ecr < 0

I r = nCe ( Ecr + E yr )

3-15

3.

28


I 0 I F

I = I 0 + I F F = I 0 + I F NTU GcC pc / K

3-16

4.

I N = I c I r = Ce Ec + n ( Ecr + E yr )

3-17

NPV = I N (1 + ic ) I = I N (1 + ic ) I 0 I F NTU Gc C pc / k
t =1

3-18

t =1

NPV T ic

3.4

NTU

3-7

3-1
3-83-14

3-12
3-13 3-2

29

3-17
NTU

NPV
3-3

300

250

R=0.2
R=0.4
R=0.6
R=0.8

200

150

100
0

3-1
0.08

(kJ/h)

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0

3-2

30

3.5

80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0

3-3

1.

2.

NPV

3.

31

32

NPV

4.1
35t/h
4-1 4-2
4-1

kg/h

20

12893.00

4-2

250
160
13614.33

h/

Q235-A/
/

(/)
KJ/ kg
/

7000
15
1.4
1.2
0.45
25
21054
700
0.15

= 0.7

4-3

33


4-3
NTU

kJ/h

104.92

104591.4788

77828.78

138.71

194329.8736

144605.05

154.78

244764.2469

182134.36

163.31

273407.1743

203448.18

168.11

290048.5018

215831.35

170.89

299875.3960

223143.75

172.53

305738.7119

227506.77

Fc = 0.01 Fy = 0.0025 [45]

: kc = 1.4 , k y = 1.3
n = 3
4-4
4-4
NTU

kJ/h

kJ/h

-10841.20

-4373.42

33964.59

-21826.72

-8757.82

68275.86

-32932.27

-13153.25

102879.69

-44153.92

-17559.76

137767.45

-55492.24

-21977.42

172940.53

-66949.26

-26406.27

208403.58

-78527.55

-30846.38

244162.50

I 0
I F
I 0 = 5000 Q235-A Y1 = 1.4 /
Y2 = 1.0
/ Q235-A = 7.85 103 kg/m3
50 2mm 0.45

34


M1 = F
M 1 kg mm
M 2 = 0.45M 1

I F F = Y1M 1 + Y2 M 2 = (Y1 + 0.45Y2 ) F

I F = (Y1 + 0.45Y2 ) = 290.45 / m 2

K = 13W / ( m 2 K )

4-5
4-5

NTU

65265.18

85140.43

296,489.21

114641.60

165532.84

504,819.04

126801.41

245979.05

495,475.75

118403.92

326432.66

365,918.89

98601.21

406880.21

169,677.54

72207.93

487318.46

-65,091.99

41858.31

567747.72

-322,986.71

4.2
4.2.1

4-6 4-1

35


4-6
kw

(/)

100

286.89

240368.58

72777.53

167591.05

110

322.75

270414.65

88804.77

181609.88

120

358.61

300460.72

108363.88

192096.84

130

394.47

330506.79

132976.82

197529.97

140

430.33

360552.86

165343.63

195209.24

150

466.19

390598.94

210967.11

179631.82

160

502.06

420645.01

284124.66

136520.35

170

537.92

450691.08

451153.92

-462.84

//

()

50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00

80

100

120

140

160

180

4-1

4-6 4-1

4.2.2
4-6
4-2

36


200

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
0

NTU

4-2

4-2

4.2.3
3-83-123-133-143-153-17

4-3

//

35
30
25

20
15
10
5
0
0

NTU

4-3

37


4-3

4.2.4
NPV

4-4
4-4

4-5 4-4 6

60.00

40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
0

NTU

4-4

38


4.2.5

4-5

60
50
40
30

20
10
0
-10
-20
0

10

15

20

25

30

4-5

4-5

4.3
4.3.1

NTU

39


NTU =

KF

Gc C pc

4-7
4-7

663.48

568.82

146

130

kw

451.86

394.01

37.8588

33.0122

(/)

20.4927

18.6557

8.2083

7.0344

12.2843

11.6213

19.7708

17.0358

1.6

1.46

52.0604

50.9187

m2

4-7

14.7% 5.7%
2.2%

4.3.2

[46]

40


B =

Bqc
Q + qc q y

4-1

y
dw

B t/h
y
Qdw
kJ/kg

qc kJ/kg
q y kJ/kg
qc = Ln tc 2C pc Ln m3 /kg

q y = Vnt y1C py Vn m3 /kg

M CO2 = BVCO2 CO2 t 106

100 q4
100

4-2

VCO2 CO2 m3 /kg

CO 1. 7878 kg/m3
2

t h
q4 %
Ln = 2.59m3 /kg Vn = 3.48m3 /kg

qc = Ln tc 2C pc = 2.59m3 /kg 146 1.292kJ/ ( m3 K ) = 488.56kJ/kg

q y = Vnt y1C py = 3.48m3 /kg 250 1.42kJ/ ( m3 K ) = 1235.4kJ/kg
y
B = 5837kg/h Qdw
= 21054kJ/kg

B =

Bqc
= 140.43kg/h
Q + qc q y
y
dw

VCO2 = 1.03Nm3 /kg 7000

q4 = 11%
M CO2 = BVCO2 CO2 t 106

100 q4
= 66.9Mt/y
100

M CO2 = BVCO2 CO2 t 106

100 q4
= 65.35Mt/y
100

5837 kg/h
5696.57 kg/h 2.4%
41


66.9Mt/y 65.35Mt/y 1.55Mt

4.4

1.

2.

3.

42

5.1

5-1

5-1

600 400~450
1200

43

400~450

5.2
[47]

5-1
5-1

400

20

kg/h

3813.14

kg/h

3822.9

h/

7000

10

Q235-A/

1.4

1.2

0.45

(/)

25

380

0.15

KJ/ kg

20929.26

= 0.7
5-2

44


5-2
NTU

kJ/h

168.84

93904.77

45799.08

226.89

166488.49

81199.49

253.18

204002.50

99495.76

266.10

223370.67

108941.97

272.70

233492.02

113878.34

276.14

238825.57

116479.61

277.95

241649.78

117857.03

32m

Fc Fy
Fc = 0.017 Fy = 0.004
: kc = 1.4 , k y = 1.3 n = 4

5-3
5-3
NTU

kJ/h

kJ/h

-4732.06

-2376.76

13868.41

-9572.38

-4763.09

27966.69

-14503.29

-7159.06

42260.51

-19523.13

-9564.75

56746.78

-24634.07

-11980.24

71429.89

-29839.54

-14405.61

86316.69

-35143.45

-16840.94

101414.97

I 0
I F
45

I 0 = 50000 I F = 290.45 / m 2

5-4
5-4

NTU

31930.66

70503.98

89748.64

53232.80

91118.38

176044.74

57235.25

111752.60

175497.87

52195.19

132385.95

129569.66

42448.45

153013.82

60025.12

30162.92

173636.22

-22255.50

16442.06

194254.31

-111735.43

5.3
NPV

//

5-2 5-3
14
12
10

8
6
4
2
0
0

5-2

46


20.00

15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
0

5-3

Qdw = 20929.26kJ/kg B = 850kg/h

Ln = 4.07m3 /kg Vn = 7.27m3 /kg
qc = Ln tc 2C pc = 4.07m3 /kg 241.131.54kJ/ ( m3 K ) = 1511.36kJ/kg
q y = Vnt y1C py = 7.27m3 /kg 400 1.46kJ/ ( m3 K ) = 4245.68kJ/kg

B =

Bqc
= 70.61kg/h
Q + qc q y
y
dw

VCO2 = 1.161Nm3 /kg 7000

q4 = 8%
M CO2 = BVCO2 CO2 t 106

100 q4
= 11.36Mt/y
100

M CO2 = BVCO2 CO2 t 106

100 q4
= 10.42Mt/y
100

5-5

47


5-5

173.65

241.13

kw

203.31

17.1363

()

9.0945

3.4375

5.6570

10.0403

1.77
18.3512

70.61

kg/h
%

8.3

Mt/y

0.94

5.4

8.3%
0.94Mt

48

6.1

1.

2.

3.

4.
NPV

1)

49

2)

3)

5.

6.2

1.

2.

3.

50

109

2008 5

51

[1]

http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=125380.
[2]

. 2005 http://www.allchinadata.com.

[3]

. . : , 2006.

[4]

. 2003.

[5]

. CO2 .

http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=125380.
[6]

. . : , 2005.

[7]

. . , 2006

[8]

. . : , 1993.

[9]

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54

t/h

CQ

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Ce
di

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Ec
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m 2

Gc C pc

W K -1

G y C py

W K

I0
IF
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K

qy

kJ/kg

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kJ/kg
Qgi

kJ/h

kJ/h
Qgo

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Qin

kJ/h

kJ/h

Qin

kJ/h

kc
ky

Qr

kJ/h

Qr

kJ/h

p1

pa

Qyx

p2

pa

kJ/h

pc

pa

pc1

pa

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qc

tc1
tc 2
t y1

kJ/kg

ty2

T0

-1

W/ ( m 2 K )

55

Uc

m/s

CO

VCO2

CO2 m3 /kg

Eu

St

NPV

NTU

kg/m3
2

56

1.7878 kg/m3

(1)
1.. []- 2010(17)

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