Chap11 Multichannel/Multicarrier Modulation

Digital Communications
Chapter 11 Multichannel and Multicarrier Systems

Po-Ning Chen
Institute of Communication Engineering
National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan
Digital Communications: Chapter 11 Ver 2010.09.03 Po-Ning Chen 1 / 46
Motivation
In Ch. 9: Communications Through Band-Limited Channels,
we have seen that
When channel is band-limited to |W, W|, without extra
care, the received signal at matched-lter output is
y
k
=

n=
I
n
x
kn
+ z
k
where
I
k
is the information symbol,
x
k
is the overall discrete impulse response,
z
k
is the additive noise
This gives an intersymbol interference (ISI) channel.
Motivation
y
k
=

n=
I
n
x
kn
+ z
k
With Nyquist pulse, it is possible to create an ISI-free channel
x
kn
=
kn
and y
k
= I
k
+ z
k
.
However, due to
Mis-Synchronization
Imperfect Channel estimation, etc
ISI is sometimes inevitable.
Motivation
y
k
=

n=
I
n
x
kn
+ z
k
There is another simple solution to the ISI problem. The main
idea is the following:
Given the discrete channel impulse response x
k
, we see
y
k
= I
k
x
k
+ z
k
By Fourier duality, taking discrete Fourier transform
(DFT) at both sides gives
Y
k
= I
k
X
k
+ Z
k
This transforms convolution to multiplication.
So, if we set, for example, {I
k
} {1, 1}
and transmit
its IDFT {I
k
}. Then, the ISI problem can be solved
straightforwardly.
Note that Y
k
is only a function of I
k
and does not
depend on . . . , I
k2
, I
k1
, I
k+1
, I
k+2
, . . ..
This idea has been employed in many modern techniques
such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM).
-
I
N
, . . . , I
1
IDFT
-
I
N
, . . . , I
1
Discrete
channel
x
k
-
y
N
, . . . , y
1
DFT
-
Y
N
, . . . , Y
1
11.2 Multicarrier communications:
11.2-3 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
11.2-4 Modulation and demodulation in an OFDM system
Let T be the symbol duration; then we know the set of
waveforms
e
2
k
T
t
t |0, T|, k = 0, 1, . . . , Q 1_
is a set of orthonormal functions, where
=
1
T
.
e
2
k
T
t
, e
2
j
T
t
=

T
0
2
e
2
k
T
t
e
2
j
T
t
dt
=
1
T

T
0
e
2
(kj )
T
t
dt
=
kj
Let
X
k,n
= I
k,n
+ Q
k,n
be the QAM symbol at the kth subcarrier and at the nth
symbol period; then the multicarrier waveform is given by
s
(t} =
n=
_
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
k
T
t
_g(t nT}
where g(t} is the pulse shaping function.
Hence,
s(t} = Re|s
(t}e
2f
c
t
|
At the rst glance, it seems to be a single-carrier f
c
system;
but, it is actually a multi-carrier system with single-carrier
implementation.
s(t} = Re|s
(t}e
2f
c
t
|
= Re_
n=
_
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
k
T
t
_g(t nT}e
2f
c
t
_
=
Q1
k=0
Re__

n=
X
k,n
g(t nT}_e
2f
k
t
_
where f
k
= f
c
+
k
T
is the kth carrier.
11.2-6 Spectral characteristics of
multicarrier signals
Clearly, s
(t) is a random process.

For simplicity, we may assume I
k,n
and Q
k,n
are i.i.d., zero mean,
and variance
1
2
2
.
Autocorrelation function of s
(t) is
R
s
(t + , t) =
1
T
E__

n=
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
g(t + nT)e
2
k
T
(t+)
_
m=
Q1
j =0
X
j ,m
g
(t mT)e
2
j
T
t
=
1
T

2
Q1
k=0
e
2
k
T

n=
g(t + nT)g
(t nT)
It is clear that
R
s
(t + , t} = R
s
(t + + mT, t + mT}
for any integer m, hence s
(t} is a cyclostationary random

process with period T.
The average autocorrelation function is thus given by
R
s
(} =
1
T

T
0
R
s
(t + , t} dt
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
e
2
k
T

n=
T
0
g(t + nT}g
(t nT} dt
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
e
2
k
T

n=
(n1)T
nT
g(u + }g
(u} du
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
e
2
k
T

g(t + }g(t} dt
Power spectral density
The time-average power spectral density of s
(t) is
S
s
(f ) =

R
s
()e
2f
d
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
g(t) _
g(t + )e
2f
k
T

d_ dt
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
g(t) _
g(u)e
2f
k
T
u
du_ e
2f
k
T
t
dt
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
G _f
k
T
__
(t)e
2f
k
T
t
dt_
=

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
_G _f
k
T
__
2
since g(t) is assumed real.
Theorem 1
The time-average power spectral density of s
(t} is
S
s
(f } =

2
T
2
Q1
k=0
_G _f
k
T
__
2
Q
where N is the number of subcarriers.
Example
Let g(t} be the rectangular pulse shape of height 1 and
duration T; then
G(f } = e
fT
T sinc (fT} .
Hence
S
s
(f } =
2
Q1
k=0
_sinc __f
k
T
_T__
2
.
In particular,
S
s
_
m
T
_ =
2
Q1
k=0
|sinc (m k}|
2
= _

2
, if 0 m < N
0, otherwise.
Example: T = 1 and Q = 5
Figure: |G {f
k
T
)|
2
for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Example: T = 1 and Q = 5
Figure: S
s
(f )
S
s
(f } =
2
Q1
k=0
_sinc __f
k
T
_T__
2
The PSD S
s
(f } decays very slow at high frequencies at

rate approximately
S
s
(f }
1
f
2
.
Out of band power leakage is severe and the resulting
spectrum would not meet the FCC requirement.
Can add a bandpass lter afterwards to remove the
out-of-band signals, for example, using the root raised
cosine lters.
11.2-5 An FFT Algorithm Implementation
of an OFDM system
For simplicity we again assume g(t} is the rectangular pulse
shape of height 1 and duration T such that for 0 t < T,
s
(t} =
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
k
T
t
and zero, otherwise.
Then, we will introduce an ecient way to generate the
following waveform:
s
(t} =
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
, t |0, T}
Generating s
(t} using iFFT + DAC

Consider an N-point iFFT with N Q. (Usually, N is equal
to the power of two.)
Set

X
k
= _
X
k
, if 0 k < Q
0, if Q k < N
The iFFT of

X
k
is given by
x
m
=
1
N
N1
k=0
X
k
e
2
mk
N
=
1
N
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
mk
N
Feeding N x
m
to a digital-analog-converter (DAC) at rate
T
N
gives
s
(t) = (N)
N1
m=0
x
m
g
DAC
_t
m
N
T_
where g
DAC
(t) is the rectangular pulse of height 1 and
duration
T
N
.
-
X
N1
, . . . ,

X
0
(0, . . . , 0, X
Q1
, . . . , X
0
)
iFFT
-
x
N1
, . . . , x
0
Discrete
channel
x
k
-
y
N
, . . . , y
1
FFT
-
Y
N
, . . . , Y
1
Note that for n = 0, 1, . . . , N 1,
s
_
n
N
T_ = N
N1
m=0
x
m
g
DAC
_
n
N
T
m
N
T_
= N x
n
=
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
kn
N
= s
_
n
N
T_
We see
s
(t) = s
(t) for t = nT]N and n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1.

The technique we had used is called Zero Padding in DSP.
Example: Q = 16 and T = 1
X
k
= I
k
+ Q
k
for 0 k < Q = 16
Figure: s
(t) = I (t) + Q(t)

Example: Q = 16 and T = 1 and N = 16
s
(t} s
(t}
s
(t} = s
(t} at t =
1
16
,
2
16
, . . . ,
15
16
(sec)
s
(t} s
(t}
s
(t} = s
(t} at t =
1
128
,
2
128
, . . . ,
127
128
(sec)
s
(t} s
(t}
s
(t} = s
(t} at t =
1
256
,
2
256
, . . . ,
255
256
(sec)
s
(t} =
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
g(t}, t |0, T}
S
(f } = F {s
(t}} = I (f } + Q(f }
Out-of-band leakage due to rectangular pulse shape g(t}
S
_f =
k
T
_ = X
k
= I
k
+ Q
k
for k = 0, 1, . . . , Q = 15
Transmission of multicarrier signal
s
(t} = (N}

n=
_
N1
m=0
x
m,n
g
DAC
_t
m
N
T__g(t nT}
=
n=
_
N1
m=0
_
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
mk
N
_ g
DAC
_t
m
N
T__g(t nT}
=
n=
_
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
_
N1
m=0
e
2
mk
N
g
DAC
_t
m
N
T___g(t nT}
=
n=
_
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
k
T
t(NT)
(NT)
_g(t nT}
s
(t} =
n=
_
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
k
T
t
_g(t nT}
The dierence between ideal s
(t} and physically realizable

s
(t} is that the latter uses a digitized time scale.

Denote a =
t(NT)
t(NT)
, which is approximately 1 when N large.
Then the transmitted signal is given by
s(t} = Re|s
(t}e
2f
c
t
|
=
n=
Re__
Q1
k=0
X
k,n
e
2
k
T
t(NT)
(NT)
_e
2f
c
t
_g(t nT}
=
n=
Q1
k=0
_I
k,n
cos _2 _f
c
+ a
k
T
_t_
Q
k,n
sin_2 _f
c
+ a
k
T
_t__g(t nT}
Transmission of multicarrier signal
OFDM = Multicarrier + Cyclic prex
Why adding cyclic prex?
To combat the channel eect due to c
(t}.
We can virtually think that
s
(t} =

Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
, t |0, T}
0, otherwise
or more physically
s
(t} =

Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
at
, t |0, T}
0, otherwise
Virtually extend s
(t} to make it periodic

s
(t} =

n=
s
(t nT} =
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
for t R
We will transmit s
(t} (of duration P + T) instead of s
(t} (of
duration T) for OFDM, where P is the length of c
(t}.
In other words, we essentially assume that
c
(t} = 0 for t < 0 and t P.

The extra periodic part P is called cyclic prex in OFDM.
Usually, T should be made much larger than P in order to
reduce the loss in transmission time and to save extra
transmission power. For example, T = 3.2s and P = 0.8s for
IEEE 802.11.
The necessity of adding CP will be clear in the analysis of Rx.
Receiver for multicarrier signal
Receiver for multicarrier signal
Oversampling
While there are only Q tones transmitted, oversampling is
required to avoid aliasing caused by out-of-band signals from
other users.
Assuming the channel has a lowpass equivalent impulse
response c
(t}, the received noise-free received signal is

r
(t} = s
(t} c
(t} =
P
0
c
(t}s
(t }d,
where s
(t} periodic with period T.

Since all we need is r
(t} for t |0, T}, it is clear from the

above formula that we only need s
(t} for t |P, T}.

By this CP technique, the received signal simplies to:
r
(t} = s
(t} c
(t}
= _
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
_ c
(t}
=
Q1
k=0
X
k
(}e
2
k
T
(t)
d
r
(t} =
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
(}e
2
k
T

d
=
Q1
k=0
X
k
e
2
k
T
t
C
_
k
T
_.
Note r
(t} is actually periodic with period T.

Sample r
(t} at rate

N
T
, where

N is not necessarily equal to N.
r
m
= r
_
m
N
T_ =
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
e
2
km
The extra receptions for m = 1, 2, . . . ,

P
T
N due to CP are unused.

When using the physical s
(t} instead of ideal s
(t},
r
m
= r
_
m
N
T_ =
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
e
2
k
T

m(N
N)
m(N
N)

m
N
T
=
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
e
2k
m(N
N)
N
So, if N =

N or N is a multiple of

N (i.e., the sampling
rate at Tx is higher), then r
m
= r
m
.
However, if

N is a multiple of N, say,

N = uN, then
r
m
=
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
e
2k
mu
N
= r
umu
.
In other words, we only have N dierent samples at Rx
since Tx only transmits N samples.
FFT/iFFT duality
The FFT/iFFT duality we adopt here is:
FFT

X
k
=
N1
m=0
x
m
e
2
mk
N
iFFT x
m
=
1
N
N1
k=0
X
k
e
2
mk
N
Channel equalization
Given the received signal vector r = |r
0
, , r
N1
|, the receiver
applies FFT to r
R
n
=

N1
m=0
r
m
e
2
mn
N
=

N1
m=0
_
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
e
2
km
N
_e
2
mn
N
=
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
N1
m=0
e
2
m(nk)
N
=
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k

N
nk
=

NC
{
n
T
) X
n
, 0 n < Q
0, Q n <

N
When oversampling occurs
When

N = uN,
R
n
=

N1
m=0
r
m
e
2
mn
N
=

N1
m=0
_
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
e
2
km
N
mu
mu
_e
2
mn
N
(m = ui + j )
=
Q1
k=0
C
_
k
T
_X
k
u1
j =0
e
2
nj
N
N1
i =0
e
2
i (nk)
N
u1
j =0
e
2
nj
uN
)NC
{
n modN
T
) X
n modN
, 0 n modN < Q
0, Q n modN < N
=
e

(u+1)n
uN
cos
n
N

cos
n
uN

NC
{
n modN
T
) X
n modN
, 0 n modN < Q
0, Q n modN < N
Example. N = 16 and

N = 32
cos
n
N

cos
n
uN

n
Channel equalization
With noise present, we have
R
k
=
NC
_
k
T
_X
k
+ Z
k
Only one-tap equalization (i.e.,
NC
{
k
T
)) is needed, or
Direct demodulation can be performed.
Disadvantages of OFDM
While OFDM allows for simple equalization, it also introduces
other problems such as:
High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) at s
(t}

Chap11 Multichannel/Multicarrier Modulation

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Digital Communications

Chapter 11 Multichannel and Multicarrier Systems

(t) is a random process.

(t} is a cyclostationary random

(f } decays very slow at high frequencies at

(t} using iFFT + DAC

(t) for t = nT]N and n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N 1.

(t) = I (t) + Q(t)

(t} and physically realizable

(t} is that the latter uses a digitized time scale.

(t} to make it periodic

(t} (of duration P + T) instead of s

(t} = 0 for t < 0 and t P.

(t}, the received noise-free received signal is

(t} periodic with period T.

(t} for t |0, T}, it is clear from the

(t} for t |P, T}.

(t} is actually periodic with period T.

The extra receptions for m = 1, 2, . . . ,

N due to CP are unused.

(t} instead of ideal s

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