Name: Kairan Hong Partners: Iris Tu, Arrika He Chemistry Heat Transfer lab Purpose: To determine the temperature

of a Bunsen burner flame using the principle of heat exchange Data Collection and Processing Raw Data Trials Mass of Iron (g) 0.01g Mass of Aluminum Can(g) 0.01g Mass of Aluminum Can with Water (g) 0.01g Volume of 0.05mL Water (mL) 1 7.52 53.45 202.04 150.0 24.5 30.0 2 7.39 53.45 201.99 150.0 22.0 26.1

Initial Temperature of Water (oC) 0.5 oC Final Temperature o Water( C) 0.5 oC of

Trials Mass of Iron (g) 0.01g Mass of Aluminum Can(g) 0.01g Mass of Water(g) 0.02g Initial Temperature ( C) 0.5 o C Final Temperature (oC) 0.5 o C *Initial Temperature ( C) 0.5 o C **Final Temperature (oC) 0.5 o C Initial Temperature ( C) **Final Temperature( C) 0.5 o C
o o o o

1 7.52 53.45 148.59 Temperatures of Water 24.5 30.0

2 7.39 53.45 148.54 22.0 26.1

Temperatures of Aluminum Container 24.5 30.0 Temperatures of Iron Washer 24.5 22.0 22.0 26.1

Temperatures of Bunsen Burner Flame ***Temperature of Flame (oC) 200 oC Average Temperature of Flame (oC) 200 oC 1061.404 rounded to 1100 1000 853.251 rounded to 900

*The initial temperatures of the water and the aluminum container are the same because it is assumed that their temperatures have reached equilibrium **The final temperature of the iron washer, aluminum container, and water are the same because it is assumed that the whole system has reached equilibrium Sample Calculations Mass of Water Trial 1: mwater = maluminum+water maluminum mwater = (202.04g 53.45g) (0.01 + 0.01)g mwater = 148.59g 0.02g Initial Temperature of Iron Washer: Trial 2: = (2 1 )

 = (148.54 0.02)(4.1813)(26.1 0.5 22.0 0.50.5) = 2546.472038 621.4331686 Q aluminum = mc(T2 T1 ) Q aluminum = (148.54 0.01g) (0.904)(26.1 0.5C 22.0 0.5C0.5C) Q aluminum = 198.10708 48.355864C Qiron = Q aluminum + Q water (miron c(T T)) = Q aluminum + Q water (Qaluminum + Q water ) T= T mironc T= 2744.577318 669.7890326J (7.39 0.01g)(0.449)

T = 853.250769 203.477876 C

Temperature of Bunsen Burner Flame Trial 2: TBunsen burner = TIron TBunsen burner = 853.250769 203.477876 C

Average Temperature of Bunsen Burner Flame: (T1 + T2 ) 2

Tavg = Tavg =

(1100 200 C) + (900 200 ) 2 Tavg = 1000 200 C

Percentage Yield: % = 100%

% =

1000 100% 1200 % = 83.3%

Percentage Error: % = | | 100%

% =

|1200 1000 | 100% 1200 % = 16.7%

Conclusion and Evaluation: Through this experiment, the experimental result for the temperature of the Bunsen Burner flame is 1000oC, which is very close to the theoretical data of 1200oC. The experiment had a percentage yield of 83.3% and a percentage error of 16.7 %.. The results are fairly similar to that of the theoretical data. Therefore, it can be concluded that this lab succeeds to measure the temperature of the flame. The most prominent potential errors are systematic errors, resulting from the materials used in this lab. These errors include: The difference between the temperature of the Bunsen burner and the iron ring: In this experiment, the temperature of the Bunsen burner flame is assumed to have the same temperature as the iron ring. However, this is a very inaccurate assumption since there are no quantitative values to support the fact that the two temperatures are indeed the same. The only way to verify that the temperature of the iron ring is equal to that of the Bunsen burner is to see that the temperature of the iron ring has stopped rising, which means that the heat transfer is complete.. In this experiment, however, it is assumed that the temperature of the iron ring has stopped rising when it stayed red hot for two minutes, which is an unreliable qualitative determinant. The temperature of the iron ring is most likely lower than that of the Bunsen burner flame. Therefore, assuming that the Bunsen burner has the same temperature as the initial temperature of the iron ring decreases the percentage yield. Heat loss from the calorimeter: When applying the equation Qiron=Qcalorimeter, it is assumed that the heat transfer only takes place in an enclosed system that includes the iron washer, aluminum can and water. However, in the experiment, there is a considerable amount of heat lost due to the use of aluminum as a calorimeter, the hole on top of the calorimeter, and the presence of thermometer in water. Aluminum is very thermal conductive. Therefore, it is a poor choice to utilize aluminum as the calorimeter to measure the heat transfer within the system, because the heat transferred to water from the iron ring will be easily transferred to the aluminum container. This is the reason why aluminum was taken into accounted in the calculation of heat transfer, despite that in calorimetry, the container should not be involved in the heat transfer process. Even with the heat transfer to aluminum taken into account, there is still unaccounted heat loss from the aluminum walls to the surrounding air through conduction. Although the wooden lid is less thermal conductive than aluminum, making itself a relatively insignificant factor in the heat transfer, there is a hole which exposes the water to the surrounding air that is not a part of the system. This allows heat to be easily transferred from the surface of the water to the air. Thus, the heat transferred to the air contributes to larger quantity of unaccounted heat in addition to the heat lost through aluminum.

Lastly, there are also minor factors such as the heat lost to the thermometer (glass) which is not a part of the heat transfer system, and the heat loss from the iron ring to the air when it is being transferred into the container. All the factors above lead to heat loss. Overall, heat loss decreases the percentage yield. Because there a portion of the total heat that was transferred isnt accounted, the calculations result in a lower value in the initial temperature of the iron washer. Assumptions: Because the aluminum container is accounted for in the process, several assumptions had to be made in the experiment. Because it is impossible to measure the temperature of the aluminum can with a regular thermometer when it is filled with water, it is necessary to assume that the heat transfer between the water and the aluminum container is already at equilibrium. It is assumed that the aluminum can has the same initial temperature as water, which is not very accurate. And after the hot iron washer is put into water, it is assumed that the final temperature of the aluminum can is the same as that of the water. Therefore, the change in temperature of the aluminum may be higher than the actual change. It is inaccurate to assume for two reasons. First, the aluminum container and the water are not given enough time to reach equilibrium for the heat transfer after the iron ring was dropped into water. Not enough time was given because more heat will be lost into the surroundings if the temperature isnt measured quickly. Also, only the lower portion of the container is in contact with water since the container was partially filled. The lower portion of the container had a higher temperature than the upper portion in the end. It is therefore wrong to assume that all of the mass of the aluminum container experienced the same change temperature. The factors mentioned in this section results in an increase in the percentage yield, because the assumptions accounted for a greater change in temperature in aluminum with a greater mass. Impurities of the substances In data collection and processing, the iron ring and aluminum container are assumed to be pure iron and aluminum respectively. Therefore, the specific heat capacity used pure iron and aluminum are used in the calculation. However, this is not actually the case since both the ring and the container are alloys. Therefore, the specific heat capacity may be different. Whether the impurities increase or decrease the percentage yield is dependent on whether the impurity increase or decrease the specific heat capacity. Highest point of temperature To prevent heat loss from affecting the experiment as much as possible, the highest temperature observed on the thermometer is recorded down before the temperature dropped. However, this method is very inaccurate since the highest point may be missed, or have not yet been reached since the thermometer may have touched a colder part of the aluminum container. If the water reached a higher temperature than that which was recorded down, it decreases the

percentage yield. Improvements: In order to improve upon this experiment, it is necessary to heat up the iron ring for a longer period of time, use a better thermal insulator as the calorimeter, decrease the circumference of the hole which allows the thermometer through, and use a digital device that records down the temperature of the water over time. By heating up the iron ring for a longer period of time, it ensures that the temperature of the iron ring is closer to that of the Bunsen burner flame. Since it is impossible to observe when the temperature of the iron ring stops rising using the thermometers given to us, heating it up for a longer period of time is the only way to decrease the potential error. This should give the iron ring a higher initial temperature, which increases the percentage yield. Rather than using aluminum, thick Styrofoam can be used as the calorimeter. This way, very minimal heat will be transferred (lost) to the container and through the container to the surroundings. However, there is always a risk of the hot iron ring burning through. As an alternative, bubblewrap sheets can be wrapped around the aluminum container. While the heat transfer to the aluminum should still be accounted, the heat loss to the surroundings is reduced by the bubblewrap (air and plastic). By doing this, it reduces the heat loss issues, increasing the percentage yield. Having a smaller hole on the lid should also reduce the heat loss as well. To ensure that the highest temperature of the water is recorded down, a digital temperature probe can record down the temperature of the water per second (or any smaller intervals of time). This way, the highest value recorded can be used for the final temperature of water, which should increase the percentage yield. By making these improvements, the percentage yield should increase since some of the errors in this lab are reduced. This should minimize the difference between the theoretical yield and the experimental yield.

Citations

Modern Bunsen Burners. (n.d.). Integra. Retrieved December 9, 2012, from www.integra-biosciences.com/sites/pdf/sterilisation/Modern_Bunsen_burners _V01.pdf