INTRODUCTION: Horizontal control is a form of a control survey that requires the establishment of a series of stations that are linked

together by angles and distances.the used of horizontal control is very fundamental and has become one of the most common methods in civil engineering work. OBJECTIVE: To expose students in field work procedures of establishing horizontal control network. THEORY: In survey,traverse is defined as the field operation of measuring the lengths and directions of a series off straight lines connecting a series of points on the earth .Each of these straight lines is called a traverse line,and each point is called a traverse section.Traverse section are commonly mark with wooden peg.stake,nail or iron pipe. Traverse line are measured using total station.Traversing need to start from reference datum(coordinate,bearing and distance are known).At each traverse section,a horizontal angle is measured and used to determine the bearing of the next traverse line.These measurements are used to compute the relative horizontal position of each unknown traverse station.The main purposes of traverse are: Property surveys to locate and establish boundaries Supplementary horizontal control for topographic mapping surveys Location and construction layout surveys for highways,railways and other private or public works INSTRUMENT 1. 1 Total station 2. 2 Prisms 3. 1 Prismatic compass

4. 3 tripod 5. Nails 6. 1 Hammer PROCEDURE: 1. Planning and Reconnaisance.In the field,walk over he area and look for suitable traverse stations.Plan the minimum number of traverse stations.Consider the obstacles that may obstruck the survey work. 2. Pegging traverse station:Consideration the line of sight of each control point and its susceptibility to disturbance,since they will remain for the duration of the survey camp. 3. Establish datum:The survey need to be start with three known control points.Measure the distance to the nearest 10 mm and angle to the nearest 10.If the measurements differ by more than 30mm/20,repeat or find other control point. 4. There are several steps which should be followed and will lead to a smooth traverse. a) The instrument was set up over the station b) The instrument was leveled and centred. c) The instrument was set to the required datum d) Face left horizontal reading to backsight station(bearing and distance) was recorded. e) The instrument and sight foresight station was turned. f) Face left horizontal reading to foresight station(bearing and distance) was recorded. g) The instrument was transit from face left to face right. h) The required datum(bearing) was set to backsight station.

i) Face left horizontal reading to backsight station(bearing and distance) was recorded. j) The instrument was turned to face fore sight station. k) Face left horizontal reading to foresight station was recorded. l) The mean bearing foresight station was calculated. m) The instrument was moved to the next station(foresight station) n) The next traverse line bearing are respect or correspond to the previous mean bearing.

DISCUSSION

The task of Traverse (Horizontal Control) have been done and settled by our group. As we know, traverse is defined as the field operation of measuring the lengths and directions of a series of straight lines connecting a series of points in the earth. We need to find the boundary marks first. The boundary masrks that have been found by us that was measuredfrom PC is 146 0 1500 and the distance is 35.210 m.The distance between the two station must be exceed than 30m. The are some errors occurred while doing the task which might effect the result of our works. There are three commons errors sources which are errors caused by the nature, instrument and human (man made). Error by nature is caused by the changes in temperature, working environment, electronic noise and etc. While the error obtained by the instruments is caused by the failure to calibrate and parralax error. And the third one is the error caused by human which is sometimes occurred because of the mistake made by themselves.

After doing the calculation, the linear misclose that obtained is 1 : 6554.501. It can be accepted as the required range is more than 1 : 4000. Gross errors do occur from time to time and they can be located by the following methods :

i.

Angular If there is a large angular misclosure and a gross error is suspected, it may be located

by the following method, as long as there are no other gross errors. The traverse is computed from both ends using unadjusted angles. The error is likely to have occurred at the station where the coordinates from each end are more or less in agreement. The angles at this station should be checked in the field.

ii.

Linear An error in a linear measurement will produce a linear misclosure parallel to the line

which is at fault. Any line which is parallel to, or nearly parallel to the misclosure, should be checked in the field.

Centring errors of the instrument and the targets can cause errors in the measured angles, especially if the lines are short. The magnitude of these errors can be reduced if forced centring is used. The tribrach of the targets and theodolite are interchangeable and easily removable. The tripods are centred, and the tribrachs leveled over each station, and are not moved until they haven been used by the forward target, the instrument and finaaly the rear target. Though there may be a slight error in the centring of the tripod, the effect of this error is not made worse by having three slightly different positions for the tripod.

Systematic errors are defined as these errors whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be determined. The fact that these errors can be determined allows the surveyor to eliminate them from the measurement and thus improve the accuracy. An error due to the effects of temperature on a steel tape is an example of a systematic error. If the temperature is know, the shortening or lengthening effects on a steel tape can be determined precisely.

Random errors are associated with the skill and vigilance of the surveyor. Random errors are introduced into each measurement mainly because no human being can perform perfectly. Some random errors, by their very nature, tend to cancel themselves; when surveyors are skilled and careful in measuring, random errors will be of little significance except for high-precision surveys. However, random errors resulting from unskilled or careless work do cause problems.

RECOMMENDATION: In order to get a good and more accurate results, some methods to overcome must be taken. Some of the methods are we must to make sure that all the instrument are in a good condition, while setting up we have to sure that the instrument is centre. The bubble must be in the middle, the nails must be also in the centre. Not only that, the observer must be the same person for that station and make sure that there are no errors made while observing. Make sure that while computing latitudes and departures, surveyors have not accidentally used cosine instead of sine or vice versa. The latitude of a traverse line equals the product of the length times the cosine of the bearing the departure equals the product of the length times the sine of the bearing. Make sure that surveyors copied all bearings and distances correctly. The location of station should be chosen on firm ground in positions where the maximum amount of detail survey and/or setting out can be carried out, bearing in mind that: a) It must be possible to set the instrument up over the station. b) It must be possible to read the required angles. c) Short traverse legs should be in position unlikely to be disturbed by future

construction work.

The another error that occurred while doing the task is the instruments are not in a good condition where the lens are not really clear and of course it might caused errors to be happened.

CONCLUSION

A traverse has been defined as a series of connected straight lines whose lengths and bearings can be determined. The lines are known as legs and the points of the lines as stations. The location of each station must be exceed than 30m to gain the accuracy of the value but the distance of each station which we got is approximately 30m.

We have done the traverse task which is located at the building of computer lab(E11).After we have done the task, we get the area for this location is 40415.617m2 . The linear misclosure ratio we got is about 1 : 6554.501 and based on this ratio, the limits is exceed than 4000. Thus, the linear misclosure we got is in second class and it is can be accepted .

As a recommendation to get accurate measurements, we must : 1. eliminated parallax 2. centering the bubble on target. 3. use the total station correctly. 4. avoid from lateral refraction, wind and atmospheric effects. 5. avoid from mistakes in reading and booking.

By doing this task, we got some experienced that is important for our application in our future undertaking.

REFERENCES

1. Ab. Hamid Mohamad; Asas Ukur Kejuruteraan, Skulai.Unit Penerbitan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; (2000). 2. B.F.Kavanagh; Surveying: Principles & Applications, 6th Edition; Prentice Hall, New Jersey; (2003). 3. Halim bin Setan; Pengenalan Ilmu Ukur. Monograf. Skulai:Fakulti Kejuruteraan & Sains Geoinformasi, UTM;(1997). 4. J.Uren and W.F Price, Surveying for enginner. 3rd Edition Palgrave, New York,(1994) 5. W.Whyte,R.Paul, Basic Surveying, 4th Edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford (1997).