C Language Full Notes

INTRODUCTION COMPUTER: Computer is an electronic device, which has memory and performs arithmetic and logical operations.
Input: The data entered in the computer is called input. Ex:- Keyboard, mouse, joy stick etc., Output: The resultant information obtained by the computer is called output. Ex:- Through Screen, Printer etc., Program: A sequence of instructions that can be executed by the computer is called program. Software: A group of program to operate and control the computer is called software Hardware: All the physical components or units of computer system connected to the computer circuit is called hardware. Operating System: It is an interface between user and the computer. In other words, operating system is a complex set of programs, that manage the resources of a computer. Resource include input, output, processor etc., So operating system is a Resource manager. Language: It consists of a set of executable instructions. Package: It is designed by any other language with limited resources. Various steps involved in program or Application development: The following steps are involved in program development. 1. Problem definition 2. Analysis and Design 3. Algorithms 4. Flow Chart 5. Coding and Implementation 6. Debugging ( errors) and testing 7. Documentation 1. Problem Definition: Problem definition phase is a clear understanding of exactly what is needed for creating a workable solution. We must know exactly what we want to do before we do a problem. It involves three specifications regarding a proper definition. Input Specification Output Specification Processing 2. Analysis and Design: Before going to make a final solution for the problem, the problem must be analyzed outline solution is prepared in the case of simple problems. But in the case of complex problems, the main problem is divided into sub problems called modules. These modules can be handled and can be solved independently. When the task is too big, it is always better to analyze the task, such that, it can be divided into number of modules and seek solution for each.
ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED
3. Algorithms: Once the problem is divided into number of modules, the logic for solving each module can be developed. The logic is expressed step by step. A step by step procedure to solve the given problem is called algorithm. An algorithm is defined as a finite set of instructions which accomplish a particular task. An algorithm can be described in a natural language like English. 4. Flow Chart: After completion of algorithm, the program can be visualized by drawing a flow chart. A flow chart is nothing but a graphical or symbolic representation of how instructions will be executed one after another. 5. Coding and Implementation: Coding is a process of converting 6. the algorithm solution of flow chart in computer program. In this 7. process each and every step of algorithm is converted to instructions of selected computer programming language. Before selecting the programming language we must follow three considerations. Nature of problem Programming language available. Limitations of computer. 8. Debugging and Testing:Debugging: Before loading the program into the computer we must correct all the errors. This process is called debugging. There are three types of errors. *Syntax error *Runtime error *Logical error Testing:- It is very important to test the program written to achieve a specific task. Testing is running the program with known data and known result. 7. Documentation:- It is the most important aspect of programming. It is a continuous process. To keep the copy of continuous process. To keep the copy of all the phases (involving) in parts, definition, analysis and designing, algorithm, flow chart, coding and implementation, debugging and testing are the parts of the documentation. This phase involves to produce written document for the user. Classification of Programming Language Programming language can be classified into 2 types 1. High Level Language and 2. Low Level Language. High Level Language:- Those are more English like language and hence the programmers found them very easy to learn to convert the programs in high level language to machine language compilers and interpreters are used. Low Level Language:- All low level language called assembly language is designed in the beginning. It has some simple instructions. Those instructions are not binary codes. But the computer can understand only the machine language. Hence a converter or translator is developed to translate the low level language programs into machine language. This translator is known as Assembler.
Translators:- There are three types of translators available for the language. 1. Assembler 2. Compiler 3. Interpreter 1. Assembler:- This translator is used to convert the programs written in low level language(Assembly) into machine language. 2. Compiler:- Compiler is used to convert high level language into machine level language. It checks for error in the entire program and converts the program into machine language. 3. Interpreter:- This is also used to convert high level language into machine language. It checks for errors statement by statement and converts the statement into machine level language. There are 256 characters by the micro computer. These values 0 to 255. These can be divided operating system under. Character type Number of Character Capital letteres Small Letters Digits Special symbols Control Characters Graphics Characters 26 ( A to Z) 26 (a to z) 10 ( 0 to 9) 32 34 128
Out of the 256 character set. First 128 are called ASCII Characters and the next 128 as extended ASCII Characters each ASCII character has a unique appearance. A to Z a to z 0 to 9 Enter Space Tab Back Space 65 to 90 97 to 122 48 to 57 13 32 9 8
Algorithm:-A step by step procedure to solve the given problem is known as algorithm. 1. To find the sum, product, and division of given two numbers. Steps:-1. Read any two numbers a,b 2. sum=a+b 3. product=a*b 4. division=a/b 5. print sum, product, division 6. end 2. To find the maximum value of given two numbers:
Steps:1. Read any two values a,b 2. max=a 3. if max<b then max=b 4. print max 5. end 3. To find the maximum value of three numbers Steps:1. Read any three values a,b,c 2. max=a 3. if max<b then max=b a=10 b=20 c=5 4. if max<c then max=c 5. print max 6. end 4. To check whether the given number is even or odd Steps:1. Read n 2. if n%2= = 0, print n is even else print n is odd 3. end 5. To display natural numbers from 1 to given number Steps:1. Read n 2. i=1 3. print i 4. i=i+1 5. if i<=n then to to step3 6. end 6.To display factors of given numbers Steps:1. Read n 2. i=1 3. if n%i= = 0 then print i 4. i=i+1 5. if i<=n then to to step 3 6. end 7. To display factorial of given number Steps:1. Read n
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
fact=1 fact=fact*n n=n-1 if n>=1 then go to step3 print fact end
8. To display how many digits in given number Steps: 1. Read n 2. nd=0 3. nd=nd+1 4. n=n/10 5. if n>0 then go to step3 6. print nd 7. end 9.To calculate and display sum of given digits in given number Steps:1. Read n 25 2. Sum=0 3. Sum=Sum+(n%10) sum=5+2=7 4. n=n/10 2/10=0 5. If n>0 then go to step3 6. Print sum 7. end 10. To check whether the given number is Palindrome or not Steps:1. Read n 22 2. rev=0,m=n m=22 3. rev=rev*10+(m%10) 2*10+(2%10)=22 4. m=m/10 22/10 =2 5. if n>0 then go to step3 6. if n= = rev then print n is palindrome else n is not palindrome 7. end FLOW CHART Definition: Graphical or Symbolic representation of given algorithm or problem known as Flow Chart.
Frequently used Symbols in Flow Charts as Follows 1. Rectangles with round edges or Oval shape is used to indicate the Start or Stop the procedure. 2. Parallelograms are used to represent the input and output operators.
3. Rectangles are used to represent a data transfer operations and arithmetic operations (Processing)
4. Rhombus or Diamond shape is used to represent the conditional statement.
5. Circles are used to join the different parts of a flow chart
6. Arrows indicator the directions to be followed in a flow chart. Every line in a flow chart must be an arrow on it
C LANGUAGE C is a programming language it is designed by DENNIS RITCHIE in 1972 at AT & T [American Telephone and telegraphs] Bell labs in USA. C is most popular general purpose language. BRIEF HISTORY OF C LANGUAGE: In 1960s COBOL was being used for commercial applications and FORTRAN for scientific and engineering applications. At this stage people started to develop a language which is suitable for all possible applications. Therefore an international committee was setup to develop such a language ALGOL 60 was released. It was not the generality a new language called CPL [Combine Programming Language] was developed at Cambridge University then some other features were added to this language a new language called BCPL [Basic combine programming language] developed by MARTIN RICHARDS at Cambridge University. Then B language was developed by KENTHOMSON at AT &T Bell labs. DENNIS RITCHIED inherited the features of B and BCPL, added some of its own feature and developed C language in 1972. Features of C Language: 1. C is structured programming language with fundamental flow chart constructions. 2. C is highly portable programming language. The programs return for one computers can be run on another with or without any modifications. 3. The programs return in C are efficient and fast. 4. C improves by itself it has several predefined functions. 5. C has only 32 keywords. 6. C supports all data conversions and mixed mode operators. 7. Dynamic memory storage allocation is possible with C. 8. C is simple and versatile programming language. 9. C easily manipulate with bytes, bits and address. 10. C has a richest of operators. 11. Extensive verities of da x ta types such as pointers, structures, Unions etc., available in C. 12. Recursive function calls for algorithmic approach is possible with C. 13. Mainly we are using the C language to implement the system software those are compilers, text editors, Network drives, data base utilities and finally the operating systems. 14. C compiler combines the capabilities of assembly level language with the features of high level language. So it is called as middle level language. Important Points C is a case sensitive programming language. C statements are entered in lower case letters only. Every C statement must be terminated by a semicolon ( ; ) except preprocessor statements and function definition. 3. C is a function oriented language. Any C program contains one or more functions. Mainly one function is necessary by the name called main. Without main we cannot execute C Programs. 4. A function is represented by a function name with a pair of parenthesis. 1. 2.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXECUTION OF C PROGRAME

C Libraries
C source program(.c)
Compiler
Object file (.obj)
LINKER
Executable File(.exe)
Output
Primary memory (Ram)
LOADING
Start Program Execution
Processor
Once the coding is completed, the program is feed into the computer using a compiler to produce equivalent machine language code. In C compilation two parts are there namely 1) Compiler and 2) Linker. Compiler receives C source file as input and converts the file into object file. Then the linker receives that object file as input and linking with C libraries after linking it produces executable file. After creation of executable file then start the program execution and loads the information of the program in the primary memory through loading process after loading the information the processor processing the information and gives the output. BASIC STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAM [Document Section] Pre-Processor section Or Link Section. [Global declaration section] Main() { [Local declaration section] Statements } [Sub programming section] [User Defined function] Document Section: It consist the set of comment lines. The document section consists the set of comment lines giving the name of the program, author name and other details. Link Section: It provides instructions to the compiler to link the functions from the system library. Global Declaration Section: The variables that are used in more than one function are known as global variables and these variables are declared in the global declaration section.
Main( ) Section: Every C program must have one main function this section consists two parts namely local declaration section and statement parts. The local declaration section declares all the variables used in statements. The statement part consist a sequence of executable instructions. These two parts must appear between the opening and closing curly braces. The program execution begins at the opening brace and end at the closing brace. Sub-Programming Section: This section consists all the user defined function. Comments: Un executable lines in a program are called comments. These lines are skipped by the compiler. //-------------------------------Single line comment /*------------------------------*/ Group of lines comment Pre-Processor statements:- The pre processor is a program that process the source code before it passes through the compiler. #include: It is a pre processor file inclusion directive and is used to include header files it provides instructions to the compiler to link the functions from the system library. Syntax: # include file name Or #include<file name> When the file name is included with in double quotation, the search for the file is made first the current directory and then the standard directories or the file name is included within angular bases then the file is searched only in the standard directories. Printf( ): It is a function and is used to print data on the screen. Syntax: int printf(control sting,[arg-1,arg-2,..arg-n]); Or (format string) The printf statement is used to print messages, the values contain in the variable on the screen. stdio.h:- Standard input and output header file. conio.h:-Consol input and output header file. Example: printf(Welcome to C Programming); Program: #include<stdio.h> #incude<conio.h> Void main() { printf(Welcome to C Programming); } clrscr():- It clears text mode window. Syntax:- void clrscr();
getch():- It gets a character from console but does not echo to the screen. Syntax:- int getch(); Program: #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf(WELCOME TO C PROGRAMMING); getch(); } C TOKENS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The smallest individual units or elements in a program are called tokens. C has the following tokens Identifiers Keywords Constants Operators Special characters.
1.Identifier:- Identifiers can be defined as name of the variables, arrays, functions and some other program elements using the combination of the following characters. Alphabets: A to Z a to z Digits: 0 to 9 Underscore: _ ( It is usually used as a link between two words in long Identifiers Note:- 1. The first character of an identifier will be an alphabet or underscore 2. The default identifier length is 32 characters. 2.Keywords:- Keywords are the words whose meaning has all ready been explained to the compiler. That means at the time of designing a language some words are reserved to do specific tasks. Such words are called as keywords or reserve words. C has only 32 keywords. They are Auto Const Float if Return Static Union Do break Continue Far Int Short Struct Unsigned Double case default for long signed switch void else char extern goto register sizeof typedef while enum
Constants: Constants in C referred to fixed values that do not change during the execution of program. C supports the following constants.
Constants
Numeric Constants
Character constants
Integer constants,
Real Constants Single Character Constants, String Constants
Operators:- It is a symbol which perform a particular operation. C has a rich set of operators. The following operators available in C are 1. Arithmetic Operator. 2. Logical Operator. 3. Relational Operator. 4. Bit-wise operator etc., Special Characters:- All characters other than alphabet and digits are treated as special symbols. DATA TYPES The kind of data that variables may hold in a programming language is called data types. C data types can be classified into three types namely.. Primary data types User defined data types Derived data types PRIMARY DATA TYPES OR PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES All C compilers supports four fundamental data types namely int, char,, float, double). int:- It is a positive, negative and the whole values but not a decimal number. Example: 10,50,-25,-153,0 etc., char:- A single character can be treated as character data type. It is defined between single quotation () Example: a,H, *,8 etc., string:- A string is a group of characters. But in C language a string is also a character data type and is defined between ( ) double quotation. Example: welcome, BDPS, abc123 etc., float:- The number which are stored in the form of floating point representation is known as float data type. (or) The value with decimal point./ Example: 11.53,153.2502,0.2345, etc.
double:- The number which are stored in the form of double precision floating point representation is known as double data type. Example: 15325.437897, -2427.09987, 0.45972 USER DEFINED DATA TYPES The user defined data types enable a program to invent his own data types and define what values it can taken on. Thus this data types can help a programmer to reducing the programming errors. There are two types of user defined data types namely.. 1. enum (enumerated data type) 2. typedef (type definition) DERIVED DATA TYPES The derived data types are created from the basic integers, characters and floating values. The examples of derived data types are arrays, pointer, structures, unions, etc., Type Modifiers or Type Qualifiers (signed, unsigned, short, long) A type modifier alters the meaning of the base data type to yield a new type. Each of these modifiers can be applied to the base type int. The modifiers signed and unsigned can also be applied to the base type char. In addition, long can applied to double. DATA TYPES, FORMAT SPECIFIERS, MEMORY SIZE AND THEIR ACCESS ABILITY RANGE S.NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. %x Data type unsigned char Char Int unsigned int Long int or long unsigned long float double Long double Char[ ] or string Hexa Decimal base Format specifies %c %c %d %u %ld %lu %f %lf %Lf %s %o Memory size 1 byte 1byte 2 bytes 2bytes 4 bytes 4bytes 4bytes 8bytes 10 bytes ---Octal base %p Accessibility range 0 to255 128 to 127 -32768 to 32767 0 to 65535 -2147483648 to 2147483647 0 to 4294967295 3.4*(10**-38) to 3.4*(10**+38) or [-3.4e38 to +3.4e38] 1.7*(10-308) to 1.7*(10**+308) or [1.7e308to+1.7e308] 3.4*(10**-4932) to 1.1*(10**+4932) ----Memory Address
Variables:- A quantity which may vary during the execution of a program is known as variable. Declaration of a variable:Examples: data type identifier; (or) data type identifier-1, identifier-2,identifier-n;
int n; char ch ; float f; int a,b,c; Initialization:- At the time of declaring a variable we can store some data into that variable is known as initialization. data type identifier=value; Examples:- int n=10; char ch=s; int a=10,b=20,c=30; int a=100,b,c=150; Example:int n=100; 1.printf(%d,n); 2.printf(value of n=%d,n); output=100 output:- value of n=100 Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main( ) { int n=10; clrscr(); printf(Value of n=%d,n); getch(); } Program: Write a program to initialize 4 standard data type variables and display initial data. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> Void main() { int n=100; char ch=h; float f=158.0962; double d=54932.2154; clrscr(); printf(n=%d,n); printf(\n ch=%c,ch); printf(\n f=%f,f); printf(\n d=%lf,d); getch(); }
Note: 1. In C language all declarations will be done before the first execution of programs. 2. Floating values displays 6 digits after the decimal point by default Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> Void main() { float f=158.0962; clrscr(); printf(f=%f,f); printf(\n f=%.2f,f); getch(); } Escape sequence characters \n = new line \t = Horizontal tab (default 8 spaces) \v = Vertical tab (default 1 line) \b = Back space \r = Carriage return \a = Alert (Beep sound) Program: #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf(BDPS SOFTWARE LIMITED); printf(\nVIJAYAWADA); getch(); } Constants:- Constants in C referred to fixed values that do not change during the execution of a program. Const:- It is a keyword and is used to define constants. Syntax:- const data type identifier=value; (or) Constdatatypeidentifier-1=value,identifier-2=value,identifier-n=value; Program: #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { const int n=100; clrscr(); printf(n=%d\n,n); /*n=200; cannot modify*/ Output:n=100 printf(n=%d,n); n=100 getch(); }
Symbolic Constants:- It is a pre-processor statement and is used to define symbolic constants. Syntax:#define identifier value. Example:#define pi 3.14 #define g 9.8 Program #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> #define pi 3.14 #define g 9.8 { clrscr(); printf(pi=%.2f,pi); printf(\n g=%.lf,g); getch(); } scanf():- It is a function, which is used to read data from standard input device. Syntax:- int scanf(format(s),address-1,address-2,.,address-n); Example:- int n ; Address of n=&n scanf(%d,&n); Program #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { int n; clrscr(); prinf(Enter the value of n:); scanf(%d,&n); printf(Given value=%d,n); getch(); } Program #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { char ch; int n; float f; double d; clrscr(); prinf(Enter any charactaer:); scanf(%c,&ch); prinf(Enter any value:);
scanf(%d,&n); prinf(Enter any float:); scanf(%f,&f); prinf(Enter any double:); scanf(%lf,&d); printf(Given Characer=%c,ch); printf(Given value=%d,n); printf(Given float=%f,f); printf(Given double=%lf,d); getch(); } Program #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { int n; char ch; clrscr(); prinf(Enter any integer:); scanf(%d,&n); prinf(Enter any charactaer:); scanf(%c,&ch); printf(Given integer=%d,n); printf(Given Characer=%c,ch); getch(); } In the above program it cannot read character into a character variable, because the int reading statement creates a new line char in the input stream that will assign to the character variable. To avoid this problem we use fflush function (or) \n character fflush:- It flushed specified stream Syntax:- int fflush (stream-name); Example:-fflush(stdin); flushall:- It flushes all open streams. Syntax:- int flushall(); Program: #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { int n; char ch; clrscr(); prinf(Enter any integer:);
scanf(%d,&n); prinf(Enter any charactaer:); scanf(%c,&ch); fflush(stdin) or flushall ( ); printf(Given integer=%d,n); printf(Given Character=%c,ch); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main( ) { int n; char ch; clrscr(); prinf(Enter any integer:); scanf(%d,&n); prinf(Enter any charactaer:); scanf(%\nc,&ch); printf(Given integer=%d,n); printf(Given Characer=%c,ch); getch(); } String:- A group of characters define between double quotation marks is a string. In C language a string is nothing but an array of characters and terminated by a null character (\0). Syntax:- char identifier[size]; Example:- char st(20); Initialization:- char identifier= string; Example:char st[20]= WELCOME; Note:- When the compiler assigns a character string to a character array it automatically supplies a null character(\0) at the end of the string. Therefore the size should be equal to the maximum number of characters are string+1. Program #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); scanf("%s",st); printf("Given string:%s",st); getch(); }
Note:- scanf statement cant be blank spaces in keyboard into a string variable. If we want to read a string with blank spaces from keyboard into a string variable by the following technique. Syntax:- scanf(%[^\n]s,st); gets:- gets a string from stdin. It is a function which is used to read a string with blank spaces from keyboard with a specified variable. Syntax:- char*gets(string variable); Program #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); // scanf("%[^\ns",st); printf("Given string:%s",st); getch(); } OPERATORS Definition:-It is a symbol which performs particular task. Ex:- +,-,*,etc.... Operand:- It is an entity which acts on operator. Unary operators:- The operators consists only one operand are called unary operators. Binary operators:- The operators consists two operands are called binary operators. C has rich set of operators. They are 1. Arithmetic operators 2. Relational operators. 3. Logical operators. 4. Assignment operators. 5. Bit-wise operators 6. Increment and decrement operators 7. Special operators (i) ternary operator (or) Conditional operator (ii) comma operator. (iii) sizeof operator. Arithmetical Operators:-These are the basic operators in C language. They are useful for performing arithmetic calculations. + addition / division - subtraction % Modulus (remainder) * Multiplication
Program:-Write a program to accept any two numbers and test all arithmetic operators #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); printf("Enter any Two numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("\nAddition of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a+b); printf("\nSubtraction of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a-b); printf("\nMultipliction of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a*b); printf("\nDivision of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a/b); printf("\nModulus of %d and %d is %d",a,b,a%b); getch(); } Logical operators:- These operators are used for combine the result of two or more expressions. && Logical AND || Logical OR ! Logical NOT E1 T T F F If E1 = True then !E1= false E2 T F T F E1 && E2 T F F F E1 || E2 T T T F
If E1 = False then !E1 True
Relational operators:-These are used to test the relation between two values or two variables or expressions. All c relational operators are binary operators and hence requires two operands. < less than > greater than <= less than or equal to >= greater than or equal to == equal to != not equal to Assignment operators:- These are used to assign a value of an expression to an identifier. = Assignment operator. Compound assignment operators (or) Short hand assignment operators:-+=, -=, *=, /=, %= Example:-int a=10; a=a+20; (or) a+=20;
Increment and Decrement operators:- These are used to control the loops in an effective method. Increment operators:- The symbol '++' is used for incrementing by 1. Syntax:++identifier; (prefix increment) identifier++; (postfix increment) Example:- int a=10,b; b=a++ here o/p : a=11,b=10 b=++a here o/p : a=11,b=11 Decrement operators:- The symbol '--' is used for decrementing by 1. Syntax:--identifier; (prefix decrement) identifier--; (postfix decrement) Example:- int a=10,b; b=a-here o/p : a=9,b=10 b=--a here o/p : a=9,b=9 BIT-WISE operators:- These are used for manipulating data at bit level they are two types: 1. Bitwise logical operators. 2. Bitwise shift operators. Bit wise logical operators:-These are used for the bitwise logical decision making. & bitwise AND | bitwise OR ^ bitwise exclusive OR E1 1 1 0 0 E2 1 0 1 0 E1 & E2 1 0 0 0 E1 | E2 1 1 1 0 E1 ^ E2 0 1 1 0
Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("\na&b=%d",a&b); printf("\na|b=%d",a|b); printf("\na^b=%d",a^b); getch(); }
Bitwise shift operators:-The shift operators take binary patterns and shift the bits to the left or right. << - left shift >> - right shift Program:- To find b, c values using shift operators. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.hsss> void main() { int a=8,b,c; clrscr(); b=a<<4; c=a>>3; printf("\n a=%d", a); printf("\n b=%d", b); printf("\n c=%d", c); getch(); SPECIAL OPERATORS: a) Ternary operator (or) Condition operator :-A Ternary operator is represented as "?:" It is used to construct a conditional expression. The general form of ternary operator is exp1?exp2:exp3; here exp1 , exp2 , exp3 are expressions. If exp1 is true, then exp2 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of expression. If exp1 is false, then the exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression. Program:- Write a program to find max and min of given two values by using ternary operaotrs #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> Example: int a=10,b=20,c,d; void main() c=a>b?a:b; { a=10, b=20 and c=20,d=10 int a,b,max,min; clrscr(); printf("Enter values for a,b:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); max=a>b ? a:b; min=a<b ? a:b; printf("Maximum value is :%d",max); printf("\nMinimum value is :%d",min); getch(); } b)Comma operator:-It can be used to link the relative expressions together. The general form of a comma operator is Syntax: identifier =(identifier1=value,---------identifier n=value, expression) Program:#include<stdio.h> Example: int a,b,c; #include<conio.h> c=(a=10,b=20,a+b);
void main() Therefore a=10, b=20 , c=30 { (first assigns the value 10 to a next assigns int a,b,c; the value 20 to b and finally assigns clrscr(); the value 30 to c) c=(a=10,b=20,a+b); printf("a=%d",a); printf("\nb=%d",b); printf("\nc=%d",c); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; clrscr(); c=(a=10,b=20,(a+b)*2); printf("\n a=%d",a); printf("\n b=%d",b); printf("\n c=%d",c); getch(); } c) sizeof operator:- It is a compile name operator and is used to get the memory size of a variable , expression and data type. Syntax:- sizeof(variable(or)exp(or)datatype); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char ch; int n; float ft; double db; clrscr(); printf("\nSize of char:%d byte",sizeof (ch)); printf("\nSize of int:%d byte",sizeof (n)); printf("\nSize of float:%d byte",sizeof (ft)); printf("\nSize of double:%d byte",sizeof (db)); getch(); } Program:- Write a program to find maximum of given three values by using ternary operators. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main() { int a,b,c,max; clrscr(); printf("Enter any three numbers:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c); max=(a>b&&a>c)?a:(b>c?b:c); printf("Maximum value=%d",max); getch(); } Program:-Write a program to find out the given value is even or Odd number by using ternary operators. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&a); a%2= =0? printf("Given number is even"):printf("Given number is odd"); getch(); } Program:- Write a program to accept any two values and swapping the given values #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,t; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values into a and b:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("Given values before swapping:"); printf("\na=%d",&a); printf("\nb=%d",&b); t=a; a=b; b=t; printf("After Swapping:"); printf("\na=%d",&a); printf("\nb=%d",&b); getch(); }
Program:- Write same program without using third variable #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values into a and b:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("Given values before swapping:"); printf("\na=%d",&a); printf("\nb=%d",&b); /* AFTER SWAPPING*/ a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; printf("After Swapping:"); printf("\na=%d",&a); printf("\nb=%d",&b); getch(); } PRECIDIENCE OF OPERATORS S.No Category Operator 1 Highest () [] 2 Unary ! + ++ -& sizeof 3 4 5 6 Multiplicative Additive Shift Relational * / % + << >> < <= > >= ==
What it is or does Function call Array subscript Logical negation Unary plus Unary minus Increment operator Decrement operator Address (returning size of operand, in bytes) Mulitiply Division Remainder(modulus) Binary Plus Binary minus Left shift operator Right Shift operator Lessthan Less than or equal to Greaterthan Greaterthan or equal to Equal to
Equality
8 9
Conditional Assignment
!= & ^ | && || ?: = *= /+ %= += -= ,
10
Comma
Not equal to Bitwise And Bitwise Exclusive Or Bitwise or Logical and Logical or Ternary operator Simple Assignment Assign Product Assign Quotient Assign remainder(modulus) Assign sum Assign difference Evaluate
CONTROL STATEMENTS (OR) CONTROL STRUCTURES C is consider as a structure programming language. One of the reason for this is having various program control structures. C process the decision making capabilities and supports the statements known as control statements. There are 3 types of control statements supported by C 1. Condition control statements 2. Un condition control statements 3. Loop control statements. 1. Condition control statements:- C supports five types of condition control statements. Simple if statement If else statement Nested if statement Else if ladder Switch statement i) Simple if statement:- It is a decision making statements and is used to control the flow of execution. Syntax:- if(expression) Entry { Statements; False Ex pr. True }
Statements
Next Statements ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED
If expression is true then the statement block will be executed and the statement block will be executed and the control transfer to the next statement. Otherwise the expression is false then the control directly go to the next statement. Program: Write a program to find max of two values by using simple if statement? #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,max; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); max=a; if(max<b) { max=b; } printf("Max value:%d",max); getch(); } Note:- In any control statement the statement block contains only a single statement, braces are not necessary. Program: Write a program to find the max value of given three numbers using simple if statements. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,max; clrscr(); printf("Enter any three numbers:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c); max=a; if(max<b) max=b; if(max<c) max=c; printf("Max value:%d",max); getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter any date in date format and display given date. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main() { int d,m,y; clrscr(); printf("Enter any date (dd-mm-yyyy):"); scanf("%d-%d-%d",&d,&m,&y); printf("Given date:%.2d-%.2d-%d",d,m,y); getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter current date and date of birth. Calculate and display #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int d,m,y,cd,cm,cy,bd,bm,by; clrscr(); printf("Enter current date (dd-mm-yyyy):"); scanf("%d-%d-%d",&cd,&cm,&cy); printf("Enter Birth date (dd-mm-yyyy):"); scanf("%d-%d-%d",&bd,&bm,&by); y=cy-by; m=cm-bm; d=cd-bd; if(d<0) { d=d+30; m=m-1; } if(m<0) { m=m+12; y=y-1; } printf("Age is %dyear %dmonths %d days",y,m,d); getch(); } ii) If else statements:- It is an extension of simple if statement. Syntax:- if(expression) { statement-1; } else { Statement-2; }
Entry False True
Exp r.
Statement 2
Statement 1
Next Statements If the expression is true then if block statements are executed and else block statements are ignored. Otherwise the expression is false, then else block statements are executed and if block statements are ignored. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,max; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); if(a<b) max=a; else max=b; printf("Max value:%d",max); getch(); } Program: Write a program to check whether the given no. is even or odd. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); if(n%2==0) printf("Given number is even"); else printf("Given number is odd"); getch();
} iii) Nested if statement:- Using a if statement within another if is called nested if statement. If a series of decisions are involved we use nested if statement. Syntax:- if(expression-1) { If(expression-2) { ----------------------{ Statements; } } } Syntax-2 if(expression-1) { if(expression-2) { statements-1; } else { statements-2; } } else { if(expression-3) { statements-3; } else { statements-4; } } Program: Write a program to find the maximum value of given 3 no's using nested if. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,max; clrscr();
printf("Enter any three numbers:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c); if(a>b) { if(a>c) max=a; else max=c; } else { if(b>c) max=b; else max=c; } printf("Max Value for given 3 numbers:%d",max); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any character and check whether the given character is alphabet or digit or a special character. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char ch; clrscr(); printf("Enter any character:"); scanf("%c",&ch); if((ch>=65 && ch<=90) || (ch>=97 && ch<=122)) printf("Given character is alphabet"); else if(ch>=48 && ch<=57) printf("Given character is digit"); else printf("Given character is a special character"); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any character and check whether the given character is vowel or consonant or not an alphabet. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char ch;
clrscr(); printf("Enter any character:"); scanf("%c",&ch); if((ch>=65 && ch<=90) || (ch>=97 && ch<=122)) { if(ch=='A' || ch=='a' || ch=='E'|| ch=='e' || ch=='I' || ch=='i' || ch=='O' || ch=='o' || ch=='U' || ch=='u') printf("Given character is vowel"); else printf("Given character is consonent"); } else printf("Given character is not a alphabet"); getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter student number, student name, enter the marks in c, Cpp and unix. Calculate and display total marks, average, result and division. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int sno,c,cpp,unix,tot; char sname[20],div,res; float avg; clrscr(); printf("Enter student number:"); scanf("%d",&sno); printf("Enter student name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(sname); printf("Enter marks in c, cpp and unix:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&c,&cpp,&unix); tot=c+cpp+unix; avg=(float)tot/3; clrscr(); printf("\nStudent number:%d",sno); printf("\nStudent name:%s",sname); printf("\nMarks in c:%d",c); printf("\nMarks in cpp:%d",cpp); printf("\nMarks in unix:%d",unix); printf("\nTotal Marks:%d",tot); printf("\nAverage:%d",avg); if(c>=50 && cpp>=50 && unix>=50) { printf("\n Result :Pass"); if(avg>=60)
printf("\n Division :First"); else printf("\n Division :Second"); } else printf("\n Result :Fail"); getch(); } iv) else if ladder:- It is also used for a serried of decisions are involved. Syntax:-if(expression-1) { stataement-1; } else if (expression-2) { statements-2; } ---------------------------------------else if (expression-n) { statements-n; } else { statements; } In this statement expression are evaluated top to bottom. If the condition true, the statements associated that blocks is executed and the control transfer to the next statement. When all expressions are false, then the final else block statements will be executed. Program: Write a program to find the maximum value of given 3 no's using nested if. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,max; clrscr(); printf("Enter any three numbers:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c); if(a>b && a>c) max=a; else if(b>c) max=b; else
max=c; printf("Max Value for given 3 numbers:%d",max); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept month and year. Calculate and disiplay number of days in the given month #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int m,y,nd; clrscr(); printf("Enter any month number:"); scanf("%d",&m); printf("Enter any year number:"); scanf("%d",&y); if(m==2) { if(y%4==0) nd=29; else nd=29; } else if(m==1 || m==3 || m==5 || m==7 || m==8 || m==10 || m==12) nd=31; else nd=30; printf("Number of days in the given month:%d",nd); getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter consumer number, name, present month reading and last month reading. Calculate and display total units and bill amount by the following table Units Rate per Unit 0-50 Rs1.25 51-100 Rs 2.10 101-200 Rs 2.85 201-400 Rs. 3.50 Above 400 Rs.4.50 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int cno,pmr,lmr,tu; char cname[20];
float bill; clrscr(); printf("Enter consumer number:"); scanf("%d",&cno); printf("Enter consumer name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(cname); printf("Enter pmr and lmr:"); scanf("%d%d",&pmr,&lmr); tu=pmr-lmr; if (tu<=50) bill=(50*1.25); if (tu<=100) bill=(50*1.25)+((tu-50)*2.10); if (tu<=200) bill=(50*1.25)+(50*2.10)+((tu-100)*2.85); if (tu<=400) bill=(50*1.25)+(50*2.10)+(100*2.85)+((tu-200)*3.50); else bill=(50*1.25)+(50*2.10)+(100*2.85)+(200*3.50)+((tu-400)*4.50); clrscr(); printf("\nConsumer number :%d",cno); printf("\nConsumer name :%s",cname); printf("\nPresent month reading :%d",pmr); printf("\nLast month reading :%d",lmr); printf("\nTotal units :%d",tu); printf("\nBill amount :%.2f",bill); getch(); } *Exit:- It terminated the program header file process.H Syntax:- void exit(int status); *Status:- Typically a value of 0 indicates a normal exit, and a non zero value indicates some error. Program: Write a program to enter dealer number, dealer name, dealer region, number of liters petrol sold, no. of liters diesel sold, no. of liters kerosene sold. Dealer region are N- north, E-east, W-west, S-south Calculate and display total region collection by the following table. Petrol Diesel Kerosene North 49.75 32.65 18.95 South 49.25 32.15 18.25 East 48.95 31.75 17.50 West 48.35 30.85 17.35 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main() { int dno,nps,nds,nks; char dname[20],dregion[20]; float trgc,tcn,tcs,tce,tcw; clrscr(); printf("Enter dealer number:"); scanf("%d",&dno); printf("Enter dealer name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(dname); printf("Enter no of litres petrol sold:"); scanf("%d",&nps); printf("Enter no of litres Kerosene sold:"); scanf("%d",&nks); printf("Enter no of litres diesel sold:"); scanf("%d",&nds); tcn=nps*49.75+nds*32.65+nks*18.95; tcs=nps*49.25+nds*32.15+nks*18.25; tce=nps*48.95+nds*31.75+nks*17.50; tcw=nps*48.35+nds*30.85+nks*17.35; trgc=tcn+tce+tcs+tcw; clrscr(); printf("\ntotal collection in north :%.2f",tcn); printf("\ntotal collection in east :%.2f",tce); printf("\ntotal collection in West :%.2f",tcw); printf("\ntotal collection in South :%.2f",tcs); printf("\ntotal region class :%.2f",trgc); getch(); } II method: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int dno,np,nd,nk; char dname[20],reg; float pa,da,ka,ta; clrscr(); printf("Enter dealer number:"); scanf("%d",&dno); printf("Enter dealer name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(dname); printf("Enter dealer region:");
scanf("%c",&reg); if(reg!='N' && reg!='S' && reg!='W' && reg!='E') { printf("Invalid region:"); getch(); exit(0); } printf("Enter no of lts petrol sold:"); scanf("%d",&np); printf("Enter no of lts diesel sold:"); scanf("%d",&nd); printf("Enter no of lts kerosene sold:"); scanf("%d",&nk); if (reg=='N') { pa=np*49.75; da=nd*32.65; ka=nk*18.95; } else if (reg=='S') { pa=np*49.25; da=nd*32.15; ka=nk*18.25; } else if (reg=='E') { pa=np*48.95; da=nd*31.75; ka=nk*17.50; } else { pa=np*48.35; da=nd*30.85; ka=nk*17.35; } ta=pa+da+ka; clrscr(); printf("\n Dealer number :%d",dno); printf("\n Dealer name :%s",dname); printf("\n Dealer Region :%c",reg); printf("\n No of lts petrol sold :%d",np); printf("\n No of lts kerosene sold :%d",nk); printf("\n No of lts diesel sold :%d",nd); printf("\n Petrol amount :%.2f",pa);
printf("\n Kerosene amount :%.2f",ka); printf("\n Desel sold :%.2f",da); printf("\n Total amount :%.2f",ta); getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter employee number, employee name, employee grade,basic salary. Calculate and display HRA, DA, TA, IT, PF, GROSS SALARY AND NET SALARY by the following table. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Grade Baic HRA DA TA IT PF ----------------------------------------------------------------------------A <=2000 8% 12% 2% 0% 2% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------A >2000 &<=4000 10% 14% 3% 2% 4% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------A >4000 & <=5000 12% 15% 4% 4% 6% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------A >5000 14% 18% 5% 6% 8% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------B <=2000 6% 8 % 1% 0% 1% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------B >=2000 & <=4000 8% 10% 3% 2% 2% ----------------------------------------------------------------------------B >40000 0% 14% 5% 3% 4% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<process.h> void main() { int eno; char ename[20],gr; float bs, hra, da, ta,it,pf,ded,gs,ns; clrscr(); printf("Enter Employee number:"); scanf("%d",&eno); printf("Enter Employee name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(ename); printf("Enter Employee Grade:"); scanf("%c",&gr); if(gr!='A' && gr!='a' && gr!='B' && gr!='b') { printf("Invalid grade"); getch(); exit(0); }
printf("Enter basic salary:"); scanf("%f",&bs); if(gr=='A' || gr=='a') { if(bs<=2000) { hra=bs*8/100; da=bs*12/100; ta=bs*2/100; it=0; pf=bs*2/100; } else if(bs<=4000) { hra=bs*10/100; da=bs*14/100; ta=bs*3/100; it=bs*2/100; pf=bs*4/100; } else if(bs<=5000) { hra=bs*12/100; da=bs*15/100; ta=bs*4/100; it=bs*4/100; pf=bs*6/100; } else { hra=bs*14/100; da=bs*18/100; ta=bs*5/100; it=6/100; pf=bs*8/100; } } else { if(bs<=2000) { hra=bs*6/100; da=bs*8/100; ta=bs*1/100; it=0; pf=bs*1/100;
} if(bs<=4000) { hra=bs*8/100; da=bs*10/100; ta=bs*3/100; it=bs*2/100; pf=bs*2/100; } else { hra=bs*10/100; da=bs*14/100; ta=bs*5/100; it=bs*3/100; pf=bs*4/100; } } gs=bs+hra+da+ta; ded=it+pf; ns=gs-ded; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter Employee numbe:%d",eno); printf("\nEnter Employee name :%s",ename); printf("\nEnter Employee grade:%c",gr); printf("\nBasic Salary :%.2f",bs); printf("\nHra :%.2f",hra); printf("\nDa :%.2f",da); printf("\nta :%.2f",ta); printf("\nit :%.2f",it); printf("\npf :%.2f",pf); printf("\nGross Salary :%.2f",gs); printf("\nDeductions :%.2f",ded); printf("\nNet Salary :%.2f",ns); getch(); } v) Switch Statement:- It is a multi way conditional statement used in c language. It is mainly used in situations where there is need to pick one alternate among many alternates. Syntax:Switch (expression or variable) { Case value 1; Statement1; Break; ----------------------
---------------------Case value n; Statements n; Break.; Default; Default statement; } The switch statement tests the value of the given variable or expression against a list of case values and when a match is found, a block of statements associated that case is executed. Otherwise the default block statements will be executed. Break:- It is unconditional control statement and is used to terminate a switch statement. Syntax :- break; Note:- i) In switch statement the variable or expression is an integral value.(int & char). ii) It cannot pass string and floating values. iii) In switch statement the default block is optional. Program: Write a program to test all arithmetic operations using switch statement #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,opt; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("1.Addition\n2.Subtraction\n3.Multiplication\n4.Division\n5.Enter Option"); scanf("%d",&opt); switch(opt) { case1 : printf("\nAddition %d and %d is %d",a,b,a+b); break; case2 : printf("\nSubtraction %d and %d is %d",a,b,a-b); break; case3 : printf("\nMultiplication %d and %d is %d",a,b,a*b); break; case4 : printf("\nDivision %d and %d is %d",a,b,a-b); break; case5 : printf("\nModulus %d and %d is %d",a,b,a%b); break; default :
printf("\nInvalid Region:"); } getch(); } Program: Write a menu driven program to compute the electricity bill for the domestic and commercial purposes with the following data. For Domestic purpose: units Rate/unit -------------------------0-50 1.45 51-100 2.85 101-200 3.95 201-300 4.50 201-300 5.00 -------------------------extras: Rs.10/- Service charge and Rs.0.06 ps per unit power tax, Subject to minimum of Rs.10 single phase and Rs.20 for 3 phase For Commercial purpose units Rate/Unit ----------------------------0-100 3.95 above 100 7.00 ---------------------------extras: Rs.20/- Service charge and Rs.0.06 ps per unit power tax, Subject to minimum of Rs.20 single phase and Rs.50 for 3 phase #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int cno, pmr,lmr,tu,ph; char cname[20],type; float bill,se, pt,tamt; clrscr(); printf("\n\t\tMENU"); printf("\n\t\t---------------"); printf("\n\t\tCOMMERCIAL(C\c)"); printf("\n\t\tDOMESTIC(D/d)"); printf("\n\t\t---------------"); printf("\n\t\tEnter your option:"); scanf("%c",&type); if(type!='C' && type!='c' && type!='D' && type!='d') { printf("\n\t\tInvalid Type:"); getch();
exit(0); } printf("\n\tEnter phase type (1 or 3):"); scanf("%d",&ph); if(ph!=1 && ph!=3) { printf("\n\t Invalid phase"); getch(); exit(0); } clrscr(); printf("Enter consumer number:"); scanf("%d",&cno); printf("Enter consumer name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(cname); printf("Enter pmr and lmr:"); scanf("%d%d",&pmr,&lmr); tu=pmr-lmr; switch(type) { case 'd': case 'D': if(tu<=50) bill=(50*1.45); else if(tu<=100) bill=(50*1.45)+(tu-50)*2.85; else if(tu<=200) bill=(50*1.45)+(50*2.85)+(tu-100)*3.95; else if (tu<=300) bill=(50*1.45)+(50*2.85)+(100*3.95)+(tu-200)*4.50; else bill=(50*1.45)+(50*2.85)+(100*3.95)+(200*4.50)+(tu-300)*5.00; se=10.00; pt=tu*0.06; if(ph==1) { if(pt<10.00) pt=10.00; } else { if(pt<20.00) pt=20.00; } break;
case 'c': case 'C': if(tu<=100) bill=(100*3.95); else bill=(100*3.95)+(tu-100)*7.00; se=20.00; pt=tu*0.06; if(ph==1) { if(pt<20.00) pt=20.00; } else { if(pt<50.00) pt=50.00; } break; } tamt=bill+se+pt; clrscr(); printf("\nConsumer Number printf("\nConsumer name printf("\nType(c-com,d-dom) printf("\nphase printf("\nPresent Month Reading printf("\nLast Month Reading printf("\nTotal Units printf("\nBill Amount printf("\nService Charges printf("\nPower tax printf("\nTotal Amount getch(); } UNCONDITIONAL CONTROL STATEMENT 1. Break (key word):- The break statement causes control to pass to the statement following the innermost enclosing while, do, for, or switch statement. Syntax:- break; (Passes control) 2. Continue (key word):- The continue statement causes control to pass to the end o the innermost enclosing while, do or for statement, at which point the loop continuation condition in re-evaluated. Syntax:- continue; (Passes control)
:%d",cno); :%s",cname); :%c",type); :%d",ph); :%d",pmr); :%d",lmr); :%d",tu); :%.2f",bill); :%.2f",se); :%.2f",pt); :%.2f",tamt);
3. Goto:- The goto statement is an unconditional control statement which is used up the execution of program sequence by transfer of control to the some other part of the program. Syntax:- goto label; Where label is C valid identifier used to the label of the destination such that the control could transferred label. Syntax:- identifier; Program: Write a program to display natural numbers from one to given natural numbers using goto statement. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int n,i=1; clrscr(); printf(Enter any number:); scanf(%d,&n); lb: printf(Natural numbers from 1 to %d,n); printf(%d\t,i); i++; if(i<=n) goto lb; getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int n; clrscr(); printf(Enter any number:); scanf(%d,&n); if(n= =1) gotot lb1; if(n= =2) goto lb2; printf(WECOME\n); lb1: printf(Label 1\n); lb2: printf(Label 2\n); getch(); } <Dos.H> Delay: Suspends execution for interval (milli seconds) Declaration:- void delay (unsigned milli seconds); <conio.h> Gotoxy:-It is used to move the cursor to specify the location is text window. Syntax:- void gotoxy(intx, inty);
Program: #include<stdio.h> #inculde<conio.h> void main() { clrscr(); gotoxy(70,25); printf(WELCOME); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int sno,c,cpp,java,tot,sc=23,ec=57,i; char sname[20],ch; float avg; _setcursortype(2); do { clrscr(); gotoxy(24,5); printf("---------------------------------"); gotoxy(30,6); printf("BDPS SOFTWARE LIMITED"); gotoxy(35,7); printf("VIJAYAWADA"); gotoxy(24,8); printf("---------------------------------"); gotoxy(23,5); printf("%c",''); gotoxy(57,5); printf("%c",''); gotoxy(57,22); printf("%c",''); gotoxy(23,22); printf("%c",''); for(i=6;i<=21;i++) { gotoxy(sc,i); printf("%c",''); } for(i=6;i<=21;i++) { gotoxy(ec,i);
printf("%c",''); } gotoxy(24,9); printf("SNO :"); //31 gotoxy(24,11); printf("SNAME :"); gotoxy(24,13); printf("MARKS IN C :"); // 39 gotoxy(24,15); printf("MARKS IN CPP :"); gotoxy(24,17); printf("MARKS IN JAVA :"); gotoxy(33,19); printf("TOTAL :"); gotoxy(33,21); printf("AVERAGE :"); gotoxy(24,22); printf("---------------------------------"); gotoxy(32,9); scanf("%d",&sno); gotoxy(32,11); fflush(stdin); gets(sname); gotoxy(45,13); scanf("%d",&c); gotoxy(45,15); scanf("%d",&cpp); gotoxy(45,17); scanf("%d",&java); tot = c + cpp + java; avg = (float) tot/3; gotoxy(45,19); printf("%d",tot); gotoxy(45,21); printf("%.2f",avg); gotoxy(24,23); printf("Do you enter another record(y/n):"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&ch); }while(ch!='n'); } LOOP CONTROL STATEMENTS Loop:- The process of repeated executing a block of statements is called loop. C supports three types of looping statements. They are While Loop do-while loop and
Entry for-loop Any loop has three things. They are 1. Initialize the index 2. Test condition 3. Update the index False
Test Conditi on
1. while loop:- It is a conditional control loop statement in C language. Syntax:- while(test condition) { Next Statements Statements; } First the test condition is evaluated and if it is true then the statement block will be executed. After the execution of statements the test condition is evaluated once again. Then if it is true the statement block will be executed continuous until the test condition finally becomes false. Program: Write a program to display natural numbers from 1 to given number using 'While Loop' #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Natural Numbers from 1 to %d:\n",n); while (i<=n) { printf("%d\t",i); i++; } getch(); } Program: Write a program to check whether the given number is prime or not #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=1,count=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(i<=n) { if(n%i==0) count++;
True Statements
i++; } if(count==2) printf("Given no is prime"); else printf("Given no is not prime"); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any number and display reverse number(image no) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n; unsigned long rev=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(n>0) { rev=rev*10+(n%10); n=n/10; } printf("Reverse number=%lu",rev); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any number and check whether the given number is palindrome number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,rev=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); m=n; while(m>0) { rev=rev*10+(m%10); m=m/10; } if(n==rev) printf("Given number is Palindrome"); else printf("Given number is not Palindrome"); getch();
} Program: Write a program to accept any number and display sum of digits in the given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long n; int sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%lu",&n); while(n>0) { sum=sum+(n%10); n=n/10; //n=1234,n>0, } // sum=9+1,s=10,n=0 printf("Sum of digits in the given number:%d",sum); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Factors of %d:",n); while(i<=n) { if(n%i==0) printf("%d\t",i); i++; } getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=1; unsigned long f=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:");
scanf("%d",&n); printf("Factorial of %d is %lu:",n,f); while (i<=n) { f=f*i; i++; printf("%d\t",f); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to display even numbers and odd numbers from 1 to given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Even numbers from 1 to %d:",n); while (i<=n) { if(i%2==0) printf("%d\t",i); i++; } i=1; printf("\nOdd numbers from 1 to %d:",n); while(i<=n) { if(i%2==1) printf("%d\t",i); i++; } getch(); } Program: Write a program to count no of digits in the given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long n; int nd=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%lu",&n);
while(n>0) { nd++; n=n/10; } printf("No of digits in the given number is %d",nd); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i=0; clrscr(); while(i<100) { i++; if(i==40 || i==50 || i==60) continue; printf("%d\t",i); } getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,sum=0,r; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); //n=153 scanf("%d",&n); m=n; while(m>0) { r=m%10; sum=sum+(r*r*r); m=m/10; } if(n==sum) printf("Given number is Armstrong"); else printf("Given number is not Armstrong");
getch(); } Program: Write a program to display even and odd no of 1 to given number using continue statement #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Even number from 1 to %d:\n",n); while(i<n) { i++; if(i%2==1) continue; printf("%d\t",i); } i=0; printf("\nOdd numbers from 1 to %d\n",n); while(i<=n) { i++; if(i%2==0) continue; printf("%d\t",i); } getch(); } Program: Calculate and display G.C.D of given two numbers. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,g,m,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); m=a<b?a:b; for(i=1;i<=m;i++) { if(a%i==0 && b%i==0) g=i; } printf("GCD of %d and %d is :%d",a,b,g);
getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any two numbers calculate and display L.C.M of given two number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,lcm; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); lcm=a>b?a:b; while(1) { if(lcm%a==0 && lcm%b==0) break; lcm++; } printf("lcm of %d and %d is %d",lcm); getch(); } Program: Method 1 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long n; int sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%lu",&n); while(n>0) { sum=sum+(n%10); n=n/10; if(n==0) { if(sum>9) { printf("%d\n",sum); n=sum; sum=0; } } } printf("Final sum is:%d",sum);
getch(); } Method-2 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long n; int sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); sum=n%9; if(sum==0) printf("Sum is %d",9); else printf("Sum is %d",sum); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any decimal number and displays binary number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n; unsigned long bin=0,b=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); while(n>0) { bin=bin+(n%2)*b; n=n/2; b=b*10; } printf("Binary number of given decimal number:%lu",bin); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any binary number and display decimal number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n=0,b=1,r; unsigned long bia; clrscr();
printf("Enter any binary number:"); scanf("%lu",&bia); while(bia>0) { r=bia%10; if(r!=1 && r!=0) { printf("Invalid binary number:"); getch(); exit(0); } n=n+r*b; bia=bia/10; b=b*2; } printf("Decimal number of given binary number :%d",n); getch(); } 2. do-while loop:- It is an alternative form of while loop. The only difference between while and do while is the minimum number of execution of while is 0. For minimum no of execution of do-while is 1. Syntax:- do { Statements; } While(test condition); Flowchart Entry Statements True
Test conditon
Next Statements
First the statement block will be executed and then test condition will be evaluated. If the condition is true then the statement block will be executed once again. This process of repeated executed continuous until the test condition finally becomes false Program: Write a program to accept and display natural numbers, from one to given number using do-while loop
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Natural numbers form 1 to %d:\n",n); do { printf("%d\t",i); i++; } while(i<=n); getch(); } 3. for loop:- It is the most commonly used loop statement in C language. It consisting of three expressions. Syntax:- for(exp1; exp2; exp3) { Statements; } The first expression is used to the initialize the index, second expression is used to check whether the loop is to be continued or not, third expression is used to change the index for further iteration (increment or decrement). Entry Initialize the Index
False
Test Condition Expression 2
True Next Statements Statements
Program: Write a program to accept any number and check whether the given number is perfect or not. *sum of factors except that number is called perfect number
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,sum=0,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { if(n%i==0) sum=sum+i; } if(n==sum) printf("Given number is perfect"); else printf("Given number is not pefect "); getch(); } _setcursortype:- It selects cursor appearance Syntax:- void_setcursor type(int cur_t); Types of cursors:1. _nocursor (turns off the cursor) 2. _solidcursor (solid block cursor) 3. _normalcursor (normal under scroll cursor) Kbhit:- It checks for currently available key strokes. Syntax:- int kbhit(); Nested loops:- Using a loop statement within another loop is called Nested loop. Program: Write a program to display palindrome numbers from 1 to given number. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,i,rev; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Palindrome number from 1 to %d:\n",n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { m=i; rev=0; while(m>0)
{ rev=rev*10+(m%10); m=m/10; } if(rev==i) printf("%d\t",i); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to display prime numbers from 1 to given numbers #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,j,c; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Prime Numbers from 1 to %d:",n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { c=0; for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { if(i%j==0) c=c++; } if(c==2) printf("%d\t",i); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to display perfect numbers from 1 to given numbers. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,j,i,sum; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Perfect number from 1 to %d:\t",n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { sum=0; for(j=1;j<=i/2;j++)
{ if(i%j==0) sum=sum+j; } if(sum==i) printf("%d\t",i); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to display Armstrong numbers from 1 to given numbers. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,i,r,sum; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Armstrong numbers from 1 to %d:",n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { m=i; sum=0; while(m>0) { r=m%10; sum=sum+(r*r*r); m=m/10; } if(sum==i) printf("%d\t",i); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any number calculate and display square root of a given number without using library functions. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i; float j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); i=1;
while(i*i < n) { i++; } if(i*i == n) printf("Square root of given number is %d",i); else { j=i-1; while(j*j<n) { j=j+0.00001; } printf("Square root of given number:%.3f",j); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter base and power calculate and display exponent ional value. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int b,p,i; float e=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter base and power:"); scanf("%d%d",&b,&p); if(p>0) { for(i=1;i<=p;i++) { e=e*b; } } if(p<0) { for(i=p;i<0;i++) { e=e*1/b; } } printf("Exponential of %d and %d is :%.3f",b,p,e); getch(); } Formatting Out put Int:-
Int n=100; Printf(%d,n)or o/p:100 Char:Char ch=H; Printf(%c,ch); o/p:H Float:float ft=123.734; Printf(%f,ft); o/p:123.734000
printf(%5d,n); o/p:--100 (2spaces) printf(%3c,ch); o/p:--H (2spaces)
or
printf(%-6d,n); o/p:100--- (3 spaces) printf(%-5c,ch); o/p: H---- (4 spaces)
printf(%12f,ft); o/p:--123.734000 (2spaces)
printf(%.2f,ft); o/p: 123.73
printf(%8.2f,ft); o/p:--123.73 String:string st= WELCOME; printf(%s,st); o/pWELCOME int n=3 pirntf(%.*s,n,st); o/p:WEL Program: Write a program to generate the following pattern W WE WEL WELC WELCO WELCOM WELCOME printf(%9s,st); o/p--WELCOME(2spaces) printf(%.3s,st); o/pWEL
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[10]="WELCOME"; int i; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=7;i++) { printf("\n%.*s",i,st); } getch();
} Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=20;i++) { printf("\n%d%3c%3d%3c%4d",n,'*',i,'=',n*i); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter any number and display mathematical table from one to given numbers(each screen contains 3 tables) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,n,r=1,c=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=20;j++) { gotoxy(c,r); printf("%d%3c%3d%3c%4d",i,'*',j,'=',i*j); r++; } if(r>20) { r=1; c=c+28; } if(i%3==0) { printf("\n\nPress any key to continue...."); getch(); clrscr(); c=1;
r=1; } } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate the following pattern ***** ***** ***** ***** *****
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { printf("%3c",'*'); } printf("\n\n"); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate the following pattern
1 22 333 4444 55555
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%3d",i); }
printf("\n\n"); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate there following pattern 1 12 123 1234 12345 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%3d",j); } printf("\n\n"); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate the following pattern * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,j,s; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); s=n*2; for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { printf("%c",s,32);
for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%4c",'*'); } printf("\n"); s=s-2; } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate the Pascal triangle of n rows using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long fact(int); int n,ncr,i,j,s; clrscr(); printf("Enter any value into n:"); scanf("%d",&n); s=n*3; for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { printf("%*c",s,32); for(j=0;j<=i;j++) { ncr=fact(i)/fact(j)*fact(i-j); printf("%6d",ncr); } printf("\n"); s=s-3; } getch(); } unsigned long fact(int x) { unsigned long f=1; int i; for(i=1;i<=x;i++) { f=f*i; } return f;
} Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,i,j,k,s=2; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number into n:"); scanf("%d",&n); clrscr(); for(i=n;i>=1;i--) { k=i; printf("%*c",s,32); for(j=1;j<2*i;j++) { printf("%2d",k); if(j<i) k--; else k++; } printf("\n"); s=s+2; } getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k=1; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { printf("%3d",k); if(j<n) {
if(i%2==0) k--; else } } } } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,i,j,k,s; clrscr(); printf("Enter any value into n:"); scanf("%d",&n); s=2*n; m=1; for(i=1;i<2*n;i++) { k=1; printf("%*c",s,32); for(j=1;j<2*m;j++) { } } } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,m,i,j,k,s=2; clrscr(); printf("Enter any vlaue of n:"); scanf("%d",&n); m=n; for(i=1;i<2*n;i++) { k=m; printf("%*c",s,32); for(j=1;j<2*m;j++) { printf("%2d",k); if(j<m)
k--; else k++; } printf("\n"); if(i<n) { s=s+2; m--; } else { s=s-2; m++; } } } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,p,x=7,y=7; clrscr(); textcolor(14+BLINK); for(i=1;i<=13;i++) { p=65; for(j=1;j<=13;j++) { if(i>1 && (j>=x && j<=y)) cprintf("%2c",'*'); else printf("%2c",p); if(j<7) p++; else p--; } printf("\n"); if(i>1) { if(i<7) { x--; y++;
} else { x++; y--; } } } getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,p,x=7,y=7; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=7;i++) { p=65; for(j=1;j<=13;j++) { if(i>1 && (j>=x && j<=y)) printf("%2c",32); else printf("%2c",p); if(j<7) p++; else p--; } printf("\n"); if(i>1) { x--; y++; } } getch(); } Text Color:- It selects a new character color in textmode. Declaration:- void textcolor(int new color);
Text Background:- It selects a new text background color. Declaration:- void textbackground(int newcolor); Color(text mode) S.no Constant Value Background Fore ground . 1 BLACK 0 YES YES 2 BLUE 1 YES YES 3 GREEN 2 YES YES 4 CYAN 3 YES YES 5 RED 4 YES YES 6 MAGENTA 5 YES YES 7 BROWN 6 YES YES 8 LIGHT GRAY 7 YES YES 9 DARK GRAY 8 NO YES 10 LIGHT BLUE 9 NO YES 11 LIGHT GREEN 10 NO YES 12 LIGHT CYAN 11 NO YES 13 LIGHT RED 12 NO YES 14 LIGHT MAGENTA 13 NO YES 15 YELLOW 14 NO YES 16 WHITE 15 NO YES 17 BLINK 128 NO *** *** To display blinking characters in text mode, add BLINK to the foreground color. Textmode():-It Changes screen mode (in text mode) Declaration: void textmode(int newmode); Constant LASTMODE BW40 C40 BW80 C80 MONO C4350 VGA ValueText -1 0 1 2 3 7 64 50-line Mode Previous text mode Black and white Color Black and white Color Monochrome EGA and
40 columns 40 columns 80 columns 80 columns 80 columns 43-line
cprintf:- It is same as printf if you want to display colors in text mode we use cprintf. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() {
clrscr(); textmode(1); textcolor(RED+BLINK); textbackground(WHITE); gotoxy(16,12); cprintf("WELCOME"); getch(); } <DOS.H> Delay: Suspends execution for interval (milli seconds) Declaration: void delay (unsigned milliseconds); kbhit:- It checks for currently available keystrokes. Declaration: int kbhit(); DIGITAL CLOCK #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { int h,m,s; clrscr(); printf("Enter any time(hh:mm:ss):"); scanf("%d:%d:%d",&h,&m,&s); textmode(0); textcolor(RED); _setcursortype(_NOCURSOR); while(!kbhit()) { clrscr(); gotoxy(15,12); cprintf("%.2d:%.2d:%.2d",h,m,s); delay(100); s++; if(s>59) { m++; s=1; } if(m>59) { h++; m=0; } if(h>12) h=1; }
} Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { int c=1,c1=75,r=1; textmode(2); _setcursortype(0); textcolor(RED); while(!kbhit()) { clrscr(); gotoxy(37,r); cprintf("LOVES"); gotoxy(c,12); cprintf("PRIYA"); gotoxy(c1,12); cprintf("MADHU"); c=c+2; c1=c1-2; r=r+1; if(c>75) { c=1; c1=75; } if(r>25) r=1; delay(80); } } Program: Write a program to get the following output #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any value:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
* ** *** **** *****
{ printf("%3c",'*'); } printf("\n"); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate the following pattern * * * * * ***** #include<stdio.h> ***** #include<conio.h> ***** void main() ***** { int n,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=n;j++) { printf("%3c",'*'); } printf("\n\n"); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to generate the following pattern 1 #include<stdio.h> 22 #include<conio.h> 333 void main() 4444 { 55555 int n,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { for(j=1;j<=i;j++) { printf("%3d",i); } printf("\n\n"); } getch(); } FUNCTIONS
Function:- It is a self contained block of statements and it can be used at several multiple times in a program but defined only once. Library function or Predefined functions:- The functions which are in built with the C-compiler is called as library functions. Ex:- printf, scanf, getch(), clrscr(); etc., User defined function:- User can defined functions to do a task relevant to their programs. Such functions are called as user defined functions. Any function has three things. They are 1. Function declaration 2. Function definition 3. Function calling. In case of pre-defined functions the function declaration is in header files, definition is in C Libraries and calling is in your source program. But in case of user defined functions all the three things are in your source program. Function declaration:Syntax:- Returntype func_name([Arg List]); Example:-Void test(); Int sum(int , int ); Function definition:Syntax:- returntype func_name([Arg List]) { Body; } Function calling:Syntax:- func_name([Arg List]); The arguments which we given at the time of function declaration or definition are called arguments or formal arguments. The arguments which are given at the time of function calling are called actual arguments or parameters. void:- (Empty data type) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void test( ); /*declaration*/ clrscr();
test( ); /*calling*/ getch(); } void test() /*definition*/ { printf(welcome to c functions:); } Rules for creating and accessing user defined functions:1. A function can be called by any number of times. 2. A function may or may not receive arguments. 3. A function may or may not return a value. 4. If a function does not return any value the function return data type will be specified as void 5. If a function returns a value only one value can be returned. 6. We cannot specify any return data type, the function returns on integer value by default. 7. The returning value must be return with a statement return. 8. If a function returns a value, the execution of return statement should be last 9. If a function returns a value, the returning value should match with the function return data type. 10. A function is executed when a function is call by its name. 11. Before a function call, function declaration or definition must and should 12. A function definition may be placed before or after the main function. 13. If a function call, function definition can be specified any where in the program 14. If a function definition is specified before the function called then the function declaration is not necessary. 15. The function definition should not be terminated with semicolon( ; ) Return:- Exits immediately from the currently execution of function to the calling rotated optionally returning a value. Syntax:- return [<expression>]; Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int sum(int,int); int a,b,n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); n=sum(a,b); printf("Sum is %d",n); getch(); } int sum(int x,int y) { return x+y;
} Function Prototypes and category of functions: A Function depending and whether arguments are present or not and a value is returned or not, may belong to one of the following categories. Category 1: Function with no arguments and no return value Category 2: Function with arguments and no return value Category 3: Function with arguments and return value. Category 4: Function with no arguments and return value. 1. Function with no arguments and no return value:- When a function has no arguments it does not receive any data from the calling function. Similarly when it does not return a value the calling function does not receive any data from the called function. In affect there is no data transfer between the calling function and the called function. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void sum(); /*declaration;*/ clrscr(); sum(); /*calling;*/ getch(); } void sum() /* definition*/ { int a,b; printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("Sum is %d\n",a+b); } 2.Function with arguments and no return value:- In this type the function has some arguments, it receive data from the calling function but it does not return any value. The calling function does not receive data from the called function. So there is one way data communication calling function and the called function. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void sum(int, int); int a,b; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values:");
/*declaration;*/
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); sum(a,b); getch(); } void sum(int x, int y) { printf("Sum is %d\n",x+y); }
/*calling;*/ /* definition*/
3.Function with arguments and return value:- In this type the function has some arguments. It receives data from the calling function. Similarly it returns a value. The calling function receive data from the called function. So it is a two way data communication between the calling function and the called function. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int sum(int,int); int a,b,n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); n=sum(a,b); printf("Sum is %d",n); getch(); } int sum(int x,int y) { return x+y; } 4. Function with no arguments and return value :- In this type the function has no arguments. It does not receive data from the calling function. But it returns a value the calling function receive data from the called function. So it is a one way data communication between called function and the calling function. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int sum(); /*declaration;*/ int s; clrscr(); s=sum(); /*calling;*/ printf("Sum is %d",s); getch();
} int sum() /* definition*/ { int a,b; printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); return a+b; } Program: Write a program to display natural numbers from one to given number by using user defined functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void disp(int); int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); disp(n); getch(); } void disp(int x) { int i; for(i=1;i<=x;i++) printf("%d\t",i); } Program: Write a program to display factors of given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void disp(int); int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); disp(n); getch(); } void disp(int x) { int i; for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
{ if(x%i==0) printf("%d\t",i); } } Program: Write a program to calculate and display reverse number of given number. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long revnum(int); int n; unsigned long r; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); r=revnum(n); printf("reverse number is:%lu",r); getch(); } unsigned long revnum(int x) while(x>0) { rev=rev*10+(x%10); x=x/10; } return rev; } Program: Write a program to calculate factorial of given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long fact(int); int n; unsigned long f; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); f=fact(n); printf("Factorial of given number:%lu",f); getch(); } unsigned long fact(int x) {
unsigned long f=1; while(x>=1) { f=f*x; x--; } return f; } Program: Write a program to accept any number and display sum of natural numbers using user defined function #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void sum(int); int n; unsigned long f; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); sum(n); getch(); } void sum(int x) { int i=0,sum=0; while(i<=x) { sum=sum+i; i++; } printf("Sum is %d",sum); } Program: Write a program to display the Fibonacci series of n terms using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void fibo(); //fun declaration; clrscr(); fibo(); getch(); //fun calling; } void fibo() //fun definition
{ int n,t,t1=0,t2=1,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of terms:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Fibonacci series:"); printf("%d\t%d",t1,t2); for(i=1;i<=n-2;i++) { t=t1+t2; printf("\t%d",t); t1=t2; t2=t; } } Storage Classes The scope and lifetime of variables in functions:-Variables in C different behavior from those in most other language. For example in a basic program a variable returns its value through out the program. It is not always the case in C. It always depends on the storage classes the variable may assume. A variable in C can have any one of the four storage classes. 1. 2. 3. 4. Automatic variables Static Variables External Variables or Global Variables Register Variables.
1. Automatic variables:- These variables are declared inside the function block. Storage Default value Scope Life Keyword Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { auto int a,b; clrscr(); printf("\n a=%d",a); Main Memory Garbage value Local to the block in which it is defined. The control remains within the block in which it is Defined. auto
printf("\n b=%d",b); getch(); } 2. Static Variables:- The memory of static variables remains unchanged until the end of the program. Storage Default value Scope Life Keyword Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { static int a,b; clrscr(); printf("\n a=%d",a); printf("\n b=%d",b); getch(); } 3. External Variables or Global Variables:- The variables both alive and active throughout entire program is known as external variable. Storage Main Memory Default value Zero Scope global Life as long as the program execution does not come to end Keyword extern Program:1 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int a,b; void main() { clrscr(); printf("\n a=%d",a); printf("\n b=%d",b); getch(); } ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED Main Memory Zero Local to the block in which it is defined. A Value of static variable consists between different function calls. (No Changes). That means it cannot realized between different function calls. static
Program:2 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int a=100; void main() { extern int a; clrscr(); printf("\n a=%d",a); getch(); } 4. Register Variables:- We can use register variables for frequently used variables the fast execution of a program. These variables are declared inside the function block. Storage Default value Scope Life Keyword Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { register int a,b; clrscr(); printf("\n a=%d",a); printf("\n b=%d",b); getch(); } Note:- If there is no storage classes specifier before the function declaration of variables inside the function block by default it takes auto storage class. Recursive function:- Calling a function with the same name function definition is known as recursive function. If you want to work with recursive function we must follow two conditions. 1. Calling itself 2. Termination condition Program: Write a program to display natural numbers from 1 to given number using recursive function #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() CPU, Register garbage value local to the block in which it is defined the control remains within the block in which it is defined Register
{ void disp(int); int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); disp(n); getch(); } void disp(int x) { if(x>1) disp(x-1); printf("%d\t",x); } Program: Write a program to display natural numbers from one to given number using recursive function calling main with in main. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { Static int i=1;n; If(i==1) { Clrscr(); Printf(Enter any number:); Scanf(%d,&n); Printf(Natural numbers from 1 to %d:,n); } Printf(%d\t,i); i++; if(i<=n) main(); getch(); exit(0); } Program: Write a program to calculate and display factorial of given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long fact(int); int n; unsigned long f;
clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); f=fact(n); printf("Factorial is:%lu",f); getch(); } unsigned long fact(int x) { if(x<=1) return 1; else return x*fact(x-1); } Program: Write a program to display reverse number of given number #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { unsigned long revnum(int); int n; unsigned long r; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); r=revnum(n); printf("reverse number is:%lu",r); getch(); } unsigned long revnum(int x) { static unsigned long rev=0; rev=rev*10+(x%10); x=x/10; if(x>0) revnum(x); return rev; } MATH.H FUNCTIONS abs():- abs (a macro) gets the absolute value of an integer Syntax:- int abs(int x); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main()
{ int n,a; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two numbers:"); scanf("%d",&n); a=abs(n); printf("Absolute value:%d",a); getch(); } sqrt():-It calculates the square root of the given number. Syntax:- double sqrt(double x); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int n; double s; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); s=sqrt(n); printf("Square root of given number:%.2lf",s); getch(); } pow():- It calculates the exponential value of given base and power. Syntax:- double pow(double x, double y); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int b,p; double e; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two value into b and p is:"); scanf("%d%d",&b,&p); e=pow(b,p); printf("Exponential value of %d and %d is %.2lf",b,p,e); getch(); } floor():- It rounds down the given value. Syntax:- double floor(double x); ceil():- It rounds up the given value. Syntax:- double ceil(double x); Program:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() { double n,ce,fl; clrscr(); printf("Enter any value:"); scanf("%lf",&n); ce=ceil(n); fl=floor(n); printf("\nCeil value:%.2lf",ce); printf("\nFloor value:%.2lf",fl); getch(); } Program:#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int a,b,c,d,max,min; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); c=a+b; d=abs(a-b); max=(c+d)/2; min=(c-d)/2; printf("\nMaximum value:%d",max); printf("\nMinimum value:%d",min); getch(); } Program: Write a program to calculate and display area of triangle with the given three sides Note:-Any two angles greater than equal to third angle Not form:- 3,4,7 because 3+4=7 #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> #include<process.h> void main() { float a,b,c,s,area; clrscr(); printf("Enter three sides of triangle:"); scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if((a+b)<=c || (b+c)<=a || (c+a)<=b) { printf("Unable to form triangle"); getch(); exit(0); } s=(a+b+c)/2; area=sqrt(s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)); printf("Area = %.3fsqunits",area); getch(); } Program: Write a program to enter principle amount, time, and rate of interest calculate and display total amount, with compound interest t=p*(1+r/10)power of n #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int m,y,n; float pr,ta,r; clrscr(); printf("Enter principle amount:"); scanf("%f",&pr); printf("Enter rate of interest:"); scanf("%f",&r); printf("Enter time (Year & Month):"); scanf("%d%d",&y,&m); n=y*12+m; ta=pr*pow(1+r/100,n); printf("Total amount with compound interest:%.2f",ta); getch(); } Program: Write a program to compute the following series 1+1/2+1/3+----------+1/n #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() { int n,i; float sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter the value of n:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{ sum=sum+(float)1/i; //type casting } printf("Sum = %.2f",sum); getch(); } Program: Write a program to compute the following exponential series cpower of x=1+1/x+xsquare/2!+xqube/3!+---+xpowerof n/n! #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> unsigned long fact(int x) { if(x<=1 return 1; else return x*fact(x-1); } void main() { int n,x,i; float sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter x and n values:"); scanf("%d%d",&x,&n); for(i=0;i<=n;i++) { sum=sum+pow(x,i)/fact(i); } printf("Sum = %.2f",sum); getch(); } Program: Sinx Series x-xcube/3!+xpower5/5!-xpower7/7!+--------#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> unsigned long fact(int x) { if(x>=1) return 1; else return x*fact(x-1); } void main() { int i,x,n,p=1;
float sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter x and n values:"); scanf("%d%d",&x,&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { if(i%2==0) sum=sum-pow(x,p)/fact(p); else sum=sum+pow(x,p)/fact(p); p=p+2; } printf("Sum = %.2f",sum); getch(); } Program: cosx series cosx=1-xsquare/2!+xpower4/4!-xpower6/6!+--------#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> unsigned long fact(int x) { if(x>=1) return 1; else return x*fact(x-1); } void main() { int i,n,x,p=0; float sum=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter n & p values:"); scanf("%d%d",&n,&p); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { if(i%2==0) sum=sum=pow(x,p)/fact(p); else sum=sum+pow(x,p)fact(p); p=p+2; } printf("Sum = %.2f",sum); getch(); }
ARRAYS Definition:-A group of data items (variables) of same data types stored in a continuous memory location is known as arrays. That means a group of related data items that shape location name that particular is indicated or subscript in square braces [ ] or array name. C Supports 3 types of arrays. They are 1. Single Dimension arrays or One dimensional 2. Double Dimension arrays or Two dimensional 3. Multidimensional arrays 1. Single Dimensional array: A group of items can be given one variable name using only index such as a variable is known as single dimensional array. Single dimensional arrays the elements are represented one or two index of memory bytes. Declaration: datatype arr_name[size]; Example: Elements: int a[5]; a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], a[4] In any array the array index is 0 to (n-1).
Initialization: [Form1] Datatype arr_name[size]={value 1, value 2,. Value b} Here size is optional Example: int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; Int a[ ]={100,200,300,400}; Program: Write a program to initialize single dimensional array elements #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> Void main() { int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; int i; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("\na[%d]=%d",i,a[i]); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to single dimensional array and read values from keyboard #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<process.h> void main() { int a[20],n,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter number of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n); if(n>20) { printf("Array index out of bonds"); getch(); exit(0); } for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\n Given value in a[%d]=%d",i,a[i]); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept single dimensional integer array to find the biggest, smallest elements in the given array. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[20],n,big,small,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter array elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter array elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } big=a[0]; small=a[0]; for(i=1;i<n;i++) { if(a[i]>big) big=a[i]; if(a[i]<small) small=a[i]; } printf("Biggest value:%d",big); printf("\nSmallest value:%d",small); getch(); } Program:- Write a program to accept the single dimensional integer array and display element in reverse order. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main()
{ int a[20],n,rev,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("Given array elements in reverse order:"); for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--) { printf("%d\t",a[i]); } getch(); } Program:- Write a program to accept a single dimensional integer array and search specify elements in the given array. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[20],n,i,se,ck=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("Enter element into a[%d]:",i); scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("\n\nEnter element to search:"); scanf("%d",&se); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(a[i]==se) { ck=1; printf("\n%d Found at a[%d]",se,i); } } if(ck==0) printf("Element not found");
getch(); } Program:- Write a program to accept a single dimensional integer array and display array elements in ascending order #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[20],n,i,j,t; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\nEnter array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("\n\nGiven element before sorting:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t%d",a[i]); } /*sorting*/ for(i=0;i<n-1;i++) { for(j=i+1;j<n;j++) { I f(a[i]>a[j]) { t=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=t; } } } printf("\n Given elemets after sorting:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t%d",a[i]); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept a single dimensional integer array and delete `specified element in the given array #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> void main() { int a[20],n,i,j,de,ck=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter array elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("Given elements before deletion:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t%d",a[i]); } printf("\n Enter element to delete:"); scanf("%d",&de); /*deletion*/ for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(a[i]==de) { ck=1; for(j=i;j<n;j++) { a[j]=a[j+1]; } n--; } } if(ck==0) printf("Element not found:"); else { printf("\n Given elements after deletion:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t%d",a[i]); } } getch(); }
Program: Write a program to accept a single dimensional array and insert an element in the given array at a specified position #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[20],n,i,ie,pos,t; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elemens:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("\n Given elements before insertion:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t %d",a[i]); } printf("\n Enter position:"); scanf("%d",&pos); if(pos>n) { printf("\n Invalid position"); getch(); exit(0); } printf("\n Enter element to insert:"); scanf("%d",&ie); /*insertion*/ if(pos==n) { a[n]=ie; n++; } else { for(i=pos;i<=n;i++) { t=a[i]; a[i]=ie; ie=t; } n++; }
printf("\n Given elements after insertion:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t%d",a[i]); } getch(); } Program: Write a program. to accept a single dimensional array(cannot accept duplicate elements) and display given array elements using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void accept(int [],int); void disp(int [],int); int a[20],n; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n Enter array elements:"); accept(a,n); printf("\n Given array elements:"); disp(a,n); getch(); } void accept(int a[],int s) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<s;i++) { lb: scanf("%d",&a[i]); for(j=0;j<i;j++) { if(a[i]==a[j]) { printf("elements already exists\n"); printf("enter new elements \n"); goto lb; } } } } void disp(int a[],int s) { int i;
for(i=0;i<s;i++) { printf("\t%d",a[i]); } } Program: Write a program to calculate and display insertion and union of given two arrays using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void accept(int [],int); void disp(int [],int); void sort(int [],int); int in_arr(int [],int [],int [],int,int); int un_arr(int [],int [],int [],int,int); int a[20],b[20],c[20],d[20],m,n,x,y; clrscr(); printf("Enter no.of elements for A:"); scanf("%d",&m); printf("Enter no.of elements for B:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter elements into A\n"); accept(a,m); printf("Enter elements into B\n"); disp(b,n); sort(a,m); sort(b,n); clrscr(); printf("Elements of A:"); disp(a,m); printf("\n Elements of B:"); disp(b,n); x=in_arr(a,b,c,m,n); printf("\n Insertion of A and B:"); if(x==0) printf("No.of elements:"); else disp(c,x); y=un_arr(a,b,d,m,n); printf("\n Union of A and B:"); disp(d,y); getch(); } void accept(int a[],int m) { int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++) { lb: scanf("%d",&a[i]); for(j=0;j<i;j++) { if(a[i]==a[i]) { printf("Element already exists\n"); printf("Enter new element\n"); } } } } void disp(int a[],int n) { int i; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\t %d",a[i]); } } void sort(int a[],int n) { int i,j,t; for(i=0;i<n-1;i++) { for(j=i+1;j<n;j++) { if(a[i]>a[j]) { t=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=t; } } } } int in_arr(int a[],int b[],int c[],int m,int n) { int i,j,id=0; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { if(a[i]==b[i]);
{ c[id]=a[i]; id++; } } } return id; } int un_arr(int a[],int b[],int d[],int m,int n) { int i=0,j=0,k=0; while(i<m && j<n) { if(a[i]<b[j]) { d[k]=a[i]; i++; } else if(a[i]>b[j]) { d[k]=b[j]; j++; } else { d[k]=a[i]; i++; j++; } k++; } while(i<m) { d[k]=a[i]; i++; k++; } while(j<n) { d[k]=b[j]; j++; k++; } return k; }
2. Two dimensional arrays :- A two dimensional array can store a table of values which contains rows and columns . In two dimensional arrays we use two index values. One for rows and another for columns. Declaration:- data type arr_name[row_size][col_size]; Example:int a[2][3]; here elements:- a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] Initialization :Form:1 datatype arr_name[rowsize][colsize]={val-1,val-2,.........,val-n}; Example:- int a[2][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; Form:2: datatype arr_name[rowsize][colsize]={ {val-1,val-2,......}, {val-1,val-2,...val-n},{val-1,val-2,....val-n}...........}; Example:- int a[2][3]={ {1,3,4},{2,3,4} }; Program: Write a program to initialize a two dimensional integer array and display array elements. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}; //int a[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}; int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("\n a[%d][%d]=%d",i,j,a[i][j]); } } getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept a two dimensional array and display array elements. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<process.h> void main() { int a[20][20],r,c,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter rows & colos:"); scanf("%d%d",&r,&c); if(r>20 || c>20)
{ printf("\nInvalid size"); getch(); exit(0); } for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { printf("\nEnter the value into a[%d][%d]:",i,j); scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { printf("\nGiven value in a[%d][%d]:%d",i,j,a[i][j]); } } getch(); } II method #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<process.h> void main() { int a[20][20],r,c,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter rows & colos:"); scanf("%d%d",&r,&c); if(c>20 || r>20) { printf("\nInvalid size"); getch(); exit(0); } printf("Enter array elements:\n"); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) {
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n given elements\n"); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { printf("%3d",a[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept a two dimensional integer array and display array elements using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void accept(int [][20],int,int); void disp(int a[][20],int,int); int a[20][20],r,c; clrscr(); printf("Enter rows & colos:"); scanf("%d%d",&r,&c); printf("\nEnter array elements:"); accept(a,r,c); printf("\n Given elements"); disp(a,r,c); getch(); } void accept(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { scanf("%d",&x[i][j]); } } } void disp(int x[][20],int m,int n) {
int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { printf("\t%3d",x[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } } Program: Write a program to accept any matrix and display its transpose matrix using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void accept(int [][20],int,int); void disp(int a[][20],int,int); void transpose(int [][20],int[][20],int,int); int a[20][20],at[20][20],r,c; clrscr(); printf("Enter rows & colos:"); scanf("%d%d",&r,&c); printf("\nEnter any matrix:"); accept(a,r,c); clrscr(); printf("\n Given matrix"); disp(a,r,c); transpose(a,at,r,c); printf("\nTranspose matrix of given matrix:\n"); disp(at,r,c); getch(); } void accept(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { scanf("%d",&x[i][j]); } } } void disp(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { printf("\t%3d",x[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } } void transpose(int a[][20],int at[20][20],int r,int c) { int i,j; /* for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { at[j][i]=a[i][j]; } }*/ for(i=0;i<c;i++) { for(j=0;j<r;j++) { at[i][j]=a[j][i]; } } } Program: Write a program to accept any two matrix and display the addition of them using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void accept(int [][20],int,int); void disp(int a[][20],int,int); void add_matrix(int [][20],int[][20],int [][20],int,int); int a[20][20],b[20][20],add[20][20],r,c; clrscr(); printf("Enter rows & colos:"); scanf("%d%d",&r,&c); printf("\nEnter first matrix:"); accept(a,r,c); printf("\n Enter second matrix:"); accept(b,r,c); clrscr(); printf("\n Given first matrix\n"); disp(a,r,c);
printf("\nSecond matrix:\n"); disp(b,r,c); add_matrix(a,b,add,r,c); printf("\nAddition of given two matrix:\n"); disp(add,r,c); getch(); } void accept(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { scanf("%d",&x[i][j]); } } } void disp(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { printf("\t%3d",x[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } } void add_matrix(int a[][20],int b[20][20],int add[][20],int r,int c) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { add[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; } } } Program: Write a program multiplication of given two matrix using functions #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() {
void accept(int [][20],int,int); void disp(int [][20],int,int); void mul_mat(int [][20],int [][20],int [][20],int,int,int); int a[20][20],b[20][20],mul[20][20],m,n,p,q; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter the first matrix:\n"); scanf("%d%d",&m,&n); printf("\nEnter the second matrix rows & colos:\n"); scanf("%d%d",&p,&q); if(n!=p) { printf("Invalid matrix"); getch(); exit(0); } printf("\nEnter the first matrix:\n"); accept(a,m,n); printf("\nEnter the second matrix :\n"); accept(b,p,q); clrscr(); printf("\nGiven first matrix:\n"); disp(a,m,n); printf("\nGien second matrix :\n"); disp(b,p,q); mul_mat(a,b,mul,m,n,q); printf("\nMultiplication matrix of given two matrix:\n"); disp(mul,m,q); getch(); } void accept(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { scanf("%d",&x[i][j]); } } } void disp(int x[][20],int m,int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{ printf("\t%3d",x[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } } void mul_mat(int a[][20],int b[][20],int mul[][20],int m,int n,int p,int q) { int i,j,k; for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<q;j++) { mul[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<n;k++) { mul[i][j]=mul[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]; // mul[i][j]+= a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } } } 3. Multi Dimensional arrays:-C supports arrays of 3 or more dimensions. In multi dimensional arrays we use more than two index values. Syntax:- data type arr_name[s1][s2][s3]......[sn]; where s1,s2,s3,......sn are the sizes of the array. Example:- int a[2][2][3]; here elements are:- a[0][0][0] a[0][0][1] a[0][0][2] a[0][1][0] a[0][1][1] a[0][1][2] a[1][0][0] a[1][0][1] a[1][0][2] a[1][1][0] a[1][1][1] a[1][1][2] Program: Write a program to accept a multi dimensional array and display array elements. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[2][2][3],i,j,k; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<2;i++) { for(j=0;j<2;j++) { for(k=0;k<3;k++) { printf("Enter the value into a[%d][%d][%d]:",i,j,k);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j][k]); } } } for(i=0;i<2;i++) { for(j=0;j<2;j++) { for(k=0;k<3;k++) { printf("\nGiven values in a[%d][%d][%d]:%d\n",i,j,k,a[i][j][k]); } } } getch(); } STRINGS
Definition:- A group of characters defined between double quotation marks is a string. (or) In C language The string is nothing but an array of characters and Terminated by a null character( \0 ). Declaration:- char identifier[size]; Initialization:- char identifier[size]="any string"; st[]="GOUSE"; Format specifier:- %s ex:- char st[40]; ex:char
When a compiler assigns a character string to a character array it automatically supplies a null character at the end of the string. Therefore the size should be equal to the maximum no of characters in the string + 1. gets:- It gets a string from stdin. Declaration: char *gets(char *s); puts:- It outputs a string to std output and appends a new line character. Declaration: int puts (const char *s);
Program: ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20]; clrscr(); puts("Enter any string:"); gets(st); printf("Given string:"); puts(st); getch(); } getch():- It gets a character from stdin and does not echo to the screen. Syntax: int getch(void);
getche():- getche gets a character from console, and echoes to the screen. Syntax: int getche(void); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char ch; clrscr(); printf("Enter any character:"); // ch=getch(); ch=getche(); printf("\nGiven Character:%c",ch); getch(); } getchar():- It is a macro that gets a character from stdin. Syntax: int getchar(void); putchar():- putchar is a macro that outputs a character on stdout. Syntax: int putchar(int c); Program:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char ch; clrscr(); printf("Enter any character:"); ch=getchar();
printf("Given character:"); putchar(ch); getch(); }

STRING HANDLING FUNCTIONS:<string.h>
1) strlen():- It calculates the length (no of characters ) of a string. Syntax: size_t strlen(const char *s); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[30]; int len; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); len=strlen(st); printf("Length of given string:%d",len); getch(); } DESIGN.H #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void hline(int r,int sc,int ec) { int i; for(i=sc;i<=ec;i++) { gotoxy(i,r); printf("%c",196); } } void vline(int c, int sr, int er) { int i; for(i=sr;i<=er;i++) { gotoxy(c,i); printf("%c",179); } }
void box(int sc, int sr, int ec, int er) { gotoxy(sc,sr); printf("%c",218); gotoxy(sc,er); printf("%c",192); gotoxy(ec,sr); printf("%c",191); gotoxy(ec,er); printf("%c",217); hline(sr,sc+1,ec-1); hline(er,sc+1,ec-1); vline(sc,sr+1,er-1); vline(ec,sr+1,er-1); } Program: #include"design.h" #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { clrscr(); textmode(2); _setcursortype(0); gotoxy(38,12); textcolor(2+BLINK); cprintf("MADHU"); box(20,5,60,20); getch(); } BOX
2) strrev():- Reverses all characters in s (except for the terminating null). Syntax: char *strrev(char *s); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); strrev(st); printf("Reverse of given string:%s",st);
getch(); } 3) strcpy():- It copies the given string(src) to the specified string(dest). Syntax: char *strcpy(char *dest, const char *src); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20], st1[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); strcpy(st1,st); printf("Given String:%s",st); printf("\nCopied String:%s",st1); getch(); } 4) strcat():- It appends one string to another. Syntax: char *strcat(char *dest, const char *src); Program: #include<string.h> #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20],st1[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any First string:"); gets(st); printf("Enter Second String:"); gets(st1); strcat(st,st1); printf("Concatenated string:%s",st); getch(); } 5)strlwr():- It converts all upper case characters in given string into lower case. Syntax: char *strlwr(char *s); 6)strupr():- It converts all lower case characters in given string into upper case. Syntax: char *strupr(char *s); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main() { char st[30],st1[30]; clrscr(); printf("Enter first string into lowercase:"); gets(st); printf("Enter second string into uppercase:"); gets(st1); strupr(st); strlwr(st1); printf("\nFirst string:%s",st); printf("\nSecond string:%s",st1); getch(); } 7)strncpy():- Copies at most maxlen characters of src to dest. Syntax: char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20],st1[20]; int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); printf("Enter no of characters to be copied:"); scanf("%d",&n); strncpy(st1,st,n); st1[n]='\0'; printf("Given string:%s\n",st); printf("Copied string:%s",st1); getch(); }
8)strcmp():- It compares the given two strings with case sensitivity. syn:- int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2); 9)stricmp():-It compares the given two strings without case sensitivity. syn:- int stricmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
10)strcmpi():- It is a macro and it compares two strings with out case sensitivity. syn:- int strcmpi(const char *s1, const char *s2);
Return value:-
These return an int value that is < 0 if s1 < s2 == 0 if s1 == s2 > 0 if s1 > s2

Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char st[20],st1[20]; int k; clrscr(); printf("Enter first string:"); gets(st); printf("Enter second string:"); gets(st1); k=strcmp(st,st1); k=strcmpi(st,st1); k=stricmp(st,st1); if(k>0) printf("First string is greater then second:"); else if(k<0) printf("First string is lessthan second:"); else printf("Two string are equal:"); getch(); } Program: Write a program to check whether the given string is palindrome or not. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char st[20],st1[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); strcpy(st1,st); strrev(st1); if(strcmpi(st,st1)==0) printf("Given string is palindrome");
else printf("Given string is not palindrome"); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept a string and display number of characters, no of digits, no of alphabets, no of words, no of special characters and no of spaces. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char st[80]; int nc=0,na=0,nd=0,ns=0,nsp=0,nw=0,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); for(i=0;i<strlen(st);i++) { if((st[i]>=65 && st[i]<=90) ||(st[i]>=97 && st[i]<=122)) { na++; nc++; } else if(st[i]>=48 && st[i]<=57) { nd++; nc++; } else if(st[i]==32) { ns++; nc++; nw++; } else if(st[i]=='\0') { nw++; } else { nsp++; nc++; } } printf("\nNO of Characters :%d",nc);
printf("\nNo of Alphabets printf("\nNo of digits printf("\nNo of words printf("\nNo of special characters printf("\nNo of Spaces getch(); }
:%d",na); :d",nd); :%d",nw); :%d",nsp); :%d",ns);
Program: Write a program to accept any string and drop one by one character from top to bottom and bottom to top #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<process.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char st[20]; int c,i,j; clrscr(); textmode(2); _setcursortype(0); textcolor(GREEN); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); while(1) { clrscr(); c=(80-strlen(st))/2; gotoxy(c,1); printf("%s",st); for(i=0;i<=strlen(st);i++) { if(st[i]!=32) { for(j=2;j<=25;j++) { if(kbhit()) exit(0); gotoxy(c,j); printf("%c",st[i]); gotoxy(c,j-1); printf("%c",32); delay(20); } } c++;
} for(i=strlen(st)-1;i>=0;i--) { c--; if(st[i]!=32) { for(j=24;j>=1;j--) { if (kbhit()) exit(0); gotoxy(c,j); printf("%c",st[i]); gotoxy(c,j+1); printf("%c",32); delay(20); } } } } } USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS Program: string length #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int stringlen(char st1[]) { int i=0; while(st1[i]!='\0') { i++; } return i; } void main() { char st[20]; int len; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); len=stringlen(st); printf("length of given string:%d",len); getch(); } Program: strrev
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void stringrev(char st1[]) { int len=0,j,i; char ch; while(st1[len]!='\0') { len++; } j=len-1; i=0; while(i<j) { ch=st1[i]; st1[i]=st1[j]; st1[j]=ch; i++; j--; } } void main() { char st[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); stringrev(st); printf("Reverse of given string:%s",st); getch(); } Program: string copy #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void stringcopy(char dest[], char src[]) { int i; for(i=0;src[i]!='\0';i++) { dest[i]=src[i]; } dest[i]='\0'; } void main() { char st[80],st1[80];
clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); stringcopy(st1,st); printf("Given string:%s",st); printf("\nCopied string:%s",st1); getch(); } Program: stringcat #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void stringcat(char st1[],char st2[]) { int i=0,j; while(st1[i]!='\0') { i++; } for(j=0; st2[j]!='\0';j++) { st1[i]=st2[j]; i++; } st1[i]='\0'; } void main() { char st1[80],st2[80]; clrscr(); printf("Enter first string:"); gets(st1); printf("Enter Second String:"); gets(st2); stringcat(st1,st2); printf("Concatenation of two strings:%s",st1); getch(); } Program: strncopy (copies specified no of characters) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void stringcpy(char dest [],char src[],int n) { int i,len=0; while(src[len]!='\0') { len ++;
} if(n>len) n=len; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { dest[i]=src[i]; } dest[i]='\0'; } void main() { char st[80],st1[80]; int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); printf("Enter no of characters to be copied:"); scanf("%d",&n); stringcpy(st1,st,n); printf("Given string:%s",st); printf("\nCopied string:%s",st1); getch(); } Program: string upper and string lower case and lower to upperscase:#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void stringupr(char st[]) { int i; for(i=0;st[i]!='\0';i++) { if(st[i]>=97 && st[i]<=122) st[i]=st[i]-32; } } void stringlwr(char st[]) { int i; for(i=0;st[i]!='\0';i++) { if(st[i]>=65 && st[i]<=90) st[i]=st[i]+32; } } void main() {
char st[80]; clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); printf("Given string:%s",st); stringlwr(st); printf("\nGiven string in lower case:%s",st); stringupr(st); printf("\nGiven string in upper case:%s",st); getch(); } Program: string case ignore comparison #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int stringcmp(char st1[],char st2[]) { int i,k; for(i=0;st1[i]!='\0';i++) { if(st1[i]!=st2[i]) break; } k=st1[i]-st2[i]; return k; } void main() { char st1[80],st2[80]; int k; clrscr(); printf("Enter first string:"); gets(st1); printf("Enter second string:"); gets(st2); k=stringcmp(st1,st2); if(k==0) printf("Two strings are equal"); else if(k<0) printf("First string is lessthan second string"); else printf("First string is greaterthan second string"); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> (Stringicmp)
String comparison without consider case
#include<conio.h> int stricmp(char st1[],char st2[]) { char ch1,ch2; int i,k; for(i=0;st1[i]!='\0';i++) { ch1=st1[i]; ch2=st2[i]; if(ch1>=65 && ch1<=90) ch1=ch1+32; if(ch2>=65 && ch2<=90) ch2=ch2+32; if(ch1!=ch2) break; } k=ch1-ch2; return k; } void main() { char st1[80],st2[80]; int k; printf("Enter first string:"); gets(st1); printf("Enter second string:"); gets(st2); k=stricmp(st1,st2); if(k==0) printf("Two strings are equal"); else if(k<0) printf("First string is less than second string"); else//else(k>0) printf("First string is greaterthan second string"); getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any string and count no of characters,no of words,no of spaces in the given string #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char st[80]; int nc=0,nw=0,ns=0,i;
clrscr(); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); for(i=0;i<=strlen(st);i++) { nc++; if(st[i]==32 || st[i]=='\0') { nw++; nc--; if(st[i]==32) ns++; } } printf("\nNo of characters:%d",nc); printf("\nNo of spaces:%d",ns); printf("\nNo of words:%d",nw); getch(); } Textmode():-It Changes screen mode (in text mode) Declaration: void textmode(int newmode); Constant ValueText Mode LASTMODE -1 Previous text mode BW40 0 Black and white C40 1 Color BW80 2 Black and white C80 3 Color MONO 7 Monochrome C4350 64 EGA and VGA 50-line Textcolor():- It selects new character color in text mode. Syntax: void textcolor(int newcolor);
40 columns 40 columns 80 columns 80 columns 80 columns 43-line
Textbackground():- It selects a new text background color. Syntax: void textbackground(int newcolor); cprintf():-It is also same as printf. If you want to display colors in tex tmode, you use "cprintf". Declaration:-int cprintf(const char *format[arguments,]); Program: Write a program to accept any string and scroll the characters in the given string. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main()
{ char st[20],ch; int i,c; clrscr(); textmode(2); _setcursortype(0); printf("Enter any string:"); gets(st); strupr(st); clrscr(); strcat(st,"--------"); c=(80-strlen(st))/2; gotoxy(c,12); textcolor(RED); textbackground(WHITE); cprintf("%s",st); while(!kbhit()) { ch=st[0]; for(i=0;i<strlen(st);i++) { st[i]=st[i+1]; } st[i-1]=ch; st[i]='\0'; gotoxy(c,12); cprintf("%s",st); delay(60); } getch(); } Two Dimensional Character arrays:-A list of names can be treated as a table of strings and two dimensional character array can be used to store the entire list. For example:-char st[20][20] may be used to store a list of 20 names, each of length not more than 20 characters. Initialization: char identifier[rowsize][column size]={string1,string2,-------stringn}; Example: char st[5][10]={madhu,priya,---------aparna}; Program: ` #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char st[20][20]; int n,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of strings:");
scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter %d strings:\n",n); fflush(stdin); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { gets (st[i]); } printf("Given strings:\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { puts(st[i]); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to accept any two dimensional character array and sort them and display in alphabetical order. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char st[20][20],t[20]; int n,i,j,k; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of strings:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter %d strings :\n",n); fflush(stdin); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { gets(st[i]); } printf("Given string before sorting:\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { puts(st[i]); } //sorting for(i=0;i<n;i++) { for(j=i+1;j<n;j++) { k=stricmp(st[i],st[j]); if(k>0) {
strcpy(t,st[i]); strcpy(st[i],st[j]); strcpy(st[j],t); } } } printf("Given string after sorting:\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { puts(st[i]); } getch(); } POINTERS C provides the important feature of data manipulations with the address of the variables, the execution time is very much reduced such concept is possible with the special data type called Pointers. Pointer:- A pointer is a variable which stores the address of another variable. Declaration:-Pointer declaration is similar to normal variable declaration but preceded by a * Syntax:- data type *identifier; Example:- int *p; Initialization:- datatype *identifier=address; Example:- int n; int *p=&n; NULL:-NULL pointer value(empty address) Any type of pointer allocates two bytes of memory because it stores address of memory allocation.In c language the programme keep ([memory]) size is 64 kilo bytes.It is in unsigned integer range. NOTE:- Any type of pointer it allocates 2 bytes memory. Because it stores address of memory location. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int *p1; char *p2; float *p3; double *p4; clrscr(); printf("\n Size of int pointer:%d bytes", sizeof(p1)); //size of(*)
printf("\n Size of char pointer:%d bytes", sizeof(p2)); //size of(*) printf("\n Size of float pointer:%d bytes", sizeof(p3)); //size of(*) printf("\n Size of double pointer:%d bytes", sizeof(p4)); //size of(*) getch(); } Void *:It is a generic pointer. It refers the address of any type of variable and also it will assigned to any type of pointer. Example:- int n=100; int *p=&n; Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n; int *p=&n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any value into n:"); scanf("%d",p); //scanf("%d",&n); Here in pointers& is not necessary printf("Given number in through pointer:%d",*p); getch(); } FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS Call by value:-The process of passing a value to the function call is known as call by value. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void disp(int); int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); disp(n); getch(); } void disp (int x) { clrscr(); printf("%5d",x); }
Call by Reference:- The process of calling a function using pointers to pass the address of the variables is known as call by reference. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void disp(int *); int n; clrscr(); disp(&n); printf("%5d",n); getch(); } void disp( int *x) { printf("Enter any value into n:"); scanf("%d",x); } Program: Swapping two values #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { void swap(int *, int *); int a,b; clrscr(); printf("Enter any two values:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("\nBefore swaping:"); printf("\na=%d",a); printf("\nb=%d",b); swap(&a,&b); printf("\nAfter swaping:"); printf("\na=%d",a); printf("\nb=%d",b); getch(); } void swap(int *x, int *y) { int t; t=*x; *x=*y; *y=t; }
Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; void accept(int *, char[],flaot *); clrscr(); accept(&eno,ename,&sal); printf(\n emp no:); printf(\nemp name:); printf(\nemp sal:); getch(); } void accept(int *no, char name[],float *s); { printf(enter eno:); scanf(%d,no); printf(enter ename:); gets(name); printf(enter salary:); scanf(%f,s); }
Employee details
POINTERS AND STRING:-Pointer and also point be a string #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char *st1,*st2; clrscr(); printf("enter string :"); gets(st1); st2=st1; printf("\n Given string:%s",st1); printf("\nCopied string:%s",st2); getch(); } POINTERS AND ARRAYS When an array is declared, the compiler allocates a BASE address and sufficient amount of storage and contain all the elements of array in continuous memory allocation.
The base address is the location of the first element (index 0 of the array).The compiler also defines the array name as a constant pointer pointed to the first element. suppose we declare an array 'a' as follows. Example:- int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; Suppose the base address of a is 1000 and assuming that each integer requires 2 bytes. Then the 5 elements will be stored as follows. Elements------> a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] -----------------------------values-------> 1 2 3 4 5 ----------------------------address------> 1000 1002 1004 1006 1008 base address Here 'a' is a pointer that points to the first element. so the value of a is 1000 there fore a=&a[0]=1000 If we declare 'p' is an integer pointer, then we can make the pointer p to point to the array 'a' by the following assignment. int *p; p=&a[0]=a; Now we can access every value of a using p++(or)p+1 to move one element to another. The relationship between p and a is shown below. p+0 = &a[0]=1000 p+1 = &a[1]=1002 p+2 = &a[2]=1004 p+3 = &a[3]=1006 p+4 = &a[4]=1008 When handling arrays instead of using array indexing, we can use pointer to access array elements. Note that *(p+k) gives the value of a[k]. Pointer accessing method is much faster than array indexing. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n[5]; int *p=n; clrscr(); printf("n[0]=%u",&n[0]); printf("\nn=%u",n); printf("\nn[0]=%u",p); getch(); }
Program: Write a program to accept and display array elements using pointers #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[20],n,i; int *p=&a[0]; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%5d",p+i); } printf("Given array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("%5d",*(p+i)); } getch(); } DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION C language requires the no of elements in an array to be specified at compile time.But we may not be able to do so always our initial judgement of size,if it is wrong,it make cause failure of the program (or) wastage of the memory space.In this situation we use Dynamic Memory allocation. Definition:-The process of allocating memory at run time is known as Dynamic memory allocation. Malloc():<alloc.h> It is a function which is used to allocating memory at run time. Syntax:- void *malloc(size_t size); size_t:- unsigned integer. this is used for memory object sizes. Pointer variable=(type casting)malloc(memory size); Example:- int *p; p=(int *)malloc(sizeof(int)); //for 1 location p=(int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int)); //for n locations Calloc():<alloc.h> This is also used for allocating memory at run time. Syntax: void *calloc(size_t nitems, size_t size); NOTE:- Calloc allocates a block (n times*size)bytes and clears into 0. Difference between malloc and calloc: 1. Malloc defaultly store garbage value where as calloc defaultly stores zero
2. In malloc only one argurment we will pass where as in calloc we will pass two arguments Program:Write a program to create a dynamic array (vector) store values from keyboard display #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<malloc.h> void main() { int *a,n,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of elements:"); scanf("%d",&n); a=(int *)malloc(n* sizeof(int)); //a=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int)); printf("Enter array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%d",a+i); } printf("Given array elements:"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("%d\t",*(a+i)); } getch(); } Program: Write a program to create a dynamic memory allocation for two dimensional array and read values from keyboar and display #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<malloc.h> void main() { int **a,r,c,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of rows and columns:"); scanf("%d%d",&r,&c); a=(int **)malloc(r* sizeof(int *)); //a=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int)); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { *(a+i)=(int *)malloc(c*sizeof(int)); } printf("enter array elements:\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { scanf("%d",*(a+i)+j); } } printf("Given array elements:"); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<c;j++) { printf("%3d\t",*(*(a+i)+j)); } printf("\n"); } free(a); getch(); } Program:Write a program to create a variable to columnsize array in read values #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<malloc.h> void main() { int **a,r,*c,i,j; clrscr(); printf("Enter no of rows:"); scanf("%d",&r); c=(int *)malloc(r* sizeof(int)); //a=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int)); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { printf("enter no of cols for row %d:",i+1); scanf("%d",c+i); } a=(int **)malloc(r* sizeof(int *)); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { *(a+i)=(int *)malloc(*(c+i)*sizeof(int)); } printf("enter array elements:\n"); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<*(c+i);j++) {
scanf("%d",*(a+i)+j); } } printf("Given array elements:\n\n"); for(i=0;i<r;i++) { for(j=0;j<*(c+i);j++) { printf("%3d\t",*(*(a+i)+j)); } printf("\n"); } free(a); getch(); } Realloc():- It reallocates Main memory. free():- It deallocates the allocated memory. Program:Write a program to demonstrate reaclloc #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<alloc.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char *str; clrscr(); str=(char *)malloc(8); strcpy(str,"Hello"); printf("String is %s",str); str=(char *)realloc(str,25); strcat(str," demonstration of realloc"); printf("\n New string is %s",str); free(str); getch(); } PRE PROCESSOR STATEMENT OR PRE PROCESSOR DIRECTIVES The preprocessor is a program that process the source code before it passes through the compiler. The commands used to control the preprocessor are known as "preprocessor directives or statements". Preprocessor directives (or) statements:-These directives are divided into 3 types. Syntax:Syntax:void *realloc(void *block, size_t size); void free(void *block);
File inclusion directives Macro substitution directives Compiler control directives File Inclusion Directives:#include It is a preprocess or file include directive and is used to include header files. It provides instructions to the compiler to link to the function from the system library. Syntax: #include file name Or #include<file name> When a file name is included with in double quotation marks. The search for the file is made first. The current directory and then the standard directories otherwise when the file is searched only in the standard directories. Macro substitution directives:-Macro is a process where an identifier in a program is replaced by a Predefined string (or ) value. #define:- It is used to define a macro. Syntax: #define identifier pre-defined string (or)value Example: #define pf printf Program: Macro substitution directives #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define p printf #define s scanf #define vm void main #define cls clrscr #define gt getch #define val 100 vm() { int n; cls(); p(enter any number:); s(%d,&n); p(given value:%d,n); p(\nval=%d,val); gt(); } Undef:-Using the statement a undefined macro can be undefined Syntax: #define identifier Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define p printf #define s scanf
void main() { int n; clrscr(); p(enter any number:); s(%d,&n); #undef p printf(given value:%d,n); getch(); } Macro with arguments:-The preprocessor permits us to define more complex and more useful form of replacements. Syntax: #define identifier(arg-1,arg-2,.....arg-n) definition Example: #define square(x) x*x Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define square(x) x*x void main() { int n,s; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); s=square(n); printf } Program: max of given two values #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define maxval(x,y)x>y?s:y void main() { int a,b,m; clrscr(); printf(enter any two values:); scanf(%d%d,&a,&b); m=maxval(a,b); printf(maximum value:%d,m); getch(); } Difference between Function and Macro Function 1. It is a self contained block of statements. Macro 1. It is a preprocessor statement
2. It replaces its return value 3. We can use only specified data types. 4. Execution time is more 5. It requires less memory
2. It replaces its definition 3. Data types are generic. 4. Execution time is less. 5. It requires more memory.
Compiler Control directives:-These directives are used to control the compiler. Example: #if, #else, #elif , #endif Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define n 10 #if n<=10 #define val 100 #else #define val 200 #endif void main() { clrscr(); printf(va;=%d,val); getch(); } Ellipsis():-An ellipsis(...) consists of three successive periods with no white space intervening. You can use an ellipsis in the formal argument list of function prototypes to indicate a variable number of arguments (or) argument with varying types. va_list():<STDARG.H> Array that holds information needed by va_arg and va_end va_arg, va_end, va_start:<STDARG.H> Macros that implement variable argument lists Declaration: void va_start(va_list ap, lastfix); type va_arg(va_list ap, type); void va_end(va_list ap); STRUCTURES Definition:- A Group of data items of different data types stored in continuous memory locations is known as a Structure. struct:- It is a keyword which is used to declare a structure. Declaration of structure:
Form 1:struct struct_name { data item-1; data item-2; ----------------------data item-n; }; Example: struct emp { int eno; char ename[80]; float sal; }; Declaration of structure variable:- struct struct_name identifier; Example:-struct emp e; Access operator:- (.)It is used to access the data items of the structure with the help of structure variable. Example:- e.eno; e.ename; e.sal; Initialization:-struct struct_name identifier={val-1,val-2,.....val-n}; Example:- struct emp e={100,"gouse",10000}; Form 2: Declaration of struct and structure variable in a single statement struct struct_name { data item-1; data item-2; ---------------------data item-n; }var_list; Example: struct emp { int eno; char ename[80]; float sal; }e;
Initialization:
Example:
struct emp { int eno; char ename[80]; float sal; }e={100,"gouse",10000};
Programs: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct test { int n; }; void main() { struct test t; clrscr(); printf("Size of structure:%d",sizeof(struct test)); printf("\nEnter any number in n:"); scanf("%d",&t.n); printf("Given number in n:%d",t.n); getch(); } Programs: Initializsation #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp { int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; }e={100,"PRIYA",12000}; void main() { // struct emp e={100,"PRIYA",12000}; clrscr(); printf("Size of structre :%d",sizeof(struct emp)); printf("\nGiven employee number:%d",e.eno); printf("\nGiven employee name :%s",e.ename); printf("\nGiven employee salary:%f",e.sal); getch(); } Program: Declaration: //26bytes(2 for int,1 for each character and 4 for float) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp
{ int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; }e; void main() { // struct emp e; clrscr(); printf("Size of structre :%d",sizeof(struct emp)); printf("\nEnter employee number:"); scanf("%d",&e.eno); printf("Enter employee name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(e.ename); printf("Enter employee salary:"); scanf("%f",&e.sal); printf("\nGiven employee number:%d",e.eno); printf("\nGiven employee name :%s",e.ename); printf("\nGiven employee salary:%f",e.sal); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct student { int sno,c,cpp,unix,tot; char sname[20],res[10],div[10]; float avg; }s; void main() { // struct student s; clrscr(); printf("Size of structre:%d",sizeof(struct student)); printf("\nEnter Student number:"); scanf("%d",&s.sno); printf("Enter student name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(s.sname); printf("Enter c,cpp and unix:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&s.c,&s.cpp,&s.unix); s.tot=s.c+s.cpp+s.unix; s.avg=(float)s.tot/3;
//26bytes(2 for int,1 for each character and 4 for float)
if(s.c>=50 && s.cpp >=50 && s.unix>=50) { strcpy(s.res,"PASS"); if(s.avg>=60) strcpy(s.div,"FIRST"); else strcpy(s.div,"SECOND"); } else { strcpy(s.res,"FAIL"); strcpy(s.div,"NO_DIVISION"); } clrscr(); printf("\n Student number:%d",s.sno); printf("\n Student name :%s",s.sname); printf("\n Marks in C:%d",s.c); printf("\n Marks in Cpp:%d",s.cpp); printf("\n Marks in unix:%d",s.unix); printf("\n Total Marks:%d",s.tot); printf("\n Average Marks:%.2f",s.avg); printf("\n Result:%s",s.res); printf("\n Division:%s",s.div); getch(); } ARRAYS AND STRUCTURES Like any other data type structure arrays can be defined. So that each array element can be of structure data type. Example: Struct item it[100]; It defines an array called it, that contains of 100 elements. Each element is defined to be the type struct item. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct item { int ino; char iname[20]; float cost; }; void main() { struct item it[20]; int n,i; float *f,f1;
clrscr(); f=&f1; *f=f1; printf("Enter no of records:"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("Enter record%d:\n",i+1); printf("Enter item number:"); scanf("%d",&it[i].ino); printf("Enter item name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(it[i].iname); printf("Enter item cost:"); scanf("%f",&it[i].cost); } clrscr(); printf("\nGiven records:\n"); printf("%-10s%-15s%s","INO","INAME","ICOST"); printf("\n-------------------------------"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\n%-10d%-15s%.2f",it[i].ino,it[i].iname,it[i].cost); } getch(); } STRUCTURES AND POINTERS A pointer can also point to a structure for example Example:struct student { int sno; char sname[80]; int m1,m2,m3; }; struct student s; struct student *p; Here P is a pointer pointing student structure. Hence we can write p=&s; After making such an assignment, we can access every data item of student structure indirectly through p as follows. (*p).sno; (*p).sname; (*p).m1; (*p).m2; (*p).m3;
Here instead of writing '.' and '*' we use the structure pointer operator"arrow (->)".Which is - and followed by > sign. This means we can access every item of student structure through p as follows. p->sno; p->sname; p->m1; p->m2; p->m3; Program: Structures with Dynamic memory allocation with (single records) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct item { int ino; char iname[20]; float cost; }; void main() { struct item it,*p; float *f,f1; clrscr(); f=&f1; *f=f1; pt=(struct item *)malloc(n*sizeof(struct item)); printf("Enter item number:"); scanf("%d",&p->ino); printf("Enter item name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(p->iname); printf("Enter item cost:"); scanf("%f",&p->cost); printf(\n item number :%d,p->ino); printf(\n Item name :%s,p->iname); printf(\n item cost :%f,p->cost); getch(); } Program: Structure with Dynamic memory allocation with multiple records #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct item { int ino; char iname[20];
float cost; }; void main() { struct item *it; int n,i; float *f,f1; clrscr(); f=&f1; *f=f1; printf("Enter no of records:"); scanf("%d",&n); it=(struct item *)malloc(n*sizeof(struct item)); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("Enter record%d:\n",i+1); printf("Enter item number:"); scanf("%d",&(it+i)->ino); //scanf(%d,&(*it+i).ino); printf("Enter item name:"); fflush(stdin); gets((it+i)->iname); printf("Enter item cost:"); scanf("%f",&(it+i)->cost); } clrscr(); printf("\nGiven records:\n"); printf("%-10s%-15s%s","INO","INAME","ICOST"); printf("\n-------------------------------"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\n%-10d%-15s%.2f",(it+i)->ino,(it+i)->iname,(it+i)->cost); } getch(); } Passing Structure as a function argument as well as return type:- Like any other data type a structure may be used as function argument. Returning structure:-A function can not only received structure as its argument but also can return them. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp { int eno; char ename[20]; float sal;
}; struct emp accept() { struct emp e; printf("Enter emp number:"); scanf("%d",&e.eno); printf("Enter emp name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(e.ename); printf("Enter emp salary:"); scanf("%f",&e.sal); return e; } void disp(struct emp x) { printf("\nGiven emp number:%d",x.eno); printf("\nGiven emp name:%s",x.ename); printf("\nGiven emp salary:%.2f",x.sal); } void main() { struct emp e; clrscr(); e=accept(); disp(e); getch(); } STRUCTURES WITH IN STRUCTURES (or) NESTED STRUCTURES Form 1: Declaring a structure within another structure is called structure with in structure. Example:- struct student { int sno,c,cpp,unix; char sname[20]; struct result { int tot; float avg; char res[20],div[20]; }r; }s; Accessing Data items:s.sno,s.c,s.cpp,s.unix,s.sname; s.r.tot,s.r.avg,s.r.res,s.r.div;
Form 2: Declaring a structure variable with in another structure is called as structure within structure. Example: struct student { int sno,c,cpp,unix; char sname[80]; }; struct result { struct student s; int tot; char res[20],div[20]; float avg; }r; Accessing Data items: r.s.sno , r.s.c , r.s.cpp , r.s.unix , r.s.sname; r.tot , r.avg , r.div , r.res; Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp { int sno,c,cpp,unix; char sname[20]; struct result { int tot; char res[20],div[20]; float avg; }r; }s; void main() { char ch; do { clrscr(); printf("enter student number"); scanf("%d",&s.sno); printf("enter student name"); fflush(stdin); gets(s.sname); printf("enter marks in c,cpp,unix:"); scanf("%d%d%d",&s.c,&s.cpp,&s.unix); s.r.tot=s.c+s.cpp+s.unix; s.r.avg=(float)s.r.tot/3;
if(s.c>=50 &&s.cpp>=50 &&s.unix>=50) { strcpy(s.r.res,"pass"); if(s.r.avg>=60) strcpy(s.r.div,"first"); else strcpy(s.r.div,"second"); } else { strcpy(s.r.res,"fail"); strcpy(s.r.div,"no_div"); } clrscr(); printf("\n sno :%d",s.sno); printf("\n sname :%s",s.sname); printf("\n marks in c :%d",s.c); printf("\n marks in cpp :%d",s.cpp); printf("\n marks in unix :%d",s.unix); printf("\n total marks :%d",s.r.tot); printf("\n average :%.2f",s.r.avg); printf("\n result :%s",s.r.res); printf("\n division :%s",s.r.div); printf("\nDo you enter another record(y/n):"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&ch); }while(ch!='n'); } UNIONS UNION:- A Union is similar to a struct, except it allows you define variables that shares common storage space. Syntax:- union union_name { data item-1; data item-2; --------------------data item-n; }var_list; Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct test1 { int n; char ch; float ft;
}t1; union test2 { int n; char ch; float ft; }t2; void main() { clrscr(); printf(\nSize of struct:%d Bytes,sizeof(t1)); printf(\nSize of Union:%d Bytes,sizeof(t2)); getch(); } Differences Between Struct and Union: Structure 1. A Group of data items that belongs to different data items. 2. It allocates memory of all declared data items in it. 3. It access all data items at a time. 4. Each and every item has its own storage place. Programs: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> union emp { int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; }e; void main() { // union emp s; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter employee number:"); scanf("%d",&e.eno); printf("Enter employee name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(e.ename); printf("Enter employee salary:"); scanf("%f",&e.sal); printf("\n Employee number:%d",e.eno); Union 1.It is also same as structure but the Only difference is memory allocation 2.It allocates memory of biggest data Item in it. 3.It can access only one item at a time 4.All items are shared common storage Place.
printf("\n Employee name :%s",e.ename); printf("\n Employee salaray:%f",e.sal); getch(); } BIT-FIELDS:-C permits to use small bit fields to hold data. We have been using integer field of size 16 bits to store data. That data item requires much less than 16 bits of memory space. In such situations we waste memory space. At this situation we use small bit fields in structures. The bit field data type is either int Or Unsigned int. The largest value that can store integer bit field is 2power(n-1). The largest value that can store unsigned integer bit field is 2power n -1. Declaration:-struct struct_name { int (or) unsigned identifier-1:bitlength; int (or) unsigned identifier-2:bitlength; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------int (or) unsigned identifier-n:bitlength; declaration of normal data items; }; Example:struct emp { unsigned eno:7; unsigned age:6; char ename[80]; float sal; }; NOTE:-The scanf function cannot read small bit fields. Because the scanf function scans and formats data into 2 bytes of address of the integer field. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp { unsigned int eno:7; char ename[20]; float sal; }; void main() { struct emp e; int n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any emp no:");
scanf("%d",&n); e.eno=n; printf("Enter any emp name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(e.ename); printf("Enter emp salary:"); scanf("%f",&e.sal); printf("Given emp no:%d",e.eno); printf("\nGiven emp name:%s",e.ename); printf("\nGiven emp salary:%f",e.sal); getch(); } Pre-Defined Structures: Date:-It is a pre-defined structure and used to get and set current system data. Syntax -Struct date { int da_year; //current year char da_year; //day of the month char da_mo; //month(1=jan) }; <dos.h> Getdate(method):-It gets current system data. Declaration: void getdate(struct date *d); Setdate:-It sets current system date] Declaration: void setdate(struct date *d); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { struct date d; clrscr(); getdate(&d); printf("Current system date:%.2d-%.2d-%d",d.da_day,d.da_mon,d.da_year); getch(); } Program: Time: It is pre-defined structure and used to get and set current system time. Syntax:Struct time { Unsigned char ti_min; //minutes Unsigned char ti_hour; //hours Unsigned char ti_sec; //seconds
}; Gettime(method):<dos.h> It gets current system time. Declaration: void gettime(struct time *t); Settime:-It sets current system time. Declaration: void settime(struct time*t); Note:- These functions get and set 24 hours time only. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { struct time t; int m,h,s; clrscr(); printf("Current system time:%d%:d:%d",t.ti_hour,t.ti_min,t.ti_sec); printf("\nEnter new time(hh:mm:ss):"); scanf("%d:%d:%d",&h,&m,&s); t.ti_hour=h; t.ti_min=m; t.ti_sec=s; settime(&t); printf("\nSystem time is changed"); getch(); } ffblk: <dir.h> Dos file control block structure. Syntax:Struct ffblk{ Char ff_reserved[21]; //reserved by dos Char ff_attrib; //attribute found Int ff_ftime; //file time Int ff_fdate; //file date Long ff_fsize; //file size Char ff_name[13]; //found file name } Find first: At search a disk directory for files Declaration: int findfirst(const char *pathname, struct ffblk, struct ffblk, int attrib); Constant FA_RDONLY FA_HIDDEN FA_SYSTEM File attributes : : : : Description Read only attribute Hidden files System file
FA_LABEL : Volume lable FA_DIREC : Directory FA_ARCH : Archive Findnext: It continue the search Declaration: int findnext(struct ffblk *ffblk); Return value: On success,(a match was found). These functions return 0. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dir.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { struct ffblk fb; int d, count=0; char st[80]; clrscr(); printf("Enter path:"); gets(st); d=findfirst(st,&fb,FA_ARCH); while(d==0) { printf("\n%s",fb.ff_name); count++; if(count%20==0) { printf("\n\n Press any key to continue----"); getch(); clrscr(); } d=findnext(&fb); printf("\n Total no of files:%d:",count); getch(); } } Dir.h fuctions Getcwd: It gets the current working directory Declaration: char *getcwd(char *but, int butflen); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dir.h> dir.h getcwd
void main() { char st[80]; clrscr(); getcwd(st,80); printf("Current working directory:%s",st); getch(); } Chdir: It changes current directory Declaration: int chdir(const char * path); Return value: on success, return 0; Program: chdir #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dir.h> void main() { char path[80]; int k; clrscr(); printf("Enter path:"); gets(path); k=chdir(path); if(k==0) printf("Directory is changed"); else printf("Unable to change directory"); getch(); } Mkdir :It creates a directory . Declaration: int mkdir(Const char *path); Return value: on success; Program: mk dir #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dir.h> void main() { char path[80]; int k; clrscr(); printf("Enter path:"); gets(path); k=mkdir(path);
if(k==0) printf("Directory is created"); else printf("Unable to create directory"); getch(); } Rmdir: It removes a dos file directory. Declaration: int rmdir(const char *path); If you want remove a directory we must follow the three conditions. 1. Must a be empty. 2. Must not be the current working directory. 3. Must not be the root directory. Program: rm dir #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dir.h> void main() { char path[80]; int k; clrscr(); printf("Enter path:"); gets(path); k=rmdir(path); if(k==0) printf("directory is removed"); else printf("Unable to remove the directory"); getch(); } User Defined Data types Enum:-It is a userdefined data type. and is used to define a set of constants of type int. The enum keyword automatically enumarates a list of identifiers by asuming them values 0,1,2,3,...... syntax:- enum [<type_tag>] {<constant_name> [= <value>], ...} [var_list]; Where <type_tag> is an optional type tag that names the set. <constant_name> is the name of a constant that can optionally be assigned the value of <value>. NOTE: <value> must be an integer. If <value> is missing, it is assumed to be <prev> + 1 where <prev> is the value of the previous integer constant in the list. For the first integer constant in the list, the default value is 0. <var_list> is an optional variable list that can follow the type declaration. It assigns variables to the Program: enum
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> enum{a,b,c,d,e}; void main() { clrscr(); printf("\na=%d",a); printf("\nb=%d",b); printf("\nc=%d",c); printf("\nd=%d",d); printf("\ne=%d",e); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> enum boolean{true,false}; enum boolean iseven(int x) { if(x%2==0) return true; else return false; } void main() { int n; enum boolean b; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%d",&n); b=iseven(n); if(b==true) printf("Given number is even"); else printf("Given number is odd"); getch(); } Typedef:- It assigns the symbol name to the data type definition(type definition). syntax:- typedef <type definition> <identifier> ; Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> typedef unsigned long ul; void main()
{ ul n; clrscr(); printf("Enter any number:"); scanf("%lu",&n); printf("Given number:%lu",n); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp { int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; }; typedef struct emp se; se accept() { se e; printf("Enter no:"); scanf("%d",&e.eno); printf("Enter ename:"); fflush(stdin); gets(e.ename); printf("Enter salary:"); scanf("%f",&e.sal); return e; } void display(se e) { printf("\nEno:%d",e.eno); printf("\nEname:%s",e.ename); printf("\nEsal:%.2f",e.sal); } void main() { se e; clrscr(); e=accept(); display(e); getch(); }
FILES C language permits the usage of limited input and output functions to read and write data. These functions are used for only smaller volumes of data and it becomes difficult to handle longer data volumes. Also the entire data is lost when the program is over. To overcome these difficulties a flexible method is developed by employing the concept of FILES to store, to read (0r) write data and to written them even when program is over. Definition:-A FILE is one which enable the user to read , write and store a group of a related data . (or) A FILE is a collection of related data stored in a particular area on the disk. C supports a number of functions to have the ability to perform the basic file operations which indicates. 1) Naming a file 2) Opening a file 3) Reading data from a file 4) Writing data into file 5) Closing a file Text file or Sequential file:- For reading ad writing data in continuous blocks in this files the data is represented instead of characters. Each and every character requires only one byte. Binary files:- For reading and writing data in orbitary structured files. In this files the information is represented instead of data blocks the size of data blocks depends on its data type. FILE:- It is a predefined structure and is used to declare a file pointer. Using this pointer we can perform all file operations. Declaration of file pointer:FILE *identifier; Example:FILE *fp; fopen():- It opens a file stream. Syntax: FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode); ARGUMENTS file name:- File that the functions open.
MODE DESCRIPTION: Sno 1 2 3 Mode r w a Description Open for reading only Create for writing (a file by that name already exists, it will be overwritten.) end; open for writing at end of file, or create for writing if the file does not exist.
4 5 6
r+ w+ a+
Open an existing file for update (reading and writing) Create a new file for update (reading and writing). (If a file by that name already exists, it will be overwritten) Open for append; open for update at the end of the file, or create if the file does not exist.
*To specify that a given file is being opened or created in text mode, append "t" to the string (rt, w+t, etc.). *To specify binary mode, append "b" to the string (wb, a+b, etc.). fclose():- It closes a file stream. Syntax:- int fclose(FILE *stream);
fcloseall():- It closes all opened file streams. Syntax:- int fcloseall(void); TEXT FILES Macros: 1)getc():- It is a macro that gets one character from a stream. Syntax: int getc(FILE *stream); 2)putc():- It is a macro that out puts a character to a file stream. Syntax: int putc(int c,FILE *stream); Functions: 1)fgetc():- It is a function. It gets a character from a file stream. Syntax: int fgetc(FILE *stream); 2)fputc():- It is a function. It outputs a character to a file stream. Syntax: int fputc (int c, FILE *stream); Program:Write a program to create a text file and store data into that file from keyboard #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char ch; clrscr(); fp=fopen("a.txt","w"); printf("Enter the data into file(ctrl+z to stop)\n"); ch=getchar(); while(ch!=EOF) { putc(ch,fp); ch=getchar(); } fclose(fp); printf("data stored successfully");
getch(); } Program:Write a program to open a text file read data into that file display on the screen. #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char ch; clrscr(); fp=fopen("a.txt","r"); printf("reading data from file: \n"); ch=getc(fp); while(ch!=EOF) { printf("%c",ch); ch=getc(fp); delay(100); //dos.h } fclose(fp); getch(); } Program:Write a program to accept any file name and display all contents in the given file #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char st[20],ch; clrscr(); printf("Enter any file name:"); gets(st); fp=fopen(st,"r"); if(fp==NULL) { printf("File not found"); getch(); exit(0); } ch=getc(fp); while(ch!=EOF) { printf("%c",ch); ch=getc(fp);
delay(20); } fclose(fp); getch(); } Rewind: It repositions file pointer file streams beginning Syntax: void rewind(FILE *stream); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char ch; clrscr(); fp=fopen("text.txt","w+"); printf("Enter data into file(ctrl+z to stop)\n"); ch=getchar(); while(ch!=EOF) { fputc(ch,fp); ch=getchar(); } printf("\nReading data from file\n"); rewind(fp); ch=fgetc(fp); while(ch!=EOF) { printf("%c",ch); ch=fgetc(fp); } fclose(fp); getch(); } Program:Write a program to accept any filename and count no of lines, no of words and no of characters in the given file #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char st[20],ch,ch1; int nl=0,nw=0,nc=0;
clrscr(); printf("Enter any file name:"); gets(st); fp=fopen(st,"r"); if(fp==NULL) { printf("File is not found"); getch(); exit(0); } ch=getc(fp); while(ch!=EOF) { nc++; if(ch==32 || ch=='\n') { nw++; if(ch=='\n') nl++; } ch=getc(fp); } fclose(fp); printf("\nNo of lines:%d",nl); printf("\nNo of words:%d",nw); printf("\nNo of characters:%d",nc); getch(); } EOF:- A constant indicating that end of file has been reached on a file. To get this character from keyboard press ctrl+z. fgets():-It gets string from file stream. Syntax: char *fgets(char *s,int n,FILE *stream); Remarks:fgets reads characters from stream into the strings. It stops when it reads either n - 1 characters or a new line character, whichever comes first. fputs():-It outputs a string to file stream. Syntax: int fputs(const char *s,FILE *stream); Remarks:fputs copies the null-terminated string s to the given output stream. It does not append a new line character, and the terminating null character is not copied. feof():-It is a Macro that tests if end of file has been reached on a stream. Syntax: int feof(FILE *stream);
returned value: Returns non-zero if an end-of-file indicator was detected on the last input operation on the named stream. Returns 0 if end-of-file has not been reached. Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char st[80]; clrscr(); fp=fopen("str.txt","a+"); printf("Enter string data into file('end' to stop)\n"); gets(st); while(strcmpi(st,"end")!=0) { fputs(st,fp); fputs("\n",fp); gets(st); } rewind(fp); printf("Reading data from file\n"); fgets(st,80,fp); while(!feof(fp))//while(feof(f)==0)But this is not efficient { printf("%s",st); fgets(st,80,fp); } fclose(fp); getch(); } fscanf():It scans and formats input from a file stream. Syntax: int fscanf (FILE *stream,const char *format [, address, ...]); fprintf():It sends formatted output to the file stream. Syntax: int fprintf (FILE *stream, const char *format [, argument, ...]); NOTE:-In fprintf (or) fscanf, between formats atleast one space is neccessary. Program: #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { FILE *fp; int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; clrscr(); fp=fopen("emp.txt","w"); printf("Enter eno:"); scanf("%d",&eno); printf("Enter ename:"); fflush(stdin); gets(ename); printf("Enter salary"); scanf("%f",&sal); fprintf(fp,"%d %s %.2f",eno,ename,sal); fclose(fp); printf("Record is saved successfully"); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fp; int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; clrscr(); fp=fopen("emp.txt","r"); fscanf(fp,"%d %s %f",&eno,ename,&sal); printf("Reading data from file \n"); printf("\nEno:%d",eno); printf("\nEname:%s",ename); printf("\nSal:%.2f",sal); fclose(fp); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() {
FILE *fp; int eno; char ename[20],ch; float sal; clrscr(); fp=fopen("emp1.txt","a+"); do { printf("Enter eno:"); scanf("%d",&eno); printf("Enter ename:"); fflush(stdin); gets(ename); printf("Enter salary:"); scanf("%f",&sal); fprintf(fp,"%d %s %.2f\n",eno,ename,sal); printf("Record is saved successfully\n"); printf("Enter another record(y/n)"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&ch); }while(ch!='n'); clrscr(); rewind(fp); printf("%-10s%-15s%s","ENO","ENAME","SALARY"); printf("\n__________________________________"); while(!feof(fp)) { fscanf(fp,"%d %s f\n",&eno,ename,&sal); printf("\n%-10d%-15s%.2f",eno,ename,sal); } fclose(fp); getch(); } ftell():- It Returns the current file pointer. Syntax: long ftell(FILE *stream);
fseek():- It repositions the file pointer of a stream. Syntax: int fseek(FILE *stream,long offset,int whence); Argument What It Is/Does stream Stream whose file pointer fseek sets offset Difference in bytes between whence (a file pointer position) and new position. For text mode streams, offset should be 0 or a value returned by ftell.
whence One of three they are Constant SEEK_SET SEEK_CUR SEEK_END Value 0 1 2 File location Seeks from beginning of file Seeks from current position Seeks from end of file
Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fp; char ch; clrscr(); fp=fopen("a.txt","w"); printf("Current file pointer position:%d",ftell(fp)); printf("Enter data into file(ctrl+z to stop)\n"); ch=getchar(); while(ch!=EOF) { fputc(ch,fp); ch=getchar(); } printf("Present file pointer position:%d",ftell(fp)); fseek(fp,-10,SEEK_CUR); printf("\nNew file pointer position:%d",ftell(fp)); fclose(fp); getch(); } BINARY FILES putw():-It outputs an integer on a stream. Syntax: int putw(int w,FILE *stream); getw():-It gets an integer from stream. Syntax: int getw(FILE *stream); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fp; int n; clrscr();
fp=fopen("num.dat","a+b"); printf("\nEnter integer data into file(ctrl +Z to stop)\n"); scanf("%d",&n); while(n!=0) { putw(n,fp); scanf("%d",&n); } fseek(fp,0,0); printf("\n Reading data from file :\n"); n=getw(fp); while(!feof(fp)) { printf("%d\n",n); n=getw(fp); } fclose(fp); getch(); } fwrite():-It appends specified no of equal sized data items to an output file. Syntax: size_t fwrite(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE*stream); fread():-It reads a specified no of equal sized data items from an input stream into a block. Syntax: size_t fread(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE *stream); ptr size n stream Argument What It Is/Does Points to a block into which data is read/write Length of each item read/write, in bytes Number of items read/write Points to input/output stream
remove():- It is a Macro that removes a file Declaration: int remove(const char *filename); rename():- It Renames a file Declaration: int rename(const char *oldname, const char *newname); Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct item { int ino; char iname[20]; float cost; };
void main() { FILE *fp; struct item it; clrscr(); fp=fopen("item.dat","wb"); printf("Enter item number:"); scanf("%d",&it.ino); printf("Enter item name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(it.iname); printf("Enter cost:"); scanf("%f",&it.cost); fwrite(&it,sizeof(it),1,fp); fclose(fp); printf("Record saved successfully"); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct item { int ino; char iname[20]; float cost; }; void main() { FILE *fp; struct item it; clrscr(); fp=fopen("item.dat","rb"); fread(&it,sizeof(it),1,fp); printf("\nItem number:%d",it.ino); printf("\nItem name:%s",it.iname); printf("\nItem cost:%.2f",it.cost); fclose(fp); getch(); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct item { int ino;
char iname[20]; float cost; }; void main() { FILE *fp; char ch; struct item it; clrscr(); fp=fopen("item.dat","a+b"); do { printf("Enter item number:"); scanf("%d",&it.ino); printf("Enter item name:"); fflush(stdin); gets(it.iname); printf("Enter cost:"); scanf("%f",&it.cost); fwrite(&it,sizeof(it),1,fp); printf("Record saved successfully"); printf("Enter another record(y/n)"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&ch); }while(ch!='n'); clrscr(); fseek(fp,0,0);//new rewind (fp); printf("%-10s%-15s%s","INO","INAME","COST"); printf("\n_________________________________"); fread(&it,sizeof(it),1,fp); while(!feof(fp)) { printf("\n%-10d%-15s%-2f",it.ino,it.iname,it.cost); fread(&it,sizeof(it),1,fp); } fclose(fp); getch(); } COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS It is a parameter supplied to a program when the program is invoked.This Parameter may represent a file name.Then the program should process.Command line arguments are typed by the user.The first argument is always the file name.
We know that every C program should have one main function and it can take arguments like other functions.If you work with command line arguments,The main function can take two arguments called "argc" and "argv".And the information contained in the command line is processed on to the program through these arguments. The variable "argc" is an argument counter, that counts the no of arguments on the command line. The variable "argv" is an argument vector, and represents an array of character pointers that points to the command line arguments. The size of this array will be equal to the value of "argc". Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main(int argc,char *argv[]) { int i; clrscr(); printf("No.of arguments%d",argc); for(i=0;i<argc;i++) { printf("\n Arguments%d %s",i,argv[i]); } } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main(int argc,char *argv[]) { FILE *fp; char ch; if(argc!=2) { printf("Invalid arguments"); exit(0); } fp=fopen(argv[1],"w"); ch=getchar(); while(ch!=EOF) { putc(ch,fp); ch=getchar(); } fclose(fp); printf("File is counted"); }
Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main(int argc,char *argv[]) { FILE *fp; char ch; if(argc!=2) { printf("Invalid arguments"); exit(0); } fp=fopen(argv[1],"r"); if(fp==NULL) { printf("File not found"); exit(0); } ch=getc(fp); while(ch!=EOF) { printf("%c",ch); ch=getc(fp); } fclose(fp); } Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct emp { int eno; char ename[20]; float sal; }e; void accept(); void addrecord(); void header(); void display(); int search(int); void search_rec(); void delete(); void insert(); void update(); void main()
{ int opt; while(1) { clrscr(); gotoxy(35,5); printf("MENU"); gotoxy(30,6); printf("_______________"); gotoxy(30,7); pritnf("\n1.ADD RECORD"); gotoxy(30,8); pritnf("\n2.DISPLAY"); gotoxy(30,9); pritnf("\n3.SEARCH"); gotoxy(30,10); pritnf("\n4.DELETE"); gotoxy(30,11); pritnf("\n5.INSERT"); gotoxy(30,12); pritnf("\n6.UPDATE"); gotoxy(30,13); pritnf("\n7.EXIT"); gotoxy(30,14); printf("_________________"); gotoxy(30,16); printf("Enter your option:"); scanf("%d",&opt); clrscr(); switch(opt) { case 1: addrecord(); break; case 2: display(); break; case 3: search_rec(); break; case 4: delete(); break; case 5: insert(); break;
case 6: update(); break; case 7: exit(0); } getch(); } } void accept() { printf("Enter eno:"); scanf("%d",&e.eno); pritnf("Enter ename:"); fflush(stdin); gets(e.ename); printf("Enter salary:"); scanf("%f",&e.sal); } void addrecord() { FILE *fp; char ch; fp=fopen("emp.dat","ab"); do { accept(); fwrite(&e,sizeof(e),1,fp); printf("Enter another record(y/n):"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&ch); }while(ch!='n'); fclose(fp); } void header() { printf("%-10s%-15s%-15s%s","ENO","ENAME","SALARY"); printf("\n__________________________________"); } void display() { FILE *fp; int c=0; fp=fopen("emp.dat","rb"); header(); while(fread(&e,sizeof(e),1,fp)==1)
{ printf("\n%-10d%-15s%.2f",e.eno,e.ename,e.sal); c++; if(c%20==0) { getch(); clrscr(); header(); } } fclose(fp); } int search(int n) { FILE *fp; fp=fopen("emp.dat","rb"); while(fread(&e,sizeof(e),1,fp)==1) { if(e.eno==n) { fclose(fp); return 1; } } fclose(fp); return 0; } void search_rec() { } } }
/*w.a.p to create a data file and perform the following menu operations. MENU ______________ 1.Add record 2.Display 3.Search
4.Delete 5.Insert 6.Update 7.Exit _______________*/ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct student { int sno; char sname[20],course[20]; float fee; }; int checkrec(int n) { FILE *fp; struct student s; fp=fopen("student.dat","rb"); if(fp==NULL) return 0; fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); while(!feof(fp)) { if(s.sno==n) { fclose(fp); return 1; } fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); } fclose(fp); return 0; } struct student accept() { struct student s; lb: printf("enter student no:"); scanf("%d",&s.sno); if(checkrec(s.sno)==1) { printf("record already exists\n"); printf("Enter another record\n"); goto lb; } printf("Enter student name:");
fflush(stdin); gets(s.sname); printf("Enter course"); gets(s.course); printf("Enter fee:"); scanf("%f",&s.fee); return s; } void addrecord() { FILE *fp; struct student s; fp=fopen("Student.dat","ab"); s=accept(); fwrite(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); fclose(fp); printf("Record saved successfully"); } void header() { printf("%-10s%-15s%-15s%s","SNO","SNAME","COURSE","FEE"); printf("\n---------------------------------"); } void display() { FILE *fp; struct student s; int count=0; fp=fopen("Student.dat","rb"); header(); fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); while(!feof(fp)) { printf("\n%-10s%-15s%-15s%.2f",s.sno,s.sname,s.course,s.fee); count++; if(count%20==0) { printf("\n\nPress any key to continue......."); getch(); clrscr(); header(); } fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); } fclose(fp); }
void search() { FILE *fp; struct student s; int n; printf("Enter student number to search:"); scanf("%d",&n); if(checkrec(n)==0) { printf("Record not found"); return; } fp=fopen("Student.dat","rb"); fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); while(!feof(fp)) { if(s.sno==n) { printf("\n sname:%s",s.sname); printf("\n course:%s",s.course); printf("\n fee:%.2f",s.fee); fclose(fp); return; } fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp); } } void delete() { FILE *fp1,*fp2; struct student s; int n; printf("Enter student no to delete"); scanf("%d",&n); if(checkrec(n)==0) { printf("Record not found"); return; } fp1=fopen("Student.dat","rb"); fp2=fopen("Temp.dat","wb"); fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp1); while(!feof(fp)) { if(s.sno!=n) fwrite(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp2);
fread(&s,sizeof(s),1,fp1); } remove("student.dat"); rename("temp.dat","student.dat"); printf("Record is deleted"); } void insert() { FILE *fp1,*fp2; struct student sl; int n; char ch; lb: printf("Insert before/after(b/B(or)A/a:"); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&ch); if(ch=='b'||ch=='B') printf("Before which sno do u want to insert"); elseif(ch=='a'||ch=='A') printf("After which sno do u want to insert"); else { printf("\nInvalid Option"); goto lb; } scanf("%d",&n); if(checkrec(n)==0) { printf("Record not found"); return; }

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INTRODUCTION COMPUTER: Computer is an electronic device, which has memory and performs arithmetic and logical operations.

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

fact=1 fact=fact*n n=n-1 if n>=1 then go to step3 print fact end

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

4. Rhombus or Diamond shape is used to represent the conditional statement.

5. Circles are used to join the different parts of a flow chart

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXECUTION OF C PROGRAME

Object file (.obj)

Primary memory (Ram)

Start Program Execution

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

Real Constants Single Character Constants, String Constants

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

If E1 = False then !E1 True

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

Entry False True

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

ARISE, AWAKE AND STOP TILL THE GOAL IS NOT REACHED

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