DOS

(Disk Operating System) POST (Power on Self Test) When the computer is switch on a beep sound is heard. It indicates that computer has received proper voltage at proper place and the entire machine is in working condition. This is known as POST. The beep sound is send by the CPU. It also checks the condition of all memory units. This is known as RAM test.

BOOTING:
COLD BOOTING: Cold Booting or simply booting performed when the machine is started by turning on the power for the first time. WARM BOOTING: This type of booting is performed while the computer is in working condition, without turning off the power. This is generally performed when the machine stop responding to the user. Warm Booting can be executed by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del keys or by pressing reset key. The computer starts working from the beginning i.e. from the POST, but excluding RAM test. The 3 main bootable files are IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM

Timeline of Developing DOS:The First Version of PC-DOS 1.1 released in August, 1981. PC-DOS 1.1 released in May, 1982. PC-DOS 2.0 released in March, 1983. PC-DOS 3.0 released in September, 1984. PC-DOS 3.2 released in April, 1986. PC-DOS 3.3 released in April, 1987. PC-DOS 4.0 released in July, 1988. PC-DOS 5.0 released in April, 1991.

Internal DOS Commands:

Internal commands are those command are available in the COMMAND.COM file of DOS. These are loaded into the memory automatically at the time of loading the operating system. We can always use these commands after booting the machine. These commands are available in the memory of the computer; these are known as Resident Command. 1. CLS - This command is used to clear all the contents whatever is displayed onto the monitor. Command Syntax: CLS <ENTER> 2. DATE This command is used to display and change the System Date. Command Syntax: DATE<ENTER> 1

3. Time This command is used to display and change the System Time. Command Syntax: TIME<ENTER> 4. VER This command is used to show the Version Number of operating system. Command Syntax: VER<ENTER> 5. VOL This command display the computerized name and serial number of the disk. Command Syntax: VOL <DRIVE NAME> <ENTER> 6. DIR This command is used to display a list of files and Subdirectories in a Directory. Command Syntax: DIR [DIR NAME] [PATH] [SPECIFIES] <ENTER> Specifies drive, directory, and/or files or list. /P /W /O Sort /N /S /E /D /G /S /B /L /AH /AS /AR /A-D /AD Pause after each screen full of information. Show in wide list format. List by files in sorted order. order: By Name (Alphabetic) By Size (Smallest Fast) By Extension (Alphabetic) By Date & Time (Earliest First) Group Directories First Prefix to Reverse Order Displays Files in specified directory and all Subdirectory Uses bare format (No heading information or sum mary) Uses Lowercase. Use for display only Hidden file list. Use for display only System file list. Use for display only Read only file list. Use for display only file list. Use for display only Directory list.

7. COPY CON To create file using this command. Command Syntax: COPY CON [FILE NAME WITH EXTENTION]<ENTER> 8. TYPE TO SEE THE CONTENTS OF ANY FILE (ONE FILE AT A TIME} Command Syntax: TYPE [SOURCE PATH] <ENTER> 9. MD Using this command we can create Directories. Command Syntax: MD [DIRECTORI NAME] 10. RD/RMDIR RD or RMDIR remove the empty directory. Command Syntax: RD/RMDIR [SOURCE PATH]<ENTER> 11. CD/CHDIR To change current path. Command Syntax: CD/CHDIR [SOURCE PATH] {CD.. IS USED TO COMES INTO PREVVIOUS DIRECTORY} {CD\ IS USED TO COMES INTO ROOT DIRECTORY} 12. COPY - Copies one or more file from one location to another location by using new name 2

COPY ONLY ONE FILE THEN USE FOLLOWING COMMAND : Command Syntax: COPY [SOURCE PATH] [TARGET PATH] <ENTER> e.g. COPY C:\RAM.TXT E:\MADHU.TXT IF COPY MORE THEN ONE FILE THEN USE FOLLOWING COMMAND: Command Syntax: COPY [1ST SOURCE]+[2ND SOURCE]+ [TARGET PATH] <ENTER> e.g. COPY C:\RAM.TXT+D:\SHYAM.TXT E:\JADU.TXT 13. DEL/ERASE To erase one or more file from Hard disk. Command Syntax: DEL/ERASE [FILE PATH]<ENTER> 14. ECHO Display massages or turns command-echoing on or off. Command Syntax: ECHO [ON|OFF] <ENTER> ECHO [MASSAGE] <ENTER> 15. REN To change the name of file or directories. Command Syntax: REN [SOURCE PATH WITH OLD FILE NAME] [NEW NAME] <ENTER> 16. PROMPT To change the DOS prompt. Command Syntax: PROMPT [PARAMETER] PARAMETER DESCRIPTION $A & (Ampersand) $B | (pipe) $C ( (Left parenthesis) $D Current date $E Escape code (ASCII code 27) $F ) (Right parenthesis) $G > (greater-than sign) $H Backspace (erases previous c $L < (less-than sign) $N Current drive $P Current drive and path $Q = (equal sign) $S (space) $T Current time $V Windows XP version number $_ Carriage return and linefeed $$ $ (dollar sign) 17. PAUSE This command is use to pause command. Command Syntax: PAUSE<ENTER> 18. EXIT Quit from DOS. Command Syntax: EXIT <ENTER>

External DOS Command:

External commands are auxiliary programs file which may or may not be present in the disk. We can use these commands only if the corresponding programs files are available. Generally these commands are found in Secondary Storage unit of the computer. This command are known as Transient Command. 3

19. DOSKEY - Edits, recalls Windows XP commands, and creates macros. Command Syntax: DOSKEY<ENTER> {USING F7 DISPLAY LIST OF COMMAND WHICH ARE PREVIOUSLY USED} {USING ALT+F7 TO CLEAR COMMND HISTORY} 20. LABEL To create, change or delete the volume label of disk. Command Syntax: LABEL [DRIVE LATTER]<ENTER> 21. FORMAT This command is used to erase all the contents. Command Syntax: FORMAT [DRIVE LETTER]<ENTER> e.g. FROMAT D: 22. XCOPY Using this command copy file with sub directories. Command Syntax: XCOPY [SOURCE PATH] [DESTINATION PATH] <ENTER> 23. CHKDSK Using this command check disk and show status. Command Syntax: CHKDSK [DRIVE LETTER] <ENTER> 24. MORE Display output one page at a time. Command Syntax: MORE [SOURCE PATH] <ENTER> 25. MOVE To move one or more file to another location. Command Syntax: MOVE [SOURCE PATH] [DESTINATION PATH] <ENTER> 26. COLOR To change console foreground and background color. Command Syntax: COLOR [1ST DIGIT 2ND DEGIT] <ENTER> {WITHOUT SPACE} Color attributes: 0 = Black 8 = Gray 1 = Blue 9 = Light Blue 2 = Green A = Light Green 3 = Aqua B = Light Aqua 4 = Red C = Light Red 5 = Purple D = Light Purple 6 = Yellow E = Light Yellow 7 = White F = Bright White 27. FIND - Searches for a text string in a file or files. Command Syntax: FIND/[ATTRIBUTES] "string" [FILE PATH] <ENTER> ATTRIBUTES: /V /C /N /I "String" Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string. Displays only the count of lines containing the string. Displays line numbers with the displayed lines. Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string. Specifies the text string to find.

28. ATTRIB Display or change file attributes. Command Syntax: ATTRIB+/-[ATTRIBUTE] [SOURCE PATH]<ENTER> ATTRIBUTES: + Sets an attribute. Clears an attribute. 4

R A S H /S /D

Read-only file attribute. Archive file attribute. System file attribute. Hidden file attribute. Processes matching files in the current folder and all subfolders. Processes folders as well.

39. SORT Using this command we can sorting line number. Command Syntax: SORT [SOURCE FILE NAME] <ENTER> 30. TREE Using this command we can see the structure of directory. Command Syntax: TREE/F [DIRECTORY PATH]<ENTER> {WITHOUT /F DONOT SHOW THE FILE IN THE STRUCTURE} Wild Card Character: DIR*.*/DIR??*.* - This command is using to find file or directories. Command Syntax: DIR [FINDING LETTER]*.* <ENTER> e.g. DIR A?*.* {To find those file whose file name starting with A} DIR ??.txt { To find those file whose extension is .txt}

31. EDIT DOS text editor. Command Syntax: EDIT [PATH] <ENTER>

:Edit Window:

FILE
NEW OPEN SAVE SAVE AS CLOSE PRINT EXIT ATL+F+N ATL+F+O ATL+F+S ATL+F+A ATL+F+C ATL+F+P ATL+F+X ATL+E+T ATL+E+C ATL+E+P ATL+E+E ALT+S+F ALT+S+L ALT+S+R CREATE A NEW FILE. OPEN A FILE. SAVE A FILE. SAVE FILE IN ANOTHER LOCATION & NAME. CLOSE FILE. PRINT A FILE. EXIT FROM EDIT WINDOW. CUT A TEXT. COPY A TEXT. PASTE A TEXT. DELETE A TEXT. FIND SPECIFIC WORD. REPEAT A LAST FIND WORD. REPLACE SPECIFIC WORD. SPLITTING THE WINDOW. SIZE A WINDOW. CLOSE A WINDOW. CTRL+X CTRL+C CTRL+V CTRL+DEL

EDIT
CUT COPY PASTE CLEAR

SEARCH
FIND REPEAT A LAST FIND REPLACE

VIEW
SPLIT WINDOW ALT+V+S SIZE WINDOW ALT+V+Z CLOSE WINDOW ALT+V+C F6 TO CHANGE WINDOW.

OPTION
SETTINGS COLORS ALT+O+S ALT+O+C TO CHANGE THE SETTING. TO CHANGE INTO THE VARIOUS COLORS.