These are the concepts tested for the LAST TWO YEARS on the IB Biology HL Paper 1

1. Outline the Cell Theory 2. Know the relative size of these things: molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells using the correct SI unit.

m
cu mole

t
thic kn e ss

v
virus

b
bacte

o
organ e ll e

c
ce ll

3. Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Eschericia coli (E. coli) as 1nm 10nm 100nm 1mm 10mm 100mm an example of a prokaryote. 4. Draw and label a diagram of the ultratructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell 5. Compare the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (DNA, nucleus, mitochondria, size of ribosomes, organelles, etc.) 6. Compare all the differences between plant and animal cells 7. Define and tell the difference between diffusion and osmosis 8. Tell the route of export of vesicles that are transporting material within a cell and out of a cell. (ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane) 9. Describe the events that happen in the four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. 10. Tell all the events that happen to a cell during interphase 11. Know a biological role of each of these elements: sulfur; calcium; phosphorus; iron; sodium 12. Be able to draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a water molecule - show polarity difference and how hydrogen bonds would form. 13. How do the properties of water assist an organism to stay COOL; to dissolve and transport substances and aid in metabolism? 14. Whats the difference between inorganic and organic compounds? 15. Be able to tell the difference between the molecular (stick) diagram of glucose, ribose, fatty acids. 16. Be able to give three examples EACH of a monosaccharide; disaccharides and polysaccharides 17. Be able to predict the percent of a nitrogen base in DNA: Ex: if DNA contains 30% cytosine, what percent of thymine is present? _________ Adenine? _______ Guanine? ______ 18. Looking at a partial diagram of DNA can you fill in the proper number of hydrogen bonds between C and G? Between A and T? What is the difference in the sides? Are they going the same direction? What types of bonds hold together the sugar and the nitrogen base and the phosphate group? What types of bonds are in the middle, between the nitrogen bases? Which bonds are stronger? 19. What molecules are the major players in DNA replication? 20. In Transcription? 21. In Translation? 22. Which of these listed in A,B,and C use a ribosome? Which use DNA polymerase? Which use RNA polymerase? 23. Know the difference in the diagrams of DNA replication, transcription and translation 24. How is tRNA used in translation? What does it do? Where does it go? How does it connect to mRNA? 25. In cell respiration, how is glucose broken down? What is this process called? What does it form when it breaks down? How many are formed? Is any ATP produced? How much? 26. In cellular respiration, if the process is without oxygen, what is that called? If this is the case, what happens to pyruvate? What is produced in animals? What is produced in plants?

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These are the concepts tested for the LAST TWO YEARS on the IB Biology HL Paper 1
27. In photosynthesis, where does the oxygen come from? What is the first step when light hits a chloroplast? How is ATP formed? What part of the light reactions form ATP? What is photolysis? 28. How could a person measure the RATE of photosynthesis on a plant growing in a pot in the lab? What would be the best way? Increase in mass? how would you do that? Uptake of CO2 how would you do that? Production of oxygen - how would you do that? 29. Do the waterweed simulation (Google: waterweed simulation ) http://www.saddleworth.oldham.sch.uk/science/simulations/waterweed.htm 30. If I have two different alleles for hair color, what are alleles? And how are they different? 31. What is a gene? How is that different from an allele? 32. What is a genome? How is that different from a gene? 33. Give me an example of a base substitute mutation: write the code for the original sequence and the substituted base sequence. What may be the possible outcomes? Is it always going to cause a change in the cell? If so, how? If not, why not? 34. What type of mutation is the sickle-cell mutation? 35. What is a homologous chromosome? Where do they come from? 36. When does crossing over take place in meiosis? What phase? Is this Meiosis I or Meiosis II? 37. What is a test cross and how is it done? Draw a simple monohybrid (4 box) punnet square showing a test cross. 38. Difference between genotype and phenotype 39. Describe the ABO blood group and the phenotypes and genotypes of each blook type possible. Is this codominance? Which alleles are codominant? Is this multiple alleles? Why? 40. Predict the possible offspring in a person with type AB blood and a person with type O blood. Draw the punnet square. 41. What bloodtype could not be found in the offspring of a couple, each of whom has type AB blood? 42. What does being a carrier mean if you are female and it is an X -linked recessive trait (like hemophilia)? Will a carrier female express the trait in question? Will she be able to pass on the trait? Draw a punnet square between a female carrier for hemophilia and a normal male. (use X and Y chromosomes) 43. Be able to read a pedigree chart. 44. 44. List the possible genotypes of the following hemophilia pedigree chart below. Remember hemophilia is a sex linked trait that is caused by a recessive allele, therefore you must denote the individuals sex chromosomes (XX, XY, XhXh, XXh and XhY )

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These are the concepts tested for the LAST TWO YEARS on the IB Biology HL Paper 1
45. What does X-linked mean? 46. Outline the use of PCR (polymerase chain reaction). What is the purpose of this procedure? 47. Know the difference between a community and a population and an ecosystem. Knowing the proper definition of Community has been on the test two years in a row. 48. Describe the difference between a food web and a food chain. 49. What is a trophic level? Give an example. 50. Why does the shape of a pyramid of energy get narrower and narrower as you move up the food chain? What is a rule of 10? What are the UNITS of energy in an energy pyramid? 51. Name greenhouse gasses. You should be able to name about 3 different ones. 52. What is the difference in natality (N) and mortality (M)? What is the difference in immigration (I) and emigration (E)? 53. Predict what is happening to a population if your population data says this: (N+M)=(I+E)=0 Is the population increasing? Decreasing? Or in a plateau stage? 54. Using the information in question 52, which part of this graph below would the population be in? 55. In order for the population to be in the exponential phase, what would have to be different about the equation in #52? Circle all that apply a. N would have to be less than M b. M would have to be less than N c. I would have to be less than E d. E would have to be less than I

55. Outline the evidence of evolution- how are fossils, and selective breeding, and homologous structures evidence of evolution?

Fossils, selective breeding and homologous structures have provided scientists with evidence that support the theory of evolution. As they started to study fossils they realised that these were not identical but had similarities with existing organisms. This suggested that organisms changed over time. Selective breeding of domesticated animals also provides this evidence as the domestic breeds have similar characteristics to the wild ones and can still breed with them. As selected wild individuals with desirable characteristics were bred, over time this resulted in a more desirable species from a human point of view. An example of this is the taming of wild wolves and their selective breeding in order to produce the domestic dogs we know today. This suggests that not only have these animals evolved but also that they can evolve rapidly. Finally scientists have found a number of homologous structures within different species. Many bones in the limbs are common to a number of species and therefore suggests that these have evolved from one common ancestor.

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These are the concepts tested for the LAST TWO YEARS on the IB Biology HL Paper 1
56. List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa from memory. Use a mnemonic device: Such as King Philip Came Over From Great Spain Use an example from the Kingdom PLANTAE and an example from the Kingdom ANIMALIA to list the groups in order. White Oak tree: Human being: Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Magnoliophyta Phylum: Chordata Class: Magnoliopsida Class: Mammalia Order: Fagales Order: Primates Family: Fagaceae Family: Hominidae Genus: Quercus Genus: Homo Species: alba Species: sapiens 57. Given two different cats which are classified as Felis catus and Felis silvestris, which of the following statements is correct? A) the family names are catus and silvestris; b) the species name of both cats is Felis; c) Both cats belong to the same family and same genus; d) Both cats belong to the same class but a different genus. 58. What are the characteristic differences of external body parts of these animals: (use green book) Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda AND, give an example of each 59. Enzymes of digestion: Enzyme Source (where is it found in digestive tract) Amylase Protease Lipase Amy = starch Prote= protein Lip = lipid 60. Describe what allows the small intestine to absorb the products of digestion quickly. What increases the surface area of the small intestine ? 61. Are blood vessels inside a villus? How is this related to the villis funct ion? 62. Which chambers of the heart will have oxygenated blood in them? Which chambers will have deoxygenated blood? What is the blood flow circuit through the heart and body, starting with the left atrium? 63. Be able to label the human heart with all chambers and major vessels. 64. Why are antibiotics effective against bacteria but not viruses? What is it about viruses that makes it impossible for antibiotics to work against them? 65. Is an antigen the same as an antibiotic? If not, then how are they different? 66. Where are antibodies produced? 67. In the lungs and ribs, what muscles cause air to be inhaled? What muscles cause air to be exhaled? What happens in exhalation and inhalation in terms of muscles? 68. Draw a graph of the depolarization of a neuron. Label the resting potential and the action potential, and label the depolarization phase and the repolarization phase. Substrate Products Optimum pH

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These are the concepts tested for the LAST TWO YEARS on the IB Biology HL Paper 1
69. How does a nerve impulse pass down a neuron? Discuss charges and active transport and diffusion. Discuss the movement of sodium and potassium. Which moves in? Which moves out? Is the inside of the neuron more positive during resting potential? Or more negative? How does this change when an impulse travels down a nerve? 70. How does insulin levels change when a person is a) actively exercising and b) sleeping What does insulin do? What does glucagon do? What produces insulin? What produces glucagon? 71. Explain how blood glucose is controlled. Is this positive feedback or negative feedback? As blood glucose levels rise, what happens? As blood glucose levels drop, what happens? 72. Be able to identify the epididymis, the seminal vesicle, sperm duct, prostate gland, bladder and urethra in a male reproductive system. 73. Be able to identify the ovary, uterus, cervix, vagina, urethra and bladder in a female reproductive tract. 74. What is the job of testosterone in males? Give at least three roles of testosterone. 75. In DNA structure, what are nucleosomes? What are they made of? What is their job? 76. One side of the DNA molecule replicates slower than the other. Find out the reason why. 77. What are Okazaki fragments? What do they have to do with the issue in #76? 78. Find a way to remember the difference between exons and introns. Try this: Exons are Expressed and Introns Interrupt Which have to be removed in mature RNA? Why is this? 79. In enzyme action, what is meant by competitive inhibition? What is meant by non -competitive inhibition? Which one involves the active site? Which one prevents the substrate from binding with the enzyme? 80. List the steps of glycolysis. What is the purpose of glycolysis? 81. Draw and label a mitochondria and on the drawing, label where the Krebs cycle happens. Also label where the electron transport chain happens. Does glycolysis happen in the mitochondria? If not, where does it happen? What happens in the mitochondrial matrix? 82. Where in cellular respiration is CO2 produced? 83. Draw and label a chloroplast and on the drawing, label where the light reactions happen. Also label where the Calvin cycle happens. What is considered the light independent reactions? Which reaction produces glucosethe light reactions or the Calvin cycle? 84. Where is most of the chlorophyll (the green stuff) located in a chloroplast? The thylakoid membranes or the stroma? 85. What is produced in the light dependent reactions (light reactions) of photosynthesis? 86. How is NADPH used in photosynthesis? 87. What is used (taken in) in the Calvin cycle? 88. Is glucose made in the light reactions? 89. Which of these stems is a dicot stem? (circle) 90. Locate the vascular bundles on the diagrams to the right. Is the xylem on the inside of the stem or the outside? How can you remember this? The living tissue in a stem is on the outer edges, where the stem is actively growing wider. Phloem is living tissue and xylem is dead, hollow straws. Xylem takes in water and Phloem is for Phood! 91. List three differences between dicotylednous and monocotyledonous plants How are their leaves different? How are their roots different? How are their flowers different? How are their seeds different? 92. What is the function of auxin? 93. In phloem, what is meant by the SOURCE and the SINK? 94. The source is the _____________________ and the sink is ? 95. Is the transport of sugar in a plants stem done by active transport? Or passive transport ? 96. Which is which? Translocation phloem or xylem? Transpiration - phloem or xylem? 97. What is it that controls the flowering in short-day and long day plants? 98. In Meiosis, what is chiasmata? 99. Why is crossing over so important? What is exchanged? What would happen if crossing over didnt happen?

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These are the concepts tested for the LAST TWO YEARS on the IB Biology HL Paper 1
100. TtBb when they are linked genes as show like this: T B t b Dont let the weird way of writing it screw you up. Just re-write it like TtBb and then do the normal punnet square.

101. Use the Green Book or the Orange Book to learn more about linked genes. 102. What occurs in the blood clotting process? 103. Explain the action of fibrinogen and fibrin. 104. Compare active immunity to passive immunity. Give an example of each 105. Which acquires immunity from another organism? 106. How do mice help to produce monoclonal antibodies? Describe the process what are the steps? 107. Draw and label a diagram of a muscle fiber. Label the sarcomere, the Z lines, the actin filaments, and the myosin filaments. 108. Explain how muscle fibers slide together. 109. What causes muscle contraction? How is calcium important in this process? What is the sequence of steps that cause muscle contraction? 110. Looking at a diagram of a kidney, can you label the medulla, the cortex and the pelvis? How about labeling the ureter, and renal blood vessels? 111. What happens in the cortex? What happens in the medulla? 112. Where does ultrafiltration occur in the kidney? What is the function of the glomerulus? 113. Can you label the glomerulus and the distal convoluted tubule on a diagram of the nephron? Can you label the loop of Henle? 114. Whats the function of the Bowmans capsule? 115. How does ADH (anti diuretic hormone) change the collecting duct? Does more ADH cause water to be lost? Or less ADH? What causes water to be retained and reabsorbed in the kidney (not lost as pee)? 116. How is sperm produced in the male reproductive system? What do the epididymis, the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland do to help make semen? What are the jobs of each? 117. The hormone HCG is active in early pregnancy. What does it do? 118. The placentas job? How does the baby get nutrition? How does the baby get oxygen? Does the blood of the mother and the baby mix? Why or why not? What DOES cross the placenta from mother to baby? YAY! Finished studying for Paper 1

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