Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
Largely self taught, Ilya Abu Madi is perhaps the most famous poet as well as an
outstanding littérateur of the literary period known as Mahjar (émigré) in Modern Arabic
literature. His life and works bear testimony to this because virtually none of his
contemporaries could be said to have surpassed his achievement in the fields of Modern
Arabic literature i.e. prose and poetry, especially the Mahjar category. This work
therefore presents Abu Madi’s life and works as well as his contributions to the
development of Mahjar branch of the Modern Arabic literature. The works begins by
giving the definition of the word Mahjar as it affects Modern Arabic literature and
followed by the factors that led to emigration of poets and literary figures to the ‘new
worlds’. Following then is the presentation of the life and works of our man, Ilya Abu
Madi while his contribution to the field of Modern Arabic literature concludes the work.
Introduction
Mahjar, the noun form of the verb hajara etymologically means emigration, exodus or
massive movement of people from one place to another but when it comes to its technical
usage in Arabic literature, it connotes a literary movement or better put, a literary school
that evolved among Syrian emigrants to the ‘new worlds’ especially the United States and
North America due to oppressive rulership of the Ottoman Caliph, Sultan Abdul Hamid in
the last quarter of nineteenth and early twentieth centuries which led to socio-political as
well as economic problems.1 It is on record that as soon as the emigrants settled down in
the various place they migrated to, they thought it right to establish their own literary
circles. This was as a consequence of the natural instincts in the Arabic and their leaning
towards poetry. This is evidence in the famous saying among the Arabs which says that
poetry is the register of the Arabs. As a result, two prominent literary circles emerged.
They are Rabitatul Qalamiyyah (The Pen League) and ‘Usbatul ‘Andalusi. The two
literary circles of Modern Literature contributed in no small measure to the development
of what is now known as émigré Arabic literary school of Modern Arabic literature.2
Additionally, the name Syria in this work is not restricted to what is nowadays
Syria rather; it extends to nowadays Lebanon, Syria or what is known today as occupied
Palestine. This is so because; in the past and precisely before the coming of the
colonialists all of them were known and called by the name Syria. However, most of the
members of Ar-Rabitah, as mentioned above are from Lebanon and they belong to the
elite group and they are as well of Maronite Christians.
The most prominent Hijrah in the history of Arab Islamic civilization is that
which Prophet Muhammad and his followers embarked upon from Makkah to Yathrib
later known and called Madinah in the year 622 C.E.
Besides this, there were series of immigrations taken by the Arabs to India,
Indonesia, Africa and later to Australia, Framce, Britain, Germany and the United States
of America, all of which were not termed Hijrah but rather Rihlah, meaning journeys or
adventures. In short, the Syrio-Lebanese emigration was termed Mahjar because, the
immigrants were all literates as mentioned above and they all belong to the elite class.
This afforded them the opportunity of uniting their ranks in the foreign land and they
used the opportunity to their advantage by forming themselves into a formidable literary
group through which they send relief materials to their relatives and friends at home as
well as fighting for freedom from the Ottoman’s oppression.
In view of the above, three major factors have been identified for the massive
exodus of Syrio-Lebanon Arabs to foreign lands for refuge as well as for looking for a
better living condition which was hampered by the Ottomanic dictatorship. They are
political, economic, and historical factors.
Historically, Syrio-Lebanon Arabs are known from time immemorial for their
adventurous life and deep business activities round the world. They are famous for
having established colonies on the coast of White Sea in the middle of North Africa
centuries B.C. From the ongoing, the consciousness of Lebanese Arabs in traveling flows
like blood in their veins.3
Politically, Syria fell under the rulership of Ottoman Turk’s Sultan Abdul Hamid
who ruled with highhandedness and subjected citizens under his empires to political
subjugation; lack of freedom, maltreatment and no respect for human dignity were the
order of the day. People were frequently thrown into detention, many were either
defamed, detained and some were even hung to death for offenses that could have
ordinarily been attracted with lesser punishment. This is one of the major reasons why
Lebanese at first resulted to jetting out of their country to Egypt and other African
countries. However, the deep colonial operations going on in many parts of Africa during
this time did not help the matter and finally, a larger percentage of the emigrants had to
turn to the United States of America and other North American countries. 4
In line with this, Nasib ‘Aridah, one of the famous poets of the émigré stock has
this to say in his Hikayatu Mahjar Suriyy (The narration of the experiences of Syrian
emigration)
غريبا من بلد الشرق جئت بعيدا عن حمى الحباب عشت
فكانت لي كأحسن ما اتـخذت تخذت أمريكا وطنا عزيز
كما جاءوا مع القـــدام جـئت أنـي،أتاها للـغنى غيري
فنلـــت،مع الحــريــة المثــلى ولكني طلبت بها حياة
Meaning:
I have come a strange man from the Middle East
Far away from the passion of my beloved ones where I lived
I have chosen America as my beloved country
And it has proven to be good for me as I have taken her
Many people before me have come to her for wealth acquisition
And that is why I have also come like others (my predecessors)
But unlike others, in addition I have come to request for a comfortable life
Full of unequalled freedom, and this I have achieve.
Resulting from the political factor is the economic factor which arisen from the
people’s abandonment of farming which could have assisted in serving as raw materials
and ready-made food for the masses. This lend to widespread hunger, suffering,
starvation and it impacted untold hardship on the populace.
In addition, heavy taxation was imposed on the masses on every belongings and
possessions including garments to the extend that it got worse to a situation where not
more than one member of a family cannot go out at a time. They have to exchange one
sealed garment because they could not afford to get more than one garment sealed for the
whole family to indicate tax payment.5
In addition to the above listed factors, other factors include unhindered freedom
of migration provided by the authority of the United States. Residential and employment
opportunities opened to emigrants knew no limit though there were occasions for
religious, race and tribal sentiments. None of these were however not used to determine
entry and exit of emigrants.
Another factor is tendency for individual Syrians to have a change of environment
most especially for people who have lived under oppressive government. It could be
deduced from the fact that they had it rough with Ottoman Turk’s leadership that they
might want to change environment to witness firsthand the civilization and technological
advancement going on in the United States during this period.
Finally, Anis al-Muqdisi summed up the socio-political situation in Syria around
this period in his word when he remarked:
وكان الباعـث الكـبر على المهاجرة اختلل الحوال القتصـادية فـي السـلطنة العثمانيـة...
وثقلت، ودروس العلم، حتـى تضعضـع المـن وسـادت الفوضـى،بفسـاد الحكومـة السـتبداية
العيشة
HIS EDUCATION
Unlike his contemporaries like Gibran Khalil Gibran, Mikhail Nu‘aimah and
others who had systematic education under in the missionary schools, Ilya Abu Madi was
not opportune to undergo beyond the elementary school in a systematic way. He was self-
tutored. This reflected in his answer to some question posed to him by Ustadh Qarah ‘Ali
regarding to his stay in Alexandria. Our man says:
" تارة على نفسي وتارة ً في بعض الكتاب، وفي الليل أدّرس النحو والصرف..."
Meaning:
“In the night, I used to teach my self Arabic Grammar, or at times I teach in some local
schools.”
Moreover, nothing beyond element education and self-tutoring did he posses. He
pictures his typical village in his poem title ( الطفـل والشيـخThe Baby And The Old
Man)in which he compared the village and city lives. Extract from this poem go thus:
أتذكر من أنا؟...وطن النجوم أنا هنا حذف
أرعنا، فتى غريرا،ألمحت في الماضى البـــــــــعيد
جذلن يمرح في الحـــــــــــقول وكالنسيم مدندنا
المقتني المملوك ملعبــــــــة وغير الـمـقــتــــــن
يتسلق الشجـــــار ضحرا يحس والونـــي
يبريها سيوفا أوقــــــنا ويعـود بالغصان
مـتــيمــنا... متــهلــل ويخوض في رحل الشتا
ل ينقي شّر العيـــــو ن ول يــخاف اللسنــــا
ولكم تشيطن كي يقو ل الناس عنه تــشــيطـنا
أنا ذلك الولد الــــذي دنــياه كانت ها هنــــــا
2. The elergic poetry which our man composed after the death of Muhammad
Abdul, the famous Islamic Reformer of Egypt in 1905. few of the twenty seven
line Qasidah are:
ولئن أفاد فأيّ قلب تصبر هيهات بعدك ما يفيد تصبر
إل عليك فتركه ل يشكر إن البكاء من الرجال مدمم
يقضي من اليأس ملم المعسر مرض الندى لما مرضت وكادان
وضعوك في بطن التراب وما عهدت البحر قبلك في الصفائح يذمر
يهوي ويرجو لو مكانك يقبر ورؤا جللك في الضريح فكلهم
لم يبلنا هذا الزمان بـــــقفد لو كان ممن بالرزيه يـ شــعر
Meaning:
You were patience but O` it does not have a benefit after you,
Had it been beneficial, which other soul would need to be patience.
Weeping as for men is abhorred,
Except that, abstainess from it in your case is ingratitude.
Generosity is in captivity with your illness and it will soon, be terminated by poverty
Coupled with misfortune and hopelessness
They buried you in the same earth in which,
The long-buried ones before you were equally stored.
When they all saw your eminence in the tomb they,
All wished and hoped they were buried in your place.
Nothing has so befallen us in this era like his death,
Though he himself used to be one of those who have feelings for lost
It is quite evident from the above –quoted Qasidah that such a brilliant effort
could only have been put by a more matured man than a child of between nine and fifteen
years old.
3. Furthermore, beside the literary excellence displayed, his accurate information as
reflected in his poems composed on the Russian-Japanese war which broke on 9th
February, 1904 and ended on 5th September, 1905 with a peace accord signed by
the warring factions (countries) equally testifies to the fact that he would have
reached up to seventeen years and above then as to have collected war facts. He
described the Japanese squadron on Russia as:
حتى لكدت أخا لها سوارا حفت بهم سفن العداة واحد قت
مل الفضاء دخانها وذكــــاؤه احتجت وما يرح النهار نهارا
والجو أظلم وأكفهز أديمـــه حتى كأن على السماء ستّـــارا
How ever all these and many other works are contained in his Diwan ( تذكار الماضيthe
memories of the past) in which all his works in Egypt are contained.
O` my soul live a perpetual live and drop, all nostalgia and longing for home because,
Ignorance that brings about hardship has kept distance today,
This a “new world” so look ahead,
Therein for the glowing light of knowledge.
I have taken you pleasant life,
With all the inhabitants as well as a glooming and pleasant life,
Our man after a while moved down from Cincinnati to New York City and fully
engaged himself with journalism and poetry. There he came in contact with Khalil Gibran
and Mikhail Nu‘aima, as well as other emigrant poets he later became a prominent
member within his short association with them.
Ilya Abu Madi had a good time with literary activities in America contrary to his
failure in Egypt. His second volume of work ( ديوان إيليــا أبــو ماضــيThe Diwan
(antology) of Ilya Abu Madi) appeared in 1919, a year before the establishment of ar-
Rabitah. Published in New York, the preface to the Diwan was written by Gibran Khalil
Gibran who after the establishment of ar-Rabitah assumed its chieftain’s (presidential)
position. He commented most importantly on the imaginative power of our man, and that
it was this power of imagination that made him great. The third volume called الحداول
(The Brooks) containing his last known poem appeared in 1952 with its introduction
written by ar-Rabitah scribe, Mikha’il Nu‘aima.
In 1929, our man established a literary review issued fortnightly called as-Samir.
This newspaper later became one of the most successful of such periodicals of Arabic
established in America. As- Samir assumed a daily issue status later in 1936 which was
contiuously published until his death in 1957
Abu Madi’s last volume of verses (The thinkets) was published in 1940. Its
subsequent volume was post-humously published under the title (The Gold Dust and the
Earth). It is even said that a good number of his poetry works which wrote for newspaper
are yet to be reprinted.
2. Nationalistic patriotic theme: There are two major types of nationalistic poetry of
Mahjar School. One of them centre mainly on Sham, the home of majority of the
Mahjar poet in which homesickness, nostalgia for Sham, their place of birth
characterized their nationalistic poetry works through they were forced out of it by
the imposed socio-political and economic hardship of Othoman’s regime of Sultan
Abdul-Hamid. Example of this as approached by our man. Abu Madi could be seen in
his poetry which run thus:
The second type, that he wrote to extol the Arabs as a nation. Among various
poems our man composed on this subject matter, we have this as a sample:
والشرق جيش ومصر حامل العلم الشرق تاج ومصر منه درته
Moreover, Abu Madi distinguished himself in all areas of poetry and there is hardly
any issue or theme of contemporary relevance that he did not attempt.
Also, in the area of prose, his left impact can never be easily forgotten. He pioneered
the propagation of versification of verses of free –verse poetry which is a mixture of the
twin-art of poetry and prose. This versification of poetry constitutes the major
distinguishing feature of the Mahjar School in which Abu Madi excelled.
Our man is equally well-known for his brilliant productions of versified narratives
created to him on this subject are ( وردة وأميــلRose and the More-Inclined)
( أنـا وهـوI and He) (ضيـف ثقيـلTroublesome visitor) ( قتـل نفسـهKilling of himself)
( ذكري وعـبرةMy remembrance and lessons) ( مصـرع حـبيبتينThe struggle of two
lovers) all as contained in his ( تذكار الماضـيThe memories of the past), his first
Diwan. The only one that is noot contained therein is titled ( طبيـبي الخاصMy
special Doctor)45
HIS STYLES
Largely self-taught, Abu Madi, though had only elementary education in a
systematic way, he had a sound mastery of the rules of Arabic language and its literary
traditions.45 in the Egyptian society where he spent his prime youthful age(formative). He
maintained the traditional Qasidah writing styles in his earlier writings. This he changed
later to short-verses monorhymes or stanzas. He was however not completely dominated
by the extreme literary view of disserting the tradtitional themes and writings as was held
by Gibran and his associates of the Mahjar school.
Ilya Abu Madi’s romantic poems address his imagination of things rather rather
than intellectual perception of such objects. Titles of his works indicate in nature. To him
a man is an all in all, that is why he himself a poet live a life of discontent and
indecition.47
Moreso, his method of free-verse writing was tagged by him as مجمـع البحور
(combination of metres)48 His poetry is riddled with obstinate questioning of human
condition which in his own conception is meaningless.49
By and large, from the on-going, Ilya Madi stands the best among his
contemporaries. His contribution to Ar-Rabitah and consequently to learning can never be
forgotten in the history of Arabic Literature especially of the modern age.