The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea

Techniques of Optimizing the Launching Nose in Incremental Launching Method

Hang-Yong Choi1, Suk-Koo Suh1, Myung-Seok Oh1, Sae-Hwan Oh1 and Keum-Bae Kong2 Structure Division, Seoyeong Engineering Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea E-mail: chhy8524@hanmail.net, sksuh@seoyeong.co.kr, msoh@seoyeong.co.kr, shoh@seoyeong.co.kr 2 R&D Center, Seoyeong Engineering Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea E-mail: kongja724@seoyeong.co.kr Abstract The behavior of nose-deck system during launch is examined by three dimensionless launching parameters, such as the relative flexural stiffness, the relative nose weight, and the relative nose length. The techniques of optimizing the launching nose are illustrated and equations of relationship between relative nose weight and relative nose length are derived under minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment. Equations of maximum positive and negative moment are suggested under the conditions. The optimum design method of the launching nose is proposed in launched continuous girder bridges. The ideal launching nose is to design that with the relative nose weight of 0.167 and the relative nose length of 0.836 to minimize absolute values of the positive and negative moment during launch. The predicted results by the optimum design method are consistent with numerical analysis. The absolute maximum moment can be easily evaluated by optimum design method during launch without complex construction stage analysis. Keywords: incremental launching method, launching nose, relative flexural stiffness, relative nose weight, relative nose length 1. Introduction Bridge types are determined by the structural characteristics, constructability, landscape, management and so on. The structural characteristics and constructability are the most important factor of them. Erection method should be determined by considering the location of erection, the compatibility with the design, stability and economy of erection. Incremental launching is a construction technique for composite bridges widely used in Europe. About 80% of the plate girder bridges in France have been constructed by the incremental launching method. In addition to the plate girder bridges, it is used to construction of the box girder, arch, cable stayed bridges. The role of the launching nose becomes more and more important as the self-weight of the superstructure increases. Composite bridges are generally built by launching the steel girder and then casting the concrete slab. As the selfweight of the steel girder is only one-fifth of the final cross-sectional weight, the use of a launching nose may sometimes be superfluous. When necessary, short, light trusses are used(Rosignoli, 2002). The behavior of the nosedeck elastic system is governed by three dimensionless parameters that describe its geometrical and mechanical characteristics, such as the relative flexural stiffness, the relative nose weight, and the relative nose length(Rosignoli, 1998). But the launching nose has been designed according to customs and experience and the design method of launching nose has not been established. Rosignoli(1998) derived the theoretical equations of the bending moments which occurred in the nose-deck elastic system, mainly considered the negative moment at the first support in the phase of launch, and derived the minimum condition of the launching negative moment by using a trial-and-error method. But depending on the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the nose, it is likely to occur absolute maximum negative moment at the second support of launch as well. During launching, it need to minimize the positive moment as well as the negative moment depending on the type of the bridges(Choi et al., 2007). Based on Rosignoli(1998) theory, the behavior of nose-deck system during the launch is examined by three dimensionless launching parameters, such as the relative flexural stiffness, the relative nose weight, and the relative nose length. The techniques of optimizing the launching nose are illustrated and equations of relationship between relative nose weight and relative nose length are derived under minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment. Equations of maximum positive and negative moment are suggested under the conditions. The optimum design method of the launching nose is proposed in launched continuous girder bridges. 2. Nose-Deck Interaction System 2.1 Negative Moment at the Supports The behavior of nose-deck system is governed by the relative nose length( Ln / L ), the relative nose weight( qn / q ), and
1

the relative flexural stiffness( En I n / EI ) that describe its geometrical and mechanical characteristics(Rosignoli, 1998). Fig.1 shows the outline of the nose-deck elastic system in the first and second phase of launch.

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The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea

(a) the first launch stage

(b) the second launch stage

Figure 1. Nose-deck elastic system in the first and second phase of launch

Figure 2. Determination of the maximum positive moment in the first and second spans The first launch stage is the cantilever configurations assumed before the nose reaches support A. At the start of launch, * for the dimensionless launching parameter = x / L = 0, the negative moment M B in a dimensionless form is(Rosignoli, 1998)
* MB 2 qn Ln 1 Ln = + 2 2 q L 2 L qL

(0 < 1 Ln / L)

(1)

Once the nose tip has been reached at support A, the recovery of the elastic deflection creates a positive moment that reduces the negative moment M B and the second launch stage starts, in which the nose slides on support A until the deck arrives. The value of M B in the second launch stage is(Rosignoli, 1998)
* MB MB R = 2 + A 2 qL qL qL

(1 Ln / L 1)

(2)

* Where M B is the cantilever moment in Eq.(1) and the reaction RA intervenes only for 1 Ln / L 1 .

2.2 Positive Moment in the Spans During launch, the value of the negative moment is maximized at the support but the maximum point of the positive moment changes. Fig.2 shows the nose-deck system for determination of the maximum positive moment in the first and second spans during launch. Using the equilibrium conditions in the first span AB, the occurrence location and the value of the maximum positive moment are RA qn Ln y + + = qL q L L AB
max q L 1 R 1 qn M AB R = A 1 n n + A + 2 qL q L 2 qL 2 q qL 2

(3)

Ln qn L q 1

(4)

Using the equilibrium conditions in the second span BC, the occurrence location and the value of the maximum positive moment are RB M C 1 M B y = 2 + 2 = L BC qL qL 2 qL
max M BC M 1M 1 M = C B+ + B 2 qL2 qL2 2 qL2 qL2 2

(5) (6)

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The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea
3. Control the Launching Negative Moment in the Launching Girder

The minimum condition of the launching negative moment is to make the negative moment at the end of the first launch stage( = 1 Ln / L ) same with the negative moment at the end of the launch( = 1.0) ensuring the relative flexural stiffness En I n / EI 0.2. The minimum condition of the launching negative moment is

(M

* B

/ qL2 )

=1 Ln / L

= ( M B / qL2 )

=1

(7)

Substituting for Eq.(7) from Eq.(1) and Eq.(2), relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment can be obtained as follows: qn q q 1 n 1.576 0.5 0.366 n q q q q 2 0.5 0.366 n q
2

Ln = L

(0 <

qn 0.169) q

(8)

Fig.3 shows that the Relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment of Eq.(8) compares with the result evaluated with trial-and-error method by Rosignoli(1998). In order to satisfy the minimum condition of the launching negative moment, as the relative nose length increases, the relative nose weight increases as well. It should be used longer launching nose than the result of Rosignoli(1998). Fig.4 shows evolution of the negative moment under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment at the support B and C. As the relative nose length in Eq.(8) increases, the launching negative moment decreases to -1/12(= 0.083) which is the negative moment at the interior support of infinite continuous beam. In case of qn / q > 0.16, the absolute maximum negative moment occurs at the support C. It should be limited the relative nose weight to less than 0.16( 0 < qn / q 0.16 ) in order to lead to occur the absolute maximum negative moment at the support B.
4. Control the Launching Positive Moment in the Launching Girder

Fig.5 shows evolution of the maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the launching positive moment in the span AB and BC. As the relative nose weight and length in Eq.(8) increases, the launching maximum positive moment decreases. In case of qn / q > 0.16, the absolute maximum positive moment occurs in the span BC. In order to minimize the absolute maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the negative moment, the value of the absolute maximum positive moment in the span AB should be same with the one in the span BC. In order to minimize the absolute maximum positive moment, the value of the absolute maximum positive moment in the span AB

(M )

max max AB

/ qL2 should be same with the one in the span BC

1.00

(M )

max max BC

/ qL2 .

Relative nose length, Ln/L

0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60

Eq.(8) Rosignoli(1998)

EnIn/EI 0.20

0.50 0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

0.20

Relative nose weight, qn/q

Figure 3. Relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment

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The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea
Bending moment at support B, MB/qL2
(0.12, 0.706) (0.10, 0.667) (0.08, 0.634) (0.05, 0.594) = (qn/q, Ln/L)

-0.25 -0.20
(0.169, 0.941) (0.14, 0.758)

Bending moment at support C, MC/qL2

-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10

(0.169, 0.941) (0.16, 0.839) = (qn/q, Ln/L) Ln/L = varies qn/q = varies EnIn/EI = 0.20

Ln/L = varies qn/q = varies EnIn/EI = 0.20

-0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.0

(0.16, 0.839)

-1/12 = -0.083

-0.05 0.00 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.2

(0.12, 0.706) (0.10, 0.667) (0.08, 0.634) (0.05, 0.594)

(0.14, 0.758)

-1/12 = -0.083

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

(a) at the support B

(b) at the support C

Figure 4. Evolution of the negative moment under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment
2 AB span bending moment, M max AB /qL

0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.0

Ln/L = varies qn/q = varies EnIn/EI = 0.20

(qn/q, Ln/L) = (0.169, 0.941)

(0.16, 0.839)

0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.2

(0.14, 0.758) (0.12, 0.706) (0.10, 0.667) (0.08, 0.634) (0.05, 0.594)

1/24 = 0.042

(qn/q, Ln/L) = (0.05, 0.594) (0.08, 0.634) (0.10, 0.667) (0.12, 0.706) (0.14, 0.758) (0.16, 0.839) (0.169, 0.941)

2 BC span bending moment, M max BC /qL

0.08

0.08 0.06 0.04

Ln/L = varies qn/q = varies EnIn/EI = 0.20
1/24 = 0.042

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

(a) in the span AB

(b) in the span BC

Figure 5. Evolution of the maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the launching positive moment The minimum condition of the launching negative moment is

(M

max AB

/ qL2 )

=1 qn / q Ln / L

max = ( M BC / qL2 )

=1 Ln / L

(9)

Substituting for Eq.(9) from Eq.(4) and Eq.(6), relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum condition of the launching positive moment can be obtained as follows:

q q q 0.593 n + 0.452 n + 0.447 n Ln q q q = L qn qn + 0.492 q q

6 5 4

+ 0.002

(0.032 <

qn 0.353) q qn < 1.0) q

q q q q q q = 29.2 n 112 n + 178 n 149 n + 70.6 n 18.5 n + 2.9 q q q q q q

(0.353

(10)

Fig.6 shows the relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment. In order to satisfy the minimum condition of the launching negative moment, the relative nose length increases as the relative nose weight increases. But for the minimum condition of the launching positive moment, the relative nose length decreases as the relative nose weight increases. Fig.7 shows the absolute maximum positive moment with launch for different values of the relative nose weight and the relative nose length. For Ln / L <0.6, as the relative nose weight increases, the absolute maximum positive moment

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The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea
always occurs in the span AB. But for Ln / L >0.65, the absolute maximum positive moment occurs in span BC as the relative nose weight increases. The absolute maximum positive moments by Eq.(10) coincide with the minimum value of the absolute maximum positive moment with launch. For qn / q >0.353, the minimum value of the absolute maximum positive moment increases regardless the relative nose length.
5. Optimum Design Method of the Launching Nose

5.1 Optimum Design formula of the Launching Nose Fig.8 and Fig.9 show the absolute maximum positive and negative moment with launch under the minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment, respectively. Under the minimum condition of the negative moment, the absolute maximum positive and negative moment decrease for qn / q 0.16 and increase for qn / q >0.16. The occurrence locations of the absolute maximum positive and negative moment change from the span AB to the span BC. Under the minimum condition of the positive moment, the absolute maximum positive moment decreases until qn / q <0.353 and the absolute maximum negative moment decreases until qn / q <0.167. Therefore, the relationship between the relative nose weight and length under the minimum condition of the negative moment is as follows: qn q q 1 n 1.576 0.5 0.366 n q q q q 2 0.5 0.366 n q
2

Ln L = N

(0 <

qn 0.16) q

(11)

The relationship between the relative nose weight and length under the minimum condition of the positive moment is as follows:

q q q 0.593 n + 0.452 n + 0.447 n + 0.002 Ln q q q L = qn qn P + 0.492 q q

(0.032 <

qn 0.353) q

(12)

Using Eq.(11) and Eq.(12), it can be calculated the optimum length of the launching nose to minimize the launching negative and positive moment. The equations of the absolute maximum positive moment and negative moment can be obtained by the regression analysis for the absolute maximum positive moment and negative moment calculated using Eq.(11) and Eq.(12). Using Eq.(11) for the minimum condition of the negative moment, the absolute maximum positive moment and negative moment are obtained as follows:

q POS MN / qL2 = 0.1 0.604 n + 0.358 + 0.17 + 0.0473 q q q q q NEG MN / qL2 = 55.7 n 14.1 n + 1.15 n + 0.0154 n q q q q
4 3 2

(13)

0.1056

(14)

Using Eq.(12) for the minimum condition of the positive moment, the absolute maximum positive moment and negative moment are obtained as follows:

q q q POS MP / qL2 = 0.361 n + 0.355 n 0.166 n q q q

M
NEG P

+ 0.075
(0.032 < (0.167 qn 0.167) q qn 0.353) q

(15)

q q / qL = 0.35 n + 0.119 n 0.105 q q

2

q q = 0.16 n 0.584 n 0.0017 q q

(16)

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The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea
Absolute maximum moment, M/qL
1.0

0.08
max (M max /qL2 AB ) max (M max /qL2 BC )

Relative nose length, Ln/L

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

0.353 0.16

Eq.(8) : Min. condition of negative M Eq.(10): Min. condition of positive M

EnIn/EI 0.20 Ln/L = 1.00 0.95 0.90

0.07
0.50

0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65

0.06

0.55 0.60

By Eq 0) .(1

0.05

0.353

EnIn/EI 0.20

1/24 = 0.042

0.5 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.04 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Relative nose weight, qn/q

Relative nose weight, qn/q

Figure 6. Relationship between the relative nose length Figure 7. Absolute maximum positive moment with launch and weight under the minimum conditions of the for different values of the relative nose weight and launching negative and positive moment the relative nose length
Absolute maximum moment, M/qL
EnIn/EI 0.20
max (M max /qL2 by Eq.(8) AB ) max (M max ) /qL2 by Eq.(8) BC max (M max /qL2 by Eq.(10) AB ) max (M max /qL2 by Eq.(10) BC )

Absolute maximum moment, M/qL

0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05

1/24 = 0.042 0.16 0.353

0.10
EnIn/EI 0.20

0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05

1/24 = 0.042

max max (M AB ) /qL2 by Eq.(8) max (M max /qL2 by Eq.(8) BC ) max (M max /qL2 by Eq.(10) AB ) max (M max /qL2 by Eq.(10) BC )

0.04 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.04 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.839

0.9

1.0

Relative nose weight, qn/q

Relative nose length, Ln/L

(a) for different values of the relative nose weight

(b) for different values of the relative nose length

Figure 8. Absolute maximum positive moment with launch under the minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment
Absolute maximum moment, M/qL
(M B)max/qL2 by Eq.(8) (M C)max/qL2 by Eq.(8) (M B)max/qL2 by Eq.(10) (M C)max/qL2 by Eq.(10)

Absolute maximum moment, M/qL

-0.15 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10

-0.15 -0.14 -0.13 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10

-1/12 = -0.083 0.836

EnIn/EI 0.20

(M B )max/qL2 by Eq.(8) (M C )max/qL2 by Eq.(8) (M B )max/qL2 by Eq.(10) (M C )max/qL2 by Eq.(10)

EnIn/EI 0.20

-1/12 = -0.083

-0.08 0.0

0.167

-0.09 0.1

0.353

-0.09 -0.08 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.9

1.0

Relative nose weight, qn/q

Relative nose length, Ln/L

(a) for different values of the relative nose weight

(b) for different values of the relative nose length

Figure 9. Absolute maximum negative moment with launch under the minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment Fig.10 shows the optimum design curves for the relative nose length and absolute maximum bending moment with launch for different values of the relative nose weight. Depending on the section of a launching girder, the relative nose weight can be determined. Appling the determined relative nose weight to Eq.(11) and (12), it can be obtained the optimum length of the launching nose. Also, applying the determined relative nose weight to Eq.(13) and Eq.(14) or

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The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea
EnIn/EI 0.20

Absolute maximum moment, M/qL

Absolute maximum moment, M/qL

0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05

1/24 = 0.042

1.0

-0.18
EnIn/EI 0.20

1.0

POS MN /qL2

( )
Ln L

0.9
P

-0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10

-1/12 = -0.083

( )
Ln L

0.9
P

( )
Ln L

0.8
2 M POS P /qL

( )
Ln L
2 M NEG N /qL

0.8 0.7
2 M NEG P /qL

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4

0.6 0.5 0.4

0.04 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

-0.08 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Relative nose weight, qn/q

Relative nose weight, qn/q

(a) for the absolute maximum positive moment

(b) for the absolute maximum negative moment

Figure 10. Optimum design curves for the relative nose length and absolute maximum bending moment with launch for different values of the relative nose weight
2 Location occurred M max AB /qL , (y/L)AB 2 Location occurred M max BC /qL , (y/L)BC 2 AB span bending moment, M max AB /qL 2 BC span bending moment, M max BC /qL

0.08 0.06 0.04

0.459

1.0
Ln/L = 0.836 qn/q = 0.167 EnIn/EI = 0.20
1/24 = 0.042 0.553 (y/L)AB 0.257 0.056

0.08 0.06 0.04

0.514 0.056
max 2

1.0
Ln/L = 0.836 qn/q = 0.167 EnIn/EI = 0.20
1/24 = 0.042

M AB /qL

max

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

M BC /qL

0.8 0.6

0.02 0.00
0.164 0.459

0.02 0.00 -0.02 0.0

0.455 (y/L)BC

0.4 0.2

-0.02 0.0

0.860

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.0 1.0

0.164

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.0 1.0

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

(a) in the span AB

(b) in the span BC

Figure 11. Evolution of the occurrence and the value the maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the absolute maximum negative moment
2

Bending moment at support B, MB/qL

-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.0

0.164 -0.095 M B/qL
2

Bending moment at support C, MC/qL2

-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.0

0.164 -0.093 M C/qL
2

Ln/L = 0.836 qn/q = 0.167 EnIn/EI = 0.20

Ln/L = 0.836 qn/q = 0.167 EnIn/EI = 0.20

-1/12 = -0.083

-1/12 = -0.083

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

Dimensionless launching parameter, a

(a) at the support B (b) at the support C Figure 12. Evolution of the negative moment under the minimum condition of the absolute maximum negative moment Eq.(15) and Eq.(16), it can be calculated the absolute maximum positive and negative moment without complex construction stage analysis. In other words, depending on the length of launching nose, the optimum launching nose can be designed by using the minimum conditions of the positive moment or the negative moment for qn / q <0.16. The optimum launching nose can be designed by using the minimum condition of the positive moment for qn / q >0.16. Because the absolute maximum

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Relative nose length, Ln/L

Relative nose length, Ln/L

The 5th International Symposium on Steel Structures March 12-14, 2009, Seoul, Korea
positive and negative moment are occurred in the first span AB and at the first support B respectively, the design of the launching nose under the minimum conditions is more effective to control the stress resultants. 5.2 Ideal Optimum Launching Nose Table 1 compares the absolute maximum positive and negative moment calculated by the optimum design curves. Using qn / q =0.167 and Ln / L =0.836, a launching girder can be designed by the absolute maximum negative moment with 114% of the absolute maximum negative moment at the interior support of infinite continuous beam. Using qn / q =0.353 and Ln / L =0.812, a launching girder can be designed by the absolute maximum positive moment with 107% of the absolute maximum positive moment in the interior span of infinite continuous beam. Therefore, the ideal design of the launching nose is to apply the relative nose weight of qn / q =0.167 and length of Ln / L =0.836 that minimize the absolute maximum negative moment and control the absolute maximum positive moment. Table 1. Absolute maximum positive and negative moment calculated by the optimum design curves
qn / q Ln / L
POS MP / qL2 NEG MP / qL2

Remark Minimum of M NEG Rate of M POS equal to that of M NEG Minimum of M POS

0.167 0.191 0.353

0.836 0.828 0.812

0.0555 0.0537 0.0448

133% 129% 107%

-0.0949 -0.1074 -0.1879

114% 129% 225%

The rates are the absolute maximum moments compared with 1/24(= 0.042) and -1/12(= -0.083).

Fig.11 and Fig.12 show the evolution of the occurrence location and the value of the maximum positive and negative moment using qn / q =0.167 and Ln / L =0.836. The absolute maximum positive and negative moment value during launch is consistent with the proposed method and the occurrence location is

( y / L ) AB =0.459~0.553 in the span AB

and

( y / L ) BC =0.455~ 0.514 in the span BC.

7. Conclusions

The behavior of nose-deck system during launch is examined by three dimensionless launching parameters, such as the relative flexural stiffness, the relative nose weight, and the relative nose length. The techniques of optimizing the launching nose are illustrated and equations of relationship between relative nose weight and relative nose length are derived under minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment. Equations of maximum positive and negative moment are suggested under the conditions. The optimum design method of the launching nose is proposed in launched continuous girder bridges. The conclusions are as follows: (1) For qn / q <0.16, the minimum conditions of positive and negative moment can be chosen depending on the length of launching nose and it can be designed by using the minimum condition of positive moment for qn / q >0.16. (2) The ideal launching nose is to design that with the relative nose weight of 0.167 and the relative nose length of 0.836 to minimize absolute values of the positive and negative moment during launch. (3) Because the absolute maximum moment are occurred in the first span AB and at the first support B respectively, the design of the launching nose under the minimum conditions is more effective to control the stress resultants.
Acknowledgement This research was supported by a grant(06 Construction Consequence C11) from the Construction Technology Innovation Program of the R&D project funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korean government. The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korean government. References Choi H.Y., Suh S.K., Oh M.S., Oh S.H., and Kim H.S. (2007) Temporary Stresses by Applying Construction Methods for Continuous Steel-Concrete Double Composite Box Girder Bridges, Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 681-693 (in Korean). Choi H.Y., Suh S.K., Oh M.S., and Oh S.H. (2008) Techniques of Optimizing the Launching Nose under Conditions of Minimizing the Launching Bending Moment, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 28, No. 4A, pp. 487-495 (in Korean). Rosignoli M. (1998) Nose-Deck Interaction in Launched Prestressed Concrete Bridges, Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 21-27. Rosignoli M. (2002) Bridge launching, Thomas Telford Ltd., London.

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