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Diploma Programme
International Baccalaureate Organization Buenos Aires Cardiff Geneva New York Singapore
Published September 2007 International Baccalaureate Organization Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales GB CF23 8GL United Kingdom Phone: +44 29 2054 7777 Fax: +44 29 2054 7778 Web site: http://www.ibo.org International Baccalaureate Organization 2007 The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) was established in 1968 and is a non-profit, international educational foundation registered in Switzerland. The IBO is grateful for permission to reproduce and/or translate any copyright material used in this publication. Acknowledgments are included, where appropriate, and, if notified, the IBO will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. IBO merchandise and publications in its official and working languages can be purchased through the IB store at http://store.ibo.org. General ordering queries should be directed to the sales and marketing department in Cardiff. Phone: +44 29 2054 7746 Fax: +44 29 2054 7779 E-mail: sales@ibo.org
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Contents
Fundamental constants Metric (SI) multipliers Unit conversions Electrical circuit symbols EquationsCore and AHL EquationsOptions SL EquationsOptions SL and HL EquationsOptions HL 1 2 3 4 5 11 13 15
Fundamental constants
Quantity Symbol Approximate value
g G NA R k
9.81m s 2
6.67 1011 N m 2 kg 2 6.02 1023 mol1 8.31J K 1 mol 1 1.38 1023 J K 1 5.67 108 W m 2 K 4 8.99 109 N m 2 C2 8.85 1012 C2 N 1 m 2 4 107 T m A 1 3.00 108 m s 1 6.63 1034 J s 1.60 1019 C 9.110 1031 kg = 0.000549 u = 0.511MeV c 2 1.673 1027 kg = 1.007276 u = 938 MeV c 2 1.675 1027 kg = 1.008665 u = 940 MeV c 2 1.6611027 kg = 931.5 MeV c 2
Avogadros constant Gas constant Boltzmanns constant StefanBoltzmann constant Coulomb constant Permittivity of free space Permeability of free space Speed of light in vacuum Plancks constant Elementary charge Electron rest mass Proton rest mass Neutron rest mass Unified atomic mass unit
0 0
c h e me mp mn u
tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto
T G M k h da d c m n p f
1012 109 106 103 102 101 101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015
Unit conversions
1 light year (ly) = 9.46 1015 m
cell
battery
lamp
ac supply
switch
ammeter
voltmeter
variable resistor
resistor
potentiometer
thermistor
transformer
heating element
Core
AHL
If y = a b then y = a + b If y = then
ab c
y a b c = + + y a b c
AV
AH
AH = A cos AV = A sin
Core
AHL
Topic 2: Mechanics
s=
u+v t 2
2 s = ut + 1 2 at
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
F = ma
p = mv
F= p t
Impulse = F t = mv
W = Fs cos
2 EK = 1 2 mv
EK =
p2 2m
EP = mg h
power = Fv
a= v 2 4 2 r = 2 r T
P=
F A
PV = nRT
W = P V
Q = mcT
Q = mL
Q = U + W
Core
AHL
2 T
v f = f v us
v uo f= f v f = v f c
2 2 ET = 1 2 m x0
= 1.22
v= f
n1 sin 2 v2 = = n2 sin 1 v1 path difference = n
path difference = ( n + 1 2 )
I = I 0 cos 2 n = tan
Core
AHL
= BA cos
I=
q t
= Bvl
R= R=
V I
= N
t
L
A
V R
2
I s Vp N p = = I p Vs N s I rms = Vrms = R= I0 2 V0 2
P = VI = I 2 R =
= I (R + r)
R = R1 + R2 +
1 1 1 = + + R R1 R2
V0 Vrms = I 0 I rms
F =G
m1m2 r2
F =k
q1q2 r2
V =
Ep m
V =
Ep q
g=
F m
E=
F q
V =
Gm r V r
V=
kq q = r 4 0 r V x
F=
q1q2 4 0 r 2
g=
E=
F = qvB sin
F = BIL sin
Core
AHL
E = mc2
E = hf hf = + Emax hf = hf 0 + eV p= h
n2 h2 8me L2 h 4 h 4
EK =
x p E t
N = N 0 e t A= N t
A = N = N 0 e t T1 =
2
ln 2
Core
AHL
I=
albedo = Cs =
Q AT
power = AT 4 power = e AT 4 T =
( Iin I out ) t
Cs
10
EquationsOptions SL
Option A: Sight and wave phenomena
v f= f v us
v uo f= f v v f = f c
= 1.22
I = I 0 cos 2
n = tan
E = hf
hf = + Emax hf = hf 0 + eV p= h
E t
h 4
N = N 0 e t A=
N t
n2 h2 EK = 8me L2 h x p 4
Option C: Digital technology
A = N = N 0 e t T1 =
2
ln 2
G=
RF R
G = 1+
RF R
11
EquationsOptions SL
1 1 v2 c2
E t R
h 4
t = t0 L= L0
h 4 mc
E = hf
12
EquationsOptions SL and HL
Core (SL and HL) Extension (HL only)
Option E: Astrophysics
L = AT 4
L mn
2.90 103 T (kelvin)
max (metres) =
d ( parsec ) = b= L 4d 2
v c
1 p ( arc-second )
v = H 0d
d m M = 5lg 10
Option F: Communications
n=
1 sin C I1 I2
G=
RF R RF R
attenuation / dB = 10 lg
G = 1+
13
EquationsOptions SL and HL
1 1 1 = + f v u P= m= 1 f hi v = ho u M=
min =
hc eV
2d sin = n
2nt = m
i o
2nt = ( m + 1 2)
2nt cos = m
2nt cos = ( m + 1 2 )
f M= o fe m= s= D +1 f d n d m= D f
sin =
x n = D d
x = (n + 1 2) D d
d sin = n
14
EquationsOptions HL
Option H: Relativity
1 1
EK = ( 1) m0 c 2
v2 c2
t = t0 L= L0
2 4 E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m0 c
f g h = 2 f c 2GM c2
t0 R 1 s r
u x =
ux v uv 1 x2 c
Rs =
t =
E0 = m0c 2
E = m0c 2
p = m0u
Option I: Medical physics
IL = 10 lg I = I 0e
1 2
I I0
Z = c 1 1 1 = + TE TP TB
x = ln 2
dose equivalent = absorbed dose quality factor
15
EquationsOptions HL
E t
h 4
Ea2 = 2 Mc 2 E + ( Mc 2 ) 2 + (mc 2 ) 2
h R 4 mc
h p
E = hf
E = mc 2 + EK
EK = 3 2 kT
16