Syntax

(A( big fight) adjective phrase) noun phrase erupted( in the (Woolakungka Jungle) noun phrase) prep phrase today The big red wolf was fighting with the green elephant (It all started) clause {when (a pretty female ziggeroo) noun phrase( entered ) verb phrase (the jungle) noun phrase (from a far-off land) prepositional phrase} dependent clause. Quantifiers are placed before a noun. Define syntax Learn the principles and tools of syntactical analysis Descriptive approach to describe what speakers of a language actually do, not prescribing what they should do To characterize the grammatical (well-formed) sentences and distinguish them from ungrammatical (ill-formed) sentences.

Grammatical I am very proud of you success. Word order: subject verb-adjective phrase A determiner precedes the noun that it modifies An adverb precedes the adjective that it modifies.

*imperative sentences = no subject on the surface of the sentence, but when tree diagram drawn it shows Ungrammatical I very proud of success your. It is grammatical in Malay Saya amat berbangga dengan kejayaan awak.

*imperative sentences = no subject on the surface of the sentence,but when tree diagram drawn it shows

Syntactic Sructure 1. Grammatical relations- relational structure - The function of elements in a sentence Eg. Subject direct object Modifier- modified Possessor-possessed 2. Constituent structure - The organization of the units which constitute sentences - Constituency the most important and basic notion in syntactic theory* - Constituents- units in a sentence Eg. Noun phrase, verb phrase - Constituent structure the hierarchical organization of the units in a sentence Represented throught units in square brackets or tree structures

[s[NP The [Nteacher]] [vp[vread] [NPa[N book]] [PP[Pin][np the[Nlibrary]] PP] vp]S] S NP { subj pred} (det)3 (ap) N (-pl) (PrerP) Pro

Grammatical relations and semantic roles

Noun Phrase Active voice The dog chased the cat. The dog the subject- doer of the action agent Passive voice The cat was chased by the dog. The cat the object- thing affected by the action patient.

Active The dog chased the cat The dog The cat

Grammatical relations The subject The object

Semantic roles The agent The patient

Passive The cat was chased by the dog The dog The cast

Grammatical relations The object of preposition The subject

Semantic roles The agent The patient

Other semantic roles Examples from van valin, R. (2002:24,29) Chris gave the notebook to Dana. (Recipient) Chris gave the notebook to Dana. (Theme) The book is lying on the table. (Location) Pat put the book on the table. (Goal) Kim sent the package to Philadelphia. (Goal) The child ran from the playground. (Source) The child took the book from Kim. (Source) The dog ran through the garden. (Path) Dana bought some flowers for Pat. (Benefactive) Jesse knows that Chris lied. (Content) She painted the picture with crayons. (Instrument) The rock broke the window. (Instrument) Many tourist saw the accident. (Experiencer)

Analyze The student (subject, agent) wrote (verb) the essay (object, patient) in the library (object of preposition, location).

Exercise He (subject, noun phrase, patient and experiencer) felt (transitive verb) the pain (object, agent, and theme). They (subject, agent) smeared the wall (direct object, patient) with green peas (instrument, object of preposition). She (subject, agent) walked through the hallway (path, object of preposition) to the main hall (object of preposition, and goal). They (subject, agent) set the house (object, patient) on fire (object of preposition, goal) My mother (subject, agent) took the book (theme, object) from me (object of preposition, source) My sisters (subject, agent) ate all the cake (object, patient). She (subject, agent) wrote a letter (object, patient) to her old friend (object of preposition, recipient). I (subject, agent) pushed the desk (object, patient) to the corner (the goal, object of preposition) of the room (location, object of preposition). The volcano (subject, agent) destroyed the village (object, patient) nearby He(subject, agent) understood that the rules(subject, content) have to be observed. ( two different clause)