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LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada), Jonnada, Vizianagaram:535 005
Website : www. lendi.org Ph no : +91 08922 241111, 241144
E mail id : lendi _2008 @yahoo.com Fax No: +91 08922 241112

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LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY LLNDI INSTITITL OI LNGINLLRING S TLCHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada) JONNADA , VIZIANAGARAM:535005




PAHTMNT OF LCTHtCAL & LCTHONtCS NGtNHtNG


Class : B.Tech Year: II/IV Branch: ECE



ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY


Lis| ol Lxpcrimcn|s


CYCLE-I

1. Verification of Superposition and Reciprocity theorems
2. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer theorem
3. Verification of Thevenins and Nortons theorems
4. Swinburnes Test on a DC Shunt Machine
5. Brake test on DC shunt motor

CYCLE-II
6. Brake test on 3-phase Squirrel Cage Induction motor
7. OC & SC tests on a Single-phase transformer
8. Magnetization characteristics of a D.C. Shunt generator
9. Regulation of three phase alternator
10. Determination of Two port network parameters
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VLRIIICATION OI VLRIIICATION OI VLRIIICATION OI VLRIIICATION OI
SIPLRPOSITION AND SIPLRPOSITION AND SIPLRPOSITION AND SIPLRPOSITION AND
RLCIPROCITY THLORLM RLCIPROCITY THLORLM RLCIPROCITY THLORLM RLCIPROCITY THLORLMS SS S

















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Experiment no: 1

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION
& RECIPROCITY THEOREMS

AIM : To verify Superposition & Reciprocity theorems for the given network.

APPARATUS :

THEORY:-

I. Superposition Theorem Statement:

In a linear network with several independent sources which include
equivalent sources due to initial conditions and linear dependent sources, the overall
response in any part of the network is equal to the sum of the individual responses due
to each independent source, considered separately, with all other independent sources
reduced to zero.

Note: 1. The sources which are considered one at a time making all other sources zero,
are the independent sources including sources due to initial conditions only. The
dependent sources are retained as they are in the network.
2. When one independent source is considered & all other independent sources
are reduced to zero means that all the other independent voltage source are replaced with
short circuit and all the other independent current sources are replaced with open circuit.
If the sources contain internal impedances, that sources are replaced by their internal
impedances.

II. Reciprocity Theorem Statement:

The Reciprocity theorem states that the ratio of response to excitation is
invariant to an interchange of the position of the excitation and response in a single
source network. However if the excitation is a voltage source, the response should be a
current and vice versa.
S. No Name of Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter

PMMC


0-300V

2
2 Ammeter PMMC

0-2.5A

1

3

Rheostat
WW
WW
WW
WW
50O/5A
110O/2A
300O/1.7A
300O/2A
2
1
1
2
4. Fuse TCC 5A 4
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PROCEDURE:-

I. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Close Switch S
1
on to the Supply mains & remain Switches S
2
& S
3
open and
Switch S
4
closed.
3. Note down the Voltmeter readings V
1
,V
2
& Ammeter reading as I' in the S.No1
of Table1
4. Now close Switch S
2
on to the Supply mains & remain Switches S
1
& S
4
open and
Switch S
3
closed.
5. Note down the Voltmeter readings V
1
,V
2
& Ammeter reading as I" in the S.No2
of Table1
6. Now Close Switches S
1
& S
2
on to the Supply mains & remain Switches S
3
&
S
4
open.
7. Note down the Voltmeter readings V
1
,V
2
& Ammeter reading as I in the S.No3
of Table1
8. Finally disconnect the circuit from the Supply mains by open all the Switches.


II. RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

CASE : I

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Close Switch S
1
on to the Supply mains
3. Note down the Voltmeter V
1
& Ammeter A
1
readings in S. No. 1 of Table 2
4. Disconnect the circuit from the Supply mains by opening the Switch S
1
.

CASE : II

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Close Switch S
2
on to the Supply mains
3. Note down the Voltmeter V
2
Ammeter A
2
readings in S. No. 2 of Table 2
4. Disconnect the circuit from the Supply mains by opening the Switch S
2
.


OBSERVATION TABLE:-

TABLE 1 SUPERPOSION THEOREM:

S.No.
Voltmeter Reading
(Volts)
Voltmeter Reading
(Volts)
Ammeter Reading
(Amps)
1. V
1
= V
2
= I' =
2. V
1
= V
2
= I" =
3. V
1
= V
2
= I =
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TABLE 2 RECIPROCITY THEORE:

S.No. Voltmeter Reading (Volts) Ammeter Reading(Amps)
1. V
1
= I
1
=
2. V
2
= I
2
=


PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid Loose Connections .
2. Readings must be taken without parallax error.
3. Before switching on the supply for the circuit , ensure that all rheostats are at
maximum position and during the experiment these should not be disturbed.

RESULTS:

I. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

1. I' =

2. I" =

3. I =

II. RECIPROCITY THEOREM:

1. V
1
/ I
1
=

2. V
2
/ I
2
=

CONCLUSIONS:




VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) What are the Statements of the above theorems?
2) What is a linear network?
3) Where the above theorems are used practically?
4) What are the practical applications of the above theorems?
5) What is a bilateral network? Give examples.
6) What are the limitations of above theorems?

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VLRIIICATION OI VLRIIICATION OI VLRIIICATION OI VLRIIICATION OI
MAXIMIM POVLR MAXIMIM POVLR MAXIMIM POVLR MAXIMIM POVLR
TRANSILR THLORLM TRANSILR THLORLM TRANSILR THLORLM TRANSILR THLORLM

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Experiment no: 2

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER THEOREM


AIM : To verify Maximum Power transfer theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No Name of Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1

Voltmeter
MC
MC

0-300V
0-150V

1
1

2 Ammeter MC

0-2A

1

3

Rheostat
WW
WW
WW
100O/5A
50O/5A
200O/2A
2
1
1
4. Fuse TCC 5A 2

THEORY:

Statement: The Maximum Power transfer theorem states that A Resistance load R
L
,
being connected to a DC network, receives maximum power when it is
equal to the internal resistance of the source network as seen from the
load terminals i.e. R
th

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With reference to Fig(B)
V
th

I
L
=
R
th
+R
L


While the power delivered to the resistive load is

P
L =
I
L
2
R
L =
(V
th
)
2

x R
L
(R
th
+R
L
)
2

P
L
can be maximized by varying R and hence, maximum power can be delivered when
(dP
L
/dR
L
) = 0

(R
th
+R
L
)
2
d (V
th
2
R
L
)-V
th
2
R
L
d (R
th
+R
L
)
2


dR
L
dR
L


==>

____________________________________ = 0

(R
th
+R
L
)
4



(R
th
+R
L
)
2
(V
th
2
) - V
th
2
R
L
2. (R
th
+R
L
)






==>

____________________________________ = 0

(R
th
+R
L
)
4




==> (R
th
+R
L
) -

R
L
2. = 0


==> R
L =
R
th


Hence it has been proved that power transfer from a dc source network to a
resistive network is maximum when the load resistance of the network is equal to the
internal resistance of the dc source


Again with R
L
=R
th
, the system being perfectly matched for load and source,
power transfer becomes maximum and this amount of power (P
max
) can be obtained as

P
max
= V
th
2
R
Th
= V
th
2

(R
Th
+R
Th
)
2
4R
Th



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The total power supplied is thus


P
in
= 2 V
Th
2
= V
Th
2

4R
Th
2R
Th

During maximum power transfer the efficiency of the circuit becomes,.

q = P
max
x 100= 50%

P
in


PROCEDURE:-

I) TO FIND POWER VARIATIONS WITH R
L

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram 1.
2. Apply 220 V DC Supply to the circuit by closing the DPST Switch.
3. Note down the readings of Ammeter & Voltmeter in Table 1 which are connected
across the load after keeping the load rheostat, R
L
at its minimum value.
4. Increase the load resistance in steps and for each step, note down the corresponding
Ammeter and Voltmeter readings in Table 1.
5. Disconnect the circuit from the supply by opening the DPST Switch.

II) TO FIND R
th

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram 2.
2. Apply 220 V DC Supply to the circuit by closing the DPST Switch.
3. Note down the readings of Ammeter & Voltmeter in Table 2 .
4. Disconnect the circuit from the supply by opening the DPST Switch.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

TABLE 1

S No V
L
(volts) I
L
(amps) R
L
= V
L
/ I
L
() P
L
= I
L
2
R
L ()
(W)
1.
2.
3.
.
.
.
10.





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TABLE 2

S No V
S
(volts) I
S
(amps) R
th
= V
S
/I
S
()

1.


MODEL GRAPH:-














PRECAUTIONS:-

1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax error.
3. Take more number of readings for a better plot


RESULTS:-
1. P
max
= ---------- W
2. R
L
= ---------
3. R
th
= ---------
4. = ---------

CONCLUSIONS:-


VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1) What is the Statement of Maximum Power Transfer theorem?
2) What is a linear network?
3) What is a bilateral network?
4) What are the applications of the above theorem?
5) What are the advantages & disadvantages of the above theorem?

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VLRIIICATION OI THLVLNIN`S VLRIIICATION OI THLVLNIN`S VLRIIICATION OI THLVLNIN`S VLRIIICATION OI THLVLNIN`S
S NORTON`S THLORLMS S NORTON`S THLORLMS S NORTON`S THLORLMS S NORTON`S THLORLMS

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Experiment no: 3

VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS
& NORTONS THEOREMS

AIM : To verify Thevenins & Nortons theorems for the given circuit.

APPARATUS:

S. No Name of Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Voltmeters 0-300V MI 2
2 Ammeter 0-2A MI 2
3 Rheostats
50O , 5A
110 O , 2A
200 O , 2A
WW
WW
WW
2
1
1
4 1-u Variac
230V / (0-270)V,
15A
---- 1
5. SPST 5A ---- 2
6. Fuse 5A TCC 2

THEORY:-

I) Thevenins Theorem Statement:

Any combination of linear bilateral circuit elements and active sources,
regardless of the connection or complexity, connected to a given load R
L,
may be
replaced by a simple two terminal network consisting of a single voltage source of V
th

volts and single resistance R
th
in series with the voltage source, across the two
terminals of the load R
L
. The V
th
is the open circuit voltage measured at the two
terminals of interest, with load resistance R
L
removed. This voltage is also called
Thevenins equivalent voltage. The R
th
is the Thevenins equivalent resistance of the
given network as viewed through the open terminals with R
L
removed and all the
active sources are replaced by their internal resistances . If the internal resistances are
not known then independent voltage sources are to be replaced by the short circuit
while the independent current sources must be replaced by open circuit.








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II) Nortons Theorem Statement :

Any combination of linear bilateral circuit elements and active sources,
regardless of the connection or complexity, connected to a given load R
L,
can be
replaced by a simple two terminal network, consisting of a single current source of I
N

amperes and a single resistance R
N
in parallel with it, across the two terminals of the
R
L.
The I
N
is the short circuit current flowing through the short circuited path, replaced
instead of R
L
. It is also called Nortons current. The R
N
is the equivalent resistance of
the given network as viewed through the load terminals, with R
L
removed and all the
active sources are replaced by their internal resistances. If the internal resistances are
unknown then the independent voltage sources must be replaced by short circuit while
the independent current sources must be replaced by open circuit.









PROCEDURE:-

I) FOR CIRCUIT 1:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 230 V AC Supply to the Variac (with its variable position at C ) by closing the
DPST Switch.
3. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter1 reads 200 V.
4. Note down the corresponding readings of Ammeter & Voltmeter2 in Table 1 with the
conditions
i) SPST 1 Closed & SPST 2 Open
ii) SPST 1 Open & SPST 2 Open
iii) SPST 1 Closed & SPST 2 Closed
5. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter1 reads 0 volts
6. Disconnect the Variac from the supply by opening the DPST Switch.

II) FOR CIRCUIT 2:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 230 V AC Supply to the Variac (with its variable position at C ) by closing the
DPST Switch.
3. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter reads 150 V &
note down the corresponding reading of Ammeter in Table 2.
4. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter reads 0 volts
5. Disconnect the Variac from the supply by opening the DPST Switch
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III) FOR CIRCUIT 3:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply 230 V AC Supply to the Variac (with its variable position at C ) by closing the
DPST Switch.
3. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter reads V
th
,

as
obtained in Table 1
4. Close the SPST Switch & vary the rheostat until the Ammeter reads current I for
which V
th
/ I gives R
th
, the value as obtained in Table 2 .
5. Once the Rheostat set to R
th
, open the SPST Switch & note down the reading of the
Ammeter in Table 3
6. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter reads 0 volts
7. Disconnect the Variac from the supply by opening the DPST Switch

IV) FOR CIRCUIT 4:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Use the same Rheostat which set to R
th
as in the Circuit 3


3. Apply 230 V AC Supply to the Variac (with its variable position at C ) by closing the
DPST Switch.
4. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Ammeter1 reads current I
N

as obtained in Table 1 & note down the corresponding reading of the Ammeter2 in
Table 4.
5. Gradually vary the variable position of the Variac until the Voltmeter reads 0 volts
6. Disconnect the Variac from the supply by opening the DPST Switch

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

TABLE 1 (For Circuit 1)

S.No Switch conditions Voltmeter V
1
(Volts)
Voltmeter V
2
(Volts)
Ammeter
(Amps)
1. SPST 1 Closed
SPST 2 Open
V
S
=

V
L
=

I
L
=

2. SPST 1 Open
SPST 2 Open
V
S
=

V
th
=

I
L
= 0
3. SPST 1 Closed
SPST 2 Closed
V
S
=

V
L
= 0

I
N
=

TABLE 2 (For Circuit 2)

S.No Voltmeter (Volts) Ammeter (Amps)
R
th
= V
S
/ I
S
()

1.
V
S
=

I
S
=

R
th
=
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TABLE 3 (For Circuit 3)

S.No Voltmeter (Volts) Ammeter (Amps)
1.
V
th
=

I
L
=



TABLE 4 (For Circuit 4)

S.No Ammeter I
1
(Amps) Ammeter I
2
(Amps)
1. I
N
=
I
L
=



PRECAUTIONS:-

1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Avoid Parallax error.
3. Before switching on the supply for each circuit ensure that all rheostats are at
maximum position and during the experiment these should not be disturbed.
4. Variable position of the Variac(auto transformer) should be at minimum position
before switching on the power supply.

RESULTS:-

1. I
L
from the Main circuit =

2. I
L
from the Thevenins Equivalent Circuit =

3. I
L
from the Nortons Equivalent circuit =

CONCLUSIONS:-



VIVA QUESTIONS:-

1) What is the Statement of Thevenins theorem?
2) What is a linear network?
3) What is a bilateral network?
4) What are Active & Passive elements?
5) What are the applications of the above theorem?
6) What are the limitations of application of this theorem ?


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SWINBURNES TEST ON
D.C. SHUNT MACHINE

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Experiment no: 4

SWINBURNES TEST ON A DC SHUNT MACHINE



AIM : To Pre-determine the efficiency and performance characteristics of a
DC Shunt machine. (both as a generator & motor)

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.No Type DC Shunt Motor
01 Ratings 3.0 HP
02 Volts. 220 V DC
03 Current 12 A
04 Exc. Volts. 220 V DC
05 Exc. Current 0.6A
06
Duty S1
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1500 rpm


APPARATUS:


S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter (0-300) V M.C 1
02 Ammeter (0-1) A M.C. 1
03 Ammeter (0-2) A M.C. 1
04 Rheostat 300O, 2 A
WIRE
WOUND
1
05 Tachometer 0-10,000 RPM ANALOG 1
06 Fuse 6A T.C.C. 2

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THEORY:

SWINBURNES TEST:-

It is a simple method in which losses are measured separately and from their
knowledge, efficiency at any load can be pre-determined in advance. The only
running test needed is a no load test.

Swinburnes test is applicable to those machines in which flux is practically
constant i.e. Shunt wound and Compound wound machines.

The machine is running as a motor on no-load at its rated voltage and its speed be
adjusted to its rated value using Shunt regulator.

The no-load armature current I
ao
is measured using an ammeter, where as shunt
field current I
sh
is given by another ammeter. The no-load input current is given
by I
o
= I
ao
+ I
sh


Let the supply voltage be V volts

No-load input = V I
o
watts

Power input to armature = V I
ao
watts

Power input to shunt = V I
sh
watts

No-load input supplies Copper losses (Armature & Field), Iron losses (Hysteresis
& Eddy current) & Mechanical losses ( Friction losses & Windage).

Constant losses = No load input power Armature copper losses

W
c
= V I
o
I
ao
Ra watts .

Predetermination of efficiency of a motor at any load

Input = V I watts.

Armature Cu losses = (I - I
sh
) Ra

Constant losses = W
c


Total losses = W
c
+ ( I - I
sh
) Ra

q = (Input Total losses) / (Input)
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Predetermination of efficiency of a generator at any load

Output = V I watts.

Armature Cu losses = (I + I
sh
) Ra

Constant losses = W
c


Total losses = W
c
+ ( I + I
sh
) Ra

q = (Output) / (Output + Total losses)

Maximum Efficiency : Variable losses (I
a
Ra) = Constant losses ( W
c
)


PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Initially the starter must be in off position.
3. Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the speed
to its rated speed using field rheostat.
5. Note down the readings of Voltmeter & Ammeters in Table
6. Switch off the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by opening the DPST Switch.


OBSERVATION TABLE:

At Constant speed of 1500r.p.m.


S.No. Input Voltage V Armature Current Field current

W
c
= V I
o
I
2
ao
Ra Watts = ________ Watts



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CALCULATION TABLE:

I) For Motor

S.No
.
Input
Voltage
(V)
(Volts)
Input
Current(I)
(Amp)
Field
current(I
sh
)
(Amp)
Armature
Copper
Losses
(Watts)
Total
Losses
(Watts)
Input
Power
(Watts)
%q

II) For Generator

S.No
.
Output
Voltage
(V)
(Volts)
Output
Current(I)
(Amps)
Field
current (I
sh
)
(Amps)
Armature
Copper
Losses
(Watts)
Total
Losses
(Watts)
Output
Power
(Watts)
%q

MODEL GRAPHS:















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PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum before switching on the
220V D.C. supply.
2. Ensure that the starter arm is at extreme left position.
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error



RESULTS:

Constant losses = _________ Watts

Current at which Max. q occurs for motor = _________ Amps

Current at which Max. q occurs for generator = _________ Amps

Maximum Efficiency for motor = __________ %.

Maximum Efficiency for generator = __________ %.


CONCLUSIONS:








VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1) What is the significance of Swinburnes test?
2) What are the advantages & disadvantages of this test?
3) Why this test is not suitable for D.C series motor?
4) What is the purpose of 3 point starter?
5) What happens if field is open in D.C motor?
6) Why we have to keep the field rheostat in minimum position?


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BRAKE TEST ON A
D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

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Experiment no: 5

BRAKE TEST ON A D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

AIM : To obtain the Performance characteristics curves of a D.C. shunt motor by
conducting brake test on it.


NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.No Type DC Shunt Motor
01 Rating 3.0 HP
02 Volts. 220 V DC
03 Current 12 A
04 Exc. Volts. 220 V DC
05 Exc. Current 0.6A
06
Duty S1
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1500 rpm


APPARATUS:


S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter (0-300) V M.C 1
02 Ammeter (0-1) A M.C. 1
03 Ammeter (0-20) A M.C. 1
04 Rheostat 300O, 2 A Wire Wound 1
05 Tachometer 0-10,000 RPM Analog 1
06 Fuse 12A T.C.C. 2



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THEORY:

It is a simple method of testing low rating DC machines and consists of applying
a brake to a water-cooled drum mounted on the motor shaft.

The four important characteristics curves of a D.C. Shunt Motor, namely,
Torque, Speed, Armature Current & efficiency, each plotted against the useful
Power, as shown in the model graph are known as Performance characteristics

A belt is wound round the brake drum and its two ends are attached to two spring
balances S
1
& S
2
. The tension of the belt can be adjusted with the help of swivels.

The force acting tangentially on the drum is equal to the difference between the
readings of the two spring balances.

The net force, F applied on the brake drum is 9.81(S
1
S
2
) Newtons
where , S
1
& S
2
are the readings of Spring balances 1& 2 in Kg.f.

Shaft torque, T developed by the motor is 9.81 (S
1
S
2
) R Nm
where, R is the radius of the pulley in meters & N is the speed in rpm

Useful Output Power = (2 a N T) / 60 Watts

Input Power = V I
L
Watts, where I
L
= (I
a
+ I
sh
)

% Efficiency ,q = (Output power / Input power) x 100.

Speed Regulation = [ (No Load speed ) ( Full load speed )] / Full Load.

The size of the motor that can be tested by this method is limited from the
consideration of the heat that can be dissipated at the brake drum

Where the output power exceeds about 2 H.P., or where the test is of long
duration, its necessary to use a water cooled brake drum.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Initially the starter must be in off position.
3. Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the speed
to its rated speed using field rheostat.
5. Note down the readings of Voltmeter & Ammeters in Table under No Load
condition.


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6. Apply the Load on the drum gradually in steps by tightening the belt around it.
At each step, note down the readings of the Ammeters, Voltmeter, two Spring
balances and the Tachometer.
7. Pour water in the pulley and cool it often when the motor is loaded.
8.When the full load is reached, slowly reduce the load and switch off the
Motor from 220V D.C. Supply by opening the DPST Switch


OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Input
Voltage
(V)
(Volts)
Armature
Current
(I
a
)
(Amps)
Field
current
(I
sh
)
(Amps)
Spring Balances
Speed (N)
(rpm)
S
1
(kgf) S
2
(kgf)

CALCULATION TABLE:

Radius of the Brake Drum, R = ______ mts.


S.No.
Input
Voltage
(V)
(Volts)
Input
Current
(I
L
)
(Amps)

Torque
(T)
(Nm)

Output
Power
(Watts)

Input
Power
(Watts)

%

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum before switching ON the
motor.
2. Ensure that the starter arm is at extreme left position.
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error
5. Tachometer should be kept horizontal to the shaft while measuring the speed.
6. Before switch OFF the motor make sure that there is nos load connected to motor.

MODEL GRAPHS:













RESULTS:

At full load:

i) Torque = __________ Nm.
ii) Speed = __________ rpm
iii) Armature Current = __________ A
iv) Efficiency = __________ %.
v) Speed Regulation = __________%

CONCLUSIONS:


VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1) What is Speed regulation?
2) What are the different types of motor?
3) What are the characteristics of D.C shunt motor?
4) What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
5) What are the different methods to reduce the iron losses?
6) What are the application of D.C Shunt Motor?
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BRAKE TEST ON A
3 SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR

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Experiment no: 6

BRAKE TEST ON A THREE PHASE
SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR


AIM : To obtain the Performance characteristics curves of a 3u Squirrel cage
Induction motor by conducting brake test on it.


NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.No Type
Squirrel cage
Induction Motor
01 Rating 3.0 HP / 2.2KW
02 Volts. 3u ,415 A.C.
03 Current 4.7 A
04 Connection Delta
07
Ins. Class B
08
Speed 1400 rpm


APPARATUS:


S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter (0-600) V M.C 1
02 Ammeter (0-10) A M.C. 1
03 Wattmeter 600 V ,10A UPF 2
05 Tachometer 0-10,000 RPM Analog 1
06 Fuse 10A T.C.C. 2



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THEORY:

It is a simple method of testing 3u Squirrel Cage Induction motor and consists of
applying a brake to a water-cooled drum mounted on the motor shaft.

The five important characteristics curves of a 3 u Squirrel cage Induction motor
Motor, namely, Speed, Slip, Armature Current, Efficiency & Power factor, each
plotted against the useful Power, as shown in the model graph are known as
Performance characteristics.

Squirrel cage Induction Motor of low rating can be started by Direct-on-line
Starting method or Auto Transformer Method of Starting

A belt is wound round the brake drum and its two ends are attached to two spring
balances S
1
& S
2
. The tension of the belt can be adjusted with the help of swivels.

Shaft torque, T developed by the motor is 9.81 (S
1
S
2
) R Nm
where, R is the radius of the pulley in meters & N is the speed in rpm

Useful Output Power = (2 a N T) / 60 Watts

Input Power = W
1
+W
2
Watts

% Efficiency ,q = (Output power / Input power) x 100.

% Slip = [N
s
-N/N
s
]

100 ,
where, Synchronous Speed of Rotating flux is N
s
=120 f / P & N is Rotor Speed

Power Factor, Cos u = W
1
+W
2

\3VI
The size of the motor that can be tested by this method is limited from the
consideration of the heat that can be dissipated at the brake drum

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Close the TPST switch to 3u AC Supply and apply the voltage gradually to the Stator
of the Induction Motor by means of the Variac.
3. At no load, note down the readings of all Meters( Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeters &
Tachometer) & Spring balances.
4. Gradually apply the load & for various values of current up to rated current, note
down all Meter readings & Spring balance readings.
5. Now release the load gradually and reduce the applied Voltage to zero using Variac.
6. Disconnect the Variac by opening the TPST Switch

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Input
Voltage
(V)
(Volts)
Armature
Current
(I
L
)
(Amps)
Wattmeters Spring Balances
Speed (N)
(rpm)
W
1
(Watts)

W
2
(Watts)

S
1
(kgf)

S
2
(kgf)
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
10




CALCULATION TABLE:

Radius of the Brake Drum, R = ______ mts.


S.No
.

Armature
Current
(I
L
)
(Amps)

Torque
(T)
(Nm)

Output
Power
(Watts)

Input
Power
(Watts)

%

% Slip

Cos
1
2
3
.
.
.
.
10



PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections
2. Initially position of the variable on Variac must be in minimum position.
3. Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error
4. Tachometer should be kept horizontal to the shaft while measuring the speed.
5. Before switch OFF the motor make sure that there is no load connected to motor.


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MODEL GRAPHS:


















RESULTS:

At full load:
i) Speed = __________ rpm
ii) Slip = __________ %.
iii) Armature Current = __________ A
iv) Efficiency = __________ %.
v) Power factor = __________


CONCLUSIONS:




VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What are the different types of 3u I.M?
2. Explain the Performance Characteristics of 3u I.M.
3. Explain the Slip-Torque Characteristics of 3u I.M
4. Explain different methods of starting 3u Squirrel cage I.M?





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OC & SC TESTS ON A
1 TRANSFORMER

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Experiment no: 7

OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS
ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER


AIM : To predetermine the efficiency, percentage regulation and equivalent
circuit parameters of a given single phase transformer by conducting
Open circuit and Short circuit tests on it.


NAME PLATE DETAILS:


S.No Type Transformer
01 Rating 2 KVA, 1u
02 L V winding 230 V
03 H V winding 440 V


APPARATUS:


S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter (0-230) V M.I 1
02 Voltmeter (0-75) V M.I 1
03 Ammeter (0-1) A M.I. 1
04 Ammeter (0-5) A M.I. 1
05 Wattmeter 300 V ,10A LPF 1
06 Wattmeter 150 V ,10A UPF 1
07 Variac
230V / 0-270V
15A
Contact 1
06 Fuse 10A T.C.C. 2

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THEORY:

The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of the equivalent
circuit which contains four main parameters, the equivalent resistance R
01
as referred
to primary (or secondary R
02
)
,
the equivalent leakage reactance X
01
referred to
primary (or secondary X
02
), the core loss conductance G
0
or resistance R
0
and
magnetizing reactance X
0
. These parameters can be easily determined by performing
Open circuit test & Short circuit tests. The losses obtained are used in calculating the
efficiency & regulation of the transformer. These tests are very economical and
convenient because they furnish the required information with out actually loading
the transformer.


OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load
current I
0
which is helpful in finding R
0
and X
0
.

In this test , the transformer secondary winding (usually HV side) is left open and
the primary winding (LV side) is connected to supply of normal voltage and
frequency.

With normal voltage applied to the primary a small current I
0
flows in the
primary which produces magnetic flux in the core. The transformer draws reactive
power from the supply to establish the magnetic flux, active power is also
absorbed by the transformer to overcome the core loss due to hysteresis and eddy
current.

The reactive power at no load is much higher than the active power so the power
factor is small. The primary no load current I
0
is small (usually 2 to 10% of the
rated load current),therefore copper loss is negligibly small in primary and nil in
secondary (it being open).

These core loss under no load condition is same for all loads as the net flux
passing through the core is approximately the same as at no load.


SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

This is an economical method to determine equivalent impedance (Z
01
or Z
02
),
leakage reactance(X
01
or X
02
), total resistance (R
01
or R
02
) of the transformer and
copper loss at full load (or at any desired load).

In this test the secondary side (usually low voltage winding) is solidly short-
circuited. Now the primary is connected to a power source of reduced potential
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(usually 5 to10% of normal voltage) that is enough to cause the rated current to
flow in both primary and secondary windings.

Since in this test the applied voltage is a small percentage of normal voltage, the
mutual flux produced is so small percentage of normal value. Hence the core
losses are very small and the losses now taking place will be full load copper
loss.


PROCEDURE:

OC TEST:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. The HV side of the transformer is kept open & the normal voltage of 230V is applied
to LV side by adjusting the autotransformer ( variac)
3. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter on LV side.


SC TEST:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. The LV side of the transformer is short circuited & using the autotransformer adjust
the HV side voltage such that the ammeter reads the full load current of HV winding
3. Note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter on HV side.


OBSERVATION TABLE:

OC TEST:

S. No. V
0
(volts) I
0
(amps) W
0
(watts)

1.

SC TEST:

S. No. V
sc
(volts) I
sc
(Amps) W
sc
(watts)

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CALCULATION TABLE:


Efficiency characteristics

S.No Load current
( % of full load )
Core
losses
(W)
Copper
losses
(W)
Total
losses
(W)
Input
(W)
Output
(W)
Efficiency
1
2
.
.
10
10
20
.
.
100





Voltage Regulation characteristics

S.No Cos Sin
Lagging p.f Leading p.f
full load half load full load half load












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MODEL CALCULATIONS :

O.C. TEST:

W
O
= V
O
I
O
Cos 4
O
c; Cos 4
O
= ( W
O
) / ( V
O
I
O
) =

I

= I
O
Sin 4
O
; I
e
= I
O
Cos 4
O


R
O =
V
O

/
I
e
; X
O =
V
O

/
I

S.C TEST :


W
SC
= I
SC
2
R
e2
;

R
e2
=

W
SC
/ I
SC
2


Ze
2
= V
sc
/ I
sc
; X
e2
= \ (

Ze
2
2
- R
e2
2
)


% Efficiency ( ) = [ ( x KVA Cos4) / ( x KVA Cos4 + W
i
+ x
2
W
cu
)] x 100


%Voltage Regulation = x 100


PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections
2. Initially position of the variable on Variac must be in minimum position.
3. Note down the readings from the meters without any parallax error
4. Apply the reduced voltage (only 5 to 10% of rated voltage) slowly to HV side
during SC test


MODEL GRAPHS:













2 2 2 2
2
I Re Cos I Xe Sin
V

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RESULTS:

The parameters of transformer are:

R
0
= ____ ; X
0
= ____ ; R
e2
= ____ ; X
e2
=____


From the graphs plotted, it has been determined that

(i) Maximum efficiency of ____ % occurs at a load current of ____A

(ii) Maximum regulation occurs at ____ Pf.

(iii) Zero regulation occurs at _____ pf.



CONCLUSIONS:










VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of operation of transformer?
2. What are the different types of 1u transformers available?
3. Why Copper losses in Open circuit test & Core losses in Short circuit
4. are considered negligible?
5. What is the advantage of deriving the Equivalent circuit?
6. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
7. What are the conditions of power factors for maximum & minimum regulation?










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MAGNETIZATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR

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Experiment no: 8

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
A D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR


AIM : To obtain the Magnetization Characteristics of a D.C. Shunt
Generator and to determine its Critical field resistance
& Critical speed.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Type DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator
Ratings 3.0 HP 2 KW
Volts. 220 V DC 220 V DC
Current 12 A 12A
Exc. Volts. 220 V DC 220 V DC
Exc. Current 0.6A 0.7A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm


APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter (0-300) V M.C 1
02 Ammeter (0-1) A M.C. 1
03 Rheostat 270O, 2 A
WIRE
WOUND
1
04 Rheostat 300O, 2 A
WIRE
WOUND
2
05 Tachometer 0-10,000 RPM ANALOG 1


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THEORY:

I) Magnetization Characteristics

The magnetization characteristics shows the relation between the no load
generated emf in armature, E
0
and the field (or) exciting current, I
f
at a given
fixed speed as shown in model graph.

These characteristics are also known as the No load saturation characteristics or
Open circuit characteristics. The shape of these characteristics is practically same
for all generators whether separately excited or self excited

Due to the residual magnetism in the poles, some emf is generated even when
I
f
= 0 represented by OD**. Hence, the curve starts a little way up.

The slight curvature, DE** at the lower end is due to magnetic inertia. It is seen
that the first part of the curve, EC** is practically straight. This is due to the fact
that at low flux densities, reluctance of iron path being negligible (due to high
permeability), total reluctance is given by the air gap reluctance, which is
constant. Hence, the flux and consequentially the generated emf are directly
proportional to the exciting current.

How ever at high flux densities, where is small, iron path reluctance becomes
appreciable and straight relation, CF** between E
o
and I
f
no longer holds good,
i.e., saturation of poles start.

(** refers to the model graph)

II) Critical resistance

It is that maximum value of the field resistance, above which the machine fails to
excite i.e. there will be no build up of the voltage.

This resistance corresponds to the straight-line position of the magnetization
characteristic because the magnetic circuit does not offer any appreciable
reluctance to the magnetic flux.

III) Critical speed

It is that speed for which the given shunt field resistance will represent critical
field resistance
(OR)

It is that minimum value of the speed of the machine below which the machine
fails to excite .

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially the starter must be in OFF & SPST Switch in open positions.
3. Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the speed
of it to the rated speed of the D.C.generator using field method of speed control.
5. Note down the voltage of the voltmeter which represents the residual voltage of
the generator when SPST switch is in open condition.
6. Excite the field winding D.C.generator in steps by decreasing its external
resistance gradually and note down various corresponding readings of ammeter
and voltmeter till 1.1 to 1.25 times the rated voltage of the generator is reached,
maintaining constant speed .
7. Gradually reduce the field current of generator and make it to zero finally by
opening SPST switch. and disconnect the D.C. Motor from the 220V D.C.
Supply
.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

At constant speed of 1500r.p.m.
S.No. Field current( I
f
) Amps Armature Voltage ( E
o
) Volts

MODEL GRAPHS:












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CALCULATIONS:

TO FIND CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE:

1. Plot the magnetization curve.
2. Draw the tangent such that it touches most of the linear part of the curve.
This line is the Critical field resistance line.
3. The slope of the above line gives the Critical field resistance.

TO FIND CRITICAL SPEED:

1. Draw the constant field resistance line R
f
.
2. From point A draw a line on to the Critical field resistance line.
Now the Critical speed, N
c
= (AB /AC) N, where N is the rated speed of
D.C. generator i.e., 1500 r.p.m.

PRECAUTIONS:-

5. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum & for the generator in
maximum positions before switching on the D.C. supply.
6. Ensure that the starter arm is at extreme left position.
7. Avoid loose connections
8. Note down the readings form the meters without any parallax error

RESULT:

Critical field resistance = ________ ohms.

Critical speed = ________ r.p.m.

CONCLUSIONS:




VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What are Magnetization Characteristics?
2. What do you mean by Critical field resistance?
3. What do you mean by Critical speed?
4. How do you obtain the O.C.C at any other speed other than rated speed?
5. What are the different types of Generators?
6. What are the applications of D.C Shunt Generators?




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REGULATION OF
3 ALTERNATOR

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Experiment no: 9

REGULATION OF 3 ALTERNATOR


AIM : To predict the regulation of 3u alternator using
Synchronous impedance method

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Type DC Shunt Motor Alternator
Ratings 3.0 HP 3 KVA
Volts. 220 V DC 3u ,415V AC
Current 12 A 4.2 A
Exc. Volts. 220 V DC 220 V DC
Exc. Current 0.6A 1.4A
Duty S1 S1
Ins. Class B B
Speed 1500 rpm 1500 rpm


APPARATUS:


S.No Apparatus Required Rating Type Qty.
01 Voltmeter (0-600) V M.I 1
02 Ammeter (0-10) A M.I. 1
03 Rheostat 300O, 2 A Wire Wound 1
04 Tachometer 0-10,000 RPM Analog 1
05 Switch -- Triple pole 1



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THEORY:

Voltage regulation is defined as the rise in terminal voltage, when the full load at
a particular power factor is removed keeping the field excitation and speed constant
divided by the rated terminal voltage.

% regulation = (E
O
-V) / V X100

For small rating machines regulation can be found by direct load where as in the
case of large machines the cost of finding regulation by direct loading becomes
expensive. Hence an indirect method is used for obtaining the regulation of an alternator
is Synchronous impedance or EMF method

In order to calculate the regulation by this method, it requires

a) Armature or stator resistance R
a
.
b) Open circuit or No-load characteristics.
c) Short circuit characteristics.

OD = E
o

E
o
= (OB
2
+ BD
2
)
1/2

OB = OA + AB
= V Cos 4 + IR
a


BD = BC + CD
= V Sin 4 + IX
s
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For lag pf, E
o
= [ (V Cos 4 + IR
a
)
2
+ (V Sin 4 + IX
s
)
2
]
1/2

For lead pf, E
o
= [ (V Cos 4 + IR
a
)
2
+ (V Sin 4 I
a
X
s
)
2
]
1/2



For UPF, E
o
= [ (V + I
a
R
a
)
2
+ (I
a
X
s
)
2
]
1/2


whereV= Rated voltage, Cos 4 - power factor


% Regulation = (E
o
- V) / V X 100


PROCEDURE:
OC test:

1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2) Initially the starter must be in OFF & SPST Switch in open positions.
3) Switch on the D.C. Motor to 220V D.C. Supply by closing the DPST Switch.
4) Start the D.C. motor using the three point starter and thereby adjust the speed
of it to the rated speed of the Alternator using field method of speed control.
5) With the TPST Switch open , Switch ON the Excitation unit of Alternator & by
varying the field current tabulate the corresponding open circuit voltage readings.

SC test:

6) Conduct the Short circuit test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the
alternator field current for which the armature current corresponds to its rated
value & tabulate it.
7) Gradually reduce the field current of alternator and disconnect the D.C. Motor
from the 220V D.C. Supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST SHORT CIRCUIT TEST


R
a =
____

S. No. V
OC
(volts)
I
f
(Amps)




S.No
I
sc
(amps) I
f
(amps)




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MODEL GRAPHS:














CALCULATIONS:


Z = [Open cicuit Voltage per Phase] / [Short circuit current],
at constant field current

where Short circuit current can be taken as rated armature current, I
a

Z = E
o
per phase / I
a
, at constant I
f


Xs = \ (Z
2
R
a
2
)

CALCULATION TABLE:

Voltage Regulation characteristics

S.No Cos Sin
Lagging p.f Leading p.f
full load half load full load half load












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PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The field rheostat of the motor must be kept in minimum position before
switching on the D.C. supply.
2. Ensure that the starter arm is at extreme left position.
3. Avoid loose connections
4. Note down the readings form the meters without any parallax error
5. Speed must be maintained constant through out the experiment.
6. Make ensure that the terminal voltage is reduced to zero before doing short
circuit test .


RESULTS:

Voltage regulation at full load 0.8 pf. lag is _____& 0.8 pf. lead is ______

Maximum positive voltage regulation occurs at pf of _______

Zero voltage regulation occurs at pf of _______



CONCLUSIONS:









VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of operation of an alternator?
2. What are the different types of alternators available?
3. What are the different factors affecting the Voltage regulation?
4. Explain the variations of terminal voltage under different power
5. factor conditions.
6. Why the synchronous impedance method is termed as Pessimistic method







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DLTLRMINATION OI TVO DLTLRMINATION OI TVO DLTLRMINATION OI TVO DLTLRMINATION OI TVO
PORT NLTVORK PORT NLTVORK PORT NLTVORK PORT NLTVORK PARAMLTLRS PARAMLTLRS PARAMLTLRS PARAMLTLRS






















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Experiment no: 10

DETERMINATION OF TWO PORT
NETWORK PARAMETERS


AIM : To determine Z & Y parameters of a given two port Network.

APPARATUS:


S.No Specification Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V PMMC 2
2 Ammeter (0-5)A PMMC 2
3

Rheostat (50 O , 5A) Wire Wound 3
4 Switches ------ DPDT 2
5 Fuses 5A
Tin Coated
Copper
2
6 Connecting Wires 1 Square mm

Insulated
copper
As per
Requirement


THEORY:

A network containing two pairs of terminals is called as two port network.
Normally one pair of terminals coming together to supply power or to withdraw power or
to measure the parameters, are called as port. To achieve simplicity, the whole network is
shown with a single block.

A typical two port network is as shown below in fig (a)













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OPEN CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z-parameters):

Z-parameters can be defined by the following equations

V
1
= Z
11
I
1
+ Z
12
I
2
(1)

V
2
= Z
21
I
1
+ Z
22
I
2
(2)

Matrix form :







If port 2-2
1
is open circuited, i.e. I
2
= 0 then


Z
11
= V
1
/I
1
& Z
21
= V
2
/I
1


If port 1-1
1
is open circuited, i.e. I
1
= 0, then


Z
12
= V
1
/I
2
& Z
22
= V
2
/I
2
.

Here,

Z
11
is the driving point impedance at port 1-1
1
with 2-2
1
open circuited. It can also be
called as open circuit input impedance.

Z
21
is the transfer impedance at port 1-1
1
with 2-2
1
open circuited. It can also be
called as open circuit forward transfer impedance.

Z
12
is the transfer impedance at port 2-2
1
with 1-1
1
open circuited. It can also be
called as open circuit reverse transfer impedance and

Z
22
is the driving point impedance at port 2-2
1
with 1-1
1
open circuited. It can also
be called as open circuit output impedance.


Z-parameter representation for a two port network, shown above, will be as
shown below in fig (b)


I
1
I
2
Z
11
V
1
V
2
=
Z
21
Z
22
Z
12
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If the network is

a) Reciprocal then V
1
/I
2
(where I
1
= 0) = V
2
/I
1
(where I
2
= 0) i.e. Z
12
= Z
21



b) Symmetrical then V
1
/I
1
(where I
2
= 0) = V
2
/I
2
(where I
1
= 0) i.e. Z
11
= Z
22



SHORT CIRCUIT ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y-parameters):


Y-parameters can be defined by the following equations

I
1
= Y
11
V
1
+ Y
12
V
2
________________ (1)

I
2
= Y
21
V
1
+ Y
22
V
2
________________ (2)

In matrix form







Y
11
=
Y
21
Y
22
Y
12
V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
1

2
1
I
2
I
1
Z
11
+
_
+
_
Z
22
Z
12
I
2
Z
21
I
1
2

1
1
V
2
V
1
Fig (b) Open circuit impedance parametric representation of a two port net work.
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If port 2-2
1
is short circuited, i.e V
2
= 0 then

Y
11
= I
1
/V
1
& Y
21
= I
2
/V
1

If port 1-1
1
is short circuited, i.e V
1
= 0 then

Y
12
= I
1
/V
2
& Y
22
= I
2
/V
2


Here, Y
11
is the short circuit driving point admittance at port 1-1
1
with 2-2
1

short circuited. It will also be called as short circuit input admittance.

Y
21
is the Transfer admittance at port 1-1
1
with 2-2
1
short circuited. It will
also be called as short circuit forward transfer admittance.

Y
12
is the Transfer admittance at port 2-2
1
with 1-1
1
short circuited. It will
also be called as short circuit reverse transfer admittance and

Y
22
is the driving point admittance at port 2-2
1
with 1-1
1
short circuited. It
can also be called as short circuit output admittance.

Y-parameter representation for a two port network, shown above, will be as
shown below



















If the network is

a) Reciprocal then I
2
/V
1
(where V
2
= 0) = I
1
/V
2
(where V
1
= 0) i.e. Y
21
= Y
12


b) Symmetrical then I
1
/ V
1
(where V
2
= 0) = I
2
/ V
2
(where V
1
= 0) i.e. Y
11
= Y
22


1

2
1
I
2
I
1
Y
11

Y
22
Y
12
V
2
Y
21
V
1
2

1
1
V
2
V
1
Fig(c) Short circuit admittance parameter representation of a two port net work.
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PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. With the Switches S
2
open , S
3
close to 11' and S
4
open , note down the
corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter in S.No 1 in Tabular form after
closing the Switch S
1
to supply mains
3. With the Switches S
1
open ,S
4
close to 33' and S
3
open , note down the
corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter in S.No 2 in Tabular after
closing the Switch S
2
to supply mains
4. With the Switches S
2
open ,S
3
close to 11' and S
4
close to 44' , note down the
corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter in S.No 3 in Tabular after
closing the Switch S
1
to supply mains
5. With the Switches S
1
open ,S
3
close to 22' and S
4
close to 33 ' , note down the
corresponding readings of voltmeter and ammeter in S.No 4 in Tabular after
closing the Switch S
2
to supply mains


OBSERVATION TABLE:-



S.NO Test Condition V
1
(V) I
1
(A) V
2
(V) I
2
(A)

Parmeters
1
Port 2 Open
(I
2
= 0) and
Port-1 Active
Z
11
= V
1
/I
1
=

Z
21
= V
2
/I
1
=

2
Port 1 Open
(I
1
=0) and
Port-2 Active
Z
12
= V
1
/I
2
=

Z
22
= V
2
/I
2
=

3
Port 2 Short (4 - 4)
(V
2
=0) and
port-1 active
Y
11
= I
1
/V
1
=

Y
21
= I
2
/V
1
=

4
Port 1 Short (2 - 2)
(V1=0) and
Port-2 active
Y
22
= I
2
/V
2
=

Y
12
= I
1
/V
2
=









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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Note down the readings of voltmeter and ammeter without parallax error.
2. The current through a particular element should be maintained below its current
rating.
3. The conditions of switches should be thoroughly checked before making the
circuit live




RESULTS:


The values of Z parameters are

Z
11
= ________; Z
12
= ________; Z
21
= ________ ; Z
22
= ________


The values of Y parameters are

Y
11
= ________; Y
12
= ________; Y
21 =
________; Y
22
= ________



CONCLUSIONS :







VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) What is the significance of the two port parameters?
2) How you know the admittance parameters from impedance parameters?
3) What are the application of Z& Y parameters?
4) What is the condition for reciprocal network?
5) What is the condition for symmetrical network?
6) What is a Lattice network?
7) What is a Ladder network?
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