Breeding

Breeding
Breeding is the mating of the potential parents selected naturally or artificially from the herd or flock.

Difference in Breeding Methods

Natural Breeding This is the type where the animals are mated in natural state The cost and hassle of maintaining the bull is there Artificial Breeding/Insemination This is the type where the cows are inseminated with the semen collected from the sire This is cheaper and less labour some

There is chances of transmission of No chances of transmission due to venereal diseases lack of body contact The bull service is limited to just its The semen can be used long after life span the bull is dead The impregnation of cow is one per With single ejaculate, we can ejaculate inseminate hundred of cows Low conception rate due to deposition of semen in the vagina High conception rate due to deposition of semen in the cervix

Breeding Tools / Types

Two general types of breeding
Close breeding Out breeding

Inbreeding
It is the mating of animals that are closely related to each other than the average of the population. In other words, it is the mating of animals that have one or more common ancestors. Eg Eg. . Mating of Sire to its female offsprings. offsprings .
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Inbreeding
The degree of inbreeding will be determined by the closeness of the relationship between the parents and is expressed as inbreeding coefficient.

Inbreeding Coefficient
In a population, inbreeding coefficient can be calculated as.
F = 1 2Ne Where F = Increase in inbreeding per generation, Ne = Effective Population Size

Effective Population Size

Formula
Ne = 4NmNf Nm + Nf Where Ne = effective population size, Nm = the number of males in a population, Nf = number of females in the population

Inbreeding Excercise
What is the inbreeding coefficient of 125 female population with 12 breeding bulls in one generation?

Effect of inbreeding
Inbreeding reduces the number of gene pairs that are heterozygous in the population and increases the proportion of gene pairs that are homozygous, regardless of whether they are good or bad. This system leads to a phenomenon called as Inbreeding depression that throw up many physical abnormalities such as dwarfism, undershot jaws, etc Decline in the performance of the animals especially in traits like fertility, survival and size.

How to avoid inbreeding

In a herd, it is essential to change the Sire every 3 years to avoid inbreeding

Line Breeding.
It is another form of inbreeding. It is the breeding of animals to the same ancestor and mainly carried out to develop pure breeds with certain desired qualities/traits.
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Learning guide
What is inbreeding? What are the effects of inbreeding? Estimate the inbreeding coefficient? What strategies would you employ to avoid inbreeding in your herd?