Eliot, Lira-Intro To Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

P. 8.1) CO2 at 15MPa and 25C is throttled to 0.1Mpa.
Determine the temperature and

fraction vapor. (NOTE: there is a typo. Part (c ) makes no sense at 1.5MPa.)
Solution: Ebal for a valve, 0 = H
(a) assume ideal gas,
( ) K T T Cp H 298 0
2
= = =
(b) by PREOS.XLS with Ref=224.1K,0.1MPa, Liquid.
H2 = H1 = 9695 J/mol, then T2sat = 184.1K. q=(9695-0)/(17066-0)= 57%
Note: This is just an estimate, because CO2 is not really liquid at 0.1MPa
Note2: If you solved this using 1.5MPa, you get 281K.
( c ) Note: for the problem statement at 1.5MPa, there is no difference from (b).
At 5.27bar, 216.6K, Hsolid=HsatVap-Hsub,
Hsub=Hvap+Hfus=17829-2420+43.2*44*4.184=23362 Hsolid=17829-23362= -5533.
C-Ceq ln(Psat/Pref)= -(Hsub/R)*(1/T-1/Tref)
1/T=1/216.6-ln(1/5.27)/(23362/8.314)=0.005208 T=192
At 1bar, 192K=HsatVap=17322 Hsolid=17322-23362= -6040
q = (9695+6040)/(23362) = 67%
FYI: This one way to make dry ice. You throttle/spray it into bag and compress it
into a block. See also CO2 chart in Perrys Handbook, Chapter 3.
P8.2) CO is liquefied from 300bar,150K to 1bar. Compute q and Sgen.
Soln: Ref=82.0K,0.1MPa,liq. H(150,30)=4139. Ebal:H=0; q=(4139-0)/(6048-0)=68%
Sf=0.68*73.83+0 = 50.2; S(150,30)=27.365 Sgen=50.2-27.4 = 22.8 J/mol-K.
P8.3) Same CO using 90% efficient turbine.
Srev=0 q=27.635/73.83=0.374; Wrev=0.374*6048-4139= -1877J/molWact=-1689
Hout=4139-1689=2450 q = 2450/6048=40.5% 1-q=59.5%
P8.4) Methane at 300K, 250bar is liquefied (~Linde style) with outlet pressure = 30bar.
Compute fraction liquefied.
Soln: Ref=111.8K,1bar; qH8+(1-q)H6=H3=10654; Tsat(30bar)=176.7K
HsatVap=8289;HsatLiq=4104; H8=H(300,3MPa)=13455;
q=(10654-4104)/(13455-4104)=70% 1-q=30%
Chapter 10 Practice Problem Solutions
To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001, all rights reserved. (07/06/01) 1 of 4
(P10.5)
(a) Perform bubble P calculations 1-CO2, 2- ethylene. For kij = 0
Output from PRMIX.exe
bp
COMPONENT IS CARBON DIOXIDE ID NO. IS 909
COMPONENT IS ETHYLENE ID NO. IS 201
T(K)= 222.00 P(MPa)= .8725 ZL= .2138E-01 ZV= .8674
ID LIQUID X VAPOR Y Yi/Xi
909 .5000 .4057 .8114
201 .5000 .5943 1.189
repeating across the composition range:
x1 y1 P(MPa)
0.0 0.0 1.02
0.1 0.0795 0.995
0.5 0.406 0.873
0.9 0.834 0.7012
1. 1. 0.642

End points were determined using bubble point pressure calculation using PRMIX for a single
component. No azeotrope exists.
Answer is 0.87MPa

(b) Output from prmix.exe:
Kij MATRIX MODIFIED
909 201
201 .1100

bp
COMPONENT IS ETHYLENE ID NO. IS 201
T(K)= 222.00 P(MPa)= 1.126 ZL= .2867E-01 ZV= .8358
909 .5000 .4237 .8475
201 .5000 .5763 1.153

For kij = 0.11
x1 y1 P(MPa)
0.0 0.0 1.02
0.1 0.139 1.09
0.5 0.424 1.126
0.9 0.691 0.882
1. 1. 0.642

at small x1, x1<y1. At large x1, x1>y1. Also, P maximum in mixture. Therefore, maximum P
(minimum T) azeotrope will exist.
Answer is 11.3 bar.

(P10.6)
(a) .Pentane 7
Acetone 1051
THE DEFAULT Kij MATRIX IS
7 1051
1051 .0000

bp
COMPONENT IS n-PENTANE ID NO. IS 7
COMPONENT IS ACETONE ID NO. IS 1051
T(K)= 305.05 P(MPa)= .7785E-01 ZL= .3247E-02 ZV= .9697
7 .7280 .8345 1.146
1051 .2720 .1655 .6083

Answer: 0.78 bar, y1 = 0.83

(b) x=0.134 using option KI, perform bubble pressure calcs until converge on experimental
pressure of 1 bar at 0.728.
ki
Kij = 0.11
REQUIRED NUMBER OF ITERATIONS WAS: 7
T(K)= 305.05 P(MPa)= .9927E-01 ZL= .4199E-02 ZV= .9634
7 .7280 .7167 .9845
1051 .2720 .2833 1.041

Kij = 0.117
T(K)= 305.05 P(MPa)= .1011 ZL= .4282E-02 ZV= .9629
7 .7280 .7078 .9723
1051 .2720 .2922 1.074

Intermediate Answer: k
ij
= 0.117 to fit bubble pressure, azeotrope composition not matched
exactly.

bp
T(K)= 312.75 P(MPa)= .1120 ZL= .3881E-02 ZV= .9626
7 .1340 .5453 4.070
1051 .8660 .4547 .5250

Answer: k
ij
= 0.117, BP = 1.12 bar

(P10.7)

a) using shortcut K-ratio equation at 298K, predict the vapor pressure of components.

# COMPOUND Psat ( MPa)
1 CO2 6.44
2 METHANE 32.6
3 PROPANE 0.956
4 ETHANE 4.21

Note: methane is supercritical so the vapor pressure is extrapolated.
y
i
P = x
i
P
i
sat,
x
i
= y
i
P/P
i
sat
! guess P until x
i
= 1.
P
NEW
= P
OLD
/ Xi

P(MPa) X1 X2 X3 X4 Xi
3 0.14 0.028 0.628 0.143 0.939
3.19 0.149 0.029 0.667 0.152 0.997
3.2 0.15 0.0295 0667 0.153 0.9995

(b) there isnt a DP routing, use dt routine, guess P until DT = 298
COMPONENT IS METHANE ID NO. IS 1
COMPONENT IS PROPANE ID NO. IS 3
COMPONENT IS ETHANE ID NO. IS 2
T(K)= 286.67 P(MPa)= 3.000 ZL= .9407E-01 ZV= .7509
909 .2207 .3000 1.360
1 .0715 .3000 4.198
3 .5197 .2000 .3848
2 .1882 .2000 1.063

T(K)= 295.61 P(MPa)= 4.000 ZL= .1286 ZV= .6876
909 .2410 .3000 1.245
1 .0958 .3000 3.132
3 .4637 .2000 .4313
2 .1995 .2000 1.003

T(K)= 298.45 P(MPa)= 4.400 ZL= .1434 ZV= .6624
909 .2486 .3000 1.207
1 .1064 .3000 2.819
3 .4421 .2000 .4524
2 .2029 .2000 .9856

P = 4.4MPA, DT = 298.5 close enough.

P(MPa) x1 x2 x3 x4
4.4 0.249 0.107 0.442 0.203

PR predicts much different P and composition. PR should be improved by using non-zero kij
from binary data fits for even more accuracy.

(P10.8)
b
cb
Z
+
1
4
1 ,
1
]
1
d
b
db

b
TV
ig
b c b d
b
c
RT
A A
0
) 1 ln( 4 ) (
) 1 (
4
) (
.....Eqn. 7.27

( ) Z
n
RT A A
RT
i j
n V T
i
TV
ig ig
i i
i
ln
/ ) ( ) (
ln
, ,
1
]
1

.Eqn. 10.16

( ) Z
n
b nc
i j
n V T
i
i
ln
)) 1 ln( * 4 (
ln
, ,
,
_

Z
n
b
b
nc
n
nc
b
i j i j
n V T
i
n V T
i
ln
) (
1
1
4
) (
) 1 ln( 4
, , , ,
,
_
,
_

c c x
n
nc
i
ij i
n V T
i
i i

,
_
2
, ,
....Eqn. 10.29
i
n V T
i
b
n
nb
i i
,
_
, ,
... Eqn. 10.22

second term in
i
ln becomes equal to ) 1 (
1
4
1
4
,
_
Z
b
b
b
cb
b
b
b
b
cn
i i i

Z Z
b
b
b c x c
j
i
ij i j
ln ) 1 ( ) 1 ln( 2 4 ln +
,
_

J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2001, all rights reserved. (02/11/02) 16
(P14.1) An equimolar mixture of H2 and CO can be obtained by the reaction of steam with coal.
Compute the equilibrium compositions at 550 C based on an equimolar feed of H2, CO, and
H2O. The reaction is H
2
O + CO = H
2
+ CO
2
. G
f
data at 550 C are given.

G
T
= G
f
(product) G
f
(reactant) = -8.84 kJ/mol
Ka (550
O
C) = exp(8840/(8.314*(550+273.15)) = 3.369

Compound In Out
H2O
0.333 0.333
CO
0.333 0.333
H2
0.333 0.333+
CO2
0
Total 1 1
Ka =
2
2
( )(0.333 ) *
(0.333 ) *(0.333 )*
P
P

+

= 3.369
= 0.176; Ans. y
1
= 0.157, y
2
= 0.157, y
3
= 0.509, y
4
= 0.176

(P14.2) One method for the production of hydrogen cyanide is by the gas-phase nitrogenation of
acetylene according to the reaction below. .or a stoichiometric feed at 300C, calculate the
product composition at 1 and 200 bar given G
T
= 30.08 kJ/mole.
N
2
+ C
2
H
2
= 2HCN
Solution: Two mole basis. Assume ideal gas.
# of moles (N
2
) = # of moles (C
2
H
2
) = 1.0

Compound In Out
N2
1 1
C2H2
1 1
HCN
0 2
Total 2 2
Ka = exp(-30080/(8.314*(300+273.15)) = 0.0018
Ka =
2 2
2 2
(2* ) *
(1 ) *
P
P

= 0.0018 , = 0.0208
(Ans. y
1
= 0.4896, y
2
= 0.4896, y
3
= 0.0416)

(P.14.3) Butadiene can be prepared by the gas-phase catalytic dehydrogenation of 1-Butene:
C4H8 = C4H6 + H2. In order to suppress side reactions, the butene is diluted with steam before
it passes into the reactor.
(a) Estimate the temperature at which the reactor must be operated in order to convert 30% of
the 1-butene to 1,3-butadiene at a reactor pressure of 2 bar from a feed consisting of 12 mol
of steam per mole of 1-butene.
(b) If the initial mixture consists of 50 mol% steam and 50mol% 1-butene, how will the required
temperature be affected?
G
f
600K 700K 800K 900K
C4H6 195.73 211.71 227.94 244.35
C4H8 150.92 178.78 206.89 235.35
Solution:
Compound In Out
C4H8 1 1-
C4H6
0
H2
0
H2O
12 12
Total
13 13+

P = 2 bar
( ) ( )
2
2
2
*
13 *
13 * 1 1
13
0.01933
P
P
Ka
P
Ka
_

+
,

+ _

+
,

Noting that lnKa = -G
tot
/RT, we can
identify the temperature by fitting a
trendline to the given data.
ln 0.01933 = -3.95,
substitute in the equation of straight line,
x = -(-14.34 3.95 )/13996.
x = 0.001306 = 1/T,
T = 765.22 K = 492
O
C

y = -13996x + 14.34
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018
1 / T
l
n

K
a

Compound In Out
C4H8 1 1-
C4H6
0
H2
0
H2O
1 1
Total
2 2+
( ) ( )
C K T Similarly
P
Ka
O
6 . 573 65 . 846 ,
1118 . 0
1 * 2
*
2

We need higher T.

(P14.4) The standard Gibbs energy change for ethylene oxide at 298K for the reaction is 79.79
kJ/mole. This large negative value of G
T
indicates that equilibrium is far to the right at 298K
but what about 550K? Heat capacity expressions are given as C
P
= a + b T.
Solution: The heat of reaction must be looked up. Referring to Apx E.6 for ethylene and the
DIPPR handbook for ethylene oxide, H
298
= -52.6-52.51 = -105.1 kJ/mol. Following Eqs.
14.28 and 14.30,
-105100 = J + (6.57-15.4-26.65/2) 298 + (0.1389-0.0937-0.00845/2) 298
2
/2
-105100 = J 22.155 *298 + 0.040975*298
2
/2 J =-100317 J/mol
-79790/(8.314*298) = -100317/(8.314*298)
79790 100317 22.155 0.040975
ln 298 298 6.16
8.314*298 8.314*298 8.314 2*8.314
I I

+ >
100317 22.155 0.040975
ln550 550 6.16 12.6
8.314*550 8.314*550 8.314 2*8.314
G
+
o

G = -57.7 kJ/mol. If T = 550 K, increasing T will give an adverse effect on equilibrium,
but the reaction is still very strongly favored and the impact will be indistinguishable.
(P14.5) The water gas shift is to be carried out at a specified temperature and pressure
employing a feed containing only CO and H2O. Show that the maximum equilibrium mole
fraction of H2 in the product results when the feed contains CO and H2O in their stoichiometric
proportions. Assume ideal gas behavior.
Solution:
2 2 2
H CO O H CO + +
Compound In Out
CO z z-
H2O
1 1
CO2
0
H2
0
Total 1+z 1+z
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 2
1
1 0
0 [ (1 ) ]
Ka
z
Ka z
Ka z z

+ +

2
(1-Ka) +Ka (1+z) - Ka z = 0 = {-Ka(1+z) + [Ka
2
(1+z)
2
+4z(1-Ka)Ka]
1/2
}/[2(1-Ka)]
y
H2
= /(1+z) = {-Ka(1+z) + [Ka
2
(1+z)
2
+4z(1-Ka)Ka]
1/2
}/[2(1+z)(1-Ka)]
y
H2
= /(1+z) = {-Ka+ [Ka
2
+4z(1-Ka)Ka/(1+z)
2
]
1/2
}/[2(1-Ka)]
To find maximum, take derivative and set equal to zero.
dy/dz = 0.5[Ka
2
+4z(1-Ka)Ka/(1+z)
2
]
-1/2
[4(1-Ka)Ka/(1+z)
2
8z(1-Ka)Ka/(1+z)
3
] = 0
1 = 2z/(1+z) z = 1. QED.
(P14.6) Assuming ideal gas behavior, estimate the equilibrium composition at 400K and 1 bar of
a reactive mixture containing the three isomers of pentane. Formation data are given at 400K.
Solution: This is best solved by the Gibbs minimization method, adapting Example 14.10 and
GibbsMin from the Rxns.xls workbook, we obtain the following.
Gf(J/mole) Gf400/RT feed ni log(ni) yi ni(Gi/RT+lnyi)
nPentane 40170 12.08 0 0.111 -0.95 0.111 1.100
iPentane 34310 10.32 1 0.648 -0.19 0.648 6.408
neoPentane 37610 11.31 0 0.240 -0.62 0.240 2.376
Tot 1 1.000 9.884
Out In
C-bal 5 5
Hbal 12 12

(P14.7) One method for the manufacture of synthesis gas depends on the vapor-phase catalytic
reaction of methane with steam according to the equation below. The water-gas shift reaction
also is important. Bases on stoichiometric feed of methane and steam, compute the eq
composition at 600K, 1300K and 1, 100 bars.
4 2 2
3 CH H O CO H + + rxn(1)
2 2 2
CO H CO O H + + rxn(2)
Compound In Out
CH4
1 11
H2O
1 112
CO
0 12
H2
0 31+2
CO2
0 2
Total 2 2+21

600
164.68 214.01 22.97 72.3 / ......................... (1)
K
G kJ mole rxn + +

600
395.14 214.01 164.68 16.45 / ...................... (2)
K
G kJ mole rxn + +

05 . 27
600 * 314 . 8
16450
exp
7 08 . 5
600 * 314 . 8
/ 72300
exp
2 , 600
1 , 600

,
_
,
_
K
K
Ka
E
mole J
Ka

( )( )
( )( )
3 4
1 2 1 2
4
1
1 2
1 1 2
2
1
3 2
1 2 1 2
2
1 1 2 1
( )(3 ) *
(2 2 )
1 1 *
(2 2 )
( )(3 ) *
1 1 (2 2 )
P
Ka
P
P

+
+

+
+
+

( )( ) ( )( )
2
2 1 2
2 1 2
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
( )*
( )
4
1 * 1
4
P
Ka
P

+
+

Note: high pressure tends to disfavor rxn (1).
Rxn 1 is negligible at 600K, and rxn (2) requires
CO to run or
1
-
2
will be less than zero. So
both reactions are zero. At 1300 K, the situation
is quite different.
1300
226.94 175.81 53.30 104.73
K
G +
Ka
1
= 16113
1300
396.14 226.94 175.81 6.614
K
G + +
Ka
2
= 0.54
Solving by method of Example 14.9,
1
= 0.972
and
2
= 0.015 at 1 bar. At 100 bar,
1
= 0.451
and
2
= 0.149 at 100 bar
PP 14.7
Two simultaneous reactions:
CH4 + H2O =CO + 3H2
H2+CO2 = CO + H2O
(Details of equations described in text)
P(bars) 100
T(K) 1300
K
a1
16113
K
a2
0.5400

1
0.4513

2
0.1491
y
1
0.1891
y
2
0.1377
y
3
0.1041
y
4
0.5178
y
5 0.0514
nTot 2.9025
Objective Functions
err1 0.0000
err2 0.0000

(P14.8) Is there any danger that solid carbon will form at 550C and 1 bar by the reaction:
2
2 CO C CO
S
+

mole kJ H
K
/
298
mole kJ G
K
/
298

IN Out
CO -110.53 -137.16 2 2-2
C
s
0 0 0 0 (gas)
CO2 -393.51 -394.38 0

Tot 2-
mole kJ H
mole kJ G
T K
T K
/ 45 . 172 53 . 110 * 2 51 . 393
/ 06 . 120 16 . 137 * 2 38 . 394
, 298
, 298
+
+

Increasing T, adverse affect on equilibrium
21 08 . 1
15 . 298 * 314 . 8
120060
exp exp
298
298
E
RT
G
Ka
K
K

,
_
1
]
1

Using Shortcut Vant Hoff Eq. 14.31
( )
298
298 298
1 1 172450 1 1
ln ln
1.08 21 8.314 823.15 298.15
ln ln 1.08 21 44.4 4.06 exp(4.06) 57.99
H Ka Ka
Ka R T T E
Ka E Ka
_ _ _ _

, ,
, ,

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 * * 2
57.99
* 2 2 2 2
2
CO
CO
y P
Ka
y P
_

,

_

,

= 0.9345 ratio of carbon solid to feed is
2
9345 . 0
= 0.46725. There is danger.
Note: this exemplifies a very important and undesirable side reaction in many catalytic reactions
know as coking. The carbon tends to clog the catalyst pores and substantially reduce its
effectiveness. Because of this problem, fluidized catalytic crackers were developed (aka. Cat
crackers). The solid catalyst particles are fluidized by the upflow of gaseous reactants. As they
ultimately settle at the bottom, they are removed and recirculated through an oxidation zone that
burns off the coke then recycles the catalyst to the top of the bed. This is a good example of how
thermodynamics impacts reactor design.

(P14.9) Calculate the equilibrium percent conversion of ethylene oxide to ethylene glycol at
298K and 1 bar if the initial molar ratio of ethylene oxide to water is 3.
In Out(z
i
)
EtO 3 3-
Water 1 (1-)
Glycol 0

Tot 4-
K
w
= P
sat
/P = 0.0425; K
EtO
= 1.76; K
Gly
= 8.6E-4; y
i
= z
i
K
i
/[ K
i
+L/F*(1- K
i
)]
2
7824
exp 23.52
* * 298.15*8.314
Gly
EtO W
y P
Ka
y y P
_

,
and y
i
= 1 are constraints, and L/F are
unknown. Guess, = 0.99, L/F = 1/3 (all glycol in liquid, all EtO in vapor).
(P14.9) Sample solution of one reaction with vle:
(Details of input equations described in text by Elliott and Lira)
P(bar) T(K) Ka1
1.000 298 23.52
pSat(bar) K-ratios zFeed yi xi
EtO 1.76000 1.76000 0.66676 0.99961 0.56796
Water 0.04250 0.04250 0.00029 1.579E-05 0.00037
Glycol 0.00086 0.00086 0.33295 0.00037 0.43167
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1- 8.7055E-04
0.99913 sum(yi-xi) 0.00000
L/F 0.77111 ErrKa 5.583E-07

As it turns out, the ethylene oxide is not so volatile after all and dissolves a fair amount in the
liquid. The guess about the extent of conversion being high was good though. A more clever
engineering approach would be to assume complete conversion and solve the simple flash. Then
back out the exact conversion assuming L/F does not change.

(P14.10) Acetic acid vapor dimerizes according to 2A1 = A2. Assume that no higher-order
associations occur. Supposing that a value for Ka is available, and that the monomers and
dimers behave as an ideal gas, derive an expression for y
A1
in terms of P and Ka. Then develop
an expression for PV/n
0
RT in terms of y
A1
, where n0 is the superficial number of moles
neglecting dimerization. Hint: write n
0
/n
T
in terms of y
A1
where n
T
= n
1
+n
2
.
Solution:
0 1 2
1 1 1
2
2(1 ) 2
A A A
T T
n n n
y y y
n n
+
+
2 2
1 1 1 2
1
1 1 4
1
2
A
A A A
A
y PKa
Ka y y PKa y
y P PKa
+ +

0 0 1
1
Ideal gas 1
2
T
T A
PV PV n
n RT n RT n y

Note: as Ka , PV/n
0
RT because the monomer is converted to dimer. Note also that
PV/n
0
RT is what we normally refer to as the compressibility factor, Z. This is an interesting
result with regard to equations of state and phase equilibria. Since Ka is simply a function of
temperature [ie. exp(-G/RT)], it says that we can compute Z given a pressure and temperature.
This is analogous to the pressure explicit virial equation (Section 6.4), but the form of the
pressure dependence is more complex. Exploring this perspective, generalizing to density-
dependent equations, and adapting to multimer-forming species and mixtures is the subject of
Chapter 15. Most of the physical insight contained in Chapter 15 is contained in this simple
practice problem.
Chapter 3 Practice Problems

(P3.1)
(a) the number of microstates is
N
2 (pg 91, typo in given answer, printings 1-3)
(b) 3 particles total
3
! 1 !* 2
! 3
} 1 , 2 {

T H
p number microstates of specific arrangement (macrostate)
probability = (# microstates of specific arrangement)/(total # of microstates)

8
3
2
3
3
prob
(c ) # microstates.

20
! 3 !* 3
! 6
15
! 2 !* 4
! 6
10
! 2 !* 3
! 5
6
! 2 !* 2
! 4
} 3 , 3 {
} 2 , 4 {
} 2 , 3 {
} 2 , 2 {

T H
T H
T H
T H
p
p
p
p

(d)
macrostate
H T
# of microstates*
0 8 1
1 7 8
2 6 28
3 5 56
4 4 70
5 3 56
6 2 28
7 1 8
8 0 1

* number of microstates =
)! 8 ( !
! 8
m m

total number of microstates is 2
8
= 256, which is the same as the sum from the table.
portion of microstates (probability) for requested configurations:
{5:3} = 56/256 = 0.219 = 22%
{4:4} = 70/256 = 0.273 = 27%
{3:5) = 22% like {5:3}
probability of any one of the three most evenly distributed states = 22% + 27% + 22% =
71%
(e) for 8 particle system, Stirlings approx will not apply
S/k = ln(p{4:4}/p{5:3}) = ln (70/56) = 0.223

(P3.3) 15 molecules in 3 boxes, molecules are identical
!
!
1
ij
i
j
m
N
p
....Eqn. 3.4
75075
! 2 ! 4 ! 9
! 15
1
p
756756
) ! 5 (
! 15
3
2
p
31 . 2 ln
1
2
1
]
1
p
p
k
S

(P3.4) two dices.
??
k
S
for going from double sixes to a four and three.
for double sixes, we have probability of 1/6 for each dice.

( ) ( )!
6
1
!*
6
1
! 2
1
p

for one four and one three probability applied for 1/6 for each one in each dice,

( ) ( )
2 *
!
6
1
!*
6
1
! 2
2
p

693 . 0 2 ln ln
1
2

,
_
p
p
k
S

(P3.5) S = ??
Assume Nitrogen is an Ideal gas RT PV . Eqn. 1.15

( )
( )
MPa
L cm mole L
K K mole MPa cm
P 108 . 0
) 1 / 1000 ( * / 23
300 * / * 314 . 8
3
3
1

Similarly MPa P 00723 . 0
2

1
2
1
2
ln ln
P
P
R
T
T
Cp S Eqn. 3.23

2
7R
Cp ..(ig)

K kg kJ K mole J
R
S / 07 . 1 / 88 . 30
108 . 0
00723 . 0
ln * 314 . 8
300
400
ln *
2
7

(P3.6) (a) m-balance: dn
in
= -dn
out
S-balance:

dt
dn
S
dt
nS d
out
out
in

) (

out out in in in in
dn S dn S dS n +
But physically, we know that the leaking fluid is at the same state as the fluid in the tank;
therefore, the S-balance becomes:
0 so and , ) ( ) ( + S dn dn Sdn Sdn ndS
out inside out inside

from the steam table .

By interpolation, implies T = 120.8
O
C
(P3.7) (a) Steady-state flow, H = Ws

Start 1 mole basis:
2 2 1 1 2 1
, , 667 . 0 , 333 . 0 Cp x Cp x Cp adiabatic x x + , Cp for each is the same anyway.
) / ( 66 . 10 2 * 667 . 0 ) 16 12 ( 333 . 0
2 2 1 1
mole g MW x MW x MW + + +
R = 1.987BTU/lbmol-R.
( )
h BTU W H
lbmol
BTU
lb
lbmol
h
lb
H
lbmol lb MW
h lb h ton m
lbmol BTU H
R R CpdT W H
S
T
T
S
/ 10 * 3 . 1 000 , 305 , 1
5 . 6954
*
66 . 10
*
2000
/ 66 . 10 &
. / 2000 / 1 &
/ 5 . 6954
100 1100 * *
2
7
6
2
1

&

(b) ?? of the compressor.
To find the efficiency of the compressor, S
1
= S
2
But the enthalpy and the internal energy will change which gives a change in the
Work. ??
'

S
S
W
W

At 1 bar = 0.1 MPa
T S
100 7.361
120.8 7.4669
150 7.6148
State P(Mpa) T
O
C H(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg*K)
1(in) 1 400 3264.5 7.4669
2 (out) 0.1 120.8 2717.86 7.4669
R T
R T
T
P
P
T
P
P
T
T
P
P
R
T
T
Cp
P
P
R
T
T
Cp S
Cp
R
R Cp
1315
559 *
5
100
*
ln ln
ln ln 0
2
7
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_

lbmol BTU H
T T Cp H
/ 5258
) 559 1315 ( 95 . 6 ) ( &
1 2

76 . 0
6955
5258

H
H

(P3.8) Adiabatic, steady-state open system Q = 0, &(Cp/R = 7/2) ig
kg kJ
kg
kmole
kmole kJ
R
CpdT W / 76 . 337
28
1
* / 175 . 9457 ) 300 625 ( *
2
7
625
300

??

( ) ( )
mol kJ H
T T Cp H
K T
P
P
T
T
S
Cp
R
/ 77 . 6794
300 5 . 533 *
2
314 . 8 * 7
5 . 533
0
1 2
2
1
2
1
2

,
_
,
_

% 8 . 71
718 . 0
/ 28 * / 76 . 337
/ 77 . 6794

kmol kg kg kJ
kmol kJ
H
H

(P3.9) work required per kg of steam through this compressor?
By looking at the steam table in the back of the book

P(MPa) T(
O
C) H(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg-K)
0.8 200 2839.7 6.8176
4 500 3446 7.0922

kg kJ H W / 3 . 606 7 . 2839 3446
now find W = ??
S = 0 (reversible), look in the steam table (@P = 4.0MPa) to find a similar
value for S = 6.8176kJ/kg-K, if this value is not available so find it by interpolation.

7 . 3246 ' ,
7714 . 6 9386 . 6
8176 . 6 9386 . 6
5 . 3214 2 . 3331
' 5 . 3331

H
H

kg kJ W H / 407 7 . 2839 7 . 3246 ' '

% 67 , 67 . 0
3 . 606
407

(P3.10)@ P = 2.0 MPa & T = 600
O
C, H = 3690.7 kJ/kg, S = 7.7043kJ/kg-K (Steam table)

kg J k H q H H
Vap
L
/ 49 . 2493 ) 68 . 2441 ( * 98 . 0 46 . 1006 ) ( + +
kg kJ H W
S
/ 21 . 1197 49 . 2493 7 . 3690
?? ,
' ' W
W
H
H
,
S = 0 ( reversible), look for S in the satd temp. steam table and find H
by interpolation, kg kJ W / 0 . 1408 '
% 85 , 8503 . 0
0 . 1408
2 . 1197

(P3.11)

C T
MPa P
d Sat MPa P
O
vap
1100
10
' , 1 . 0
2
2
1

State P(MPa) T(
O
C) H(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg-K)
1 0.1 99.61 2674.95 7.3589
2' 10 4062.53 7.3589
2 10 1100 4870.3 8.0288
interpolation for above table:
H(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg-K)
3214.5 6.7714
H' = ?? S' = 6.8176
3331.2 6.9386
T
O
C H
L
(kJ/kg) H
vap
(kJ/kg)
steam table 20 83.91 2453.52
Interpolation 24 100.646 2444.098
steam table 24 104.83 2441.68

kg kJ W H
S
/ 35 . 2195 95 . 2674 3 . 4870
mass flow rate = 1 kg/s

hp W
hp watt
watt s kJ W
S
S
01 . 2944
001341022 . 0 1 &
2195350 / 35 . 2195

&
&

% 2 . 63
63 . 0
35 . 2195
58 . 1387
/ 58 . 1387 95 . 2674 53 . 4062 &

H
H
kg kJ H

(P3.13) Through the valve
out in
H H
MPa P
in
3 MPa P
out
1 . 0 K C T
O
out
15 . 383 110
(By interpolation) Find
out
H from steam table.
8 . 2675 6 . 2776
6 . 2776
100 150
110 150
out
H

out
H = 2695.96 kJ/kg
At 3MPa table use same value for H
in
to find S
in

By interpolation
1856 . 6 2893 . 6
2893 . 6
2 . 2803 5 . 2856
96 . 2695 5 . 2856
in
S

S
in
= 5.976kJ/kg-K
The process should be irreversible. To find S
out
, interpolate using temperature at 0.1 MPa:
3610 . 7 6148 . 7
6148 . 7
100 150
110 150
out
S

S
out
= 7.4118 kJ/kg-K, since S
out
>S
in
entropy has been generated. The entropy balance is:
gen
out out in in
S m S m S
&
& & + 0
H'
2
= 4062.53 (interpolation)
H(kJ/kg) S(kJ/kg-K)
3992 7.2916
4062.53 7.3589
4114.5 7.4085

(P6.2) 15 , 30 = =
r r
T P
(a) Use virial equation of state.
r r
T P B B Z / ) ( 1
1 0
+ + = ..Eqn. 6.6
Where,
2 . 4
1
6 . 1
0
172 . 0
139 . 0
422 . 0
083 . 0
r
r
T
B
T
B
=
=
. Eqns. 6.8 & 6.9

) ( 041 . 0 &
138998 . 0 &
077459277 . 0
1
0
book
B
B
=
=
=

14 . 1
15
30
* ) 138998 . 0 * 041 . 0 077459277 . 0 ( 1 = + = Z
(b) ?? =

MPa P P P
K T T T
C r
C r
59 . 79 30 * 653 . 2 *
666 4 . 44 * 15 *
= = =
= = =

3
3
/ 254 . 0
93 . 3
1 1
/ 93 . 3
179 . 20 * 59 . 79
666 * 314 . 8 * 14 . 1
*
* *
,
cm g
V
g cm
MW P
T R Z
V
RT
PV
Z
= = =
= = = =

(P6.4)
K C F T
MPa atm P
K T
O O
15 . 298 25 77
1 . 0 1
111
2
1
1
= = =
=
=

Use PREOS.XLS,

Use Solver, and set target cell on the volume and make it equal to
33.639114*2 = 67.278228,
Then by changing the cell of pressure, making sure that T
2
= 298.15K

Current State Roots
T (K) 298.15 Z V
P (MPa) 33.839895 cm
3
/gmol
Current State Roots
Stable Root
has a lower
fugacity
T (K) 111 Z V fugacity
P (MPa) 0.1 cm
3
/gmol MPa
answers for three 0.9670679 8924.6249 0.096803
root region 0.0263855 243.49944
0.0036451 33.639114 0.093707

answers for three #NUM! #NUM!
root region #NUM! #NUM!
#NUM! #NUM!
& for 1 root region 0.9184568 67.278228

MPa P 84 . 33
2
=

(P7.1) TS H G
R
S S
RT
H H
RT
G G
ig ig ig
Eqn. 7.21
( )
1
1 2
3
1
0
2 / 5
0
+
(
= +
|
.
|
\
|

Z
d
b RT
a
T Z
d
T
Z
T
RT
H H
ig
note: ) ( log
1
b ax
a b ax
dx
e
+ =
+
( ) ( ) 1 1 ln
1
2
3
1 1 ln
1
2
3
2 / 3
0
2 / 3
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +
|
.
|
\
|
+ = Z b
b RT
a
Z
R
a
b
b T

( ) ( ) Z
d
Z
T
Z
T
R
S S
ig
ln 1
0
+
(
..Eqn. 7.23
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) Z b
RT
a
b b
b RT
a
Z
d
b RT
a
b
b
d
b RT
a
ln 1 ln 1 ln 1 ln
1
2
3
ln
1 1 1 2
3
2 / 3 2 / 3
0
2 / 3
0
2 / 3
+ + + +
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+
(
+
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) Z Z b
bRT
a
b
RT
G G
Z b
RT
a
b b
b RT
a
Z b
b RT
a
R
S S
RT
H H
RT
G G
ig
ig ig ig
ln 1 1 ln 1 ln
ln 1 ln 1 ln 1 ln
1
2
3
1 1 ln
1
2
3
2 / 3
2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3
+ + =
)
`
+ + + + |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+

Or by using Eqn. (7.26)
( )
( ) Z Z d
Z
RT
G G
ig
ln 1
1
0
+
( ) ( ) Z b
bRT
a
b
RT
G G
ig
1 ln 1 ln
2 / 3
+ + =

( )
( ) Z Z
d
b RT
a
b
b
RT
G G
ig
ln 1
1 1
0
2 / 3
+
(

(P7.2)
r
T b Z / 1 =
Depature function 1
0
+
(
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
Z
d
T
Z
T
RT
H H
ig
Eqn. 7.24
r r
r
r
r
r
r
ig
T
b
T
b
T
b T
T
b d
T
b
T
RT
H H
2
2 2
0
=
=
(
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

(P7.3) (a) U Cvdt
T
T
=
2
1
, Cv
T
U
V
=
|
.
|
\
|
d
T
Z
T
R
U U
ig
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
d
T
Z
T
dT
dZ
T
T
U
V
) 2 (
2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
d
T
Z
T
dT
dZ
T
R
Cv Cv
ig
) 2 (
2
2
2
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

(b) ( )
+
+
+ = ) exp(
1
1
T
a
b
b
Z
( )
( ) ( ) ) exp( ) exp( 2
) exp(
4
2
3 2
2
2
T
a
T
a
T
a
T
a
T
Z
T
a
T
a
dT
dZ

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
( ) ( ) ( )

d
T
a
T
a T
T
a
T
a
T
T
a
T
a
T
R
Cv Cv
ig
} ) exp( ) exp( 2 ) exp( 2 {
4
2 2
3
2
0
2
+ + =

First two terms cancel, integral with respect to is simple.
( ) ) exp(
2
2
T
a
T
a
R
Cv Cv
ig

(P7.4) Helmholtz Energy, A = ??
Depature function,
R
S S
RT
U U
RT
A A
ig ig ig
.Eqn.7.20
d
T
Z
T
RT
U U
ig
|
.
|
\
|
0
.Eqn. 7.22
RT
b N
d
RT
b N
T
A A
5 . 9 5 . 9
0
2

=
(
( ) Z
d
Z
d
T
Z
T
R
S S
ig
ln 1
0 0
+
|
.
|
\
|
Eqn. 7.23
( ) Z
RT
b N
b
RT
b N
Z d
RT
b N d
b
b
d
RT
b N
T
A A
A A
ln
5 . 9
1 ln 4
5 . 9
ln
5 . 9
1
4 5 . 9
0 0 0
2
+ + +
=
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|

( ) Z b
RT
b N
RT
A A
A
ig
ln 1 ln 4
5 . 9

or by using Eqn. (7.25)

( ) Z b
RT
b N
RT
A A
Z d
RT
b N
d
b
b
RT
A A
Z d
Z
RT
A A
A
ig
A
ig
ig
ln 1 ln 4
5 . 9
ln
5 . 9
1
4
ln
1
0 0
0

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(P7.5) Compute H,S,U,V of 1,3 butadiene from 25bar,400K to 125bar,550K.

For State 2:
T (K) 550 Z V H-Hig U-Uig S-Sig
P (MPa) 12.5 cm3/gmol J/mol J/mol J/molK
& for 1 root region 0.67898224 248.3825681 -8054.423 -6586.505 -11.10052
State 1 has three real roots. Take the more stable root (lower fugacity value).
For State 1
T (K) 400 Z V fugacity H-Hig U-Uig S-Sig
P (MPa) 2.5 cm3/gmol MPa J/mol J/mol J/molK
answers for three 0.668475 889.2328 1.871218 -3460.25 -2357.73 -6.24206
root region 0.180657 240.3178
0.103098 137.145 2.008636 -14993.7 -12011 -35.6649
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
ig ig ig ig
ig ig ig ig
S S S S S S S S S
H H H H H H H H H
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
+ = =
+ = =
Find ??
1 2
=
ig ig
H H
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
1
4
2
3
1
3
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
3 2
1 2
4 3 2
) (
2
1
2
1
T T
D
T T
C
T T
B
T T A
dT DT CT BT A CpdT H H
T
T
T
T
ig ig
+ + + =
+ + + = =

A B C D
-1.687 3.42E-01 -2.34E-04 6.34E-08
mole J H H
ig ig
/ 81 . 17173
1 2
=
Similarly for
=
2
1
1
2
1 2
ln
T
T
ig ig
P
P
R dT
T
Cp
S S
( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2 3
1
3
2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1
2
1 2
ln
3 2
ln
P
P
R T T
D
T T
C
T T B
T
T
A S S
ig ig
K mole J S S
ig ig
= / 87 . 22
1 2
K mole J S
mole J H
=
=
/ 01 . 18 &
/ 63 . 12579
( )
1 2
2
1
) ( T T R H dT T Cv U
T
T
= =

, R Cp Cv =
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
mole J U
U
U U U U U U U U U
mole J U U
ig ig ig ig
ig ig
/ 94 . 11697
73 . 2357 505 . 6586 71 . 15926
&
/ 71 . 15926 400 550 * 314 . 8 81 . 17173
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
1 2
=
+ =
+ = =
= =
mol cm V
V V V
/ 8 . 640
2 . 889 4 . 248
3
1 2
=
= =
(P7.6) Ethane tank leaks to turbine: moles n m V MPa P K T 2830 1 , 10 , 425
3
1 1
= = = = ;
Solution: Ebal: H=W; Sbal: S=0.
(a) Compute ToutInitial. Sout=Sin=78.2J/Mol-K<79.7=SsatVap(1bar) Tout=184.2K
(b) Compute Winitial = H; q=78.2/79.7=98% Hout=0.98*14676=14383
W = 14382-24087= -9705J/mol (FYI: given answer at 8880 probably used SRK.)
(P7.7) Compute W for 80% eff turbine on Ethylene from 350C,50bar to 2bar. Compare Tf for
this process to Tf of 100%eff turbine
Solution: Ebal: H=W; Sbal:
1 2
S S = =9.1954; Ref=298.15K,1bar, id gas.
T (K) 623.15Z V H U S
P (MPa) 5 cm3/gmol J/mol J/mol J/molK
& for 1 root region 0.986361 1022.041 18750.12 13639.92 9.1954
For Rev: Use Solver at 0.2MPa and S2=9.1954J/mol-K then we can find H and H
T (K) 404.71Z V H U S
P (MPa) 0.2 cm3/gmol J/mol J/mol J/molK
& for 1 root region 0.99499 16739.56 5234.912 1887 9.1954
mol J H
H
H H
H H
W
W
H
H
mole J H
s
s
/ 95 . 7937
12 . 18750 912 . 5234
12 . 18750
8 . 0
8 . 0 8 . 0
/ 21 . 13515 12 . 18750 912 . 5234
2
2
1 2
1 2
=

=

=
= =

=
= =
mol J H
H H H
/ 166 . 10812
12 . 18750 95 . 7937
1 2
=
= =
T (K) 452.012672 fugacity H U S
P (MPa) 0.2 MPa J/mol J/mol J/molK
& for 1 root region 0.199324 7937.95 4192.62 15.50748631
K T 452
2
=
(P7.8) Rankine on methanol, see figure 4.3 page 143. Ref=336.7,0.1Liq.
State T(K) P(Mpa) H S
4sat vap 337.4 0.1027 37853 112.16
5 sat liq 337.4 0.1027 73 0.23
3 610 4.087 51458 112.16
2647 . 0
) 73 51458 (
) 37853 51458 (
=
=
H
Q
W
(Note: neglecting pump work.)
(P7.9) Use the energy equation to get (U-Uig)/RT.
a. For SW fluid for g=10-5x. x=r/;
( )
5 . 1
1
4 3 3
2
5 . 1
1
3
2
0
4
5
3
10
2
4
4 ) 5 10 (
2
4
2
(
= =
x x
T k
N
dx x x
T k
N
dr r r g
RT
u N N
RT
U U
B
A
B
A A A
ig

N
A
3
= 1; /k
B
T = 1 (U-Uig)/RT = -5.7.
b. For Sutherland potential with g = 1+2/x
2
.
( )

(

=
|
.
|
\
|
+
= =

1
5 3 3
6
2
1
2
3
2
0
5
2
4 2
4 4 2
1
2
4
2
x x
T k
N
dx
x
x
x T k
N
dr r r g
RT
u N N
RT
U U
B
A
B
A A A
ig

N
A
3
= 1; /k
B
T = 1 (U-Uig)/RT = -3.
(p9.01) The stream from a gas well consists of 90 mol% methane, 5% ethane, 3% propane and 2%
n-butane. This stream is flashed isothermally at 233 K and 70 bar. Use the shortcut K-ratio
method to estimate the L/F fraction and liquid vapor composisitons. (ANS. L/F = 0.181)

Solution
By short-cut vapor pressure eqn.
y
x
K
T
P
i
i
i
i
i
r i
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
10
7
3
1 1
1
^
?,
,
a f

y x K
i i i
=

Though not required, the table below also shows bubble T and dew T calculations at 70 bar.

For the bubble calculations, in each column, the temperature at the top of the column is used to
calculate the K-ratio. Then y
i
= x
i
K
i
. The temperature is adjusted until the sum of ys is unity. This
is an iterature calculation.

To accompany Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 1 of 8
J.R. Elliott, C.T. Lira, 2004, all rights reserved, (3/17/04)
For the dew T calculations, in each column, the temperature at the top of the column is used to
calculate the K-ratio. Then x
i
= y
i
/K
i
. The temperature is adjusted until the sum of xs is unity. This
is an iterative calculation.

For the isothermal flash calculation, the T = 233K and the pressure is 70 bar, so the K-ratio is
fixed, as tabulated in the column under 233. Equation 9.63 is programmed in the cells below the
value of L/F=0.181 below the Flash title. Each row holds the value of the term
D
i
= z
i
(1-K
i
)/[K
i
+ (L/F)(1-K
i
)] from equation 9.63. These values are summed at the bottom of the
column. The criteria for the isothermal flash is that L/F is adjusted until the sum goes to zero, as is
shown at L/F = 0.181. Once the value of L/F is found, the xi values and yi values in the last
columns are generated separately using equations 9.57 and 9.58 respectively.

pMPa= 7.000 BUBT DEWT FLASH
z Tc Pc w 210.9 y 300.5 x 233 0.181 x y
C1 0.9 190.6 4.6 0.011 1.108 0.997 4.7949 0.188 1.767 -0.424 0.553 0.977
C2 0.05 305.4 4.88 0.099 0.049 0.002 0.6332 0.079 0.111 0.1632 0.184 0.020
C3 0.03 369.8 4.25 0.152 0.006 0.000 0.1456 0.206 0.016 0.152 0.155 0.002
nC4 0.02 425.2 3.8 0.193 8E-04 0.000 0.0379 0.527 0.003 0.1088 0.109 0.000
1.0000 0.9997 5E-07 1.000 1.000

(p9.2) An equimolar mixture of n-butane and n-hexane at pressure is isothermally
flashed at 373K. The liquid-to-feed ratio is 0.35. Use the shortcut K-ratio method to
estimate the pressure and liquid and vapor compositions. (ANS. P=0.533MPa;
xC6=0.78).
Solution
y
x
K
T
P
i
i
i
i
i
r i
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
10
7
3
1 1
1
^
?,
,
a f

y x K
i i i
=

For the isothermal flash calculation, the T = 373K. Equation 9.63 is programmed in the cells
below the value of L/F=0.35 below the Flash title. Each row holds the value of the term
D
i
= z
i
(1-K
i
)/[K
i
+ (L/F)(1-K
i
)] from equation 9.63. The value of K
i
requires P which is to the left
of the table. These values are summed at the bottom of the column. The criteria for the isothermal
flash is that P is adjusted until the sum goes to zero, as is shown at P = 0.533. Once the value of P is
found, the xi values and yi values in the last columns are generated separately using equations 9.57
and 9.58 respectively.

Though not required, the table below also shows the bubble T and dew T calculations for P =
0.533 MPa.
i
= x
i
K
i

i
= y
i
/K
i

z Tc Pc w 349.2 y 383.2 x 373 0.35 x y
nC4 0.5 425.2 3.8 0.193 1.766 0.883 3.5299 0.142 2.906 -0.426 0.223 0.649
nC5 0 469.7 3.37 0.249 0.624 0.000 1.3902 0.000 1.11 0 0.000 0.000
nC6 0.5 507.4 3.01 0.305 0.236 0.118 0.5826 0.858 0.452 0.4257 0.777 0.351
nC7 0 540.3 2.74 0.349 0.097 0.000 0.2631 0.000 0.199 0 0.000 0.000
1.0010 0.9999 1E-06 1.000 1.000

(p9.3) A mixture of 25 mol% n-pentane, 45% n-hexane, and 30% n-heptane is flashed
isothermally at 365.9K and 2 bar. Use the shortcut K-ratio method to estimate the L/F
fraction and liquid and vapor compositions (ANS. L/F = 0.56)
y
x
K
T
P
i
i
i
i
i
r i
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
10
7
3
1 1
1
^
?,
,
a f

y x K
i i i
=

Though not required, the table below also shows bubble T and dew T calculations at 2 bar.

i
= x
i
K
i

i
= y
i
/K
i

For the isothermal flash calculation, the T = 365.9 K and the pressure is 2 bar, so the K-ratio is
fixed, as tabulated in the column under 365.9. Equation 9.63 is programmed in the cells below
the value of L/F=0.56 below the Flash title. Each row holds the value of the term
D
i
= z
i
(1-K
i
)/[K
i
+ (L/F)(1-K
i
)] from equation 9.63. These values are summed at the bottom of the
column. The criteria for the isothermal flash is that L/F is adjusted until the sum goes to zero, as is
shown at L/F = 0.56. Once the value of L/F is found, the xi values and yi values in the last columns
are generated separately using equations 9.57 and 9.58 respectively.

z Tc Pc w 358.6 y 312.48 x 365.9 0.56 x y
nC4 0 425.2 38 0.193 57.73 0.000 18.804 0.000 67.18 0 0.000 0.000
nC5 0.25 469.7 3.37 0.249 2.107 0.527 0.5756 0.434 2.51 -0.227 0.150 0.377
nC6 0.45 507.4 3.01 0.305 0.821 0.369 0.1898 2.370 1.001 -2E-04 0.450 0.450
nC7 0.3 540.3 2.74 0.349 0.348 0.104 0.0694 4.324 0.432 0.227 0.400 0.173
1 7.129 3E-08 1.000 1.000

(p9.04) A mixture containing 15 mol% ethane, 35% propane, and 50% n-butane is
isothermally flashed at 9 bar and T. the liquid-to-feed ratio is 0.35. Use the shortcut K-
ratio method to estimate the pressure and liquid and vapor compositions.
y
x
K
T
P
i
i
i
i
i
r i
=
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
L
N
M
M
O
Q
P
P
10
7
3
1 1
1
^
?,
,
a f

y x K
i i i
=

For the isothermal flash calculation, the P=9 bar. Equation 9.63 is programmed in the cells
below the value of L/F=0.35 below the Flash title. Each row holds the value of the term
D
i
= z
i
(1-K
i
)/[K
i
+ (L/F)(1-K
i
)] from equation 9.63. The value of K
i
requires T which is to the left
under the Flash title. These values of D
i
are summed at the bottom of the column. The criteria for
the isothermal flash is that T is adjusted until the sum goes to zero, as is shown at T = 319.4K.
Once the value of T is found, the xi values and yi values in the last columns are generated
separately using equations 9.57 and 9.58 respectively.

Though not required, the table below also shows the bubble T and dew T calculations for P = 0.9
MPa.

i
= x
i
K
i

i
= y
i
/K
i

z Tc Pc w 290 y 326.9 x 319.4 0.35 x y
C1 0 190.6 4.6 0.011 32.92 0.000 49.257 0.000 45.74 0 0.000 0.000
C2 0.15 305.4 4.88 0.099 3.963 0.594 7.9952 0.019 7.027 -0.184 0.031 0.214
C3 0.35 369.8 4.25 0.152 0.86 0.301 2.0955 0.167 1.779 -0.181 0.232 0.413
nC4 0.5 425.2 3.8 0.193 0.213 0.106 0.614 0.814 0.505 0.3648 0.737 0.372
1.0016 1.0002 6E-08 1.000 1.000

4200:225 EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS SPRING 90
TEST 1 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) Estimate the change in entropy when one mole of nitrogen is compressed by a piston in a cylinder from 300K and
23 liters/gmol to 400K and 460 liters/gmol.(Cp=7 cal/gmol)
b) Draw a sketch of the square well potential and indicate the position(s) where the force between two atoms is zero.
c) Write the simplest possible form of the energy balance for application to the following process and system: water
drips slowly out of a hole in the bottom of an enclosed tank; system: the tank and its contents.
d) Write the simplest possible form of the energy balance for application to the following process and system: a
rubber balloon being inflated; system: the balloon and its contents.
2. Estimate the density (g/cc) of liquid butane at 300 K and 38 psia. Assuming that a disposable lighter costs $1.00
and contains 2 g of butane, what is the value of the butane? ($/gal)
3. Saturated steam at 660F is adiabatically throttled to atmospheric pressure. Estimate the final condition of the
steam.
4. A mixture of 1CO:2H2 is adiabatically continuously compressed from 5 atm and 100F to 100 atm and 1100F.
Estimate the work of compressing 1 ton of the gas.(Cp=7Btu/lbmol-R)
5. Determine the efficiency of the compressor in problem 4.
6. An insulated cylinder is fitted with a freely floating piston and contains 1 lbm of steam at 120 psia and 90%
quality. The space above the piston, initially 1 ft
3
, contains air at 300 K to maintain the pressure on the steam.
Additional air is forced into the upper chamber, forcing the piston down and increasing the steam pressure until the
steam has 100% quality. The final steam pressure is 428 psia and the work done on the steam is 91 Btu, but the air
above the steam has not had time to exchange heat with the piston, cylinder or surroundings. The air supply line is at
700 psia and 300 K. What is the final temperature of the air in the upper chamber?
1a)7.4cal/mol-K (c)HdM=d(MU) (d)HdM+W=d(MU) 2).6 g/cc 3) 0.96 4) 1.3E6 5) 76% 6)360K

TEST 1 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) 15 molecules are distributed as 9:4:2 between boxes A:B:C respectively. The partitions between the boxes are
removed and the molecules distribute themselves evenly between the boxes. Compute S.
b) Explain in words how the pressure of a fluid against the walls of its container is related to the velocity of the
molecules.
c) What is it about molecules that requires us to add heat to convert liquids to gases?
d) A rigid cylinder of gaseous hydrogen is heated from 300K and 1 bar to 400K. How much heat is added to the
gas?
2. Steam is produced at 30 bar and some unknown temperature. A small amount of steam is bled off and goes
through an adiabatic throttling valve to 1 bar. The temperature of the steam exiting the throttling valve is 110C.
What is the value of the specific entropy of the steam before entering the throttle?
3) An adiabatic compressor is used to continuously compress nitrogen (Cp/R=7/2) from 2 bar and 300K to 15 bar.
The compressed air is found to have an outlet temperature of 722K. How much work is required?
4) What is the efficiency of the compressor in the previous problem?
5) As part of a supercritical extraction of coal, an initially evacuated cylinder is fed with steam from a line available
at 20 MPa and 400C. What is the temperature in the cylinder immediately after filling?
Answers: 1.a)2.31k 1.b)change of direction due to wall collision gives change in velocity per unit time providing the
acceleration in the force per unit area that is pressure. 1.c)potential energy causes them to stick together when close
to each other. 1.d)2079 J/mol. 2)5.9736kJ/kg-K 3)436J/g 4)53%5)454C

TEST 1 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) How does heat get from the flame of a gas oven into a pizza inside the oven?
b) Nitrogen (Cp/R=7/2) is adiabatically and reversibly compressed from 300K and 5 bar to 25 bar. Compute the
temperature coming out of the compressor.
c) Estimate the S of liquid freon-12 at -40F.(Hint: use chart)
d) In a large refrigeration plant it is necessary to compress a fluid which we will assume to be an ideal gas with
constant heat capacity, from a low pressure P1 to a much higher pressure P2. If the compression is to be done in two
2
stages, first compressing the gas from P1 to P*, then cooling the gas at constant pressure down to the compressor
inlet temperature T1, and then compressing the gas to P2, what should the value of the intermediate pressure be to
accomplish the compression with minimum work? (Hint: don't derive the whole formula. If you know the answer,
just write it down.)
2. An adiabatic compressor is used to continuously compress low pressure steam from 0.8 MPa and 200C to 4.0
MPa and 500C in a steady state process. What is the work required per kg of steam through this compressor?
3) Compute the efficiency of the compressor in the previous problem.
4) An ordinary vapor compression cycle is to operate a refrigerator on F-12 between -40F and 120F (coil
temperatures). Compute the coefficient of performance and the heat removed from the refrigerator per day if the
power used by the refrigerator is 9000 J per day.
5) Airplanes are launched from aircraft carriers by means of a steam catapult. The catapult is a well-insulated
cylinder that contains steam and is fitted with a frictionless piston. The piston is connected to the airplane by a
cable. As the steam expands, the movement of the piston causes movement of the plane. A catapult design calls for
270 kg of steam at 15 MPa and 450C to be expanded to 0.4 MPa. How much work can this catapult generate
during a single stroke? Compare this to the energy required to accelerate a 30,000 kg aircraft from rest to 350 km
per hour.
Answers:1.a)air collisions b)475K c).0024 d)P
1
P
2
2)606kJ/kg 3)67% 4)1.55,-14,000J/day 5)165224 kJ vs.
141782

TEST 1 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) 20 molecules are contained in a piston+cylinder at low pressure. The piston moves such that the volume is
expanded by a factor of 4 with no work produced of any kind. Compute S/k.
b) A tank of N2 (Cp=7R/2) at 300K and 25 bars leaks adiabatically until the pressure drops to 5 bar. What is the
final temperature?.
c) A Carnot cycle is to operate with coil temperatures from -160F to -280F. Compute the coefficient of
performance.
d) As part of the air standard Otto cycle, air (Cp=7R/2) in a cylinder at 400K is compressed adiabatically and
reversibly with a volumetric compression ratio of 8:1. Develop an expression relating the work required for a given
compression ratio in terms of the temperatures T1 and T2 (ie. the temperatures before and after).(Hint: No numbers
are necessary in your "expression".)
e) A tank of air (Cp=7R/2) drives an adiabatic, reversible turbine exhausting to the atmosphere. Derive an overall
entropy balance between the specific entropy of air exiting the turbine vs. the specific entropy in the tank.
2. An adiabatic turbine is supplied with steam at 2.0 MPa and 600C and it exhausts at 98% quality and 24C.
Compute the work output per kg of steam.(15)
3. Compute the efficiency of the turbine in problem 2.(20)
4. An ordinary vapor compression cycle is to be operated on methane to cool a chamber to -260F. Heat will be
rejected to liquid ethylene at -165F. The temperatures in the coils are -160F and -280F. Compute the coefficient
of performance. (Hint: Use Chart )(20)
5. A well-insulated cylinder, fitted with a frictionless piston, initially contained 9 kg of liquid water and .4 kg of
water vapor at a pressure of 1.4 MPa. 2 kg of steam at 1.6 MPa was admitted to the cylinder while the pressure was
held constant by allowing the piston to expand.
a) Write the energy balance for this process. (10)
b) If the final volume of the contents of the cylinder was six times the initial volume, determine the temperature of
the superheated steam that was admitted to the cylinder.(10).
1a)23.2(b)189(c)1.5(d)CvT(e) S =0(2)-1194J(3)85%(4).86(5) MU=W+HM,557C

TEST 1 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) Rolling two dice (six sided cubes with numbers between 1 and 6 on each side) is like putting two particles in six
boxes. Compute S/k for going from double sixes to a four and three.0.693
b) Air (Cp/R=3.5) is isothermally compressed in a piston+cylinder from 100C and 1 bar to 100 bar. Estimate the
work requirement in J/mole.14000
3
c) Air (Cp/R=3.5) is adiabatically and reversibly compressed in a piston+cylinder from 100C and 1 bar to 100 bar.
Estimate the work requirement in J/mole.21000
d) Suppose a particular charge of gunpowder resulted in a high pressure gas at 100 bar and 3000K in a 10 cm dia X
20 cm length chamber. This chamber is connected to 480cm barrel of the same diameter angled at 45. Assuming
that the mass of the cannonball is 1 kg and the expansion of the gas is adiabatic and reversible, write the energy
balance for the travel of the cannonball from its initial position to the end of the gun barrel. (You do not need to
substitute any numbers.)
Wdt=d[M(U+v
2
/2+gZ)]
e) A series of three adiabatic, reversible compressors with interstage cooling to the initial inlet temperature is to
compress air (assume ideal gas) from 300K and 1 bar to 100 bar. Estimate the pressure after the first compression
stage assuming the series has been designed to minimize the overall work requirement. 4.6bar
2. An adiabatic compressor has been designed to continuously compress 1 kg/s of saturated vapor steam from 1 bar
to 100 bar and 1100 C. Estimate the power requirement of this compressor in horsepower. (15)3000
3. Determine the efficiency of the compressor described above. (20)60
4. A cold storage room is to be maintained at 10F and the available cooling water is 70F. Assume that the cold-
room coils and the condenser are of sufficient size that a 10F approach can be realized in each. The refrigerant
capacity is to be 126,500 kJ/hr. Freon-22 (!!!) will be used for the vapor compression cycles. Calculate the COP for
the following cases:
a) Carnot cycle (5)5.75
b) Ordinary vapor compression cycle for which compressor is 100% efficient.(10)4.3
c) Ordinary vapor compression cycle for which compressor is 80% efficient.(5)3.4
(Note: This is Freon-22. Minimal credit will be awarded for Freon-12.
5. A 1 m
3
tank is to be filled using N
2
at 300K and 20 MPa. Instead of throttling the N2 into the tank, a reversible
turbine is put in line to get some work out of the pressure drop. If the pressure in the tank is initially zero and the
final pressure is 20 MPa, what will be the final temperature in the tank? How much work will be accomplished over
the course of the entire process? (Hint: consider the entropy balance carefully.)(20)300K,20E6J

TEST 1 SSN________
1. Short Answer (20)
a) Two moles of oxygen are mixed with an equal volume of nitrogen at 300K and 1 bar. Estimate (assuming ideal
gas) the change in entropy (J/mole-K) for the oxygen.
b) Saturated liquid water at 25C is steadily pumped to a pressure of 70 bars. Estimate the work requirement in J/g.
c) An initially evacuated cylinder of hydrogen is to be filled from a supply line available at 400K and 50 bars.
Estimate the final temperature (K) of the hydrogen in the cylinder after filling.
d) Write the most compact but applicable energy balance for the following: A surge tank is mounted at the side of
an air supply line to damp out fluctuations in the air pressure. As the pressure in the supply line begins to drop, air
leaks out of the surge tank into the supply line. System: the surge tank and its contents.
2) Freon-22 is adiabatically compressed in a steady state process from saturated vapor at 240K to 15 bars and 400K.
Compute the specific work required (kJ/kg).(20)
3) Estimate the efficiency of the compressor from the above problem.(20)
4) A heat engine is to operate on steam. Cooling water is available such that the condenser operates at a temperature
of 50C. The manufacturer of the boiler specifies that the temperature of the steam exiting the boiler may not exceed
400C. The manufacturer of the turbine requires that the quality of steam exiting the turbine must be at least 89.5%.
a) Estimate the maximum thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between these upper and lower
temperatures.(5)
b) Estimate the maximum thermal efficiency of a single stage Rankine cycle operating between these upper and
lower temperatures.(20)
5) Suppose the fluid in the fix-a-flat can was Freon-22 (MW=85.5) at 50wt% liquid and 100kg/m
3
. Let the can be
500 cm
3
and the tire be 40,000 cm
3
at 300K and 1 bar.
a) write the mass balance for the overall process (2).
b) write the energy balance for the overall process (2).
c) write the entropy balance for the can of Freon-22 (2).
d) Approximating that the tire was originally filled with Freon-22, that the contents of the tire are at such a low
pressure that they can be treated as an ideal gas, and that the change in the temperature of the tire is negligible,
4
solve for the tire pressure (bars) when the pressure in the can has dropped to 4 bars. Is it enough to inflate the
tire? (9)
Answers: (1)a. 11.5J/mole-K, b.7J/g, c.560K, d.H
out
dn=d(nU) (2) 100J/g (3)64 (4)52%,30%
(5) a.m
Cf
+ m
Tf
= m
Ci
+ m
Ti
b. m
Cf
U
Cf
+ m
Tf
U
Tf
= m
Ci
U
Ci
+ m
Ti
U
Ti
c.S=0 d.1.25bars

TEST 1 SSN________
a) The specific volume of steam at 4 MPa and 1200C in m
3
/kg is ______ m
3
/kg
b) A 2000 kg automobile traveling at 25 m/s strikes a plunger in 10,000 cm
3
of water, bringing the auto to a stop.
What is the maximum temperature rise, in C, of the water?
c) Find the work, in kJ/kg needed to compress air isentropically from 20C and 100 kPa to 6 MPa (in a
piston+cylinder).
2. Consider the case of 8 particles distributed between two boxes. What is the fraction of microstates with 4
particles in the first box and 4 particles in the second box? (10)
3. As part of a refrigeration cycle, Freon 134a is adiabatically compressed from the saturated vapor at -60C (note
the negative sign on temperature) to 1017kPa and 100C. How much work is required in kJ/kg?(15)
4. Estimate the efficiency of the compressor in problem 3.(20)
5. A Rankine cycle is to be operated on steam entering the turbine at 500C and 5MPa and expanding isentropically
to 10kPa.
a) Estimate the maximum work output in kJ/kg.(10)
b) Estimate the maximum thermodynamic efficiency for this cycle. (10)
6. We have an isothermal 100% efficient, continuous compressor to raise steam from 0.5 MPa to 5 MPa. The
process of interest involves a fluidized bed reactor that requires a volumetric flow rate of 0.1 m
3
/sec to maintain the
fluidization. The stoichiometry for the reaction of interest requires that 1.73 kg/sec of steam be fed to the reactor.
a) Write the appropriate reduced energy and entropy balances for the compressor.(6)
b) Determine the temperature at which the compressor should operate. (4)
c) Determine the work requirement in horsepower of the compressor. (10)

Answers: (1)0.17,15C,466,(2).27(3)121(4)75%(5)1224,38%(6)S=Q/T,400C,1616hp

TEST 1 SSN________
Sketch the force between two molecules vs. dimensionless distance, r/, according to the Lennard-Jones
potential. Is the value of r/ when the force is equal to zero greater, equal, or less than unity?(5)
Estimate the change in entropy (J/mole-K) when 0.5 moles of helium are mixed with 0.5 moles of hydrogen at
300K.(5)
Estimate the "lost work" of the process in part c above.(5)
Estimate the work required (J/mole) to adiabatically and reversibly compress argon from 1 bar and 300 K to 20
bars in a steady state process. (10)
Ten particles distributed between two boxes go from 9 in box A to 6 in box A. Compute the change in entropy
(dimensionless S/k will suffice).(10)
2. Steam expands through an adiabatic turbine from 200 bars and 700C to 1 bar saturated vapor. Compute the
work output of the turbine in kJ/kg. (15)
4. Freon 134a is used in an OVC heat pump providing cooling to a building during the summer. The air inside the
building is to be maintained at 25C with a 5C approach temperature (cf. Index for definition of approach
temperature) and the heat is to be rejected to the outside air at 35C with a 25C approach. The compressor is
80% efficient. Compute the coefficient of performance for this cycle and compare it to the value for a Carnot
cycle.(20)
5
5. It is desired to determine the volume of an initially evacuated tank by filling it from an 80 liter cylinder of air at
300 bars and 300K. The final pressure of both tanks is 5 bars. Estimate the volume in liters.(15)

Answers: 1(a) greater (b) 5.763J/mol-K (c) 1729J/mol (d) 14432 J/mol, 2. 3.04*k
B
3. 1133kJ/kg
4. 83% 5. 4.24vs.7.3 6. 4720L

TEST 1 SSN________

a) Derive the expression for the force between two molecules characterized by the Yukawa potential (given
below)(5)
<
=
r
r
r B
r
r u
) / (
]} 1 ) / [( exp{ ) (
b) Estimate the change in entropy (J/mole-K) when 0.25 moles of helium are mixed with 0.75 moles of hydrogen at
300K. (5)
c) Estimate the "lost work" of the process in part b above.(5)
d) Nitrogen is adiabatically and reversibly expanded from 300 Kelvin and 1 bar to 1 Kelvin. Estimate the
downstream pressure.(10)
2. Twenty particles are distributed between two boxes with 13 in box A. Compute the number of microstates for
this macrostate and the fraction of all microstates associated with this macrostate.(10)
3. Freon 134a expands through an adiabatic turbine from saturated vapor at 70C to -30C saturated vapor.
Compute the work output of the turbine in kJ/kg. (15)
5. Steam is used in an OVC heat pump providing cooling to a space station on Mars. The saturated liquid water
exits the condenser at 295C. The saturated vapor exits the evaporator at 30C. The adiabatic compressor is
80% efficient. Compute the coefficient of performance for this cycle and compare it to the value for a Carnot
cycle.(20)
6. Saturated liquid Freon 134a at 296K is used in a fix-a-flat can starting filled with 300 g of saturated liquid and
dropping to 2.42 bars.
(a) What is the quality of the Freon in the can at the end of the process (10)
(b) How many moles of Freon 134a (MW=102) are left the can? (5)

TEST 1 SSN________
a. Write the simplified energy balance for the following: A pot of water brought to a boil from
initially cold water in a pressure cooker on the oven with the pressure relief valve operating
perfectly. System: the pot and its contents.(5)
b. Molecules A and B can be represented by the square-well potential. For molecule A, = 0.3
nm and = 10e-22 J. For molecule B, = 0.5 nm and = 30e-22 J. Which molecule would
you expect to have the higher boiling temperature?(5)
c. Molecules A and B can be represented by the square-well potential. For molecule A, = 0.3
nm and = 10e-22 J. For molecule B, = 0.5 nm and = 30e-22 J. Sketch the potential
models for the two molecules on the same pair of axes clearly indicating 's and 's of each
specie. Make molecule A a solid line and B a dashed line.(5)
d. Argon in a rigid cylinder at 300 K and 100 bars leaks adiabatically to a pressure of 25 bars.
Estimate the temperature of the argon remaining the tank. (5)

6
2. A Rankine cycle operates on steam exiting the boiler at 7 MPa and 550C and dropping to 60C and 98%
quality.
(a) Compute the efficiency of the turbine.(10)
(b) Estimate the pump work (kJ/kg).(5)
(c) Compute the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle.(5)
(d) Compute the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between 550 and 60C.(5)

3. 200 moles per hour of natural gas is to be adiabatically and reversibly compressed from 300K and 1 bar to 100
bars in a continuous two-stage process with inter-cooling to 300K. Natural gas may be approximated by pure
ideal gas methane.
(a) What pressure do you recommend between stages? (5)
(b) Estimate the final temperature exiting the second stage. (5)
(c) Estimate the work requirement (kJ/mole) (6)
(d) Estimate the average power requirement for the compressor (hp). (4)

4. Freon 134a is to be adiabatically and reversibly compressed from saturated vapor at -25C to 3MPa.
(a) Compute the work requirement (kJ/kg) using the chart. (5)
(b) Compute the heat removed in a condenser(Q
H
) that drops the outlet of the above compressor to saturated
liquid. (5)
(c) Compute the Coefficient of Performance (Q
L
/W) for an OVC cycle based on this compressor and condenser.
(5)

5. Steam originally exists in a piston +cylinder at 0.4 MPa and 350C. The piston is forced down adiabatically and
reversibly till the volume is 38% of the original volume.
(a) Write the energy and entropy balances for this process (6).
(b) Estimate the final pressure and temperature. (6)
(c) Compute the work for this process (kJ/kg) (8).

6. A rigid insulated cylinder is initially divided into two compartments by a frictionless piston that does not
conduct heat. Initially, the piston separates two ideal gases (Cv/R=2 for both gases). The entire system is
initially at 300K. One gas is at 200 bars and occupies 10% of the total fixed volume and the other is at 20 bars.
The piston is attached to a rod such that work is adiabatically and reversibly removed as the two sides of the
piston equilibrate.
(a) What is the relationship between volume and pressure on each side of the piston? (5)
(b) What is the ratio of the final volumes and what are the final temperatures for each gas at equilibrium? (15)
(c) If the piston were able to conduct heat, but the process was conducted irreversibly, such that no work was
removed, what would be the final states (P,V,T) of both sides of the piston at equilibrium? (10)

TEST 2 SSN________
1) True or false.
____The compressibility factor Z is always less than or equal to unity.
____The critical properties T
c
and P
c
are constants for a given compound.
____A closed system is one of constant volume.
____A steady-state flow process is one for which the velocities of all streams may be assumed
negligible.
____Gravitational potential-energy terms may be ignored in the steady-state energy equation if all
streams entering and leaving the control volume are at the same elevation.
____In an adiabatic flow process, the entropy of the fluid must increase as the result of any
irreversibilities within the system.
____The temperature of a gas undergoing a continuous throttling process may either increase or
decrease across the throttling device, depending on conditions.
____When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically in a flow process and is then cooled to the initial
temperature, the heat removed in the cooler is equal to the work done by the compressor. (Assume
potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.)
____In the limit as P 0, the ratio f/P for a gas goes to infinity, where f is the fugacity.
____The residual Gibbs function is related to f/P by (G-Gid)/(nRT)=ln(f/p).
2) Reduce (H/S) to a form involving p, V, T, Cp, Cv, and their derivatives.
3) A house has an effective heat loss of 100,000 Btu/hr. During the heating season of 160 days the
average inside temperature should be 70F while that outside is 45 F. Freon-12 is the working fluid
and an ordinary vapor-compression cycle is used. A 10 F approach on each side may be assumed.
Electricity costs $0.14/KW-hr = $0.00004/Btu.
a) What is the cost in $/hr if the compressor is 100% efficient?
b) What is the cost if the compressor is 80% efficient?
4) Determine the horsepower required to continuously compress reversibly and adiabatically 1 lbm/min of
ethylene oxide from 70F and 1 atm to 250 psia. Cp = 12.8 cal/gmol-K; Tc = 469 K; Pc = 70.1 atm;
= 0.200.
5) Propylene vapor is processed from 325 K and 21.35 atm to 225 K and 1 atm. Compute the change in
entropy. Suppose saturated propylene vapor at 325 K is expanded reversibly and adiabatically to 1
atm. What is the final quality?
Tc = 364.8 K; Pc = 45.5 atm; = 0.142; Cp = 14.6cal/mol-K;
ln(p
vap
) = -2238 + 9.953 where p
vap
is in atm and T is in K.
1.FTFFTTTTFT 2.T(1+V/Cv(dp/dT)
v
) 3.a.0.44.b.0.55 4.1.96 5.19.8cal/mol-K,90%

TEST 2 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) In an ordinary vapor-compression cycle, what is the entropy after the throttle relative to the
entropy before the throttle (higher, lower or equal) and why?
b) Estimate the vapor pressure of sulfur dioxide at room temperature (298K). Tc=430.8 K; p
=7.78 MPa; =0.251
c) What is the change in entropy for an ideal gas (Cp=7 cal/mol-K) when it is raised from a
temperature of 300K and pressure of .1 MPa to 320K and 5MPa?
d) After reacting H2+O2, H2O vapor at 1500 K and 11 MPa is expanded reversibly and
adiabatically through a nozzle to 0.1 MPa. Estimate the outlet temperature of this exhaust stream.
e) A two-stage compressor operates adiabatically during each stage with intercooling to 60F
between stages. We would like to compress helium (C
P
= 5cal/mol-K) from 1 atm to 16 atm.
What pressure between stages minimizes the reversible work for the compression of this gas?
f) Develop an expression for (G-G
id
)/RT as a function of b for a gas that can be described by:
Z = 1 + 2b/(1-2b)
2. Evaluate (H/P)
v
in terms of only P, V, T, C
P
, and C
V
and their derivatives. Describe a physical
situation to which this quantity relates.
3. Estimate the enthalpy of 1,3, butadiene at 125 atm and 530F relative to its saturated liquid at 60F.
T = 425.4 K; P = 4.33 MPa; = 0.193; C
P
=23 cal/mol-K;
4. It is desired to design a Rankine cycle using a 70% efficient turbine and expanding the steam to
saturated vapor at 224F. The boiler operates at 500 psia. Compute the thermodynamic efficiency for
conversion of heat into work.(hint: neglect the pump work). Compare this to the thermodynamic
efficiency of the Carnot cycle operating between the same temperatures.
5. By holding the can upside down at room temperature (298K), liquid freon-22 (MW=85.5) can be
dispensed from a can through 1 ft of stainless tubing (100 g, C
P
=.12 cal/g-K). (a) Estimate the heat of
vaporization (in cal/g) of freon-22 at its normal boiling temperature (-42C). (b) Estimate the number
of moles of freon-22 that must be wasted before the first drop of liquid comes out of the pipe if the pipe
is insulated. Velocity of the vapor freon coming out of the tube may be neglected.
T
c
= 369.8; P = 4.97 MPa; = 0.221
Answers: 1)a.higher, throttling irreversible b.0.389MPa c.-7.32cal/mol-K d.585K e.4atm
f.-ln(1-2b)+Z-1-lnZ (2)C
v
(T/P)
v
+V (3)9443cal/mol (4)21%vs46%
TEST 2 SSN________
1. Estimate the entropy of 1 gmol of propane at 150F and 200 psia. The entropy is to be taken as
zero at 1 atm ideal gas and 0F.T
c
=369.8 K; P
c
=4.249 MPa; =0.152
2. Estimate the vapor pressure of isobutane at 300 K. T
c
=408K; P
c
=3.65MPa; =0.177
3. Argon (C
P
=5 cal/mol-K) is compressed reversibly and adiabatically in a continuous single stage
process from 0.15 MPa and 300 K to 0.90 Mpa. Estimate the work done by the compressor.
4. Suppose the argon from the preceding problem was compressed from 0.15 MPa to 0.90 MPa in a
two-stage process with intercooling back to 300 K. What would be the optimum interstage pressure and the
work done in that case?
5. Express in terms of in terms of only P, V, T, C
P
, C
V
and their derivatives. Your answer may
include absolute values of S if it is not associated with a derivative.
(G/H)
P

6. The compressibility factor for a certain fluid is well-represented by:
Z = 1 + ab/(1+b)
2

Develop an expression for the Helmholtz energy departure function.
7. Saturated vapor propane at -40C is to be compressed to 55 atm. Estimate the work required if the
compressor is adiabatic but only 50% efficient.
T
c
=369.8 K; P
c
=4.249 MPa; =0.152
8. An ordinary vapor-compression cycle is to be designed for superconductor application using N2 as
refrigerant. The expansion will be to atmospheric pressure. A heat sink is available at 105 K. A 5 K
approach should be sufficient. Roughly 100 Btu/hr must be removed. Compute the coefficient of
performance (COP) and compare it to the Carnot COP. Also, estimate the power requirement (hp) of the
compressor assuming it is adiabatic and reversible.
1.-.7246cal/mol-K 2.0.3746MPa 3.-1572cal/mol 4.-1293cal/mol 5. -S/P 6. ab/(1+b)
7.-3563cal/mol 8.1.33,0.30hp
TEST 2 SSN________
1.a. List in the space below all the differences between a Rankine cycle and a Carnot cycle. Order the list
from most important to least important.
1.b. An inventor proposes to have developed a small power plant that operates at 70% efficiency. It
operates between temperature extremes of 1000F and 100F. Develop your own analysis of the maximum
possible efficiency. (Choose the power cycle that gives the highest possible value for the efficiency.)
1.c. Estimate the vapor pressure of CO2 at 14C. (Tc=304.2K; Pc=7.381Mpa; =.228).
2. Estimate the quality of Freon-12 after the throttle in an ordinary vapor-compression cycle
operating between -20F and 114.3F.
3. A simple Rankine cycle operates between superheated steam at 1000xF and 400 psia entering the
turbine and 2 psia entering the pump. What is the maximum possible efficiency for this Rankine cycle?
P
, C
V
include absolute values of S if it is not associated with a derivative.
(S/P)
G

5. Suppose an ideal gas was continuously compressed adiabatically and reversibly from 45 psia and
70F to 1500 psia in two stages with intercooling to 70F between stages. What would be the optimal
pressure between stages (for minimum work) and the temperature coming out of the second stage before it
is cooled. (C
P
=13 cal/gmol-K).
6. Estimate the change in enthalpy (Btu/lbmole) when ethane at 70F and 400 psia is compressed to
1500 psia and 120F (T
c
=305.4K; P
c
=4.880MPa; =.099; C
P
=13 Btu/lbmol-R).
7. Suppose ethane was compressed adiabatically in a 70% efficient continuous compressor. The
downstream pressure is specified to be 1500 psia at a temperature not to exceed 350F. What is the highest
that the upstream temperature could be if the upstream pressure is 200 psia? (Hint: neglect the departure
function for the upstream thermodynamics.)
Answers: 1b) 62% 1c) 5MPa 2) 42% 3) 29% 4) CpV/TS-(dV/dT)p 5) 260psia 6) -2300Btu/mol 7) 269K

TEST 2 SSN________
1.a. The conditions of a fluid encountered in some process calculations are at a high reduced pressure and a
low reduced temperature. Would this fluid have density and enthalpy similar to a gas, a vapor, a
supercritical fluid or a liquid? Why?
1.b. Why does the compressibility factor increase sharply at high density?
1.c. Estimate the value of the compressibility factor, Z, for neon at Pr=30 and Tr=15.
1.d. Estimate the density of neon at Pr=30 and Tr=15.(1.2,0.26g/cc)
2. Freon-12 is used in a heat pump operating on an ordinary vapor compression cycle with a 100%
efficient compressor. The average outdoor temperature is 90F and the desired indoor temperature is 70F.
The design is such that a 40F approach temperature is used on each side. Compute the Q /W for this
process and compare it to the value you would expect for a Carnot cycle operating at the same conditions.
What would be the power requirement of the compressor motor (in hp) to provide 12,000 Btu/hr of heating
capacity?(1 hp=0.7074 Btu/s)
3. Propane is compressed from 1 bar and 0xC to 64 bar and 100C. Compute the change in molar
entropy, S.
4. As part of a liquefaction process, ammonia is throttled to 80% quality at atmospheric pressure. If
the upstream pressure is 100 bar, what must be the upstream temperature? (Assume Cp=8.8 cal/mol-K).

5.a. For certain fluids, the equation of state is given by
Z = 1 - b/Tr
Develop an expression for the enthalpy departure function for fluids of this type.
( -2b/Tr)
5.b. Evaluate ( dS/dT)
G
in terms of only p, v, T, C , C and their derivatives. Your answer may include
absolute values of S if is not associated with a derivative.
Answers: 1a.liquid 1b) close packed 1c)1.2 1d).26g/cc 2).95hp 3)-8.7cal/mol-K 4)358K 5a) 5b)Cp/T-
S(dv/dT)p/V

4200:225 Eq. Thermo. SPRING 92
TEST 2 SSN_______
1.a. Sketch the radial distribution function vs. radial distance for a low density hard sphere fluid. Describe
in words why it looks like that.
1.b. The attractive contribution to the compressibility factor is:
Z
kT
rdu r
dr
g r dr
att
=

6
4
2
( )

Show how this expression can be rearranged into two dimensionless groups, one group which includes the
effects of well-depth () and size () (e.g. of the Sutherland potential) and another group which is a
universal constant.
1.c. Estimate the vapor pressure of ethane at 244 K.
1.d. Estimate the heat of vaporization of ethane at 244 K.
2. Ethane is continuously compressed from 280 K and 1 bar to 310 K and 75 bar. Compute the change in
enthalpy per gmol of ethane. (Cp/R = 5).
3. Ethane is expanded through an adiabatic, reversible turbine from 75 bar and 310 K to 1 bar. Estimate
the temperature of the stream exiting the turbine and the work per gmol of ethane. (Hint: Is the exiting
ethane vapor, liquid, or a little of each?)(Cp/R = 5)
4. Evaluate (dG/dV)
T
in terms of p, v, T, Cp, Cv, and their derivatives. Your answer may include
absolute values of S if it is not associated with a derivative.
5. Develop an expression for the departure function based on the equation of state given below such
that its value may be computed given T,P, and .
[G(T,p)-G
ig
(T,p)]/nRT
where Z = 1 + b/(1-b)- a/RT
3/2
(1+b)
(This is the Redlich-Kwong (1958)eqn. -ln(1-b)-a/bRT
3/2
ln(1+b)+Z-1-lnZ)
6. Our space program requires a portable engine to generate electricity for a space station. It is
proposed to use sodium as the working fluid in a customized form of a Rankine cycle. The high
temperature stream is not superheated before running through the turbine. Instead, the saturated vapor is
run directly through the (100% efficient, adiabatic) turbine. The rest of the Rankine cycle is the usual. That
is, the outlet of the turbine is cooled to saturated liquid which is pumped (neglect the pump work) back into
the boiler. The cycle is to operate between T
L
=1156 K (this is the boiling temperature of sodium) and T
H

=1444 K.
a) Estimate the quality coming out of the turbine.
b) Compute the work output per unit of heat input to the cycle, and compare it to the value
for a Carnot cycle operating between the same T
H
and T
L
.
(T
c
=2300 K; P
c
=195 bar; =0 ; C
P
/R = 2.5)
Answers: 1.c)11.2 bar d)2777 cal/mol 2)-1852cal/mol 3)-745cal/gmol
4)V(dp/dV)
T
5)-ln(1-b)-a/bRT
3/2
ln(1+b)+Z-1-lnZ 6.a)90% b).184

4200:225 Eq. Thermo. SPRING 93
TEST 2 SSN_______

1a. Compute the specific volume (cc/mol) of saturated liquid isopentane at 1 bar. T
c
=460.4; P
c
=33.84 bar;
=.227
1b. Estimate the work (J/mol) of adiabatically and reversibly compressing saturated liquid isopentane from
0.1 MPa to 20 MPa in a continuous process.
1c. Estimate the vapor pressure (bar) of isopentane at 400K.
1d. 1 liter of air (Cp/R=3.5) at 273K is to be compressed adiabatically and reversibly in a piston+cylinder
to 0.1 liter. Estimate the final temperature. (5)
2. Ammonia is to be isothermally compressed in a specially designed flow turbine from 1 bar and
100C to 50 bar. If the compression is done reversibly, compute the heat flow needed per mole of
ammonia. T
c
=405.6K; P
c
=112.8 bar; =0.250; C
P
/R=4.6 (20)
P
, C
V
include absolute values of S if it is not associated with a derivative. (U/T)
A
.(10)
4. Suppose u(r) is given by the square-well potential and g(r)=10-5(r/) for r>. Evaluate the
internal energy departure function where N
A
3
=1 and /kT=1. (10) -5.7
5. A tank containing carbon dioxide (C
P
/R=4.5) at 350 K and 50 bar is vented until the temperature in
the tank falls to 280K. Assuming no heat transfers between the gas and tank find the pressure in the tank at
the end of the venting process.
T
c
=304.2K; P
c
=73.76 bar; =.225 (20)
6. In our discussion of departure functions we derived the following expression for evaluating the
internal energy departure function given any equation of state.
( ) U U
RT
T
Z
T
d
ig
o

a) Derive the analogous expression for (C
v
-C
v
ig
)/R
b) Derive an expression for (C
v
-C
v
ig
)/R in terms of a, b, , T for the EOS:
Z
b
b
a T = +
+
1
1
1
[exp( / ) ]
Answers: 1a) 112 (b) 2220 J/mol (c)12.5bar(d)686K (2)-13900J/mol(3)Cv-S/p[T(dp/dT)-p]
(4) -5.7 (5)20.8bar(6.a) (

(
2
2
2
2
T
Z
T
T
Z
T
d
o
(b) a
2
T
-2
exp(a/T) )

4200:225 Eq. Thermo. Spring 94
TEST 2 NAME_______

1a. Compute the density (g/cc) of liquid MethylTertiaryButylEther (MTBE) (MW=88) at 1 bar and 300K.
T
c
=496.4; P
c
=33.7 bar; =.269(5)
1b. Estimate the vapor pressure (bar) of MTBE at 400K.(5)
1c. When the radial distribution function is equal to unity, how does the coordination number change with
respect to the range of the neighborhood around the central atom?. Give an equation with no integral signs
in it. (5)
P
, C
V
include absolute values of S if it is not associated with a derivative. (A/V)
P
.(10)
3. Ammonia is continuously compressed from 1 bar and 100C to 50 bar and 150C. Compute the
enthalpy change per mole of ammonia. T
c
=405.6K; P
c
=112.8 bar; =0.250; C
P
/R=4.6 (20)
4. Suppose u(r) is given by the 1.5 square-well potential and g(r)=exp(5/r) for r>. Evaluate the
internal energy departure function where
3
=1 and /kT=1. (15)
5. Vapor Freon 152a is to be adiabatically and reversibly compressed from 1 bar and 248 K to 10
bars in a continuous process. Compute the work required in Joules per mole (20) (T
c
=386.7; P
c
=45bar;
=0.256; C
P
=68 J/mol-K)
6. Suppose an equation of state of the form:
Z = 1 + 10 Yb*exp(2 Yb ) where Y = exp(a/Tr)-1 and a,b are constants
Develop an expression for the Helmholtz energy departure function.(20)
Answers: 1a0.76g/cc (b) 6.5 bars (c) 4/3 R
3
2. 69J/mol 40 J/mol 3. -S(T/V)
P
- P 4. 5092 400
6.5[exp(2Yb)-1]

TEST 2 SSN _______

1.a. Estimate the vapor pressure of propane at 325 K.
1.b. Estimate the saturated liquid density (g/cc) of propane at 325 K.
1.c. What is it about molecules that causes the compressibility factor to be less than unity most of the time?
1.d. Estimate the heat of vaporization (J/mole) of propane at 325 K.
2. Express in terms of P, V, T, Cp, Cv, and their derivatives. Your answer may include absolute values of S
if it is not associated with a derivative. (S/T)
H
.(10)
3. Estimate the change in entropy (J/mole-K) for raising propane from a saturated liquid at 230K to a
saturated vapor at 298K.(20) (C
P
/R = 8.85)
4. Suppose the radial distribution function at intermediate densities can be reasonably represented by: g ~
(1+2(/r)
2
) at all temperatures. Derive an expression for the attractive contribution to the compressibility
factor for fluids that can be accurately represented by the Sutherland potential.(15)
5. Suppose we wanted to design a fix-a-flat system based on propane. Let the can be 500 cc and the tire be
40,000 cc. Assume the tire remains isothermal and at low enough pressure for the ideal gas approximation
to be applicable. The can is ~ filled with 250 g of saturated liquid propane at 298K. If the pressure in the
can drops to 0.85 MPa, what is the pressure in the tire and the amount of propane remaining in the can?
Assuming 20 psig is enough to drive the car for a while, is the pressure in the tire sufficient? Could you fill
another tire?(20)
6. Even in the days of van der Waals, the second virial coefficient for square-well fluids was known to be:
B2/b = 4 + 9.5 [exp(N
A
/RT)-1]. Noting that e
x
~ 1 + x + x
2
/2, this observation suggests the following
equation of state:
Z
b
b
N
RT
b
A
= +
1
4
1
9 5
.

Derive an expression for the Helmholtz energy departure function for this equation of state. (15)
1)18bar,.44,molecular attraction,12300(2)ugly(3)79(4)3
3
/kT(5)-4ln(1-b)-9.5b/kT

TEST 2 SSN _______
1.a. Estimate the fugacity of saturated liquid n-butane at 390 K.
1.b. Which would you expect to be higher: the density of butane at 426K and 38 bars or the density of
butane at 450K and 60 bars? Why?
1.c. Why does the radial distribution function go to zero for r < ?
1.d. Estimate the heat of vaporization (J/mole) of n-butane at 390 K.
2. n-butane is isothermally compressed from 425K and 1 bar to 100 bars. Estimate the change in enthalpy
(J/mole).
3. Estimate the work output (J/mole) for n-butane when it is continuously, adiabatically, and reversibly
expanded from a saturated liquid at 390K to 1.5 bars.(20)
4. Suppose the radial distribution function can be reasonably represented by:
(
(
+
+
(
(

+ + =
) 2 1 (
1
) 2 1 (
)] 1 ( cos[ 2
1 1
5 5
x b kT x b
x b
g

where x r/ and cos is evaluated in radians
Derive an expression for the compressibility factor for fluids that can be accurately represented by the
Square-Well potential.(20)
5. Based on the work of Lee and Sandler (1986), one might propose the following equation of state:
Z
b
b
b
kT
b
b kT
= +

+
+
1
8
2 4
95 1
1 5
.
/

Derive an expression for the Gibbs energy departure function of this equation of state (20).
Hint: ) ln(
2
b ax
a
b
a
x
b ax
xdx
+ =
+

Answers: 1)15.6bars, 12544, (450,60), 2 in same place (2) -15235 (3) -2804
(4) | |

)
+
+
(
+
+
(
+ + =
) 15 1 (
/
1 1 ) / exp( 5 . 1
) 2 1 (
/
1
) 2 1 (
2
1 4 1
3
b
kT
kT
b
kT
b
b
b Z
(5)
G G
RT
b b kT b kT Z Z
ig
= + + + 2 1 2
9 5
5
1 5 1 5 1 ln( )
.
( / ) ln( / ) ln

TEST 2 SSN _______
1.a. Estimate the density (g/cm
3
) of saturated liquid carbon dioxide at 290 K. (MW=44)
1.b. An absorption experiment requires a flow rate of 7.5 kg/hr of CO2. A standard cylinder of CO2
contains 48139 cm
3
of saturated liquid at 290K. A typical run of the experiment takes 2 hours. How many
runs can we make on one cylinder?
1.c. Write the energy and entropy balances for the above CO2 cylinder as the experiment proceeds.
1.d. Estimate the heat of vaporization of CO2 at 290K. If 1 kg of CO2 were vaporized, how much heat (kJ)
would be required?
if it is not associated with a derivative. (S/U)
P
.(15)
3. A physicist studying superconductivity needs to cool his experiment by continuously passing a stream of
nitrogen through a throttle impinging on his apparatus. In your calculations, please take the saturated liquid
at 0.003 MPa to be the Reference State.
a. If he can maintain the outlet from the throttle at 0.003 MPa, what temperature will he maintain at the
throttle outlet? (5)
b. Write the energy balance for the throttle. (5)
c. If his nitrogen inlet is saturated liquid at 0.1 MPa, what quality is obtained from the throttle at 0.003
MPa? In your calculations, please take the saturated liquid at 0.003 MPa to be the reference state. (15)
4. Suppose the radial distribution function can be reasonably represented by:
(
(
+
+ =
2
) 2 1 (
1
x b
Y
g

where x r/, Y = [exp(N
A
/RT)-1], and b = N
A

3
/6
a. Derive an expression for the internal energy departure function for fluids that can be accurately
represented by the Square-Well potential.(15)
b. Evaluate the expression at b = 0.3 and /kT = 0.5 (5)
5. Based on the work of Kihara (1976), the third virial coefficient for the square-well fluid can be written
as:
B3* = B3/b
2
= 10 - 19.5 Y + 30.5 Y
2
- 8.5 Y
3

Where: Z = 1 + B2* + B3*
2

Y = [exp(N
A
/RT)-1], and b = N
A

3
/6, = b, B2* = 4 - 9.5 Y
Derive an expression for the Internal energy departure function of this equation of state(20).

TEST 2 SSN _______
1.a. Estimate the density (g/cm
3
) of saturated liquid propylene at its normal boiling temperature. (MW=42)
(5)
T
c
= 364.8, P
c
= 4.613 MPa, = 0.142, A = 3.710, B = 0.2345, C = -1.16E-4, D=2.205E-8
1.b. Compute the heat of vaporization (kJ/kg) of propylene at its normal boiling temperature.(5)
1.c. Write the energy and entropy balances for reversible, isothermal compression of propylene from 1 bar
and 298K to 22 bars. (5)

if it is not associated with a derivative. (V/T)
U
.(10)

3. Propylene (NOT propane) is to be used in a vapor compression cycle with turbine expansion operating
between 297K at the exit from the condenser and 187K in the evaporator. The heat removal rate from the
evaporator is to be 215,000 kJ/hr. The compressor and turbine can be assumed adiabatic and reversible.
Compute the Coefficient of Performance of this cycle using propylene.(20)
T
c
= 364.8, P
c
= 4.613 MPa, = 0.142, A = 3.710, B = 0.2345, C = -1.16E-4, D=2.205E-8

4. 300 lbs of saturated liquid propylene at 297K initially fill a tank to supply an absorption test apparatus.
15 lbs per hour are used in the experiment. Assuming the supply tank is adiabatic and that only saturated
liquid enters the valve and that vapor at 255K and 1 bar exits the valve, what heat rate (kW) is required for
the valve? The heat rate required during the first few minutes will be sufficient. (20)

5. Suppose the radial distribution function can be reasonably approximated by:
=
) 1 (
) / 1 3 (
1 exp
) 1 (
2 / 1
2

b
x b
RT
N
b
b
g
A

where x r/, is the molar density, and b = N
A

3
/6
a. Referring to the pressure equation, derive an expression for the compressibility factor for fluids that can
be accurately represented by the Square-Well potential.(15)
6. As part of a new equation of state, one might propose the following equation of state:
| |
)
`
+ =

b
RT
N
RT
N b
b
b
Z
A A
3 1 exp
5 . 9
) 1 (
4
1
2

Derive an expression for the Internal energy departure function of this equation of state (15).
Hint: |
.
|
\
|
=
a
y
a
ay
dy ay y
1 ) exp(
) exp(

4200:225 CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS Spring 00
TEST 2 SSN________
1. Short Answer
a) Estimate the density of mercury (g/cc) at 0.1 MPa and 300 K. (T
c
=1735 K, P
c
=161 MPa, =-0.1644,
MW = 201 g/mole)

b) Estimate the saturation temperature of mercury at 0.1MPa. (T
c
=1735 K, P
c
=161 MPa, = -0.1644)
(Hint: Are there any other questions on this test for which knowing the vapor pressure might be helpful?)

c) Estimate the change in entropy (J/mole-K) in going from carbon monoxide at 32 MPa and 197 K to 3.2
MPa and 130 K.

if it is not associated with a derivative. (V/T)
G
. (10)

3. Saturated vapor mercury is to be adiabatically and reversibly compressed from 0.1 MPa to 10 MPa in a
continuous process. Compute the work required in Joules per mole. (20) (T
c
=1735 K, P
c
=161 MPa,
=-0.1644, C
P
/R =2.5)

4. As part of a new equation of state, the following contribution has been proposed:
] ) ( 5 . 1 5 . 2 1 [
4
1
2

b b
b
Z
+
+ =
Derive an expression for the Helmholtz energy departure function of this equation of state (20).

5. A single-stage Rankine cycle for power generation is to operate on mercury as the working fluid. The
condenser is to operate at 383C and the boiler is to operate at 10 MPa. The exit from the adiabatic,
reversible turbine is saturated vapor. Estimate the thermodynamic efficiency of this cycle and compare it to
the value for the Carnot cycle operating between the same highest and lowest temperatures. (T
c
=1735 K, P
c

=161 MPa, = -0.1644, C
P
/R =2.5) (15)

6. Suppose the radial distribution function can be reasonably approximated by:
( )
2
) 1 cos(
2 1
2
1
x
x
b kT
b
g

+ =

where x r/, cosine function is in radians, is the molar density, and b = N
A

3
/6
a. Referring to the pressure equation, derive an expression for the compressibility factor for fluids that can
be accurately represented by the Square-Well potential.(15)

Eliot, Lira-Intro To Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

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Eliot, Lira-Intro To Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering

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P. 8.1) CO2 at 15MPa and 25C is throttled to 0.1Mpa.

Determine the temperature and

... Eqn. 10.22

Chapter 7 Practice Problems

Chapter 7 Practice Problems

or by using Eqn. (7.25)

(P7.5) Compute H,S,U,V of 1,3 butadiene from 25bar,400K to 125bar,550K.

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