You are on page 1of 8

1

1. Introduction:
Well go in this experiment to study some of the famous instruments used in flow
measurements. And well use the instruments which shown in fig (1)












In this experiment the flow of a fluid was calculated using three method listed below:

a. Sudden Enlargement:


The head loss through the Sudden Enlargement
c

Fig (2): Sudden Enlargement
Fig (1): Flow measurement instruments

2

c
= K
c
v
1
2
2g
, I
1
=
_
2gh
c
(1-
A
1
A
2
)

Where
c
=
2

1

th
= I
1
A
1
,
uct
=
voIumc
1mc

CJ =

cct

th

Where, CJ is the coefficient of discharge.

b. Venturi Meter:
The flow through venture meter can calculated from the following equations:


I
2
=
_
2gH
1-(
A
1
A
2
)
2
Where E =
3

4

th
= I
2
A
2
,
uct
=
voIumc
1mc

CJ =

cct

th
, Where Cd is the coefficient of discharge.

Fig (3): Venturi Meter

3

c. Orifices plate:
The flow through venturi meter can calculated from the
following equation
I
2
=
_
2gH
1-(
A
1
A
2
)
2
Where E =
3

4

th
= I
2
A
2
,
uct
=
voIumc
1mc

CJ =

cct

th
, Where Cd is the coefficient of discharge.

d. Elbows:
The head loss through the elbow hb.
Where kb is the coefficient of the elbow (let Kb= 0.5)

th
= I
2
A
2
,
uct
=
voIumc
1mc

CJ =

cct

th
, Where Cd is the coefficient of discharge.
e. Rotameter:
The Rotameter reads the flow directly.
ot.
=
thc.



Fig (4): Orifices plate

4

2. Objective:

To study some of the famous instruments used in flow measurements.
To become familiar with Venturi & Orifice plate &Variable area meter.

3. Apparatus:
Water Flow Measuring Apparatus is designed as a free-standing apparatus for use on
the Hydraulics Bench, although it could be used
in conjunction with a low pressure water supply
controlled by a valve and a discharge to drain.
Water enters the apparatus through the lower
left- hand end and flows horizontally through a
sudden enlargement into a transparent venturi
meter, and into an orifice plate, a 90 elbow
changes the flow direction to vertical and
connects to a variable are a flow meter, a second
bend passes the flow into a discharge pipe which
incorporates an atmospheric break.

4. Procedure:
Prepare the instruments such that the water passes Sudden Enlargement, then Venturi
meter, Orifice plate, Elbow, and finally Rotameter.
2. Switch the pump on, allow the water to enter the flow measurement instruments,
Which are connected to Manometers tubes.
3. Control the flow valve to obtain different readings of the heads in manometers and
The corresponding flow from the volume tank.
4. Record the results.
5. Calculate the head losses from the manometer readings and the flow and Cd for
Venturi and orifice plate.

Fig (5): Apparatus

5

5. Results:
a. Sudden Enlargement:
A1= 0.0000785 m2 ,


Volume (m3) 0.01 0.01 0.008 0.006
Time (sec) 135 152.4 142.2 141
h1 (m) 0.427 0.372 0.324 0.2485
h2 (m) 0.43 0.373 0.338 0.249
he= h2 h1 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.0005
V1 (m/s) 0.4852 0.2801 0.4852 0.1981
Qth. (m3/s) 3.809E-05
2.199E-05
3.809E-05
1.56E-05
Qact.(m3/s)
7.40741E-05 6.56168E-05 7.40741E-05 4.25532E-05

We have a plot with Qact. in Y-Axis and Qthe. In X-Axis See Fig (6)

When we graph the best line passes through all points and Zero point and find the slope
of this line (Cd) is 1.949.
y = 1.949x
0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0 0.0000050.000010.000015 0.00002 0.0000250.00003 0.000035 0.00004
Q
a
c
t
.
Qthe.
Fig (6):Sudden Enlargement
Table (1): Sudden Enlargement Readings

6

b. Venturi Meter:
A1=0.0000785 m2 ,


Volume (m3) 0.01 0.01 0.008 0.006
Time (sec) 135 152.4 142.2 141
h3(m) 0.449
0.388 0.338 0.256
h4 (m)
0.393 0.345 0.305 0.237
H = h3 - h4
0.056 0.043 0.033 0.019
V1 (m/s) 1.21 1.061 0.9291 0.705
Qth. (m3/s) 9.5E-05
8.33E-05
7.29E-05
5.53E-05
Qact.(m3/s)
7.407 E-05 6.56 E-05
5.63 E-05
4.26 E-05

We have a plot with Qact. in Y-Axis and Qthe. In X-Axis See Fig (7)


When we graph the best line passes through all points and Zero point and find the slope
of this line (Cd) is 0.7789.

y = 0.7789x
0.00004
0.000045
0.00005
0.000055
0.00006
0.000065
0.00007
0.000075
0.00008
0.00004 0.00005 0.00006 0.00007 0.00008 0.00009 0.0001
Q
a
c
t
.
Qthe.
Fig (7): Venturi Meter
Table (2): Venturi Meter Readings

7

c. Orifices plate:
A= 0.000113 m2 ,

Volume (m3) 0.01 0.01 0.008 0.006
Time (sec) 135 152.4 142.2 141
h6(m)
0.434 0.377 0.329 0.25
h7 (m)
0.163 0.162 0.163 0.162
H = h6 h7
0.271 0.215 0.166 0.088
V1 (m/s) 2.882 2.567 2.256 1.642
Qth. (m3/s) 0.000326
0.00029
0.000256
0.000186
Qact.(m3/s)
7.4074E-05 6.56 E-05
5.63 E-05
4.26 E-05

We have a plot with Qact. in Y-Axis and Qthe. In X-Axis See Fig (8)

When we graph the best line passes through all points and Zero point and find the slope
of this line (Cd) is 0.2633.



Table (3): Orifices plate Readings
y = 0.2258x
0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00004
0.00005
0.00006
0.00007
0.00008
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035
Q
a
c
t
.
Qtheo.
Fig (8): Orifices plate

8

d. Rotameter:

Qthe. (Qrot.) (L/s) 4.15 3.63 3.15 2.2
Qact. (L/s) 0.0741
0.06562
0.05626 0.04255

We have a plot with Qact. In Y-Axis and Qthe. In X-Axis See Fig (9)


When we graph the best line passes through all points and Zero point and find the slope
of this line (Cd) is 0.02.

6. Conclusion & Recommendations:
We see that the flow of a fluid can be measured in many ways. And the expected error
is the human error, if the experimenter red the outputs and calculate incorrectly. And
we note that the magnitude of cd decrease after doing any experiment. In other word
the cd in first is 1.989 and in the second experiment is 0.02, there is a loss in energy
between two experiments.

y = 0.0181x
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Q
a
c
t
.
Qthe.
Fig (9): Rotameter
Table (4): Rotameter Readings

You might also like