1 Revision Class Notes Grade VI Subject: Chemistry

Matter: A matter is defined as anything that has mass and volume. Examples of matter are chair, table, book, pen, food, classroom etc. Matter can be classified or divided into two groups: i) Element and ii) Compound. Element: An element is defined as a simple pure substance that cannot be split up or broken down into two or more simpler substances. An element is made up of same type of particles. Examples of elements are: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen etc. These are elements because they cannot be broken down into any other simpler substances. At present 116 elements are known of which 92 occur naturally and the rest are made through experiments or chemical reactions. Symbol of an Element: A symbol of an element is one or two letters used to represent an element. Each element has a unique symbol. Example, the element oxygen has the symbol O, the element carbon has a symbol C, the element nitrogen has a symbol N and likewise the element hydrogen has a symbol H. The symbol of an element represents a small particle of that element. Some elements have their symbols from their Latin names. For example, the element sodium has the symbol Na from its Latin name natrium, iron has the symbol Fe from its Latin name ferrum, lead has the symbol Pb from its Latin name plumbum, potassium has the symbol K from its Latin name kalium, copper has the symbol Cu from its Latin name cuprum etc. Compound: A compound is a chemical substance containing two or more elements chemically combined or joined together. A compound, unlike an element, can be broken down into the elements with which it is made. A compound looks very different from the elements it contains.

For making pudding we need three basic food materials: milk, egg and sugar. But the pudding that is made looks very different from each of the food materials. Similarly a compound looks different from its elements. For example, both the elements oxygen and hydrogen are colourless gases without having any smell but the compound water is a liquid that is a visible substance although it is made up of oxygen and hydrogen. Symbols for Compounds: The symbol of a compound is called its formula. It is made from the symbols of the elements from which it is made depending on the number of each element it contains. For example, the compound water has the formula H2O which tells us that it is made up of the elements oxygen and hydrogen and one particle of water contains two particles of hydrogen and one particle of oxygen. Therefore from the formula of a compound we can get the fact of the elements it contains and the number of particles of each of the elements present. (There are only 26 letters that make up the English alphabet. Yet when these letters are combined in different ways, they can form thousands of different words.) Periodic Table: It is a very important table in the study of chemistry and it contains all the known elements arranged in a particular pattern in different blocks. The blocks, each containing different elements are arranged in vertical rows as well as in horizontal rows. The vertical rows are called groups while the horizontal rows are called periods. There are eight groups numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 0 and there are seven periods numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. There is a bold zigzag line like a staircase that divides or separates all the elements into two groups: i) metals and ii) non-metals. The metals are on the left side of the zigzag line while the non-metals are on the right side. Atoms and Molecules: All the elements are made of very small particles that are so small that they cannot be divided further into any smaller particles. These particles cannot be seen through naked eyes. It is the basic particle that makes up each and every matter in this earth and in the whole universe. This smallest particle with which every matter is made is called atom. Atom: An atom is the smallest particle that cannot be divided further into any smaller particles . An atom has a spherical shape like a football. An element is made of atoms that are all alike. For example, all hydrogen atoms are of one type, all oxygen atoms are of one type and so on. But an atom of hydrogen is different from an atom of oxygen.

Sub-atomic Particles and the Parts of an Atom:

Although an atom is said to be indivisible (that is an atom cannot be divided) but it itself is made of three particles that are even smaller than an atom. These particles are called sub-atomic particles. The sub-atomic particles are the particles that make up an atom. There are three sub-atomic particles: i) proton, ii) neutron and iii) electron.

A proton is a charged particle having a charge of positive one unit (+1) and a mass of one unit (1). A neutron is an uncharged or neutral particle having a mass of one unit (1). An electron has a charge of negative one unit (-1) and a mass of (1/1840) unit. Although an atom contains two oppositely charged particles but as a whole an atom has no net charge; i.e. an atom as a whole is a neutral particle. It is because in an atom the total number of protons inside the nucleus is equal to the total number of electrons in the electron shells and so the total positive charge of the protons is cancelled out by the total negative charge of the electrons. An atom consists of two parts: i) a dense central part called the nucleus & ii) the circular paths or orbits called electron shells. The nucleus is dense because it contains the massive particles, the protons and the neutrons. The circular paths are those along which the electrons rotate about the nucleus.

Electron shell e
p p n n

e e

Nucleus Atomic Number & Mass Number: In the periodic table each block contains a symbol in the form shown below, Z The letter Z is the symbol for the element where as the letter x represents mass number and y represents atomic number.

Atomic number of an element is the number of protons inside the nucleus of its atom. This number is fixed for every atom of a particular element. For example the element hydrogen has the symbol H which means that it has only one proton inside its nucleus. No other element has this proton number. So, a proton number identifies an atom of an element. Mass number of an element is the mass of an atom of that element which is equal to the masses of the protons and the neutrons inside the nucleus of the atom. The mass of an atom is measured in a special unit called the atomic mass unit. Now since both the protons and the neutrons have equal masses of 1 unit so the mass number of an atom is also equal to the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom. Therefore we can give the formula for the atomic number and the mass number as follows: Atomic number = the number of protons inside the nucleus of an atom. Mass number = the number of protons + the number of neutrons. From these two equations we can find the number of neutrons inside an atom as, Number of neutrons = mass number atomic number. Example: The symbol for the element lithium is Li. Calculate the number of neutrons in an atom of lithium. Solution: Given, Mass number = 7 Atomic number = 3 . . The number of neutrons = mass number atomic number =73 =4 Now if we consider the atomic numbers of the first twenty elements starting from hydrogen up to calcium across the periodic table we see that the atomic number of the successive elements increases by one. This type of arrangement is called increasing order. So the elements in a periodic table are arranged in increasing order of proton number or atomic number.
.

Molecule: A molecule is a small particle that is made up of two or more atoms joined together. For example, in a water molecule there are two hydrogen atoms joined together with an oxygen atom.
O O H H C O

Water

Carbon dioxide

When two or more atoms join together in this way to form a molecule then we say that the atoms are chemically bonded with each other. In a similar way in a carbon dioxide molecule there are two atoms of oxygen chemically bonded with a carbon atom. Like as, an atom is represented by its symbol a molecule is also represented by its symbol. The symbol of a molecule is called its formula. The formula of a molecule gives us two informations:1. Which elements are present in the molecule, 2. How many atoms of each kind of elements are present in the molecule. For example, the formula of water molecule is H2O. From this formula we can get to know that in a molecule of water the elements present are oxygen and hydrogen and also that there are two atoms of hydrogen bonded with one atom of oxygen. The Arrangement of Electrons Inside an atom: The electrons in an atom are very energetic as they move around the nucleus at very high speeds. But the not all the electrons have the same energy. So the electrons are arranged in different electron shells according to the amount of energy they have. Since different electron shells contain electrons with different energies so these electron shells are also called energy levels. The first shell closest to nucleus is the lowest energy level. The further a shell is from the nucleus, the higher the energy level.

Nucleus

1st electron shell

2nd electron shell

The size of the electron shell increases as they get further from the nucleus. Each electron shell can hold a maximum number of electrons that is fixed for any particular shell. 1st shell can hold up to 2 electrons 2nd shell can hold up to 8 electrons 3rd shell can hold up to 8 electrons 4th shell can hold up to 18 electrons 5th shell can hold up to 32 electrons.

Electrons occupy or fill up the lowest available energy level and when that shell is full then they start filling the next shell. For example, for lithium ( ) , there are three protons inside the nucleus and therefore there are also three electrons in the electron shells. The electrons fill up the energy levels as shown below, 2nd electron shell
e

e
1st electron shell e

Electronic Configuration & the Periodic Table: The arrangement of electrons in different energy levels is called electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of the first 20 elements is given on the next page. Some important points about the electronic configuration and the arrangement of elements in the periodic table are given below, The shells fill in order, starting with the inner one (lowest energy level). The elements in a vertical column, called group, have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell and the group number is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell. For example all the elements in group 1 (H to K) have one electron in their outermost shells; all elements in group 2 (Be to Ca) have two electrons in their outermost shell and so on. All the elements in a horizontal row, called period, have the same number of electron shells which is equal to the period number. For example all the elements of period 1 (H and He) have one electron shell; all elements in period 2 (Li to Ne) have two electron shells and so on. Any element that has either 2 or 8 electrons in their outer most shell is said to have a full shells. So all the elements in group 0 (He to Ne) have full outer shells.

Isotope: Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass number. It means that all the isotopes have the same number of protons but they have different number of neutrons. Example, the element hydrogen exists as three isotopes: H ,

H,

H.

All these three isotopes have an atomic number of 1 meaning they all have one proton. The isotopes have the mass number of 1, 2 and 3 respectively meaning they have neutron numbers 0, 1 and 2 respectively. Different atoms have different number of isotopes. Carbon has three isotopes -