Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory BBN S

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY
2011
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hydraulic engineering
laboratory manual
FOR SECOND YEAR B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS
PREFACE
This book Hydraulic Engineering laboratory manual is prepared in a simplified manner and providing more elegant and efficient method of teaching and learning the Hydraulic Engineering laboratory for under graduate students of Engineering particular for the second year Civil Engineering students of Anna University Tirunelveli. This manual provides record sheet facility which incorporates a comprehensive presentation of every work or exercise given to the students in the laboratory bringing out the aim, apparatus required formulae, graph and procedure.
The students are also benefited with the more time available to them in the lab classes to concentrate better on learning more practical aspects of the training given to them. And in the revision, in particular, I have taken in to account, needs of teachers and also the requirements of the students in the teaching-learning process of the Hydraulic Engineering laboratory taught to second year civil engineering students. As such I hope that this manual will be found handy and very useful for all who
AS PER REVISED ANNA UNIVERSITY TIRUNELVELI SYLLABUS AND PATTERN FROM JUNE 2009 - 2013
are entering in to the Civil Engineering studies.
Before I close my preface, I shall not slip off from extending my gratefulness to the management of The Indian Engineering College for their constant encouragement.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all my colleagues and friends for their valuable guidance, constant encouragement and cooperation extended throughout the period I spend in bringing out this manual.
BIBIN.C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING THE INDIAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE VADAKKANGULAM TIRUNELVELI
Comments and suggestions, if any, are welcome for enhancing the value of this manual in future revisions.
BIBIN.C
COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE
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objectives

Instruction for maintaining the
To illustrate the physical concepts of fluid flows developed in class. To introduce experimental techniques for fluid mechanics.
To demonstrate the limitations and applicability of theory.
record note book

1.
The record of an experiment should be submitted on the day the student come to the same laboratory to perform the next experiment.
To encourage creativity in the use of experimental apparatus and 2.

data-acquisition.
Only such experiments as done by the candidate should be recorded in the order in which they are done. Index page should be filled on the date of submission of record indicating the date of experiment. The record should be written neatly in ink except, for the diagrams and graphs, which should be in pencil. Every experiment should begin on a new page. The right hand page should contain the following
To verify the principles studied in theory by conducting the experiments.
3. 4. 5. 6.
To foster self-reliance required for open-ended experiments and reduce dependence on a cookbook approach.
To develop the ability for teamwork.

To develop effective communication of technical information. To develop computer skills for acquiring data, data reduction, error analysis, and plotting.
a. The date of performance of the experiment in the

margin
b. Experiment number, just below at the top of the date. c. The name of the experiment on the first line followed
by
d. The aim of the experiment e. A list of apparatus f. Materials required g. Formulae used h. A description of the apparatus i.
COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 3
The theory of the experiment, in brief and

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j. The result. 7.
The left hand page should contain the following in the same order
1.
safety precautions
Determine the potential physical and chemical hazards as well as the safety precautions that apply to your apparatus before beginning. 2. 3. 4. No laboratory work should be carried out in the absence of the instructor. Do not perform unauthorised experiments by yourself. Be alert to unsafe conditions and actions and call them to the attention of the instructor immediately. 5. 6. 7. 8. Never leave an experiment that is in progress unattended. Avoid distracting or startling any other worker or indulging in any other acts of carelessness. No eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing of gum is permitted in the work area. Contamination of food, drink and smoking materials is a potential for exposure to toxic substances. 9. Never wear sandals, shorts or short skirts in the laboratory
a. Diagram of apparatus, if any b. Circuit diagrams, if any c. The observation (To be entered in neat tabular forms
whatever possible)
d. A detailed account of the manipulations e. Graphs, if any to be pasted 8.

Neat sketches of apparatus should be given wherever possible.
10. Exposure of legs and feet to high temperature liquid or solid may result in burns. 11. Safety glasses or goggles must be worn at all times. 12. Confine long hair and loose clothing when in the laboratory. 13. Be careful not to touch any heated surfaces as they might cause a burn. 14. Do not exceed wattage limits of devices when plugging them in to electrical outlets. 15. Do not make any repairs or alternations to the equipment without prior notification of instructor. 16. Report all damages to the instructor as early as possible. 17. Follow class room instructions and manufacturers recommended procedures when operating machinery. 18. No playing or horsing around in the lab. This can be especially dangerous where you have moving equipment. 19. Leave equipment in proper places at the end of your experiments and clean up. 20. In case of a fire, chemical or other emergency, alert the instructor and all students in the laboratory. 21. If in doubt ask.
KEEP THE RECORD BOOK NEAT

SAFETY FIRST
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syllabus
CE1257 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice Determination of co-efficient of discharge for notches Determination of co-efficient of discharge for venturimeter Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter Study of impact of jet on flat plate (normal / inclined) Study of friction losses in pipes Study of minor losses in pipes Study on performance characteristics of Pelton turbine. Study on performance characteristics of Francis turbine Study on performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine Study on performance characteristics of Centrifugal pumps (Constant speed / variable speed) 12. Study on performance characteristics of reciprocating pump. (iv) (iii) 5. (ii) 4. 2.
list of equipments
Bernoullis theorem Verification Apparatus Calculation of Metacentric height water tank Ship model with accessories 3. Measurement of velocity Pirot tube assembly Flow measurement open channel flow (i) Channel with provision for fixing notches (rectangular, triangular & trapezoidal forms) Flume assembly with provisions for conducting experiments on Hydraulic jumps, generation of surges etc. Flow measurement in pipes (i) Venturimeter, U tube manometer fixtures like Valves, collecting tank (ii) Orifice meter, with all necessary fittings in pipe lines of different diameters Calibration of flow through orifice tank with Provisions for fixing orifices of different shapes, collecting tank Calibration of flow through mouth piece Tank with provisions for fixing mouth pieces Viz external mouth pieces & internal mouth piece Bordas mouth piece 1 Unit
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1 No. 1 No. 1 No.
1 No.
1 Unit
1 Unit
1 Unit
1 Unit
1 Unit
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6.
Losses in Pipes Major loss Friction loss Pipe lengths (min. 3m) of different diameters with Valves and pressure rapping & collecting tank 1 Unit
EX. NO. DATE
index
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
PAGE NO.
DATE OF SUBMISSION
REMARK
INITIAL
Minor Losses Pipe line assembly with provisions for having Sudden contractions in diameter, expansions Bends, elbow fitting, etc. 7. Pumps (i) Centrifugal pump assembly with accessories (single stage) (ii) Centrifugal pump assembly with accessories (multi stage) (iii) (iv) 8. Reciprocating pump assembly with accessories Deep well pump assembly set with accessories 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1 Unit 8. 9.
Turbine (i) Impulse turbine assembly with fittings & accessories (ii) Francis turbine assembly with fittings & accessories (iii) Kaplan turbine assembly with fittings & accessories 1 Unit 1 Unit
10. 11.
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 3. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L Length of the collecting tank in metres
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orifice - constant head method

Exp No: Date :
B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres 4. Theoretical discharge of Orifice meter (Q th ) = a . 2gH ........m3/s
Aim :
To conduct an experiment on orifice and also determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice by constant head method.
Where a - Cross sectional area of Orifice in m2 g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 H Constant head in metres of water 5. Cross sectional area of Orifice a =
Apparatus required:
...................... m2
1.Balancing tank fitted with orifice 2.Piezometer 3.Collecting tank 4.Stop watch 5.Scale or Steel rule
Where d Diameter of Orifice in metres Description: An orifice is a circular hole provided in the side of balancing tank. Piezometer with scale is fitted to balancing tank. A pump with pipe fittings is used to lift the water from reservoir to balancing tank. It is driven by an electric motor. A collecting tank is
Formula Used: 1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter C d = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s 2. Actual Discharge of Orifice meter (Q act ) =
Q act Q th
used to collect the water falling from orifice. It is fitted with a gate valve which returns water to reservoir. Experimental Procedure: 1. The diameter of the orifice is recorded and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank are measured. 2. Keeping the outlet valve is fully closed, switch on the pump 3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and allows water in to balancing tank. 4. Maintain constant head in the balancing tank. 5. The outlet of the collecting tank is closed slightly and the timet required for 'h' cm of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch. 6. The above procedure is repeated for different constant heads.
Volume ...................... m3/s Time
Q act =
Where
Ah V = ...................... m3/s t t
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m . COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 11
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7. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice is computed. Graph: 1. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs head (H) is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on X-axis. 2. Theoretical discharge (Qth) Vs head (H) is drawn taking Theoretical discharge (Qth) on X-axis. 3. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) Vs head (H) is drawn taking Equivalent pressure drop (H) on X-axis. 4. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs axis.
H is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on X-
Observations:
1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _____________________________m
2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _____________________________m
3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = __________________m
4. Diameter of Orifice (d) = __________________________________m

5.
Acceleration due to gravity (g) =____________________________m/s2
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY CALCULATIONS
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Result:
Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is measured.
Average co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = ____________________________ 1. Maximum co-efficient of discharge (Cd1) = ____________________________ 2. Head at maximum co-efficient of discharge (H) = _______________ m of water 3. Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge (Qact) = ________ m3/s 4. Theoretical discharge at maximum coefficient of discharge (Qth) = ______ m3/s
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orifice variable head method

Exp No : Date :
Aim :
To conduct an experiment on orifice and also determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice by variable head method.
Apparatus required :
1.Balancing tank fitted with orifice 2.Piezometer 3.Collecting tank 4.Stop watch 5.Scale or Steel rule
Formula Used: 1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter C d =
2 A( H 1 t .a . 2 g
H2)
2. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L Length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres 3. Cross sectional area of Orifice a = Where d Diameter of Orifice in metres Description: An orifice is a circular hole provided in the side of balancing tank. Piezometer with scale is fitted to balancing tank. A pump with pipe fittings is used to lift the water from reservoir to balancing tank. It is driven by an electric motor. A collecting tank is used to collect the water falling from orifice. It is fitted with a gate valve which returns water to reservoir. Page 17 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 18
...................... m2
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Experimental Procedure:
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1. The diameter of the orifice is recorded and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank are measured. 2. Keeping the outlet valve is fully closed, switch on the pump 3. The outlet valve is opened slightly and allows water in to balancing tank. 4. Close the delivery valve when balancing tank is filled completely with water. 5. The outlet of the collecting tank is closed slightly and the timet required for fall of head from H1 to H2 in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch. 6. The above procedure is repeated for different values of H1 and H2 7. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice is computed.
Graph: 1.
H 1 - H 2 Vs time (t) is drawn taking H 1 - H 2 on X-axis.
Observations:
1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _____________________________m 2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _____________________________m 3. Diameter of Orifice (d) = __________________________________m
4.
Result:
Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is measured.
1. Average co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = ____________________________
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rectangular notch
Where Exp. No.: Date:
Q act
Ah V = = ...................... m3/s t t
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres
Aim: To conduct an experiment on Rectangular Notch, determine the co-efficient of discharge and plot the graph.
t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 3. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2
Apparatus Required:
Where L length of the collecting tank in metres
1.Supply pump 2.Notch tank 3.Measuring tank 4.Rectangular Notch 5.Hook gauge 6.Stop watch 7.Piezometer 8.Steel rule
B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres 4. Theoretical discharge (Q th ) = Where g acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 l Length of Notch in metres H - Head of water over the notch in metres 5. Head of water over the notch (H ) = h1 - h2 ...................... m
2 3 2g l H
3
2
...................... m3/s
Formula Used:
Where h1 initial hook gauge readings in metres

Q act Q th
1.Co-efficient of discharge of Rectangular notch C d = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s 2.Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
h2 final hook gauge readings in metres
Description:
A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a
Volume ...................... m3/s Time

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smaller channel in such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is
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below the top edge of the opening. The sheet of water flowing through a notch is called Nappe or Vein. The bottom edge of a notch over which the water flows, is known as the sill or crest. The head over the sill of the notch is measured by using a hook gauge. The actual quantity of water flowing through the notch is determined by collecting the water in a collecting tank for a particular rise and observing the time required for that rise. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated by taking the ratio between the actual and theoretical discharge.
Experimental Procedure:
1.The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the breadth of the notch are measured. 2.The supply valve is opened and water is allowed to rise only upto the sill of the notch and then the valve is tightly closed. 3.The tip of the pointer of the hook gauge is adjusted such that the tip coincides with the free water surface. 4.The sill level of the notch (h1) is noted from the hook gauge. 5.The supply valve is opened and the water is allowed to flow through the notch. The tip of the pointer is adjusted to coincide with water surface. 6.The reading in the hook gauge (h2) is noted. 7.The outlet valve if the collecting tank is tightly closed. The time for a known rise (h) in the collecting tank is noted. 8.Similarly, the above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the heads of flow. 9.The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge is calculated.
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Graph : A graph Actual discharge (Q act water (H) is drawn taking Q

a ct
Vs Head over the notch or Depth of
on X-axis and H on Y-axis.
Observations:
1. Length of Rectangular Notch (l) = _________ m. 2. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 3. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________ m/s2 5. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = _________ m.
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Result:
Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Rectangular notch is determined and the graph was plotted. 1.Maximum co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = _________________ 2.Depth of water (head of water over the Notch) at maximum co-efficient of discharge (H)= ___________________m of water 3.Theoretical discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge
(Q th ) = _______________ m3/s
4.Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge
(Q act )
= _________________m3/s.
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triangular (v) - notch

Exp. No.: Aim: To conduct an experiment on V - Notch, determine the co-efficient of discharge and plot the graph. Date:
Where V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 3.Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where
Apparatus Required:
L length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres
1. Supply pump 2. Notch tank 3. Measuring tank 4. V- Notch 5. Hook gauge 6. Stop watch 7. Piezometer 8. Steel rule 5. Head of water over the notch (H ) = h1 - h 2 ...................... m Formula Used: 1.Co-efficient of discharge of triangular notch C d = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s A notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a 2.Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
Q act = Volume ...................... m3/s Time Ah V = ...................... m3/s t t
Page 29 Q act Q th
4. Theoretical discharge (Q th ) = 8 Where
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2g tan
H 5 / 2 ...................... m /s
g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 Angle of triangular Notch in metres H - Head of water over the notch in metres
Where h1 initial hook gauge readings in metres h2 final hook gauge readings in metres
Description:
small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a smaller channel in such a way that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is below the top edge of the opening. The sheet of water flowing through a notch is
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called Nappe or Vein. The bottom edge of a notch over which the water flows, is known as the sill or crest.
The head over the sill of the notch is measured by using a hook gauge. The actual quantity of water flowing through the notch is determined by collecting the water in a collecting tank for a particular rise and observing the time required for that rise. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated by taking the ratio between the actual and theoretical discharge.
1.The internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the angle of the notch are measured. 2.The supply valve is opened and water is allowed to rise only up to the sill of the notch and then the valve is tightly closed. 3.The tip of the pointer of the hook gauge is adjusted such that the tip coincides with the free water surface. 4.The sill level of the notch (h1) is noted from the hook gauge. 5.The supply valve is opened and the water is allowed to flow through the notch. The tip of the pointer is adjusted to coincide with water surface. 6.The reading in the hook gauge (h2) is noted. 7.The outlet valve if the collecting tank is tightly closed. The time for a known rise (h) in the collecting tank is noted. 8.Similarly, the above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the heads of flow. 9.The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge is calculated.
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Graph : A graph Actual discharge (Q act water (H) is drawn taking Q

a ct
Result :
Vs Head over the notch or Depth of
Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Triangular notch is determined and the graph was plotted.
on X-axis and H on Y-axis.
1.Maximum co-efficient of discharge of triangular notch (Cd) = _______ 2.Depth of water (head of water over the Notch) at maximum co-efficient of discharge (H) = ___________m of water 3.Theoretical discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge
(Q th ) = ________________ m3/s
4.Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge
(Q act ) = ______m3/s.
Observations:
1. 2. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 3. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________ m/s2 5. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = _________ m.
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 3. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L Length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres
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venturimeter
Exp. No. : Date:
Aim:
To conduct an experiment on Venturimeter, determine the co-efficient of discharge and plot the characteristic curves.
4. Theoretical discharge (Q th ) = Where
a 1 .a 2 a1 - a 2
2 2
2gH ...................... m3/s
Apparatus Required:
a1 - Cross sectional area of Venturimeter inlet in m2 a2 - Cross sectional area of Venturimeter throat in m2 g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 H Equivalent pressure drop in metres of water 5. Cross sectional area of Venturimeter inlet a1 = Where d1 Diameter of Venturimeter inlet in metres
1. Scale or Steel rule 2. Stop watch 3. Measuring tank or Collecting tank 4. Venturimeter 5. Differential U tube mercury monometer.
d 1 ...................... m2
Formula Used: 1. Co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter C d = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s
6. Cross sectional area of Venturimeter throat a 2 =
Q act Q th
d 2 ...................... m2
Where d2 Diameter of Venturimeter throat in metres 7. Equivalent pressure drop (H ) = [ Where
Sg sw
- 1](h1 - h 2 ) ...................... m of water
2. Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
Volume ...................... m3/s Time
Sg Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) Sw - Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) h1 Manometer left limb reading in m of Hg h2 Manometer right limb reading in m of Hg
Q act
Where
Ah V = ...................... m3/s = t t
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 35 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 36
CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Description:
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A Venturimeter is used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe.
Venturimeter consists of a short length of pipe narrowing to a throat in the middle and then diverging gradually to the original diameter of the pipe. The water flows through the meter, velocity is increased due to the reduced area and hence there is a pressure drop. By measuring the pressure drop in the Venturimeter with a manometer, the flow rate is calculated from Bernoulli's equation. The pressure tapping are connected to a common middle chamber, which in turn is connected to a mercury manometer. The pipe line is provided with a flow control valve. 7. Observe the readings in the manometer 8. Collect the water in the collecting tank. 9. Close the drain valve and find the time taken for 'h' cm rise in the tank. 10. The above procedure is repeated gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 11. The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter is computed.
Experimental Procedure: 1. Select the required flow meter (Venturimeter) 2. Open its cocks and close the other cocks so that only pressure for the meter in use is communicated to the manometer. 3. Open the flow control valve and allow a certain flow rate. 4. The diameter of inlet and throat are recorded and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank are measured. 5. The outlet valve is opened slightly and the manometric heads in both the limbs (h1 & h2) are noted. 6. Vent the manometer if required COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 37 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 38
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Graph:
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1. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on X-axis. 2. Theoretical discharge (Qth) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Theoretical discharge (Qth) on X-axis. 3. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) Vs Equivalent pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Equivalent pressure drop (H) on X-axis.
Observations:
1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _______________________________m
2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _______________________________m
3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ____________________m

4.
Diameter of Venturimeter inlet (d1) = ___________________________m Diameter of Venturimeter throat (d2) = __________________________m
5.
6. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) (Sg) =________________ 7. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) (Sw) =_______ 8. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _____________________________m/s2
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Result:
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Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Venturimeter is measured. 1. Maximum co-efficient of discharge (Cd1) = __________________________ 2. Equivalent Pressure drop at maximum co-efficient of discharge (H1) = __________________ m of water 3. Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge (Qact) = ______________________ m3/s 4. Theoretical discharge at maximum coefficient of discharge (Qth) = ______________________ m3/s
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 3.Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where
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orifice meter
Exp No : Date :
L Length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres
Aim:
To conduct an experiment on orifice meter, determine the co-efficient of discharge and plot the characteristic curves.
4.Theoretical discharge of Orifice meter (Q th ) = Where
a 1 .a 2 a1 - a 2
2 2
2gH ........m3/s
a1 - Cross sectional area of Orifice meter inlet in m2 Apparatus required: a2 - Cross sectional area of Orifice in m2 g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 6.Orifice meter 7.Differential tube mercury manometer 8.Collecting tank 9.Stop watch 10.Scale or Steel rule 5. Cross sectional area of Orifice meter inlet a1 = Where d1 Diameter of Orifice meter inlet in metres 6. Cross sectional area of Orifice a 2 = H Equivalent pressure drop in metres of water
d 1 ...................... m2
Formula Used: 1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter C d = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m /s
3
d 2 ...................... m2
Q act Q th
Where d2 Diameter of Orifice in metres 7. Equivalent pressure drop (H ) = [ Where Sg Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) Sw - Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) h1 Manometer left limb reading in m of Hg h2 Manometer right limb reading in m of Hg
Sg sw
- 1](h1 - h 2 ) ...................... m of water
2.Actual Discharge of Orifice meter (Q act ) =
Volume ...................... m3/s Time
Q act =
Where
Ah V = ...................... m3/s t t
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 43 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 44
CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Description:
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Orifice meter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing through a pipe line. The difference in pressure between the inlet and the diaphragm of the orifice meter is recorded by using a mercury differential manometer. collecting tank. The actual discharge is calculated based on the particular time for a volume of water rise in the
Graph: 1. Actual discharge (Qact) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on X-axis. 2. Theoretical discharge (Qth) Vs Equivalent Pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Theoretical discharge (Qth) on X-axis. 3. Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) Vs Equivalent pressure drop (H) is drawn taking Equivalent pressure drop (H) on X-axis. Experimental Procedure: 1.The diameter of the inlet and orifice are recorded and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank are measured. 2.Keeping the outlet valve of the orifice meter is fully closed. The inlet valve of the orifice meter is opened fully. 3.The outlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads in both the limbs (h1 and h2) are noted. 4.The outlet of the collecting tank is closed slightly and the timet required for 'h' cm of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch. 5.The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 6.The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of the orifice meter is computed. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 45 8. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) (Sw) =______ COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 46 3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = __________________m
4.
Observations:
1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _____________________________m 2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _____________________________m
Diameter of Orifice meter inlet (d1) = _________________________m
5. Diameter of Orifice (d2) = __________________________________m

6.
7. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) (Sg) =_______________
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Result:
Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter is measured.
1. Maximum co-efficient of discharge
(Cd1) = ___________________________ 2. Equivalent Pressure drop at maximum co-efficient of discharge
(H1) = __________________ m of water 3. Actual discharge at maximum co-efficient of discharge (Qact) = ______________________ m3/s 4. Theoretical discharge at maximum coefficient of discharge (Qth) = ______________________ m3/s
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres 3.Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
2011
major losses in pipe flow

(LOSS DUE TO FRICTION)
Volume ...................... m3/s Time Ah V = ...................... m3/s t t
Q act =
Exp. No. :
Date :
Where
V Volume of water collected in m3 Aim : h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds To study about flow through pipes and determine the friction factor for the given pipe by using Darcy-Weisbach formula To determine Chezy's constant, Reynolds constant and Mannings constant. A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 4. Cross sectional area of pipe (a ) = Where Apparatus Required: d Diameter of pipe in metres 5. Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid (V ) = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s a Cross sectional area of pipe in m2. 6. Darcy-Weisbachs friction factor ( f ) = 2gd.H 4LV 2
d 2 ...................... m2
1.Stop watch 2.Scale 3.Collecting (measuring) tank 4.Manometer
Q act ...................... m/s a
Formula Used: 1.Loss of head Where Sg Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) Sw - Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) h1 Manometer left limb reading in m of Hg h2 Manometer right limb reading in m of Hg 2.Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L Length of the collecting tank in metres COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 51
(H ) = [
Sg sw
- 1](h1 - h2 ) ...................... m of water
Where, g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 d Diameter of pipe in metres H loss of Head in metres of water L Length of pipe in metres V Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid in m/s 7. Hydraulic mean radius (m ) = Where, a - Cross sectional area of pipe in m2 p- Perimeter of pipe in metres COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 52
a ...................... m p
CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY or Hydraulic mean radius (m ) =
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roughness effect or friction effect depends upon the material of pipe and scale formation
d (for circular pipes)...................... m 4 H L
if any when the surface is smooth the friction effect is less. For an old pipe due to scale formation or chemical deposits the roughness and hence the friction effect is higher.
8. Loss of head per unit length (i ) = Where,
H loss of Head in metres of water L Length of pipe in metres 9. Chezy's Constant (C ) = Where, V Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid in m/s m Hydraulic mean radius in metres i Loss of head per unit length 10. Reynolds constant (R e ) = Where, V Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid in m/s d Diameter of pipe in metres Kinematic viscosity of flowing fluid (water) in m/ s2 11. Mannings Constant ( N ) = m Where, V Flow velocity or velocity of flowing fluid in m/s m Hydraulic mean radius in metres i Loss of head per unit length
2 3
V mi
Vd
1.The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the pipeline between two pressure tapping cocks are measured. 2.Keeping the outlet valve of the pipe fully closed, the inlet valve of the pipe is opened fully. 3.The outlet valve is slightly opened and the monometric heads in both limbs (H1 and H2) are noted. 4.The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the time 't' required for 'h' rise of water in the collecting tank is observed by using a stop watch. 5.The above procedure is repeated by increasing the flow and observing the
i V
Description :
When water flows through a pipe a certain amount of energy (or pressure energy) has to be spent to overcome the friction due to the roughness of the pipe surface. This
corresponding readings. 6.The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of friction is calculated.
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CALCULATIONS
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CALCULATIONS
Graph :
The following graphs are drawn for Loss of head due to friction in pipes by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis. 1.Actual discharge Vs Head Loss 2.Actual discharge Vs Flow Velocity Observations: 1. Diameter of Pipe (d) = __________ m 2. Length of the pipe (L) = __________ m 3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) =_______ m. 4. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 5. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 6. Cross sectional Area of collecting tank (A) = __________ m2 7. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = __________ m/s2 8. Kinematic viscosity of water (n) = __________stokes 9. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Water) (Sw) = _____ 10. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Mercury) (Sg) = ______________ Result :
1.Friction factor by using Darcy-Weisbach Formula(fC) = __________ 2.Chezy's constant for (CC) = __________ 3.Reynold's constant for (ReC) = __________ 4.Manning's constant for (NC) = __________
COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 57 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 58
2011

2 a1 .m of water 1 - = H + 2g a2 2
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minor losses in pipe flow

(LOSS DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS)
2. Loss H L Where Date :
Exp. No. :
Aim : To study flow in pipes and determine the loss co-efficient of the given pipe at the following sections a. Sudden Enlargement b. Sudden Contraction c. Bend d. Elbow
HL - Loss of head in m of water a1 - Cross sectional area of pipe before enlargement in m2. a2 - Cross sectional area of pipe after enlargement in m2. Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 3. Flow Velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s a Cross sectional area of pipe in m2. 4. Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
Q act = Volume ...................... m3/s Time
( )=
Q act ..................... m/s a
Apparatus Required: Where
Ah V = ...................... m3/s t t
1.Stop watch 2.Steel rule 3.Collecting (measuring) tank 4.Manometer
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 5. Cross sectional area of pipe a = Sudden Enlargement
H
2
Formula Used:
d 2 ...................... m2
Where
L
1. Loss co efficient for sudden enlargement K e = Where
d Diameter of pipe in metres

2g
6. Cross sectional area of pipe before enlargement a1 = HL - Loss in m of water. Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s. g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 Where
d 1 ...................... m2
2
d1 Diameter of pipe before enlargement in metres
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7. Cross sectional area of pipe after enlargement a 2 = Where
d 2 .....................m2
4. Cross sectional area of pipe after contraction a 4 = Where
d 4 .....................m2
d2 Diameter of pipe after enlargement in metres . 8. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L Length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres Where
d4 Diameter of pipe after contraction in metres Bend 1. Loss co efficient for bend K b =
H
2 L
2g
Sudden contraction 1. Loss co efficient for sudden contraction K c = Where Where HL - Loss in m of water. Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s. g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
2 a4 a - 1 .m of water 2 g 3 2
HL
2
HL - Loss in m of water. Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s. g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 2. Loss H L = H .m of water
2g
H - Loss of head in m of water Elbow 1. Loss co efficient for elbow K L = Where HL - Loss in m of water. Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s. g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 2. Loss H L = H .m of water Where H - Loss of head in m of water
HL
2
2. Loss H L = H + Where
2g
HL - Loss of head in m of water Flow velocity or Velocity of flowing fluid in m/s g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 a3 - Cross sectional area of pipe before contraction in m2. a4 - Cross sectional area of pipe after contraction in m2. 3. Cross sectional area of pipe before contraction a 3 = Where d3 Diameter of pipe before contraction in metres
d 3 ...................... m2
2
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Description: Pipelines systems in general include several auxiliary components in addition to pipes. These components include the following. 1.Transitions of sudden expansion and contraction for changing pipe size. 2.Elbows and bends for changing the flow direction. These components introduce disturbances in the flow that cause turbulence and hence mechanical energy loss in addition to that which occurs in the basic pipe flow due to friction. The energy loss although while occurs over a finite distance, when viewed from the perspective of an entire pipe system are localized near the component. Hence these losses are referred to as local losses or minor losses. It should be remembered that these losses sometimes are the
dominant losses in a piping system.
1.Select the required pipe line 2.Connect the pressure tapings of the required pipeline to the manometer by opening the appropriate pressure cocks and closing all other pressure cocks. 3.Open the flow control valve in the pipeline and allow water to pass. 4.Vent the manometers at a reduced flow rate. 5.Note the pressure difference from the manometer mercury column. 6.Collect the water in the collecting tank for a particular rise of level and note the time taken. 7.Repeat the experiments if required at other flow rates.
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Observations:
CALCULATIONS
1. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) =_______ m. 2. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 3. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = __________ m/s2 5. Kinematic viscosity of water (n) = __________stokes 6. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through the pipe (Sw) = ____(water) 7. Specific gravity of manometric fluid (Sg) = ____________(mercury) 8. Sudden Enlargement a. Diameter of pipe before enlargement (d1) =___________m b. Diameter of pipe after enlargement (d2) =___________m 9. Sudden Contraction a. Diameter of pipe before contraction (d3) =___________m b. Diameter of pipe after contraction (d4) =___________m 10. Diameter of pipe (d) =___________m
Graph : The following graphs are drawn for Loss of head due to pipe fittings by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis.
1.Actual discharge Vs Loss of Head 2.Actual discharge Vs Flow Velocity
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Result :
Loss Co-efficient for the following auxiliary components is
1. Sudden expansion Loss Co-efficient for Sudden expansion (K
) = __________
2. Sudden contraction Loss Co-efficient for Sudden contraction (K

3. Bend
) = __________
Loss Co-efficient for Bend (K

4. Elbow
) = __________
Loss Co-efficient for Elbow (K L ) = __________
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY T Torque in N.m 4.Torque (T) = w.g.r ...................... N.m Where,
2011
pelton turbine
Exp. No.: Aim:
To conduct an experiment on Pelton wheel turbine, measure the performance and draw the characteristic curves.
Date:
w- Net weight in Kg g acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 r - Equivalent drum radius in metres.
5.Total head (H) = 10P ...................... m of water Apparatus Required: 1.Tachometer 2.Steel rule 3.Dead Weights 4.Rope brake dynamometer 5.Pelton wheel 6.Pressure head (dH) = 10 (P1 - P2) ...................... m of water Where P1 - Venturimeter inlet pressure in Kg/cm2 P2 - Venturimeter throat pressure in Kg/cm2 Formula Used: 1.Efficiency of Pelton turbine ( Where OP - Output Power of the Pelton Turbine in Kilowatts. IP - Input Power of the Pelton Turbine in Kilowatts. 2.Input power Pelton Turbine (IP ) = Where, Specific weight of water in KN/m Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s H - Total head in m of water. 3.Output power Pelton Turbine (OP ) = Where, N Speed of Francis Turbine in rpm COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 71 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 72
3
Where P Pressure gauge readings in Kg/cm2.
) = OP 100%
IP
7.Net weight (w) = w1 w2 + w0 ...................... Kg Where, w1 Weight of hanger in Kg. w2 - dynamometer reading in Kg. w0 weight of empty hanger in Kg.
Q H ...................... Kw
8.Actual discharge (Q act ) = C d .a 1 .a 2 Where
2g.dH a1 - a2
2 2
...................... m3/sec
a1 area of cross section of venturimeter inlet in metres a2 area of cross section of venturimeter throat in metres g acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 Cd Co efficient of discharge of venturimeter dH - Pressure Head in m of water
2 ...................... Kw 60 1000
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D+d 9.Equivalent drum radius r = ...................... m 2

Where D Brake drum diameter in metres d Rope diameter in metres 10.Pressure head (dH) = 10 (P1 - P2 ) ...................... m of water Where P1 - Venturimeter inlet pressure in Kg/cm2 P2 - Venturimeter throat pressure in Kg/cm2 The turbine is located by applying dead weight. On the brake drum placing the weight and the weight hanger does this the inlet head is read. From the pressure gauge, the speed of the turbine is measured with the tachometer. N Speed of Shaft in rpm OP - Output Power of the Pelton Turbine in Kilowatts. H - Total head in metres of water. Description :
11. Specific Speed (S) = Where,
N OP ...................... rpm H 5/4
Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine used to utilise high heads of water for generation of electricity. All the available pressure head is converted to kinetic energy by means of a spear wheel and a nozzle arrangement. The water leaves the nozzle in a jet formation. Then the jet of water strikes the buckets of the Pelton wheel runner. The jet deflects through more than to 170 degree. While passing along the buckets water is deflected causing a change in momentum of the water jet hence the impulse force is supplied to the cups. The specific speed of the Pelton wheel varies from 10 to 100. The Pelton wheel is supplied with water under high pressure by a centrifugal pump. The water flow through a Venturimeter to the Pelton wheel. A gate valve is used to control the flow rate to the turbine. The nozzle opening is controlled by spear wheel at the entrance of the turbine.
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1.Keeps the nozzle opening at about 3/8th position. 2.Prime the pump if necessary 3.Close the delivery gate valve completely and start the pump. 4.After the motor starter has change to delta mode and the motor is running at normal speed, open the delivery gate valve until the Venturimeter pressure gauges indicated a different pressure of about 0.6 kg/m2. This corresponds to the design flow rate. 5.Note the turbine inlet pressure in the pressure gauges fixed in the nozzle head. 6.Note the speed of the turbine 7.Note the Venturimeter pressure gauge readings. 8.Load the turbine by adding weight to the hanger 9.Repeat the experiment for different loads.
Observations: 1. Weight of empty hanger (Wo) = _________ Kg 2. Throat diameter of Venturimeter (d2) = _________ m. 3. Inlet diameter of Venturimeter (d1) = _________ m. 4. Co efficient of discharge of Venturimeter (Cd) = ________ 5. Brake drum diameter (D) = _________m 6. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________ m/s2
7. Specific weight of water (n) = ____________ KN/m 8. Rope diameter (d) = _________m 9. Nozzle opening position =_______
3
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CALCULATIONS
CALCULATIONS
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Graph: The following graphs are drawn for Pelton Wheel Turbine by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis. 1.Actual discharge Vs Total Head 2.Actual discharge Vs Speed 3.Actual discharge Vs Input Power 4.Actual discharge Vs Output Power 5.Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
Result : Thus the performance of Pelton wheel turbine is measured and the characteristic curves were plotted. From the graph the following results are obtained. 1.Maximum Efficiency of Pelton wheel = ____________________ %
2.Output power at maximum Efficiency (OP) = ___________________ kw 3.Input power at maximum efficiency (IP) = _____________________ kw 4.Speed at maximum Efficiency (N) = __________________________ rpm 5.Total head at maximum Efficiency (H) = ___________________ m of water 6.Actual discharge at maximum Efficiency (Q act
) = _______________ m3/s
7.Pressure head at maximum efficiency (dH) = ________________ m of water 8.Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) = __________________ rpm
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4.Torque (T) = w.g.r ...................... N.m Where, w- Net weight in Kg
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francis turbine
Exp. No.: Aim:
To conduct an experiment on a Francis Turbine, measure the performance and plot the characteristics curves.
Date :
g acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 r - Equivalent drum radius in metres.
5.Net weight (w) = (w1 w2 + w0) ...................... Kg Where, w1 Weight of hanger in Kg. w2 - dynamometer reading in Kg. w0 weight of empty hanger in Kg. 6.Total head (H) = Delivery head + Suction head + Datum head
Apparatus Required: 1.Tachometer 2.Dead Weights 3.Francis Turbine 4.Rope brake dynamometer
(H ) = 10 P +
Formula Used: 1.Efficiency of Francis Turbine = Where OP - Output Power of the Francis Turbine in Kilowatts. IP - Input Power of the Francis Turbine in Kilowatts. 2.Output power of the Francis Turbine (OP) = Where, N Speed of Francis Turbine in rpm T Torque in N.m 3.Input power Francis Turbine (IP ) = Where, Specific weight of water in KN/m Qact - Actual Discharge in m /s H - Total head in m of water. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 81
3 3
V + z ...................... m of water. 760
OP 100% IP
Where P Pressure gauge readings in Kg/cm2. V Vacuum gauge readings in mm of Hg. Z Different in gauge levels (Datum head) in metres
2 ...................... Kw 1000 60
6.Actual discharge (Q act ) = C d .a 1 .a 2 Where
2g.dH a1 - a2
2 2
...................... m3/sec
a1 area of cross section of venturimeter inlet in metres a2 area of cross section of venturimeter throat in metres g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
act
H ...................... Kw
Cd Co efficient of discharge of venturimeter dH - Pressure Head in m of water
7.Equivalent drum radius (r ) =
D+d ...................... m 2
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Where D Brake drum diameter in metres d Rope diameter in metres
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The flow through the pipelines into the Turbine is measured with the Venturimeter is provided with a pressure gauges. The net pressure difference across the turbine inlet and outlet are measured with a set of pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge. The Turbine output torque is determined with a rope brake drum dynamometer. A
8.Pressure Head (dH) = 10 (P1 P2) ...................... m of water Where P1 - fmeter inlet pressure in Kg/cm2 P2 - Venturimeter throat pressure in Kg/cm2
tachometer is used to measure the speed.
9.Specific Speed (Ns) = Where,
N OP ...................... rpm H 5/4
N Speed of Shaft in rpm OP - Output Power of the Francis Turbine in Kilowatts. H - Total head in m of water.
Description : Francis Turbine is a reaction type hydraulic turbine used in dams and reservoir's of medium height to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. Francis Turbine is a radial energy flow reaction Turbine under pressure of water. The water enters to wheel at the outer periphery and flow inwards towards the centre of the wheel.
1.Keep the guide vanes at 3/8 opening position 2.Prime the pump if necessary. 3.Close the main gate valve & start the pump 4.Open the gate valve for required discharge after the pump motor switches from star to delta mode. 5.Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger open the drum cooling under gate valve for cooling the brake drum. 6.Measure the turbine speed with tachometer.
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7.Note the following readings a) The pressure gauge reading (P) in kg/cm2. b) The vacuum gauge reading (V) in mm of Hg. c) Venturimeter inlet pressure (P1) in kg/cm2. d) Venturimeter throat pressure (P2) in kg/cm2. e) Speed of Francis turbine (N) in rpm f) Weight on the hanger (w1) in kg. g) Weight on spring balance (w2) in kg. 8.Repeat the experiment for various loads.
CALCULATIONS
Observations: 1. Weight of empty hanger (Wo) = ___________________ Kg 2. Throat diameter of Venturimeter (d2) = _______________ m. 3. Inlet diameter of Venturimeter (d1) = ________________ m. 4. Co efficient of discharge of Venturimeter (Cd) = ________
5. Brake drum diameter (D) = _______________________m
6. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = _________________ m/s2 7. Specific weight of water (n) = _________________ KN/m3
8. Difference in gauge levels or datum head (Z) = _________ m 9. Rope diameter (d) = _______________________________m 10. Guide vane opening position =___________________
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Graph :
The following graphs are drawn for Francis Turbine by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and the other parameter on Y-axis. 1.Actual discharge Vs Total Head 2.Actual discharge Vs Speed 3.Actual discharge Vs Input Power 4.Actual discharge Vs Output Power 5.Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
Result: Thus the performance of a Francis turbine is measured and the characteristic curves were plotted. 1.Maximum Efficiency of Francis turbine
max
= ____________ %
2.Turbine Speed at maximum Efficiency (N) = ____________ rpm 3.Output power at maximum Efficiency (OP) = ____________ kw 4.Input power at maximum Efficiency (IP) = ____________ kw 5.Actual discharge at maximum Efficiency
(Qact ) = ____________ m /s
3
6.Total head at maximum Efficiency = ____________ m of water 7.Specific speed at maximum efficiency (Ns) ____________ rpm
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single stage variable speed centrifugal pump

Exp. No. : Date :
3.Actual Discharge (Q act
) = Volume ...................... m3/s Time

Ah V = ...................... m3/s t t
Q act =
Aim : To conduct an experiment on a single stage centrifugal pump at various speeds, measure the performance and draw the characteristic curves.
Where V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 4.Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres
Apparatus Required:
1. Centrifugal pump 2. Measuring (Collecting) tank 3. Stop watch 4. Tachometer 5. Scale (steel rule)
5.Total head (H) = Delivery head + Suction head + Datum head Formula Used: 1.Efficiency of centrifugal pump Where OP - Output Power of the centrifugal pump in Kilowatts. IP - Input Power of the centrifugal pump in Kilowatts.
(H ) = 10 P +
V + z ...................... m of water. 760
) = OP 100% IP
2.Output Power of the centrifugal pump (OP) = Where - Specific weight of water in KN/m3 Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s H - Total head in m of water.
act
H ...................... Kw
6.Input Power of the centrifugal pump (IP) = IPmotor . Where IPmotor - Input Power of Motor in Kilowatts.
mot
mot
trans
...................... Kw
Efficiency of motor Transmission efficiency
trans
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7.Input Power of Motor (IPmotor Where
) = R 3600 ...................... Kw NT
This chamber converts a part of the velocity head kinetic energy of the water in to pressure head (potential energy).
R Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc. N Energy meter constant in rev / Kw.hr. T Time for R revolution of energy meter disc in seconds.
8.Specific speed of centrifugal pump (Ns ) = Where
N 1 Qact
(H )3 4
...................... rpm
N1 speed of centrifugal pump in rpm Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s H - Total head in m of water.
Description: Experimental Procedure:
Centrifugal pump is a roto dynamic pump in which a dynamic pressure is created which enables to raise liquids from a lower level to a higher level. In these pumps, the whirling motion imparted to the liquid by the blades of the impeller causes a centrifugal force to act on the rotating liquid. Hence these pumps are called centrifugal pumps. In addition to this force, as the liquid passes through the rotating impeller there is an increase in pressure due to change in its angular momentum. Thus the high-pressure liquid rises through the delivery pipe to the required height. Because of their simplicity, low cost and ability to operate under a variety of conditions, centrifugal pumps are one of the most popular types.
1.Loosen the V-belt by rotating the hand wheel of the motor bed and position the V-belt in the required groove of the pulley. 2.Prime the pump with water if required. 3.Close the delivery gate valve completely. 4.Start the motor and adjust the gate valve to required pressure and delivery. 5.Note the following readings a) The pressure gauge reading (P) in kg/cm2. b) The vacuum gauge reading (V) in mm of Hg. c) Time for R revolutions of Energy meter disc (T) in seconds d) Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank (t) in seconds. e) Speed of the pump (N1) in rpm
A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing. The impeller has a number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal force developed by the rotation of the impeller water entering at the center flows outwards to the periphery. Here it is collected in a gradually increasing passage in the casing known as a volute chamber. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 93
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6.Take 3 or 4 sets of readings by varying the speed from maximum to minimum where gate valve is fully open. 7.The experiment is repeated for other pump speeds.
CALCULATIONS
Graph: The following graphs are drawn by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and other variable parameters on Y-axis.
1. Actual discharge Vs Input Power 2. Actual discharge Vs Output Power 3. Actual discharge Vs Total Head 4. Actual discharge Vs Speed 5. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
Observations: 1. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 2. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ________m 4. Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc (R) = ______ 5. Energy meter constant (N) = _________ rev/kw.hr 6. Motor efficiency (hmotor) = ____________ % (assumed) 7. Transmission efficiency (htrans) = _________ % (assumed) 8. Specific weight of water (n) = ____________ KN/m3 9. Difference in gauge levels or datum head (Z) = _________ m
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Result:
Thus the performance of single stage variable speed centrifugal pump is measured and the characteristic curves were plotted. From graph the following results are obtained.
1.Maximum efficiency of centrifugal pump
max
= __________ %
2.Speed of centrifugal pump at maximum efficiency (N1) = __________ rpm
3.Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = __________ m 4.Actual Discharge at maximum efficiency (Q act ) = __________ m3/s
5.Input power maximum efficiency (IP) = __________ Kw
6.Output power maximum efficiency (OP) = __________ Kw.
7.Specific Speed of pump at maximum efficiency (Ns) = __________ rpm
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variable speed reciprocating pump

Where
Q act
Ah V = = ...................... m3/s t t
Exp. No.
Aim :
Date :
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres
To conduct an experiment on a Reciprocating pump at various speeds, measure the performance and draw the characteristic curves.
t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 4.Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2
Apparatus Required : 1.Reciprocating pump 2.Collecting tank (measuring tank) 3.Stop watch 4.Tachometer 5.Scale (steel rule)
Where L length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres
5.Total head (H) = Delivery head + Suction head + Datum head
(H ) = 10 P +
Formula Used : 1.Efficiency of Reciprocating pump Where OP - Output Power of the Reciprocating pump in Kilowatts. IP - Input Power of the Reciprocating pump in Kilowatts.
V + z ...................... m of water. 760
( ) = OP 100%
IP
6.Input Power of the Reciprocating pump (IP) = IPmotor . 2.Output Power of the Reciprocating pump (OP) = Where - Specific weight of water in KN/m3 Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s H - Total head in m of water. 7.Input Power of Motor (IPmotor ) = Where
act
mot
trans
...................... Kw
H ...................... Kw
Where IPmotor - Input Power of Motor in Kilowatts.

mot
Efficiency of motor Transmission efficiency
trans
3.Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
Volume ...................... m3/s Time
R 3600 ...................... Kw NT
R Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 101 COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 102
CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY N Energy meter constant in rev / Kw.hr. T Time for R revolution of energy meter disc in seconds.
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discharge of liquid pumped by these pumps almost wholly depends on the speed of the pump.
8.Theoretical discharge (Q th ) = Where
A1 L1 N 1 ...................... m3/s 60
N1 speed of Reciprocating pump in rpm A1 Area of Cylinder in m2 L1 Stroke length of piston in metres 9.Area of the cylinder ( A1 ) = Where D Piston diameter in metres 10.Co efficient of discharge (C d ) = Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s
D 2 ....................... m2
Q act Q th
11. Slip (S) = Where
Q th - Q act 100 % Q th
The experimental setup consists of a reciprocating pump mounted on a sump tank. The pump is driven by an electric motor through a cone pulley arrangement to obtain four different speeds. The belt can be put in different groovers of the pulleys for different speeds by loosening the belt and shifting it to the required pulley groove. The outlet from
Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s Qth - Theoretical Discharge in m3/s Description :
the pump is collected in a collecting tank. This tank is fitted with a gauge glass scale fitting and a drain valve. Suitable pressure and vacuum gauges and a pressure relief
Reciprocating pump is also known as positive displacement pump because the liquid is pushed out of the cylinder into the delivery pipe by the actual displacement of the piston or plunger. These pumps usually have one or more chambers, which are alternately filled with the liquid to be pumped and then emptied again. As such the COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 103
valve are fitted in the pump pipelines. An energy meter is provided to determine input power to the motor.
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Graph:
1.Loosen the V-belt by rotating the hand wheel of the motor bed and position the V-belt in the required groove of the pulley. 2.Set the required speed. 3.Open the gate valve in the delivery pipe fully. 4.Start the motor 5.Throttle the gate valve to get the required head. (Don't close the valve fully.) 6.Note the following readings a) The pressure gauge reading (P) in kg/cm2. b) The vacuum gauge reading (V) in mm of Hg. c) Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank (t) in seconds. d) Time for R revolutions of Energy meter disc (T) in seconds e) Speed of the pump (N1) in rpm 7.Take at least 3-4 sets of readings by varying the head. 8.Repeat the experiment for other speeds.
The following graphs are drawn by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and other variable parameters on Y-axis. 1.Actual discharge Vs Input Power 2.Actual discharge Vs Output Power 3.Actual discharge Vs Total Head 4.Actual discharge Vs Speed 5.Actual discharge Vs Efficiency 6.Actual discharge Vs Slip Observations: 1. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 2. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ________m 4. Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc (R) = ___ 5. Energy meter constant (N) = _________ rev/kw.hr 6. Motor efficiency (hmotor) = ____________ % (assumed) 7. Transmission efficiency (htrans) = _________ % (assumed) 8. Specific weight of water (n) = ____________ KN/m3 9. Difference in gauge levels or datum head (Z) = _________ m 10. Stroke length of piston (L1)=_________m 11. Diameter of piston (D)=_________m
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CALCULATIONS
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Result: Thus the performance of variable speed reciprocating pump is measured and the characteristic curves are plotted. From graph the following results are obtained. 1.Maximum efficiency of the pump
max
= ____________ %
2.Total head at maximum efficiency (H) = ____________ m 3.Input power at maximum efficiency (IP) = ____________ kw 4.Actual discharge at maximum efficiency (Q act ) = ___________m3/s 5.Theoretical discharge at maximum efficiency (Q th ) = _________m3/s 6.Output power at maximum efficiency (OP) = ____________ kw 7.Speed at maximum efficiency (N1) = ____________ rpm 8.Co efficient of discharge at maximum efficiency (Cd) = _______ 9.Slip at maximum efficiency (S) = ____________ %
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Where L length of the collecting tank in metres
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bernoulli's theorem
Exp. No. : Date :
B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres

2
4. Velocity head =
Aim :
Where To verify the Bernoulli's theorem experimentally.
2g
- Section Velocity in m/s g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
Apparatus Required : 5. Total head = Pressure head + Velocity head +Datum head 1.Stop watch 2.Collecting (measuring) tank 3.Steel rule Where Formula Used: 1. section velocity ( Where Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s a Cross sectional area in m2. DESCRIPTION: P Pressure head in m of water =
2
/ 2g +Z. m of water
) = Q act ...................... m/s a
- Section Velocity in m/s g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 Z Datum head in metres
2. Actual Discharge (Q act ) =
Volume ...................... m3/s Time
Bernoulli's equation is an energy equation and in the form given below is applicable to an incompressible, steady and inviscid flow. The equation relates the pressure energy, kinetic (Velocity) energy, and the potential energy of a particle in a liquid and states that the sum of these energies is constant along a stream line.
P+
2
Q act =
Where
Ah V ...................... m3/s = t t
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m . 3. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2
2
2g
+ Z = constant
i.e., For two particles on a stream line

P1 + V12 V2 + Z 1 = P2 + 2 + Z 2 2g 2g
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Here, P is the static pressure, of the fluid particle.
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The experimental setup consists of an upstream cylindrical chamber supplying water to a transparent and uniformly varying cross sectional duct of converging, diverging section. The water from this duct flows into a downstream cylindrical section and then through a controlling gate valve into the collecting tank. 11 peizometric
tappings are provided in the duct and these tappings are connected to a glass tubes mounted vertically on a peizometer board.
Water is supplied to the upstream cylindrical chamber. By maintaining a head in the upstream chamber water flows in the transparent duct into the downstream duct and finally into the collecting tank through the regulating gate valve and bend. The
regulating gate valve is used maintain a water head in the downstream chamber. An overflow is provided for the upstream chamber.
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Taking the datum line to be the centre line of the conduct, the elevation head Z can be assumed to be zero. Hence for any point along the path of the fluid in the convergent-divergent duct. The sum of the velocity head and the pressure head is
constant by Bernoulli's theorem. The pressure head P is measured directly from the peizometric tube and the velocity is calculated by measuring the actual flow rate. The scale are fixed on the peizometer and the inlet and outlet ducts such that the zero corresponds to the centre line of the duct.
1.Slowly open the supply gate valve and the outlet regulating gate valve and adjust both valves such that for a particular head in the receiving cylinder. 2.The inflow and the outflow are matched. 3.Observe the change of the levels in the glass tube. 4.Determine the time taken for a certain rise in the water level in collecting tank and calculate the flow rate. 5.Calculate the velocity of water at points where the pressure head are measured.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 2. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ________m 4. Time for h m rise of water in the collecting tank (t) = ________sec 5. Datum head (Z) =________m 6. Acceleration due to gravity (g) =___________m/s2
RESULT: Thus the Bernoulli's theorem has been verified experimentally.
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pitot static tube

Exp. No. : Date:
3. Head of air (h ) =
f
hm at RTP
m of kerosene
Where hm Manometric head of air in metres of kerosene

m
Density of manometric fluid (kerosene) in kg/m3
Aim: To conduct an experiment on pitot static tube and determine the Point of velocities in the flow field of a fluid.
f
at RTP Density of process fluid ( air) at room temperature
and pressure in Kg / m3 4. Point velocity in the flow field of a fluid (V ) = 2gh m/s Where
Apparatus required:
1. Pitot static tube 2. Air blower 3. Piping system

Description:
g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 h Head of air in metres
4. Differential manometer A comprehensive testing bench the Pitot Static Tube Trainer is an Formula Used: invaluable aid in the study of flow rate of compressible flow. The facility has been provided to vary the various types of Pitot tubes designed for the particular range 1. Manometric head of air (hm) = h1 - h2 cm of kerosene Where h1 Manometer left limb reading in cm of kerosene h2 Manometer right limb reading in cm of kerosene 2. Density of process fluid ( air) at room temperature and pressure
f
of velocity. Apart from Pitot tubes various other flow rate measurement apparatus like flow nozzle, venturimeter, orificemeter have been provided. These flow rate measurement devices can be studied and calibrated using an anemometer. Basically, a pitot tube is used in wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes to measure flow speed. It's a slender tube that has two holes on it. The front hole is placed in the airstream to measure what's called the stagnation pressure. The side hole measures the static pressure. By measuring the difference between these
at RTP =
273 (273 + t)
pressures, you get the dynamic pressure, which can be used to calculate airspeed.
Where t = Room temperature of air in 0c

f
On an airplane, the pitot tube can be mounted in a number of ways, including jutting out from the edge of the wing or sticking up from the fuselage.
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Density of process fluid (air) in Kg / m3
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Experimental procedure:
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1. Start the flow of air by switching on the blower. 2. Divide the pipe diameter in 7 equal parts to fix the radial positions at which the point velocities are to be determined. 3. Keep the Pitot tube at6 the radial position nearest to the wall. 4. Once the flow steadies (indicated by uncharging or slightly fluctuating level difference in the manometer), record level difference in the manometer. 5. Record the ambient temperature (taken same as the air temperature) 6. Repeat step 4 by moving the Pitot tube at the radial positions determined in step 2.
Precautions:
1.The Pitot-static tube should be firmly fixed and should be vertical. The angle of jaw should be as far as possible be equal to zero.
Observations:
1.
2.The minimeter and the manometer should be set firmly and leveled properly. 3.The Minimeter reading should be taken when the pointer just touches the water surface, i.e. the image of the pointer coincides. 4.All the connections should be made airtight. 5.Kinks in the rubber tube should be checked and corrected. 6.Zero error of the manometers should be noted before taking readings with them. 7.The inclined manometer should be calibrated before use. Result:
2.
Density of manometric fluid for kerosene Density of process fluid for air
f
m) = 813 kg/m3
) = 1.293 kg/m3
3.Acceleration due to gravity (g) = .. m/sec2 4.Room temperature of air (t) = . 0c
Thus the point velocities in the flow field of a fluid are measured.
1.The maximum Point of velocity in the flow field of a fluid V=---------------------------------------- m/s 2.Head of air at maximum Point of velocity h=----------------------------------------- m
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jet (deep well) pump

Where Exp. No.: Aim: To conduct an experiment on a jet pump at various heads to measure the pump performance and to draw the characteristic curves. Date:
Q act
Ah V = = ...................... m3/s t t
V Volume of water collected in m3 h - Rise of water level in the collecting tank in metres t Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank in seconds A Cross sectional area of the collecting tank in m2. 4. Cross sectional area of the collecting tank (A) = L x B...................... m2 Where L Length of the collecting tank in metres B Breadth of the collecting tank in metres
Apparatus Required: 1.Jet pump 2.Stop watch 3.Scale (steel rule) 4.Measuring tank
5. Total head (H) = 10 P ...................... m. of water Formula Used: 1.Efficiency of Jet pump Where OP - Output Power of the Jet pump in Kilowatts. IP - Input Power of the Jet pump in Kilowatts. Where
( ) = OP 100%
IP
P Pressure gauge readings in Kg/cm2.
6.Input Power of the Jet pump (IP) = IP motor . Where
mot
......... Kw
IPmotor - Input Power of Motor in Kilowatts.

mot
Efficiency of motor
2.Output Power of the Jet pump (OP) = Where
act
H ..........Kw
- Specific weight of water in KN/m3 Qact - Actual Discharge in m3/s H - Total head in m of water.
7.Input Power of Motor (IPmotor ) = Where
R 3600 ...................... Kw NT
R Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc. N Energy meter constant in rev / Kw.hr.
3.Actual Discharge (Q act
) = Volume ...................... m3/s Time

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T Time for R revolution of energy meter disc in seconds.
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Description: A Jet Pump is a type of impeller-diffuser pump that is used to draw water from wells into residences. It can be used for both shallow (25 feet or less) and deep wells (up to about 200 feet.)
The venturi has two parts: the Venturi Throat, which is the pinched section of the suction tube; and above that, is the venturi itself which is the part where the tube widens and connects to the suction pipe. The venturi speeds up the water causing a pressure drop which sucks in more water through the intake at the very base of the unit. The water goes up the Suction Pipe and through the impeller -- most of it for another trip around to the venturi. Experimental Procedure:
1.First prime the pump with water if required 2.Start the jet pump set. 3.While starting, open the pressure gauge cock. 4.Slowly open the delivery valve and adjust it to the required total head. 5.Note the following readings. a) The pressure gauge reading (P) in kg/cm2. b) Time for 'h' cm rise of water in the collecting tank (t) in seconds. c) Time for R revolutions of Energy meter disc (T) in seconds 6.The actual discharge is measured with the help of the measuring tank. Shown here is the underwater part of a deep well jet pump. Above the surface is a standard impeller-diffuser type pump. The output of the diffuser is split, and half to three-fourths of the water is sent back down the well through the Pressure Pipe (shown on the right here). At the end of the pressure pipe the water is accelerated through a coneshaped nozzle at the end of the pressure pipe, shown here within a red cutaway section. Then the water goes through a Venturi in the Suction Pipe (the pipe on the left). 7.The power input is measured with the help of energy meter connected in line. 8.Take 3 or 4 sets of readings by varying the heads. Graph: The following graphs are drawn by taking Actual discharge on X-axis and other variable parameters on Y-axis. 1.Actual discharge Vs Total Head 2.Actual discharge Vs Input Power 3.Actual discharge Vs Output Power 4.Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
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Observations:
1. Length of the collecting tank (L) = _________ m. 2. Breadth of the collecting tank (B) = _________ m. 3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = ________m 4. Number of revolutions in the energy meter disc (R) = ___ 5. Energy meter constant (N) = _________ rev/kw.hr 6. Motor efficiency (hmotor) = ____________ % (assumed) 7. Specific weight of water (n) = ____________ KN/m3
Result:
Thus the performance of jet pump is measured and the characteristic curves were plotted. From the graph, the following results are obtained.
1.Maximum Efficiency of the pump
max
= ___________ %
2.Total head at maximum Efficiency (H) = ___________ m 3.Actual discharge at maximum Efficiency (Q act
) = ___________ m3/s
4.Input power at maximum Efficiency (IP) = ___________ Kw 5.Output power at maximum Efficiency (OP) = ___________ Kw
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viva voce questions & answers

BASIC CONCEPTS AND PROPERTIES 1. What is fluid mechanics? Fluid mechanics is that branch of science which deals with the behaviour of the fluids at rest as well as in motion. 2. Define fluid statics. The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics. 3. What is fluid kinematics? The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are not considered is called fluid kinematics. 4. What is fluid kinetics? The study of fluids in motion where pressure forces are considered is called fluid kinetics. 5. Define density. It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the and its volume. Density =mass/volume. Unit=kg/m3 6. What is specific weight? Specific weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its volume. Specific weight = Weight/volume. 7. Define Specific volume. Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume. Specific volume = volume / mass. 8. Define Specific gravity. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the weight density of a standard fluid. For liquids the standard fluid is taken water, and for gases air. 9. Define Viscosity.
Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit = Ns/m2. 10. Define Kinematics Viscosity. It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. Kinematics Viscosity = viscosity/density. 11. Newtons law of viscosity. It states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. 12. What is Newtonian fluids? Fluids which obey the newtons law of viscosity is known as Newtonian fluids. 13. What is non Newtonian fluids? Fluids which do not obey the newtons law of viscosity is known as non Newtonian fluids. 14. What are the different types of fluids? 1) Ideal fluid. 2) Real fluid. 3) Newtonian fluids. 4) Non Newtonian fluids. 5) Ideal plastic fluid. 15. Define Surface Tension? 1) Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrance under tension. 16. Define capillarity. Capillarity is defined as the phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. 17. Define Pascals law. It states that the pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions. 18. What is absolute pressure? It is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure.
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19. What is gauge pressure? It is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring instrument, in which the atm pressure is taken as datum. 20. What is Vacuum pressure? It is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure. 21. List the pressure measuring devices? 1) Manometers. 2) Mechanical gauges. 22. Define manometers? Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of the fluid. 23. What is mechanical gauges? Mechanical gauges are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure by balancing the fluid column by the spring or dead weight. 24. List the mechanical pressure gauges. 1) Diaphragm pressure gauge. 2) Bourdon tube pressure gauge. 3) Dead weight pressure gauge. 4) Bellows pressure gauge. 25. What are the different types of simple manometers? 1) Piezometer 2) U-tube manometer 3) Single column manometer.
FLIUD KINEMATICS AND FLUID DYNAMICS 1. Define the term drag. The component of the total force in the direction of flow of fluid is known as drag. 2. Define the term lift. The component of the total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction of flow is known as lift. 3. Mention the characteristics of laminar flow. 1) There is a shear stress between fluid layers. 2) No slip at the boundary. 3) The flow is rotational. 4) There is a continuous dissipation of energy due to viscous shear. 4. What is boundary layer? The fluid layer in the vicinity of the solid boundary where the effects of fluid friction i.e., the variation of velocity are predominant is known as the boundary layer. 5. What is meant by laminar boundary layer? At the initial stage i.e., near the surface of the leading edge of the plate, the thickness of boundary layer is small and the flow in the boundary layer is laminar though the main stream flow is turbulent. So the layer of the fluid is said to be laminar boundary layer. 6. Define displacement thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the mainstream is displaced to an account of formation of boundary layer. 7. Define momentum thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction in momentum of flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation. 8. Define energy thickness. It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary by which the boundary should be displaced to compensate for the reduction of kinetic energy of flowing fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
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9. What is meant by boundary layer separation? The boundary layer is formed on the flat plate when it is held immersed in a flowing liquid. If the immersed plate or body is curved or angular one, the boundary layer does not stick to the whole surface of the body. The boundary layer leaves the surface and gets separated from it. This phenomenon is known as boundary layer separation. 10. State the effect of boundary layer separation. Separation of the boundary layer greatly affects the flow as a whole. In particular the formation of eddies and wake zone of disturbed flow on the downstream causes continuous loss of energy. This separation of boundary layer is undesirable, unstable and inefficient process. 11. What is meant by energy lines? If at different sections of the pipe total energy is plotted to scale and joined by a line, the line is called energy grade line. 12. What is meant by hydraulic gradient lines? The pressure head in a pipe decreased gradually from section of the pipe in the direction of fluid flow due to loss of energy. If pressure heads at the different sections of the pipe are joined by a straight line. This is called hydraulic grade line. 13. Define critical velocity. The velocity at which the flow changes from the laminar to turbulent for the case of given fluid at a given temperature and given pipe is known as critical velocity. 14. What is meant by transition state? The state at which the flow changes from laminar to turbulent is known as transition state. 15. Write down four examples of laminar flow. 1) Flow through pipes. 2) Blood flow through capillaries. 3) Laminar flow hood. 4) Laminar flow airfoil. 16. What is the physical significance of Reynolds number? 1) Motion of air planes. 2) Flow of incompressible fluid in closed pipes. 3) Motion of submarines, and 4) Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids.
17. What is a siphon? What are its applications? A siphon is a long bend pipe used for carrying water from a reservoir at a higher head to another reservoir at a lower head when the two reservoirs are by separated by a hill. 18. Where the Darcy weishbach & Chezys formulas are used? Darcy weishbach equation is generally used for the flow through pipes. Chezys formula is generally used for the flow through open channels. 19. What is pipe? Pipe is a closed conduit, which is used for carrying fluids under pressure. 20. Classify the losses In pipes. 1. Major losses. 2. Minor losses. 21. What are pipes in series? It is defined as the pipes of different diameters and lengths are connected with one another to form a single pipeline. 22. What is equivalent pipe? A compound pipe consisting of several pipes of varying diameters and length may be replaced by a pipe of uniform diameter, which is known as equivalent pipe. 23. What is meant by flow through parallel pipes? When a main pipeline divides into two or more parallel pipes, which again join together to form a single pipe and continue as a main line. These pipes are said to be pipes in parallel. 24. What are effects of cavitation in venturimeter? Cavitation will very damage the for pipe walls and also corrodes the pipes. 25. How can pressure be measured in pitot tube? The velocity of flow can be determined by measuring the increase in pressure energy at this point.
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 1. State the fourier law of dimensional homogeneity.
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8. Define Mach number. () It is defined as the square root of the inertia force of a flowing fluid to the elastic force. = (Inertia force/Elastic force)1/2 9. State the limitations of dimensional analysis. 1) Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection of variables. 2) The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis. It only indicates that there is some relationship between parameters. 3) The values of co-efficient and the nature of function can be obtained only by experiments or from mathematical analysis. 10. What are advantages of model testing? 1) The model tests are quite economical and convenient and operation of a model may be changed several times if necessary, without of increasing much expenditure. 2) With the use of models the performance of hydraulic structure/hydraulic machines can be predicated in advance. 3) Model testing can be used to detect and rectify the defects of an existing structure, which is not functioning propery. 11. Mention the applications of model testing. 1) Civil engineering structures such as dams, weirs, canals etc. 2) Design of harbour, ships and submarines. 3) Aeroplanes, rockets and machines, missiles. 12. Define similitude. Similitude is defined as the complete similarity between the model and the prototype. 13. What are the similarities between model and prototype? 1) Geometric similarity. 2) Kinematic similarity. 3) Dynamic similarity. 14.What is meant by Kinematic similarity? Kinematic similarity is the similarity of motion. It corresponds to the points in the model and in the prototype. 15) Mention the types of models. 1) Undistorted models. 2) Distorted models. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 138
The law of fourier principle of dimensional homogeneity states and equation which expresses a physical phenomenon of fluid flow should be algebraically correct and dimensionally homogeneous. 2. What is dimensionally homogeneous equation? Give example. Dimensionally homogeneous equations means the dimensions of the terms on left hand side should be same as the dimensions of the terms on right hand side. 3. What are the uses of dimensional homogeneity? 1) To check the dimensional homogeneity of the given equation. 2) To determine the dimension of a physical variable. 3) To convert units from one system to another through dimensional homogeneity. 4) It is a step towards dimensional analysis. 4. State the methods of dimensional analysis. 1) Raleighs method. 5. How are equations derived in Raleighs method? The expression is determined for a variable depending upon maximum three or four variables only. If the number of independent variables more than four it is very difficult to find the expression for the dependent variable. So, a functional relationship between variables is expressed in exponential form of equations. 6. State the It states that if there are n variables in a dimensionally homogeneous equation and if these variables contain m fundamental dimensions (M,L,T) then they are grouped into (n7. Define Reynolds Number. It is defined as the ratio of the inertia force to the viscous force of a flowing fluid denoted by Re. Re = Inertia force/viscous force
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY PUMPS 1. What is rotary pumps? If the fluid is displaced by gear system it is known as rotary pumps.
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16) Submarine is tested in the air tunnel. Identify the model law applicable. Reynolds model law is applicable. 17) State Froudes model law. Only gravitational force is more predetermining force. The law states, the Froude number is same for both model and prototype. It is known as Froude model law. 18)Mention the significance of Reynolds model law. 1) Motion of air planes. 2) Flow of incompressible fluid in closed pipes. 3) Motion of submarines and 4) Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids. 19) In fluid flow, what does dynamic similarity mean? What are the non-dimensional numbers associated with dynamic similarity? 1) It is the similarity of forces. The flows in the model and prototype are of dynamic similar. 2) Dimensional numbers are weight, force, dynamic viscosity, surface tension and capillarity. 20) What is meant by undistorted models? The model which is geometrically similar to its prototype is known as undistorted models. In such models, the conditions of similitude are fully satisfied. 21) Define the term scale effect. It is impossible to product the exact behaviour of the prototype by model testing alone. The two models of same prototype behaviour will be same. So discrepancy between models and prototype will always occur. It is known as scale effect. 22) State three demerits of a distorted model. 1) Exit pressure and velocity distributions are not true. 2) A model wave may differ from that of prototype. 3) Both extrapolation and interpolation of results are difficult. 23) Define Weber Number. It is the ratio of the square root of the inertia force to the surface tension force. We = (Inertia force/Surface tension force)1/2 24) What is Geometric similarity? A model and its prototype are geometrically similar, if the ratios of the corresponding length dimensions are equal. 25) What is dynamic similarity? It is the similarity of forces. The flows in the model and prototype are of dynamic similar. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 139
2. What is reciprocating pumps? If the fluid is displaced by reciprocating action of piston, it is known as reciprocating pumps. 3. What is meant by fluid machines? The device in which the fluid is in continuous motion and imparts energy conversion is known as fluid machines. 4. Write the classifications of fluid machines. 1) Hydraulic turbines 2) Compressors. 5. What is meant by hydraulic turbines? Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. 6. What is hydroelectric power? The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is used to run an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Thus, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power. 7. Define degree of reaction. It is defined as the ratio between the kinetic energy change in moving blade to the kinetic energy change in the stage. 8. Write the classifications of hydraulic turbines. 1) Impulse turbine e.g. Pelton turbine. 2) Reaction turbine. e.g. Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine. 9. What is impulse turbine? In an impulse turbine all the energy available by water is converted into kinetic energy by passing through a nozzle. The high velocity jet coming out of the nozzle then impinges on a series of buckets fixed around the rim of a wheel. 10. What is reaction turbine? COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 140
2011
2011
In a reaction turbine the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here only a portion of potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy before the fluid enters the turbine runner. 11. Write the classifications of turbine according to the specific speed. 1) Low specific speed. 2) Medium specific speed. 3) High specific speed. 12. Write the classifications of turbine according to the quantity of water required. 1) High head turbine. 2) Medium head turbine. 3) High head turbine. 13. Write the classifications of turbine according to the direction of flow of water. 1) Tangential flow turbine. 2) Radial flow turbine. 3) Axial flow turbine. 4) Mixed flow turbine. 14. What is Tangential flow turbine? In a Tangential flow turbine water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. 15. What is Radial flow turbine? In a Radial flow turbine water flows along the radial direction and mainly in the plane normal to the axis of rotation, as it passes through the runner. 16. Write the types of Radial flow turbine. 1) Inward Radial flow turbine. 2) Outward Radial flow turbine. 17. What is Axial flow turbine? In an Axial flow turbine water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine shaft. 18. What is Mixed flow turbine? In a Mixed flow turbine the water enters the blades radially and comes out axially and parallel to the turbine shaft. 19. What is gross head? The gross head is the difference between the water level at the reservoir and the level at the tailrace. 20. What is net head? The head available at the inlet of the turbine is known as effective or net head. COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE Page 141
21. What is Bucket power? The power supplied by the water jet is known as water power. 22. What is Hydraulic efficiency? It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner to the power supplied by the water jet. 23. What is Mechanical efficiency? It is the ratio of power available at the turbine shaft to the power developed by the turbine runner. 24. What is volumetric efficiency? It is defined as the volume of water actually striking the buckets to the total water supplied by the jet. 25. What is break nozzle and mention it function? If the spear nozzle set is closed, the runner will revolve long time due to inertia. To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs a jet of water on the backside of the buckets.
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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 10. List the types of rotary pumps. 1) External pumps. 2) Internal gear pumps. 3) Lobe pumps. 4) Vane pumps.
2011
1. What is the principle of reciprocating pumps? And state its displacement type. It operates on a principle of actual displacement of liquid by a piston or plunger, which reciprocates in a closely fitting cylinder. 2. State the main classification of reciprocating pumps. 1) According to the liquid being in contact with piston or plunger. 2) According to the number of cylinders provided. 3. Mention the main components of reciprocating pump. 1) Piston or plunger. 2) Suction and delivery pipes. 3) Crank and connecting rod. 4. What is the main difference between single acting and double acting reciprocating pump? In a single acting reciprocating pump, the liquids acts on one side of the piston only whereas in double acting reciprocating pump, the liquid acts on both sides of the piston. 5. What is indicator diagram? Indicator diagram is a graph plotted between the pressure head in the cylinder and the distance travelled by piston from inner dead centre for one complete revolution of the crank. 6. Define suction head. It is the vertical height of the centre line of the pump shaft above the liquid surface in the sump from which the liquid is being raised. 7. The work saved against friction in the delivery pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump by fitting air vessel is _______. 84.8% 8. When will you select a reciprocating pump? For obtaining high pressure or head and low discharge, a reciprocating pump is selected. 9. What are rotary pumps? Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But the working methods differs.
11. Write the classifications of reciprocating pump according to the fluid being in contact with piston. 1) Single acting pump. 2) Double acting pump. 12. Write the classifications of according to the number of cylinders provided. 1) Single cylinder pump. 2) Double cylinder pump. 3) Triple cylinder pump. 4) Duplex double acting pump. 5) Quantiplex pump. 13. What is slip in reciprocating pump? The difference between the theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called slip. 14. What is meant by cavitations? It is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure and the sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher pressure. 15. What is the effect of cavitations in pumps? The major effects are break down of the machine itself due to severe pitting and erosion of blade surface. 16. How can we identify the cavitation in pumps? 1) Sudden drop in efficiency. 2) Head falls suddenly. 3) More power requirement. 4) Noise and vibrations. 17. State any two precautions against cavitations. 1) The pressure should not be allowed to fall below its vapour pressure. 2) Special material coatings can be given to the surface where the cavitation occurs. 18. Define radial vane. The liquid leaves the vane with relative velocity in a radial direction.
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2011
19. What is forward curved vane? When the outlet tip of blade bends in the direction of motion,then it is called as forward curved vanes. 20. What is backward curved vanes? When the outlet tip of blade bends in a direction opposite to that of motion, then it is called backward curved vane. 21. Define manometric head. It is the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work. 22. What are the various types of casing? 1) Volute casing. 2) Vortex casing. 3) Volute casing with guide blades. 23. Where the suction pipe is placed? For what? It is provided with a strainer at its lower end so as to prevent the entry of solid particles, debris etc into the pump. 24. What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? 1) To guide water to and from the impeller and 2) To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy. 25. What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal pump? 10.33 m.
Page 145

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CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

are entering in to the Civil Engineering studies.

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Instruction for maintaining the

record note book

To encourage creativity in the use of experimental apparatus and 2.

To verify the principles studied in theory by conducting the experiments.

To develop the ability for teamwork.

a. The date of performance of the experiment in the

The theory of the experiment, in brief and

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

d. A detailed account of the manipulations e. Graphs, if any to be pasted 8.

KEEP THE RECORD BOOK NEAT

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

1 No. 1 No. 1 No.

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

orifice - constant head method

Volume ...................... m3/s Time

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

H is drawn taking Actual discharge (Qact) on X-

1. Length of collecting tank (L) = _____________________________m

2. Breadth of collecting tank (B) = _____________________________m

3. Rise of water level in the collecting tank (h) = __________________m

4. Diameter of Orifice (d) = __________________________________m

Acceleration due to gravity (g) =____________________________m/s2

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY CALCULATIONS

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is measured.

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

orifice variable head method

Formula Used: 1. Co-efficient of discharge of Orifice meter C d =

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY CALCULATIONS

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY Experimental Procedure:

Acceleration due to gravity (g) =____________________________m/s2

Thus the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is measured.

1. Average co-efficient of discharge (Cd) = ____________________________

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

COMPILED BY BIBIN.C AP/AERO, THE RAJAAS ENGG COLLEGE

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

CE 48 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Where L length of the collecting tank in metres