1.

1 INTRODUCTION:
In three-phase applications, if low voltage is available in any one or two phases, and you want your equipment to work on normal voltage, this circuit will solve your problem. However, a proper-rating fuse needs to be used in the input lines (R, Y and B) of each phase. The circuit provides correct voltage in the same power supply lines through relays from the other phase where correct voltage is available. Using it you can operate all your equipment even when correct voltage is available on a single phase in the building. The circuit is built around a transformer, comparator, transistor and relay. Three identical sets of this circuit, one each for three phases, are used. Let us now consider the working of the circuit connecting red cable (call it R phase). The mains power supply phase R is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver 12V, 300 mA, which is rectified by the full wave bridge. If fault occur in the phase, then the voltage which is fed to the microcontroller read zero volts. At this instant microcontroller gives 5 volts to driver and driver operates the relay and this relay gets back up from the live phase. This system is applicable for Bungalows/ Flats, Hotels / hostels Offices / Banks Hospitals / Nursing Homes, Marriage Halls / auditoriums, Computer Centers, Commercial Complexes, Laboratories, UPS (single Phase).

8051 MICROCONTROLLER
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Microcontroller (MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devices. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor, the kind used in a PC. A typical microcontroller contains all the memory, peripherals and input/output interfaces need Microcontrollers are a component in many kinds of electronic equipment. They are the vast majority of all processor chips sold. Over 50% are "simple" controllers, and another 20% are more specialized digital signal processors (DSPs). A typical home in the Western world is likely to have only one or two general-purpose microprocessors but somewhere between one and two dozen microcontrollers. They can be found in almost any electrical device, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones etc.

2.2 History of the 8051 family:

In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM,4K bytes of on- chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports(each 8-bit wide) all on a single chip. At the time it is also referred to as a system on chip. This is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8 bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 has a total of four I/O ports, each 8-bit wide. The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufactures to make and market any flavors of the 8051 they please with the condition that they remain code-compatible with the 8051. This led to many versions of the 8051 with different speeds and amounts of onchip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. It is important to note that although there are different flavors of the 8051 in terms of speed and amount of on-chip ROM, they are all compatible with the original 8051 as far as the instructions are concerned.

The 8051 is the original member of the 8051 family. Intel refers to it as MCS-51. The Microcontroller AT89c51 is from Atmel Corporation. It has a wide collection of 8051 chips, as shown below. The AT89C51 is a popular and inexpensive chip used in many small projects. It has 4K bytes of flash ROM. Notice that AT89C51-12PC, where C before the 51 stands for CMOS, which has low power consumption, 12 indicates 12MHz, P is for plastic DIP package, and another C is for commercial.

Part number AT89C51 -12PC AT89C51-16PC AT89C51-20PC

Speed 12MHz 16MHz 20MHz

Pins 40 40 40

Packaging DIP plastic DIP plastic DIP plastic

Use Commercial Commercial Commercial

Table 2.1 Various Speeds of 8051 from Atmel

Part Number AT89C51 AT89LV51 AT89C1051 AT89C2051 AT89C52 AT89LV52

ROM 4K 4K 1K 2K 8K 8K

RAM 128 128 64 128 128 128

I/O pins 32 32 15 15 32 32

Timer 2 2 1 2 3 3

Interrupt 6 6 3 6 8 8

Vcc 5V 3V 3V 3V 5V 3V

Packaging 40 40 20 20 40 40

Table 2.2 Versions of 8051 From Atmel (all ROM Flas

2.3 AT89C51:

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue Functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

2.3.1 Features of Microcontroller 89C51:

1. 2. 3. 8-bit Microcontroller with 4K Bytes Flash Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance:

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

2.4 Block Diagram:

4

Fig 2.1: Block Diagram Of 8051 Microcontroller 2.5 Pin Diagram:

5

Fig 2.2: pin descricotion of microcontroller

2.6 Pin Description:

6

Vcc-supply voltage Gnd- ground

Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI). PORT 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional i/o port with internal pullups.the port 3 output buffers can sink/source four ttl inputs. When 1s are written to port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (iil) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the at89c51 as listed below:

Fig 2.1: Interrupt Function Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. ALE/PROG: Address latch enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (prog) during flash programing.in normal operation ale is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ale pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ale operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of sfr location 8eh. With the bit set, ale is active only during a movx or movc instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ale-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN: 8

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. A should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. 2.7 Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

Fig 2.3: Oscillator Connection Note: C1, C2 = 30 pF 10 pF for Crystals = 40 pF 10 pF for Ceramic resonators

Fig 2.2: status of external pin

2.8 Memory Organization:

10

Fig 2.4: memory architecture 2.8.1 Program Memory: The TEMIC C51 Microcontroller Family has separate address spaces for program Memory and Data Memory. The program memory can be up to 64 K bytes long. The lower 4 K for the 80C51 (8 K for the 80C52, 16 K for the 83 C154 and 32 K for the 83C154D) may reside on chip. Figure 1 to 4 show a map of 80C51, 80C52, 83C154 and 83C154D program memory.

Fig2.5. The 80C51 Program Memory.

Figr2.6: 80c52programmemory

11

Fig2.7:83C154 Program Memory

Fig2.8: 83c154d Prigram Memory

2.8.2 Data Memory: 12

The C51 Microcontroller Family can address up to 64 K bytes of Data Memory to the chip. The MOVX instruction is used to access the external data memory (refer to the C51 instruction set, in this chapter, for detailed description of instructions). The 80C51 has 128 bytes of on-chip-RAM (256 bytes in the 80C52, 83C154 and 83C154D) plus a number of Special Function Registers (SFR). The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed either by direct addressing (MOVdata addr). or by indirect addressing (MOV @Ri). Figure5 and 6 show the 80C51, 80C52, 83C154 and 83C154D Data Memory organization.

Figure 2.9: The 80C51 Data Memory Organization.

2.8.3 Indirect Address Area: 13

Note that in Figure 6 - the SFRs and the indirect address RAM have the same addresses (80H-OFFH).Nevertheless, they are two separate areas and are accessed in two different ways. For example the instruction MOV 80H, #0AAH writes 0AAH to Port 0 which is one of the SFRs and the instruction MOV R0, # 80H MOV @ R0, # 0BBH writes 0BBH in location 80H of the data RAM. Thus,after execution of both o the above instructions Port 0 will contain 0AAH and location 80 of the RAM will contain 0BBH.Note that the stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space in those devices which implement 256 bytes of internal RAM.

2.8.4 Direct and Indirect Address Area:

The 128 bytes of RAM can be divided into 3segments as listed below and shown. 1Register Banks 0.3: Locations 0 through 1FH (32bytes). ASM-51 and the device after reset default to register bank 0. To use the other register banks the user must select them in the software. Each register bank contains 8 one-byte registers, 0 through 7.Reset initializes the Stack Pointer to location 07H and it is incremented once to start from location 08H which is the first register (R0) of the second register bank. Thus, in order to use more than one register bank, the SP should be initialized to a different location of the RAM where it is not used for data storage (ie, higher part of the RAM). 2. Bit Addressable Area: 16 bytes have been assigned for this segment, 20H-2FH. Each one of the 128 bits of this segment can be directly addressed (0-7FH). The bits can be referred to in two ways both of which are acceptable by the ASM-51. One way is to refer to their addresses, i.e., 0 to 7FH. The other way is with reference to bytes 20H to 2FH. Thus, bits 0-7 can also be referred to as bits 20.0-20.7 and bits 8-FH are the same as 21.0-21.7 and so on. Each of the 16 bytes in this segment can also be addresses as a byte.

3. Scratch Pad Area: 14

Bytes 30H through 7FH are available to user as data RAM. However, if the stack pointer has been initialized to this area, enough number of bytes should be left aside to prevent SP data destruction.

Figure2.10: 128 Bytes of RAM Direct and Indirect Addressable.

2.9 Serial communication:

15

The serial port is full duplex, which means it can transmit and receive simultaneously. It is also receive-buffered, which means it can begin receiving a second byte before a previously received byte has been read from the receive register. (However, if the first byte still has not been read when reception of the second byte is complete, one of the bytes will be lost.) The serial port receive and transmit registers are both accessed at Special Function Register SBUF. Writing to SBUF loads the transmit register, and reading SBUF accesses a physically separate receive register.The serial port can operate in the following four modes. Mode 0: Serial data centers and exits through RXD. TXD outputs the shift clock. Eight data bits are transmitted/received, with the LSB first. The baud rate is fixed at 1/12 the oscillator frequency. Mode 1: 10 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), and a stop bit (1). On receive; the stop bit goes into RB8 in Special Function Register SCON. The baud rate is variable. Mode 2: 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable ninth data bit, and a stop bit (1). On transmit, the 9th data bit (TB8 in SCON) can be assigned the value of 0 or 1. Or, for example, the parity bit (P, in the PSW) can be moved into TB8. On receive; the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in Special Function Register SCON, while the stop bit is ignored. The baud rate is programmable to either 1/32 or 1/64 the oscillator frequency. Mode 3: 11 bits are transmitted (through TXD) or received (through RXD): a start bit (0), 8 data bits (LSB first), a programmable ninth data bit, and a stop bit (1). In fact, Mode 3 is the same as Mode 2 in all respects except the baud rate, which is variable in Mode 3. In all four modes, transmission is initiated by any instruction that uses SBUF as a destination register. Reception is initiated in Mode 0 by the condition RI = 0 and REN = 1. Reception is initiated in the other modes by the incoming start bit if REN =1.

16

KEIL SOFTWARE
3.1 COMPILER:
Click on the Keil Vision Icon on Desktop, The following figure will appear

Click on the Project menu from the title bar, Then Click on New Project

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in your own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

17

Then Click on Save button above. Select the component for u r project. i.e. AtmelClick On Symbol Beside Of Atmel

Select AT89C51 as shown below

18

Then Click on OK. The Following figure will appear

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO. Now your project is ready to USE. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

19

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

20

Now start writing program in either in EMBEDDED C or ASM. For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . Asm and for EMBEDDED C based program save it with extension .C

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source. Now you will get another window, on which by default EMBEDDED C files will appear.

21

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file Click only one time on option ADD. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

22

Then Click OK. Now click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

23

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. You are running your program successfully.

24

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 4.1. POWER SUPPLY:

The basic function of power supply is to provide the required voltage levels for different modules of the control unit. The power supply to the unit is simple as it consists of only a single 5V DC. A step down transformer of 12V 1 amp is used which is then rectified to DC by a bridge. This is then decoupled by two capacitors. So that the output is free from noise and ripple. This raw DC is then fed to a fixed 5V regulator 7805 for a perfect +5V output.

4.2 Power supply modules:

. Step down transformer . Bridge rectifier with filter . Voltage regulators 4.2.1STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER: A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling, without requiring relative motion between its parts. A transformer comprises two or more coupled windings and in most cases a magnetic core to concentrate Magnetic flux. A changing voltage applied to one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a voltage in the other windings. Transformer come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge giga watt units used to interconnect large portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles and with many similarities in their paths.

25

A. Coupling by mutual induction: The principles of the transformers are illustrated by consideration of a hypothetical ideal transformer. In this case, the core requires negligible magneto motive force to sustain flux, and all flux linking the primary winding also links the secondary windings. The hypothetical ideal transformer has no resistance in its coils. A simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary winding and the secondary windings. Energy is coupled between the windings by the time variant magnetic flux that posses through (links) both primary and secondary windings. Whenever, the amount of current in a coil changes, a voltage is induced in the neighboring coil. The effect, called mutual inductance, is an example of electromagnetic induction.

fig4.1: An ideal step-down transformer showing flux in the core If a time varying voltage is applied to the primary winding of Np turns, a current will

flow in it producing a magneto motive force (MMF). Just as an electro motive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so MMF tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux p in the core, with an open circuit secondary winding, induces a back electro motive force (EMF) in opposition to . In

26

accordance with a faradays law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate change of flux: And Where . and are the voltages across the primary winding and secondary winding

. Np and Ns are the number of turns in the primary winding and secondary Windings . And are the derivatives of the flux with respective to time of the

primary and secondary windings. In the hypothetical ideal transformer, the primary and secondary windings are perfectly coupled, or equivalently, p= = Where . And are voltages across primary and secondary . Substituting and solving for the voltages shows that:

. Np and Ns are the numbers of turns in the primary and secondary, respectively. Hence in an ideal transformer, the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in their windings, or alternatively, the voltage per turn is the same for both windings. The ratio of the currents in the primary and secondary circuits is inversely proportional to the ratio. The EMF in the secondary winding will cause current to flow in a secondary circuit. The MMF produced by current in the secondary winding opposes the MMF of the primary winding and so tends to cancel the flux in the core. Since reduced flux reduces the emf induced in the primary winding increased current flows in the primary circuit. The resulting increase in MMF due to the primary current offsets the effect the opposing secondary MMF. In this way, the 27

electrical energy fed into the primary winding is delivered to the secondary winding. In addition the flux density will always stay the same as long as the primary voltage is steady. B. Step-down: The secondary has fewer turns than the primary i.e. it converts higher voltage at the input side to a lower voltage at the output
4.2.2 BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit as shown in below, that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most common application, at conversion of alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier provides full wave rectification from a two wire AC input (saving the cost of center tapped transformer) but has two diode drops rather than one reducing efficiency over a center tap based design for the same output voltage.

4.2. Schematic of a diode bridge The essential feature of this arrangement is that for both polarities of the voltage at the bridge input, the polarity of the output is constant. A. Basic operation: 28

When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive with respect to the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the right along the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input supply via the lower one.

When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored path.

FIG 4.3 AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals

29

In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the lower right one. Since this is true weather the input is AC or DC, this circuit is not only produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what is sometimes called reverse polarity protection. That is, it permits normal functioning when batteries are installed backwards or DC input-power supply wiring has its wires crossed (and protects the circuitry it powers against damage that might occur without this circuit in place. 4.2.3 OUTPUT SMOOTHING: For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of capacitors may be important because the bridge alone supplies an output voltage of fixed polarity but pulsating magnitude.

Figure 4.4 Bridge Rectifier The function of this capacitor, known as a smoothing capacitor is to lessen the variation in (or smooth) the raw output voltage waveform from the bridge. One explanation of smoothing is that the capacitors provides a low impedance path to the AC component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through the resistive load. In less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to the cancelled by loss of charge in the capacitor. The charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus the change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the capacitor, thus moderating the change in the output voltage/current. 30

The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant

where

C and R are the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as the load resistor is large enough so that this time constant is much longer than the time of one ripple cycle, the above configuration will produce a well smoothed DC voltage across the load resistance. In some designs, a series resistor at the load side of the capacitor is added. The smoothing can then be improved by adding additional stages of capacitors-resistor pairs, often done only for subsupplies to critical high-gain circuits that tend to be sensitive to supply voltage noise
4.2.4. CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY:

It is defined as the ratio of output DC power to input AC power. Its efficiency is 81.2%, which is same as that of a full wave rectifier.

4.2.5 RIPPLE FACTOR:

It is defined as the ratio of RMS voltage of the AC component to the DC component. For bridge rectifier it is 0.48, which is same as full wave rectifier. In bridge rectifier the bulky center tapped transformer is not used which is a great advantage.

The peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the diodes is half that of the PIV of the diodes in a full wave rectifier.

The transformer utilization factor (T.U.F) is high i.e. 0.812, as the current flowing in the transformer secondary is fully utilized.

31

4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

figure 4.5 ic-7805 voltage regulator Voltage regulators produce fixed DC output voltage from variable DC (a small amount of AC on it). Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the filtered DC (see in above diagram). It can also used in circuits to get a low DC voltage from a high DC voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V). There are two types of voltage regulators 1. Fixed voltage regulators (78xx, 79xx) 2. Variable voltage regulators (LM317) In fixed voltage regulators there is another classification 1. +ve voltage regulators 2. -ve voltage regulators. 4.3.1 POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS: This includes 78xx voltage regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812. 7805 gives fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V, 20V). You may sometimes have 32

questions like, what happens if input voltage is <7.5 V or some 3V, the answer is that regulation won't be proper. Suppose if input is 6V then output may be 5V or 4.8V, but there are some parameters for the voltage regulators like maximum output current capability, line regulation etc.. , that parameters won't be proper. Remember that electronics components should be used in the proper voltage and current ratings as specified in datasheet. You can work without following it, but you won't be able to get some parameters of the component. Get datasheet from google by searching '7805 datasheet'. So first u have to keep the lead downward and the writing to your side, see the figure below. You can see the heat sink above the voltage regulator.

This is the same way of lead identification for all 3 terminal IC's (for eg. Power transistor).

Figure 4.6 7815 Voltage Regulator The above diagram shows how to use 7805 voltage regulator. In this you can see that coupling capacitors are used for good regulation. But there is no need for it in 33

normal case (I never used these capacitors). But if you are using 7805 in analog circuit you should use capacitor, otherwise the noise in the output voltage will be high.

4.4 ADC:

Fig 4.7:pin diagram As shown in the typical circuit, ADC0804 can be interfaced with any microcontroller. You need a minimum of 11 pins to interface ADC0804, eight for data pins and 3 for control pins. As shown in the typical circuit the chip select pin can be made low if you are not using the microcontroller port for any other peripheral (multiplexing). There is a universal rule to find out how to use an IC. All you need is the datasheet of the IC you are working with and take a look at the timing diagram of the IC which shows how to send the data, which signal to assert and at what time the signal should be made high or low etc. 34

Figure 4.8: Start Conversion

Figure 4.9: Output Enable Intr

The above timing diagrams are from ADC 804 datasheet. The first diagram (FIGURE 10A) shows how to start a conversion. Also you can see which signals are to be asserted and at what time to start a conversion. So looking into the timing diagram FIGURE 10A. We note down the steps or say the order in which signals are to be asserted to start a conversion of. As we have decided to make Chip select pin as low so we need not to bother about the CS signal in the timing diagram. Below steps are for starting an ADC conversion. I am also including CS signal to give you a clear picture. While programming we will not use this signal.

35

1. Make chip select (CS) signal low. 2. Make write (WR) signal low. 3. Make chip select (CS) high. 4. Wait for INTR pin to go low (means conversion ends).

4.4.1 INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER:

36

Figure 4.10: Interfacing 8051 Microcontroller And Adc As the peripheral signals usually are substantially different from the ones that microcontroller can understand (zero and one), they have to be converted into a pattern which can be 37

comprehended by a micro-controller. This task is performed by a block for analog to digital conversion or by an ADC. This block is responsible for converting an information about some analog value to a binary number and for follow it through to a CPU block so that CPU block can further process it.

FIGURE 4.11 ANALOG TO DIGITAL FORM This analog to digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog input signal, into an n-bit binary number, which is easily acceptable to a computer. As the input increases from zero to full scale, the output code stair steps. The width of an ideal step represents the size of the least significant Bit (LSB) of the converter and corresponds to an input voltage of VES/2n for an n-bit converter. Obviously for an input voltage range of one LSB, the output code is constant. For a given output code, the input voltage can be anywhere within a one LSB quantization interval. An actual converter has integral linearity and differential linearity errors. Differential linearity error is the difference between the actual code-step width and one LSB. Integral linearity error is a measure of the deviation of the code transition points from the fitted line. The errors of the converter are determined by the fitting of a line through the code transition points, using least square fit, the terminal point method, or the zero base technique to provide the reference line

38

4.5 LCD
4.5.1 LCD INTERFACING:

Fig 4.12: connecting to microcontroller Most alphanumeric LCD displays have HD44780 compatible driver chipsets that follow the original Hitachi commands to control the LCD. The most common connectors for alphanumeric LCDs are either 14-pin single row or 2X7 pins dual row connectors. A typical LCD write operation takes place as shown in the following timing waveform:

Fig4.12: LCD data write waveforms

4.5.2 PIN DESCRIPTION: 39

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

GND (Ground) Vcc (Supply Voltage) Vee (Contrast Voltage) R/S (Instruction/Register Select) R/W (Read/Write) E (Clock) D0 (Data0) D1 (Data1) D2 (Data2) D3 (Data3) D4 (Data4) D5 (Data5) D6 (Data6) D7 (Data7) The interface is either a 4-bit or 8-bit parallel bus that allows fast reading/writing of data

to and from the LCD. This waveform will write an ASCII Byte out to the LCD's screen. The ASCII code to be displayed is eight bits long and is sent to the LCD either four or eight bits at a time. If 4-bit mode is used, two nibbles of data (First high four bits and then low four bits with an E Clock pulse with each nibble) are sent to complete a full eight-bit transfer. The E Clock is used to initiate the data transfer within the LCD. 8-bit mode is best used when speed is required in an application and at least ten I/O pins are available. 4-bit mode requires a minimum of six bits. In 4-bit mode, only the top 4 data bits (DB4-7) are used. The R/S pin is used to select whether data or an instruction is being transferred between the microcontroller and the LCD. If the pin is high, then the byte at the current LCD Cursor Position can be read or written. If the pin is low, either an instruction is being sent to the LCD or the execution status of the last instruction is read back (whether or not it has completed). Reading Data back is best used in applications which required data to be moved back and forth on the LCD (such as in applications which scroll data between lines). The "Busy Flag" can be polled to determine when the last instruction that has been sent has completed processing. 40

For most applications, there really is no reason to read from the LCD. The application can write to the LCD and wait the maximum amount of time for each instruction (4.1 milliseconds for clearing the display or moving the cursor/display to the "home position", 160 microseconds for all other commands). Different LCDs execute instructions at different rates and to avoid problems later on (such as if the LCD is changed to a slower unit), the recommended maximum delays can be used. Before you can send commands or data to the LCD, the LCD must be initialized. For 8-bit mode, this is done as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Wait more than 15 msecs after power is applied. Write 0x030 to LCD and wait 5 msecs for the instruction to complete Write 0x030 to LCD and wait 160 usecs for instruction to complete Write 0x030 AGAIN to LCD and wait 160 usecs or Poll the Busy Flag Set the Operating Characteristics of the LCD Write "Set Interface Length" Write 0x010 to turn off the Display Write 0x001 to Clear the Display Write "Set Cursor Move Direction" Setting Cursor Behavior Bits Write "Enable Display/Cursor" & enable Display and Optional Cursor

4.6 RS 232 AND MAX 232:

41

4.6.1 INTRODUCTION OF RS232: The most popular serial communication standard for asynchronous communications is RS232 (Recommended Standard 232. This specifies the rule of how different connected devices communicate. The connected devices can either be terminals or communication equipments commonly referred as DTE & DCE. According to RS232 interface, it requires only 3 lines i.e. Rx, Tx & Ground when compared to the bunch of connectors required for parallel communication. Even though parallel communication is easier to establish, serial communication is preferred based on the costs for the communication lines. The EIA (Electronics Industry Association) RS232C Standard specifies & suggests a maximum baud rate of 20,000bps, and RS232D is an advanced version of the same, which allows 1.5 Mbps. The connectors specified are D-TYPE 25 pin connector and D-TYPE 9 pin connector.

FIGURE 4.13: DB-9 PIN CONNECTOR According to RS232 specifications, the logic 1 and logic 0 are called as mark & space. The signal voltage levels are specified as mark should be in the range of -3 to -15 volts and space should be in the range of 3 to 15 volts. The modern low power consuming CMOS devices use different logic levels than the RS232 line specification. The logic levels of CMOS devices are in the range of 3.3v-5.5v for 1 and -0.3v to 0.8v for 0. Therefore when communicating with such CMOS/TTL devices, the logic levels need to be converted 42

J 2 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 U 3 T1O U T T X D P 3 .1 C 4 5V C 0 . 51 u f C 6 0 .1 u f 0 .1 u f C 7 0 .1 u f 1 3 8 1 0 1 1 1 3 4 5 2 6 R 1 IN R 2 IN T 2 IN T 1 IN C C C C 1 1 2 2 + + G N D C 1 1u f R 1O U T R 2O U T T1O U T T2O U T 12 9 14 7 P 3 .0 R XD T1O U T

V + V M A X32 32

FIGURE 4.15: RS232 INTERFACED TO MAX232 RS232 is 9 pin db connector, only three pins of this are used ie 2, 3, 5 the transmit pin of RS232 is connected to rx pin of microcontroller Electronic data communications between elements will generally fall into two broad categories: single-ended and differential. RS232 (single-ended) was introduced in 1962, and despite rumors for its early demise, has remained widely used through the industry. RS232 data is bi-polar.... +3 TO +12 volts indicates an "ON or 0-state (SPACE) condition" while A -3 to -12 volts indicates an "OFF" 1-state (MARK) condition.... Modern computer equipment ignores the negative level and accepts a zero voltage level as the "OFF" state. In fact, the "ON" state may be achieved with lesser positive potential. This means circuits powered by 5 VDC are capable of driving RS232 circuits directly, however, the overall range that the RS232 signal may be transmitted/received may be dramatically reduced. The output signal level usually swings between +12V and -12V. The "dead area" between +3v and -3v is designed to absorb line noise. In the various RS-232-like definitions this dead area may vary. For instance, the definition for V.10 has a dead area from +0.3v to -0.3v. Many receivers designed for RS-232 are sensitive to differentials of 1v or less. This can cause problems when using pin powered widgets - line drivers, converters, modems etc. These types of units need enough voltage & current to power them self's up. Typical URART (the RS-232 I/O chip) allows up to 50ma per output pin - so if the device needs 70ma to run we would need to use at least 2 pins for power. In most Asynchronous situations, RTS and CTS are constantly on throughout the communication session. However where the DTE is connected to a multipoint line, RTS is used to turn carrier on the modem on and off. On a multipoint line, it's imperative that only one station 43

15

V C C

is transmitting at a time (because they share the return phone pair). When a station wants to transmit, it raises RTS. The modem turns on carrier, typically waits a few milliseconds for carrier to stabilize, and then raises CTS. The DTE transmits when it sees CTS up. When the station has finished its transmission, it drops RTS and the modem drops CTS and carrier together. Clock signals (pins 15, 17, & 24) are only used for synchronous communications. The modem or DSU extracts the clock from the data stream and provides a steady clock signal to the DTE. Note that the transmit and receive clock signals do not have to be the same, or even at the same baud rate. Note: Transmit and receive leads (2 or 3) can be reversed depending on the use of the equipment - DCE Data Communications Equipment or a DTE Data Terminal Equipment.

Sub-D15 Male

Sub-D15 Female

This is a standard 9 to 25 pin cable layout for async data on a PC AT serial cable

Figure 4.16: Physical Diagram

44

Description

Signal

9-pin DTE 1 2 3

25-pin DCE 8 3 2

Source DTE or DCE from Modem from Modem from Terminal/Computer

Carrier Detect Receive Data Transmit Data Data Ready Signal Ground Data Set Ready Request to Send Clear to Send Ring Indicator

CD RD TD

Terminal DTR

20

from Terminal/Computer

SG DSR RTS

5 6 7

7 6 4

from Modem from Modem from Terminal/Computer

CTS RI

8 9

5 22

from Modem from Modem

Table4.1: Standard 9 to25 Pin Cable Layout

4.6.2 pin description:

45

Figure 4.14: Pin Diagram Of Max 232

4.6.3 STUCTURE OF MAX 232:

46

Figure 4.15 Structure Of Max 232

4.6.4 DESCRIPTION: The MAX232 device is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 Viand can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. The driver, receiver, and voltagegenerator functions are available as cells in the Texas Instruments Lin ASIClibrary. The MAX232 is characterized for operation from 0C to 70C.The MAX232I is characterized for operation from 40C to 85C.

. 47

FIGURE 4.16: MAX232 INTERFACED TO MICROCONTROLLER MAX232 is connected to the microcontroller as shown in the figure above 17, 18 pins are connected to the TX and RX pin i.e. transmit and receive pin of microcontroller 4.6.5 FEATURES: Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply LinBiCMOSProcess Technology Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30-V Input Levels Low Supply Current . . . 8 mA Typical Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28 Designed to be Interchangeable With

48

Figure 4.17: Pin Diagram Of Max 232 4.6.6 Absolute Maximum Ratings: Input supply voltage range, VCC : 0.3 V to 6 V Positive output supply voltage ranges+ VCC 0.3 V to 15 V Negative output supply voltage range: VS0.3 V to 15 V Input voltage range, VI: Driver:0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V Receiver: 30 V Output voltage range, VO: T1OUT, T2OUT VS 0.3 V to VS+ + 0.3 V R1OUT, R2OUT : 0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V Short-circuit duration: T1OUT, T2OUT: Unlimited Package thermal impedance, D package :113C/W DW package : 105C/W N package : 78C/W

49

4.7 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. Circuit symbol for a relay:

Fig 4.19: Circuit Symbol Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on switches. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. 50

Fig4.20: Relay This relay is electrically operated switch. It has five pins namely common, input, and supply, normally connected switch and normally open switch. Input: This input pin is connected to driver. This driver gives signal whenever fault occur in phase which is related to that particular relay which is connected. This is the main key to operate the relay. Supply: The supply pin is connected to the vcc of the driver. 5volts dc supply is connected to driver vcc pin. The supply pin of the relay is always reads same voltage neither in normal condition nor in fault operating condition i.e. it is the operating voltage of relay. Common: The common pin of relay is connected to neutral of load and in contact with normally connected pin. This pin is connected to normally open switch whenever fault occurs in the system. Common pin is acts as phase in faulted system in order to give backup to load.

NC:

51

The normally connected switch is connected to common pin. It is open circuit with common pin whenever fault occurs in phase which is related to this relay and again in contact with the common automatically after cleared that fault No: Normally open switch is in open circuit with the common pin in normal condition. It is connected to common pin till the presence of fault in system.

4.7.1. Advantages of relays: Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot. Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

4.7.2. Disadvantages of relays: Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per second. Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil. Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

52

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

5.1BLOCKS OF WER SUPPLY UNIT:

Power supply block consists of following units: Step-down transformer Adopter Full wave rectifier circuit Input filter Voltage regulator Output filter

5.1.1 Adaptor:
The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC to Dc adapter through 7805, 5 volts regulator. The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC non-regulated. The 7805 voltage regulator is used to convert 12 V to 5V DC.

5.1.2 Rectifier unit:

The rectifier circuit is used to convert the ac voltage into its corresponding dc voltage. The most important and simple device used is bridge rectifier circuit. This rectifier is full wave rectifier circuit, 53

which produces dc voltage with ripples. The ripples from the obtained dc voltage are removed using filter circuit.

5.1.3 Input filter:

Capacitor is used as filter. The ripples from the dc voltages are removed and pure dc voltage is obtained. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the ac voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only ac voltage and does not allow the dc voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Capacitor used here is 470uF

Fig5.1: 470 micro fared capacitor

5.1.4 Regulator unit:

Regulator regulates the output voltage to a specific value. The output voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input dc voltage. Whenever there are any ac voltage fluctuations, the dc voltage also changes, and to avoid this regulators are used.

54

Fig5.2: Regulator Unit

Regulators can be classified as: i) Positive regulator, which regulates the positive voltage (7805) 1---> input pin 2---> ground pin 3--->output pin ii) Negative regulator, which regulates the negative voltage 1--->ground pin 2--->input pin 3--->output pin Regulator used in this application is 7805 which provides 5V dc

5.1.5 Output filter:

This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Capacitor used here are of value 0.1uF 55

Fig5.3: capacitor used as filter

Here the capacitor is used as filter. The output which is from rectifier contain harmonics and it is pulsating dc. inorder to get pure dc, the capacitor is used as filter

5.2 Power supply circuit diagram:

56

Fig5.4: power circuit diagram

From above diagram it is clear that the unit consisting of rectifier unit, filter, and regulator. The regulator unit is arranged with four diodes, which are arranged in the manner of Full wave rectifier circuit. The nodes 1&2 are connected to power supply. Here power supply is taken from step-down transformer ( 230v A.C to 12-0-12v A.C). 3 and 4 nods are connected to capacitor and regulator. This bridge gives 12v D.C as out put and it is connected to capacitor as shown in the figure.

5.3 Block Diagram:

57

A.C power supply 230 volts

Step Down Transformer

Rectifier

Filter

To

Regulator

Microcontroller

Fig5.5: Power Supply Circuit Block Diagram

The above block diagram shows the step by step process. Here 230v a.c is connected to a step-down transformer, its converts 230v a.c to 12v a.c. this 12v output of transformer is connected to a rectifier which is arranged with diodes as full wave bridge. 58

This bridge converts 12volts A.C into 12volts D.C. but this D.C is not pure DC power, it consists disturbances called as pulsating DC. But it is not sufficient to apply to the DC consumption equipments like microcontroller. In order to produce pure DC from pulsating dc we require filters, here 470 micro F capacitor is used as filter. Rectifier output is given to capacitor. This capacitor produces pure 12volts dc as output. This output is connected to regulator. This regulator produces 5volts dc output. Here we are using 3 pin regulator as input, ground and grounds respectively. Input pin is connected to the output of regulator and output pin is connected to micro controller.

AUTO PHASE CHANGER

6.1 INTRODUCTION:
59

In three-phase applications, if low voltage is available in any one or two phases, and you want your equipment to work on normal voltage, this circuit will solve your problem. However, a proper-rating fuse needs to be used in the input lines (R, Y and B) of each phase. The circuit provides correct voltage in the same power supply lines through relays from the other phase where correct voltage is available. Using it you can operate all your equipment even when correct voltage is available on a single phase in the building. The circuit is built around a transformer, comparator, transistor and relay. Three identical sets of this circuit, one each for three phases, are used. Let us now consider the working of the circuit connecting red cable (call it R phase). The mains power supply phase R is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver 12V, 300 mA, which is rectified by full wave bridge and filtered by capacitor to produce the operating voltage for the microcontroller pin. The voltage controlee pin of microcontroller is taken from the regulator out-put driver pin is used to set the reference voltage according to the requirement. The reference voltage at driver pin is fixed to 5V through circuit.

6.2 Block diagram:

60

Fig 6.1: auto power changer block diagram

61

Above black diagram shows the clear pattern of phase changer circuit. Each phase consisting of its own power circuit as shown above. Each phase have step-down transformer, rectifier, filter, voltage regulator. All these arrangement is connected to microcontroller. Microcontroller detective the fault and produce the output. This output is fed to the driver and driver operates the relays depending upon the signal which is fed from the controller. Relay takes action as the signal of driver. It is clear that each phase have its own power circuit in order to detect the fault. In normal operating condition the voltage regulator produce 5volts output to the microcontroller pin which is connected to related regulator. The other side, the pin which is connected to driver and driver pin reads zero volts. This is the signal that the phase is in normal condition. The regulator voltage becomes zero when fault occur in related phase. Not only the regulator voltage, bridge input also become zero because of the input of the step-down transformer is connected to the related phase. Then the microcontroller pin which is connected from regulator reads zero voltage and the driver reads 5volts because the pin is activated when controller receives zero output from regulator. This signal is send to the relay and relay gets trip and the load gets backup from the live phase.

6.3 CIRUIT DIAGRAM:

62

Fig6.2: Auto Phase Changer Circuit Diagram

6.4 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

63

Auto phase changer circuit contains step-down transformer, rectifier, filter, regulator. Each phase i.e. r-phase, b-phase, y-phase, all are have its own arrangement in order to know that the phase are in healthy condition or not i.e. the voltage is present in the phase or not. 6.4.1 Normal condition: The current is present in the phase the operation of the power circuit operation is as follows: The step-down transformer have the available input is 230 volts because of the input terminal is connected to that related phase. And it produce the output of 12volts dc.(230V To 12v-0-12v, step-down transformer). The output of the transformer is fed to the full wave rectifier bridge. It converts the 12volts A.C into 12v D.C. this is not pure D.C, it is pulsating D.C power. This pulsating D.C is fed to the capacitor to produce the pure D.C power. Here capacitor acts as filter. This pure D.C is connected to regulator. It converts the 12v D.C to 5v D.C because the microcontroller requires 5v D.C only. The output of regulator i.e. 5v is connected to microcontroller. So the driver pin receives Zero volts from microcontroller and The above action is repeats for all three power circuits and three regulator outputs are connected to the microcontroller pin. The driver pin gives 5v to the relays input pin. This means the phase is a live and relay is in normal condition i.e. the relay common pin is connected to normally connected pin. 6.4.2 Operation in fault condition: The entire operation will be changes for the faulted condition. The transformer reads zero input. Then the transformer output, rectifier and regulator outputs are also read zero volts. So the microcontroller pin gets zero output and activates the controller pin which is connected to driver. Then the driver reads 5v from the controller pin, then the driver pin which is connected to the input pin of relay reads zero volts and relay get the signal to activate. Then the relay common pin is disconnected from normally connected pin and connected to the normally open pin. This 64

normally connected is connected to another phases relay common terminal, so the load of the faulted phase is gets voltage from the other phase. OPERATION IF FAULT IN R-PHASE: Consider the R-phase from fig. the regulator gives 5volts output to the microcontroller PP2.0 pin and controller P0.0 pin gives zero volts to the driver pin. The driver pin which is connected to the input pin of the relay read 5volts. That means the relay consider that the phase is a live and relay common pin is connected to normally connected pin until the relay input pin reads zero volts from the driver. Throughout this operation the relays normally connected pin is acts as phase and common pin acts as neutral. Let us consider the fault occur in R-phase. The transformer read zero volts input from the phase and the regulator output also zero. Then the microcontroller P2.0 pin read zero volts from the regulator output. According to our microcontroller programming the controller P0.0 pin is activated. Then the driver pin reads 5volts from the microcontroller and driver pin which is connected to the relay become zero volts i.e. here existing fault and it is recognized by the relay and it will trips. At this instant the relay common pin is connected to the normally open pin until the relay reads the relay input pin reads 5 volts. This normally open pin is gets backup from the common pin of the relay of Y-phase. Throughout this operation the common pin is acts as phase and normally open pin as ground. OPERATION IF FAULT IN Y-PHASE: Consider the Y-phase from fig. the regulator gives 5volts output to the microcontroller P2.1 pin and controller P0.1 pin gives zero volts to the driver pin. The driver pin which is connected to the input pin of the relay read 5volts. That means the relay consider that the phase is a live and relay common pin is connected to normally connected pin until the relay input pin reads zero volts from the driver. Throughout this operation the relays normally connected pin is acts as phase and common pin acts as neutral. Let us consider the fault occur in Y-phase. The transformer read zero volts input from the phase and the regulator output also zero. Then the microcontroller P2.1 pin read zero volts from the regulator output. According to our microcontroller programming the controller P0.1 pin is activated. Then the driver pin reads 5volts from the microcontroller and driver pin 65

which is connected to the relay become zero volts i.e. here existing fault and it is recognized by the relay and it will trips. At this instant the relay common pin is connected to the normally open pin until the relay reads the relay input pin reads 5 volts. This normally open pin is gets backup from the common pin of the relay of B-phase. Throughout this operation the common pin is acts as phase and normally open pin as ground. OPERATION IF FAULT IN B-PHASE: Consider the B-phase from fig. the regulator gives 5volts output to the microcontroller P2.2 pin and controller P0.2 pin gives zero volts to the driver pin. The driver pin which is connected to the input pin of the relay read 5volts. That means the relay consider that the phase is a live and relay common pin is connected to normally connected pin until the relay input pin reads zero volts from the driver. Throughout this operation the relays normally connected pin is acts as phase and common pin acts as neutral. Let us consider the fault occur in B-phase. The transformer read zero volts input from the phase and the regulator output also zero. Then the microcontroller P2.2 pin read zero volts from the regulator output. According to our microcontroller programming the controller P0.2 pin is activated. Then the driver pin reads 5volts from the microcontroller and driver pin which is connected to the relay become zero volts i.e. here existing fault and it is recognized by the relay and it will trips. At this instant the relay common pin is connected to the normally open pin until the relay reads the relay input pin reads 5 volts. This normally open pin is gets backup from the common pin of the relay of R-phase. Throughout this operation the common pin is acts as phase and normally open pin as ground. OPERATION IF FAULT IN R-PHASE AND Y-PHASE: Consider the R-phase and Y-phase from fig. the regulator gives 5volts output to the microcontroller P2.0 and P2.1 pins and controller P0.0 and P0.1 pin gives zero volts to the driver pins. The driver pins which are connected to the input pins of the relay read 5volts. That means the relays consider that the phase is a live and relay common pins is connected to normally connected pins until the relay input pins reads zero volts from the driver. Throughout this operation the relays normally connected pins is acts as phase and common pins acts as neutral. Let us consider the fault occur in R-phase and Y-phase. The transformer read zero volts input from the phase and the regulator output also zero. Then the microcontroller P2.0 and 66

P2.1 pins read zero volts from the regulator output. According to our microcontroller programming the controller P0.0 and P0.1 pins are activated. Then the driver pins read 5volts from the microcontroller and driver pin which is connected to the relay become zero volts i.e. here existing faults and it is recognized by the relays and it will trip. At this instant the relay common pins is connected to the normally open pins until the relay input pin reads 5 volts. These normally open pins are gets backup from the common pins of the relay of B-phase. Throughout this operation the common pins are acts as phase and normally open pins as ground. OPERATION IF FAULT IN Y-PHASE AND B-PHASE: Consider the Y-phase and B-phase from fig. the regulator gives 5volts output to the microcontroller P2.2 and P2.1 pins and controller P0.2 and P0.1 pin gives zero volts to the driver pins. The driver pins which are connected to the input pins of the relay read 5volts. That means the relays consider that the phase is a live and relay common pins is connected to normally connected pins until the relay input pins reads zero volts from the driver. Throughout this operation the relays normally connected pins is acts as phase and common pins acts as neutral. Let us consider the fault occur in Y-phase and B-phase. The transformer read zero volts input from the phase and the regulator output also zero. Then the microcontroller P2.2 and P2.1 pins read zero volts from the regulator output. According to our microcontroller programming the controller P0.2 and P0.1 pins are activated. Then the driver pins read 5volts from the microcontroller and driver pin which is connected to the relay become zero volts i.e. here existing faults and it is recognized by the relays and it will trip. At this instant the relay common pins is connected to the normally open pins until the relay input pin reads 5 volts. These normally open pins are gets backup from the common pins of the relay of R-phase. Throughout this operation the common pins are acts as phase and normally open pins as ground.

67

OPERATION IF FAULT IN B-PHASE AND R-PHASE: Consider the B-phase and R-phase from fig. the regulator gives 5volts output to the microcontroller P2.0 and P2.2 pins and controller P0.0 and P0.2 pin gives zero volts to the driver pins. The driver pins which are connected to the input pins of the relay read 5volts. That means the relays consider that the phase is a live and relay common pins is connected to normally connected pins until the relay input pins reads zero volts from the driver. Throughout this operation the relays normally connected pins is acts as phase and common pins acts as neutral. Let us consider the fault occur in B-phase and R-phase. The transformer read zero volts input from the phase and the regulator output also zero. Then the microcontroller P2.0 and P2.2 pins read zero volts from the regulator output. According to our microcontroller programming the controller P0.0 and P0.2 pins are activated. Then the driver pins read 5volts from the microcontroller and driver pin which is connected to the relay become zero volts i.e. here existing faults and it is recognized by the relays and it will trip. At this instant the relay common pins is connected to the normally open pins until the relay input pin reads 5 volts. These normally open pins are gets backup from the common pins of the relay of Y-phase. Throughout this operation the common pins are acts as phase and normally open pins as ground. From above description it is clear that. The circuit provides correct voltage in the same power supply lines through relays from the other phase where correct voltage is available. It is also possible to provide the backup for two phases also if a phase in a alive.

68

6.5 ADVANTAGES:
It is fully automatic and doesnt need human intervention. It is available in two models auto switch-off and Phase changer with distribution mode Microcontroller is very simple for further future phase extension operations then the opamp system

6.5 APPLICATIONS:

Bungalows/ Flats Hotels / hostels Offices / Banks Hospitals / Nursing Homes Marriage Halls / auditoriums Computer Centers Commercial Complexes Laboratories UPS ( single Phase )

69

CONCLUSIONS:

The project named Designing of Auto Phase Changer is a real time project. With the advancement of digital electronics the automation has been in increased like hospital, cinema theaters and small industries. In this project the real time problem of failure of the supply is inadvertently solved. Mainly this project focuses changeover the supply when the exiting line is in problematic condition. This work is totally done with Microcontroller named 8051 with the help of some auxiliary devices like step-down transformer, rectifier, and filters and relays etc. When the supply is failed the microcontroller takes the decision to changeover to another supply which will be done in fraction of seconds which is very small when compared with manual changeover. This project is developed in the view of house hold purpose only if we extend this project by using high rating devices, this can be also applicable for large industries.

70

REFERENCE

1. KENNETH J AYAL 2. MAZIDI 3. DOUGLAS V HALL

71