IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 57, NO.

1, JANUARY 2009

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The Dynamic Behavioral Model of RF Power Ampliers With the Modied ANFIS
Jianfeng Zhai, Jianyi Zhou, Lei Zhang, Jianing Zhao, and Wei Hong, Senior Member, IEEE
AbstractThe adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been widely used for modeling different kinds of nonlinear systems including RF power ampliers (PAs). The modied ANFIS (MANFIS) architecture is simpler than that of ANFIS, but with nearly the same performance for modeling nonlinear systems. In this paper, the MANFIS is applied to model RF PAs with memory effects. The simulation and experimental results both in the time and frequency domains show that this model has good modeling accuracy and the characteristics of faster convergence and lower computational complexity compared with the ANFIS model. The normalized mean squared errors of the MANFIS model are slightly lower than those of some other neural network models such as the real-valued time delay neural network, radial basis-function neural network, etc. Finally, the MANFIS model is successfully used in a digital predistortion system, which can provide over 10-dB adjacent channel leakage ratio improvement for three-carrier wideband code division multiple access signals. Index TermsAdaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR), digital predistortion (DPD), power ampliers (PAs).

I. INTRODUCTION

F power ampliers (RF PAs) often operate in the compression region and produce nonlinear distortions both in and out of transmission band in modern wideband wireless communication systems, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), etc. [1]. Since the modulated signals of these wireless systems have higher peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and broad bandwidth, PAs with high linearity are required. The simplest method is to back off the power level to achieve high linearity, but with very low efciency. In order to increase efciency and minimize the distortion, many different linearization techniques, such as the feedback method, feed-forward method, predistortion method, etc. have been proposed [1]. Among various linearization techniques, digital predistortion (DPD) has become the most potential method due to its high
Manuscript received June 30, 2008; revised September 27, 2008. First published December 22, 2008; current version published January 08, 2009. This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 60702027 and Grant 60621002, and by the National High-Tech Project under Grant 2007AA01Z2B4. The authors are with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Department of Radio Engineering, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail: jfzhai@emeld.org; jyzhou@seu.edu.cn; zhangl@seu.edu.cn; jnzhao@seu.edu.cn; weihong@emeld.org). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TMTT.2008.2009085

accuracy and exibility. The behavioral modeling and the inverse modeling of PAs are the most important parts in the DPD system. Many kinds of memory or memoryless models were reported in literatures for behavioral modeling [2][16] such as the Saleh model [3], Volterra series model [4], [5], Wiener model [6][8], polynomial model [8], [9], neural network model [10][14], neural-fuzzy model [15], [16], etc. An overview of various behavioral models for PAs was presented in [17] from a theoretical framework. Generally the memory effects of PAs can be categorized as electrothermal memory effects (long time constant) and electrical memory effects (short time constant) [18], [19]. The former are primarily caused by the thermal impedance, the latter are mainly generated by frequency dependence of the active device related to the matching networks and the bias circuits [18], [19]. In wideband systems, the memory effects of PAs are signicant and the electrical memory effects are the main source [20]. The Volterra series model is a general nonlinear model with memory and it is suitable for systems with moderate nonlinear effects. However, the disadvantage of the Volterra model is the large number of complicated coefcients that must be extracted, thus it converges slowly both in nonlinear order and memory depth [4], [5]. By reducing the complexity of the Volterra model, the Wiener, Hammerstein, and polynomial models have been proposed. As discussed in [8], both the parallel Wiener and parallel Hammerstein models are special cases of the Volterra series and the memory polynomial model is equivalent to the parallel Hammerstein model. For most polynomial format models, the digital signal processing (DSP) complexity still increases dramatically with high-order terms. The Hammerstein model further reduces the complexity with a memoryless nonlinear block followed by a linear time-invariant (LTI) or nite impulse response (FIR) system, but it is only able to capture the linear memory effects [17]. Recently, many kinds of neural network models have been adopted to model the characteristics of PAs with memory effects, such as real-valued time delay neural network (RVTDNN) [11], radial basis-function neural network (RBFNN) [12], etc. The existing neural networks can provide an accurate model for PAs with memory effects since they can approximate any continuous function arbitrarily well and nd the global minimum of error [21]. However, when most of these models are adopted in the DPD system, it is hard to extract the structured knowledge from either the weights or the conguration of the system [15], and it is difcult to implement these neural network models in eld-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

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The neural-fuzzy model is an effective method for modeling nonlinear systems because it combines the advantages of neural systems and fuzzy logic systems. It is represented in fuzzy ifthen rules, while the parameters involved can be updated by the neural network type algorithms. Several advantages of the ANFIS model for DPD are discussed in [15], including fast learning time, no convergence problem, no limitation by the order of the function, etc., but the model in [15] using a rst-order Sugeno fuzzy inference system (FIS) is static and it is not suitable when memory effects of PAs must be taken into account. Therefore, it is valuable to investigate the neural-fuzzy techniques in the modeling and linearization of PAs with memory effects. A modied ANFIS (MANFIS) architecture was proposed in [22]. To our knowledge, however, it has not been applied to model RF PAs with memory effects. In this paper, the MANFIS architecture is employed for modeling RF PAs with memory effects, which has higher efciency than the ANFIS model [16]. This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the application of MANFIS in the behavioral modeling of dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of PAs. In Section III, the simulation results are provided, together with the comparison between the MANFIS and the memory polynomial models. In Section IV, experimental results and performance are presented and discussed in detail by comparison with with ANFIS and two neural network models. Furthermore, the MANFIS model is successfully applied in a DPD system with a three-carrier WCDMA signal. Finally, a conclusion is drawn in Section V summarizing the work achieved. II. BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF PAs The structure of the ANFIS model [16] with three inputs is shown in Fig. 1, from which it can be seen that even a little increment of the input number will lead to a large number of rules, then the total number of consequent tting parameters will increase sharply and the additional complexity will lead to longer computing time. The architecture of MANFIS proposed by Jovanovic et al. [22] is shown in Fig. 2, which is based on the approximation that the number of rules in FIS can be represented by the number of input fuzzy sets [23]. The relations between input and output in the memory model of RF PAs can be described by the following equation [12]:

Fig. 1. ANFIS architecture.

Fig. 2. MANFIS architecture.

(1) where is the sampled output of PAs with memory effects at and are the AM/AM time instant with envelop form, and AM/PM distortion, respectively, and are the amplitude and phase of the input signal, respectively, and is the memory depth of the model. As mentioned in [12], memory is

introduced into this model by making and be the functions of not only the instantaneous input envelope, but also the previous time samples. In Figs. 3 and 4, MANFIS models are constructed to approximate the nonlinear functions and in (1). In the input layer, is the number of previous samples included in the model, and is used for considering the history envelop of the input signal needed for memory effects modeling of dynamic , the model will AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics. If become the memoryless model with static AM/AM and AM/PM is supposed, then the characteristics. For simplication, and ) are applied in a second-order input samples ( Sugeno FIS. The MANFIS model adopted here has six rules in Figs. 3 or 4. Amplitude:

If then If then

is is

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and are the parameters of the where generalized bell functions (antecedent parameters of the FIS). The overall outputs of the model are derived from the procedure in [16] and [22], which can be expressed by

Fig. 3. MANFIS architecture for dynamic AM/AM characteristics.

(4)

(5)
Fig. 4. MANFIS architecture for dynamic AM/PM characteristics.

Phase: If then If then where and are the fuzzy set of the input signals amplitude, and are the output amplitude and phase of each rule, and and are the consequent parameters. In Sugeno systems, the output member functions (Outputmf) are either linear functions or constant. The input member funcand are the generalized bell functions tions (Inputmf) of [16], [22] given by is is

III. SIMULATION RESULTS In order to evaluate the MANFIS model, the odd-order-only memory polynomial model [8] in (6) extracted from an actual class AB PA is chosen for the simulation and comparison

(6)

(2) (3)

where and . The MANFIS model is veried by a 16-QAM signal ltered by a square raised cosine lter with eight times oversampling. Approximately 4000 data samples of 16-QAM are used as the input of the polynomial model. The output of data samples can be calculated with (6) so that a set of input and output data can be obtained for MANFIS or ANFIS training. In the training process, the hybrid-learning algorithm (gradient descent and least squares) is utilized to learn the antecedent and consequent parameters [16]. With a given training data set, it combines the least squares method and the back-propagation gradient descent method to train membership function parameters.

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Fig. 5. RMSE against epochs in simulation.

Fig. 6. PSD comparison of the MANFIS and memory polynomial models.

The root mean squared errors (RMSEs) [16], [22] against epochs are shown in Fig. 5, which are dened by

where is the output signal of the PA, and is the output signal of the MANFIS model, is the initial sampling time, and is the number of samples. The NMSE are often used as quality numbers for comparing the performance of models. In Fig. 6, the MANFIS model gives a validation NMSE of 43 dB, which means good behavioral modeling accuracy. IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Modeling and Validation

(7)

(8) where and are the amplitude and phase variation and are the of the PA output signal, respectively, and outputs of the MANFIS model, is the initial sampling time, and is the number of samples. In Fig. 5, the convergence epochs and training time are compared between the MANFIS and ANFIS models with the same number of inputs and Inputmf. The convergence epochs of amplitude curves are almost the same and the phase curves of the MANFIS model converge a little faster. Besides, the 120-epoch training time of the ANFIS and MANFIS models are 48.79 and 29.87 s, respectively, on the same PC. If the number of inputs increases, the ANFIS model will have more complex structure and need more time for training. In other words, the MANFIS model converges faster and use less training time than the ANFIS model. After training, the identied MANFIS model is validated with a new set of input and output data. In validation, the power spectral density (PSD) of the memory polynomial model can be compared with the PSD of the error signal in Fig. 6, in which and the normalized mean squared errors the error signal (NMSEs) [12] are dened by

(9) (10)

In the experiment, an LDMOS RF PA is used for modeling and linearization. The linear gain of the PA is aproximately 45 dB, the center operation frequency is 3.5 GHz, and the 1-dB compressing point power is approximately 42.6 dBm. In order to characterize the PA, in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) data are collected by the test bed shown in Fig. 7, which consists of a vector signal generator (Agilent ESG-E4438C), a vector signal analyzer (Agilent VSA-E4445A), an RF PA, a PC, etc. In the experiment, the single- and three-carrier (spacing, 5 MHz) downlink WCDMA signals are chosen as the input signals of the PA, generated by Agilent Technologies Advanced Design System (ADS) 3GPP library with 16 dedicated physical channels (DPCHs) of Test Model 1. The signals are downloaded to the ESG through a USB from the PC. The main characteristics of the input signal are given in Table I, in which the crest factor is dened at 0.01% of the power complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) [24][26]. The baseband I/Q signals are modulated and up-converted to the RF signal in the ESG, and then the RF signal is fed to the PA, as shown in Fig. 7. The output RF signal of the PA after attenuation and coupling is down-converted, demodulated, and sampled by a high-speed digitizer in the Agilent VSA. The sampling rate of two test signals is listed in Table I. The Agilent 89600 software in the PC captures the baseband I and Q data via the local area network (LAN) interface of the VSA. Both the ESG and VSA are synchronized by a 10-MHz reference clock of the ESG. A marker is set on the rst point of input data set to give an external trigger input of the VSA from the event-1 output of the ESG.

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Fig. 8. RMSE against epochs using measurement data.

Fig. 7. Test bed. (a) Block diagram. (b) Photograph. TABLE I CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEST SIGNAL

Fig. 9. Validation results of the I/Q component.

In order to increase the dynamic range of the measurement, the captured input and output signals are measured times in Agilent 89600 software for averaging in time domain, which dB [27]. could suppress the noise of approximately The DSP and algorithm are implemented in the PC, including the synchronization of input and output samples by cross correlation of time domain. Here, the MANFIS architecture in Figs. 3 and 4 is applied to model the PA. With 4000 input and output I/Q samples, the typical convergence curves of training process are shown in Fig. 8. Another 10-k input and output new samples are used for validation data of the MANFIS model, which have never been used in the training process. Between the measurement data and the MANFIS model, Fig. 9 depicts the time-domain validation results of I and Q components, and Fig. 10 shows the dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics comparison in which both amplitude and phase variations of small signals are strongly affected contrary to large signals because the input signal of the PA has high PAR and the PA gives obvious memory effects when testing [11]. Figs. 11 and 12 show the PSD of measurement and the error signal between the MANFIS behavioral model and

the measurement data of one- and three-carrier WCDMA signals in which the MANFIS model has NMSE of 40.758 and 36.764 dB, respectively. By comparison in the time and frequency domains, the MANFIS model matches the measurement data very well. B. Comparison Between ANFIS and MANFIS Models With the same 4000 training samples and 10-k new validation samples of one-carrier and three-carrier WCDMA signals, the NMSE performance of the ANFIS model [15], [16] and MANFIS model is compared in Table II in which is the ). The total number of inputs (memory depth is equal to number of parameters and the validation NMSE with a different number of Inputmf (generalized bell function) are listed in the last three columns. In the ANFIS model with inputs, each of the inputs is partitioned to fuzzy sets, and the total number of parameters [22] is (11) where is the number of parameters per Inputmf.

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TABLE II COMPARISON BETWEEN ANFIS AND MANFIS

Fig. 10. Dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics comparison.

The generalized bell function has three parameters . Since two MANFIS or ANFIS architectures are used in this paper for the AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics, the total number of the parameter in Table II can be calculated by the following. ANFIS:

(13) MANFIS:

(14)
Fig. 11. PSD comparison with a one-carrier WCDMA signal.

Table II shows the following. 1) If increases from one to two in the ANFIS model, the NMSE performance will be improved because memory effects are considered. 2) The total number of the parameters is decreased and the complexity is also reduced with the same and from ANFIS to MANFIS without degrading performance. For example, the total number of parameters decreases from 144 to 96 using MANFIS instead of ANFIS when and . 3) For both ANFIS and MANFIS models, it can be noticed that there is not much NMSE difference among the cases with different (the number of input member functions). The performance is not improved greatly when using more input member functions because the NMSE is already optimized with small . The conclusion is very useful to reduce the model complexity, which is also discussed in [15]. C. Performance Comparison and Discussion With RVTDNN and RBFNN Models In this section, the RVTDNN [11] and RBFNN [12] models are also adopted to model the PA. The RVTDNN has two equal tapped delay lines of the input layer and 15 neurons in the hidden layer 1. The NMSE and some other parameters of two neural network models are listed in Table III. It can be seen that the MANFIS model gives the same NMSE performance as that of

Fig. 12. PSD comparison with a three-carrier WCDMA signal.

However, the number of parameters [22] in the MANFIS is given by

(12)

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TABLE III RESULTS OF THE RVTDNN AND RBFNN MODELS

TABLE IV SUMMARY OF THE DPD RESULTS

the neural network models with one- and three-carrier WCDMA signals. In Table II, the NMSE of the three-carrier WCDMA signal is approximately 38 dB, which is higher than that of the one-carrier WCDMA signal because the three-carrier WCDMA signal has a higher PAR and larger bandwidth than a one-carrier WCDMA signal, and the memory effects of the PA are supposed to increase with bandwidth. The NMSE is a monotonically increasing function versus signal bandwidth, as described in [28] and [29]. In Table III, the NMSE of the RVTDNN and RBFNN models exhibit a similar behavior. When the PA is excited by the one-carrier signal, the memory effects are not strong because the PA is optimized in the input (output) matching networks and the biasing networks in experiment. From another point of view, models considering memory effects have only approximately 1-dB NMSE improvement relative to static models in Tables II and III. However, for the three-carrier signal, over a 5-dB NMSE decrease can be observed. For the one-carrier signal, it has longer time memory effects relatively because it has lower PAR and smaller bandwidth and it varies more slowly in time. In contrast, the three-carrier signal that varies faster and shorter time memory effects are more important to the PA [12]. The MANFIS results in Table II show the good modeling ability when the current PA is excited in the different ways. When a PA exhibits important long-term memory effects (thermal memory effects, etc.), it is necessary to use models with longer memory depths. However, it is unsuitable to use most models (including the MANFIS model) in practice for longer memory depths because of the increased large number of parameters. The method of sparse delays may be adopted in such cases to reduce the number of inputs [12], [20]. D. Predistortion Model DPD is an application of the PAs behavioral model and indirect learning [8]. The principle is to adjust the baseband signal by DSP before the modulator, up-converter, and PA. It then results in the improvement of the linearity of the RF transmitter. An ideal predistortion response is the inverse response function of the RF transmitter [29]. With the experimental data, the inverse model of the PA can be created by the same MANFIS

Fig. 13. PSD of the PA.

architecture shown in Figs. 3 and 4 and the parameters can be extracted by the same training algorithm. In order to verify the DPD model, the three-carrier WCDMA signal is predistorted with a sampling rate of 92.16 million samples per second (MSPS) by the DPD model. The predistorted signal is then downloaded to the ESG as the new input of the PA. The power of input predistorted signal must be adjusted to acquire the same average output power of the PA for comparison (30 dBm). The output PSD of the PA is measured by Agilent Technologies VSA. In Table IV, two MANFIS models are used as DPD models, and a memoryless ANFIS model is also used for comparison. The ACPR results of DPD are summarized in Table IV with the integral bandwidth of 3.84 MHz and frequency offset of 10 MHz. The MANFIS model has the best ACPR reduction and , which can suppress the lower (upper) with ACPR 11.3 dB (12.9 dB). Otherwise, for ANFIS, merely approximately 8-dB improvement is observed. The measured output PSD is shown in Fig. 13 in which the upper curve represents the PSD without DPD and the lower curve represents the and ). PSD with MANFIS ( V. CONCLUSION In this paper, the MANFIS has been applied to model the dynamic nonlinear characteristics of RF PAs. The efcient hybrid-learning algorithm has been used for identifying the parameters without considering the convergence problem and the order of functions like the polynomial. The MANFIS model is very easy to be implemented in FPGAs with DSP when the

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complex Inputmf is realized by look-up tables. Simulation and experimental results show that the MANFIS model reproduces the dynamic nonlinear behavior of a 3.5-GHz PA well. Compared with the ANFIS model, the MANFIS model provides faster convergence and lower computational complexity while keeping the excellent performance of two typical neural models (RVTDNN and RBFNN). The MANFIS model is also built to compensate the nonlinearity of the PA, and over 10-dB ACPR improvement is achieved for the three-carrier WCDMA signal. REFERENCES
[1] P. B. Kenington, High-Linearity RF Amplier Design. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2000. [2] J. Wood and D. E. Root, Fundamentals of Nonlinear Behavioral Modeling for RF and Microwave Designs. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2005. [3] A. Saleh, Frequency-independent and frequency-dependent nonlinear models of TWT ampliers, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-29, no. 11, pp. 17151720, Nov. 1981. [4] M. Schetzen, The Volterra and Wiener Theories of Nonlinear Systems. New York: Wiley, 1980. [5] A. Zhu, M. Wren, and T. J. Brazil, An efcient volterra-based behavioral model for wideband RF power ampliers, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Jun. 2003, vol. 2, pp. 787790. [6] C. J. Clark, G. Chrisikos, M. S. Muha, A. A. Moulthrop, and C. P. Silva, Time-domain envelope measurement technique with application to wideband power amplier modeling, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 25312540, Dec. 1998. [7] K. Hyunchul, M. D. Mckinley, and J. S. Kenney, Extraction of accurate behavioral models for power ampliers with memory effects using two-tone measurements, in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Jun. 2002, vol. 1, pp. 139142. [8] L. Ding, G. T. Zhou, D. R. Morgan, Z. Ma, J. S. Kenney, J. Kim, and C. R. Giardina, A robust digital baseband predistorter constructed using memory polynomials, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 159165, Jan. 2004. [9] J. Kim and K. Konstantinou, Digital predistortion of wideband signals based on power amplier model with memory, Electron. Lett., vol. 37, no. 23, pp. 14171418, Nov. 2001. [10] M. Ibnkahla, J. Sombria, F. Castanie, and N. J. Bershad, Neural networks for modeling nonlinear memoryless communication channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 768771, Jul. 1997. [11] T. Liu, S. Boumaiza, and M. Ghannouchi, Dynamic behavioral modeling of 3G power ampliers using real-valued time-delay neural networks, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 10251033, Mar. 2004. [12] M. Isaksson, D. Wisell, and D. Ronnow, Wide-band dynamic modeling of power ampliers using radial basis function neural networks, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 34223428, Nov. 2005. [13] J. Wood, D. E. Root, and N. B. Tullaro, A behavioral modeling approach to nonlinear model-order reduction for RF/microwave ICs and systems, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 22742284, Sep. 2004. [14] J. J. Xu, M. C. E. Yagoub, R. Ding, and Q. J. Zhang, Neural-based dynamic modeling of nonlinear microwave circuits, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 27692780, Dec. 2002. [15] K. C. Lee and P. Gardner, Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) digital predistorter for RF power amplier linearization, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 4351, Jan. 2006. [16] J.-S. Jang, ANFIS: Adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system, IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 665685, MayJun. 1993. [17] J. C. Pedro and S. A. Maas, A comparative overview of microwave and wireless power-amplier behavioral modeling approaches, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 11501163, Apr. 2005. [18] J. H. K. Vuolevi, T. Rahkonen, and J. P. A. Manninen, Measurement technique for characterizing memory effects in RF power ampliers, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 13831389, Aug. 2001.

[19] W. Bosch and G. Gatti, Measurement and simulation of memory effects in predistortion linearizers, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 18851890, Dec. 1989. [20] H. Ku and J. S. Kenney, Behavioral modeling of nonlinear RF power ampliers considering memory effects, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 24952504, Dec. 2003. [21] S. Haykin, Neural Networks, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999. [22] B. B. Jovanovic, I. S. Reljin, and B. D. Reljin, Modied ANFIS architectureImproving efciency of ANFIS technique, Neural Netw. Appl. Elect. Eng., pp. 215220, Sep. 2004. [23] L. P. Maguire, B. Roche, T. M. McGinnity, and L. J. McDaid, Predicting chaotic time series using a fuzzy neural network, Infor. Sci., vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 125136, Dec. 1998. [24] Connected simulation and test solutions using the Advanced Design System, Agilent Technol. Santa Clara, CA, Appl. Note 1394, 2002. [25] Y. Y. Woo, J. Kim, J. Yi, S. Hong, I. Kim, J. Moon, and B. Kim, Adaptive digital feedback predistortion technique for linearizing power ampliers, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 932940, May 2007. A, E44 [26] Creating and downloading waveform les Agilent N518 8C, and E82 7D signal generators programming guide, Agilent Technol., Santa Clara, CA, 2006. [27] D. Wisell, D. Ronnow, and P. Handel, A bandwidth extension technique for dynamic characterization of power ampliers, in Proc. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Technol. Conf., Apr. 2006, pp. 19721976. [28] I. Santamaria, J. Ibanez, M. Lazaro, C. Pantaleon, and L. Vielvo, Modeling nonlinear power ampliers in OFDM systems from subsampled data: A comparative study using real measurements, EURSASIP J. Appl. Signal Process., vol. 2003, no. 12, pp. 12191228, 2003. [29] M. Isaksson, D. Wisell, and D. Ronnow, A comparative analysis of behavioral models for RF power ampliers, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 348359, Jan. 2006.

Jianfeng Zhai received the B.S. degree in radio engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2004, and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at Southeast University. He is currently with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University. His current research interests include DSP, neural networks, nonlinear modeling, microwave circuits design, power amplier linearization, and embedded systems.

Jianyi Zhou received the B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E., and Ph.D. degrees from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1993, 1996, and 2001, respectively. In 1996, he joined the faculty of the Department of Radio Engineering, Southeast University, as an Assistant Professor, and became a Lecturer in 1998, an Associate Professor in 2001, and a Professor in 2005. His researches focus on RF circuits and systems in mobile communications.

Lei Zhang received the M.S. degree in radio engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1999 and is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at Southeast University. He is currently with the School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University. His current research includes RF/microwave PA design and linearization techniques.

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Jianing Zhao received the B.S.E.E., M.S.E.E., and Ph.D. degrees from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1998, 2002, and 2006, respectively. In 2006, she joined the faculty of the School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, as a Lecturer. Her researches focus on RF circuits and systems and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels in mobile communications.

Wei Hong (M92SM07) received the B.S. degree from the University of Information Engineering, Zhenzhou, China, in 1982, and the M.S. and Ph.D degrees from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1985 and 1988, respectively, all in radio engineering. Since 1988, he has been with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, and is currently a Professor with the School of Information Science and Engineering. In 1993 and from 1995 to 1998, he was a short-term Visiting Scholar with the University of California at Berkeley, and the

University of California at Santa Cruz, respectively. He has authored or coauthored over 200 technical publications and two books. He has been engaged in numerical methods for electromagnetic problems, millimeter-wave theory and technology, antennas, electromagnetic scattering, RF front-end for mobile communications, etc. Dr. Hong is a Senior Member of the Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE) and vice president of the Microwave Society and Antenna Society of the CIE. He was an associate editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES. He was a two-time recipient of the 1992 and 1994 First-Class Science and Technology Progress Prize presented by the Ministry of Education of China. He was the recipient of the 1991 Fourth-Class National Natural Science Prize. He was also the recipient of the Foundations for China Distinguished Young Investigators Award and Innovation Group Award presented by the National Science Foundation (NSF) of China.