4.1 Thick Walled Cylinders

Stress distribution in thick walled cylinder under pressure
Mechanics of Material 7 Mechanics of Material 7

th th
Edition Edition
Equilibrium of element in cylindrical coordinates (Plane stress)
Consider equilibrium of element in radial (r) direction:
th th
Edition Edition
1 1 1
sin , cos 1
2 2 2

| | | |

| |
\ \
For small angle approximation
Also neglecting second and higher order terms and dividing by
r r z
Rearranging
(eq 1)
1
0
r r r
R
r r r

+ + + =
Consider equilibrium of element in tangential direction:
Using small angle approximation and neglecting second and higher order terms
and dividing by
r r z
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Edition Edition
Due to symmetry:
Body symmetrical about z axis
stress depends on r only and
and shear
0
=
0
r
=
(eq 2)
(eq 2) vanishes
1
2 0
r r
r r r

+ + + =
Strain-displacement of an element in cylindrical coordinates (Plane
strain)
change of length of AD =
displacement of D to D in r-direction =
total strain in r-direction therefore =
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Edition Edition
displacement of B to B tangentially =
displacement of B to B in radial direction (r + u) =
total strain in tangential-direction therefore =
shear strain
The three strains in terms of displacements are:
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Edition Edition
The three strains in terms of displacements are:
Due to symmetry:
No tangential displacement v
and shear strain = 0
The strain equation
above reduce to
r
u
r
=
1 v u
r r
= +
1
r
v u v
r r r

= +
r
u du
r dr
= =
u
r
=
(eq 2) vanishes and (eq 1) becomes:
0
r r
d
dr r

+ =
0
z
d
dz
=
and
z
is constant
Again due to symmetry:
stress depends on r only and
and shear
0
=
0
r
=
(eq 3)
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Edition Edition
r
=
differentiate
substitute
In z direction:
(eq 4)
(eq 5)
d
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Edition Edition
Comparing (Eq 5) and (Eq 6)
(eq 5)
r r
d
r dr

=
(eq 6)
Substitute (Eq 5) into (Eq 4) and from (eq 3)
0
z
d
dr
=
( )
0
ro
r
ri
d d dr
+ =

Integrate (Eq 6) from inner to outer radius:
From (eq3)
Multiply by r
2
(eq 7)
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Edition Edition
Which is equivalent to
Integrating
2
r
B
A
r
=
Rearranging
(eq 8)
2
B
A
r
= +
From (eq7)
(eq 9)
Radial and hoop stresses: Internal and external pressure
,
i r i
at r r p = =
Boundary conditions:
,
o r o
at r r p = =
From (eq 8)
By eliminating A or B:
Negative sign for
compressive stress
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Edition Edition
By eliminating A or B:
Substitute into (eq 8) and (eq 9)
2 2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1
1
o i
r i o
r r
p p k
k r r
(
| | | |
= (
| |
| |
(
\ \

2 2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1
1
o i
i o
r r
p p k
k r r
(
| | | |
= + + (
| |
| |
(
\ \

o
i
r
k
r
=
Or
Internal pressure only:
maximum hoop and redial stress occur at inner radius
0
o
p =
2 2
2 2 2
1
i i o
r
o i
p r r
r r r
| |
= |
|
\
o
r
i
r
2 2
2 2 2
1
i i o
o i
p r r
r r r
| |
= + |
|
\
2 2
2 2
i o
i
o i
r r
p
r r
+
2
2 2
2
o
i
o i
r
p
r r
r
External pressure only:

th th
Edition Edition
External pressure only:
maximum hoop occurs at inner radius
maximum redial stress occur at outer radius
0
i
p =
o
r
i
r
2 2
2 2
i o
o
o i
r r
p
r r
+
2
2 2
2
o
o
o i
r
p
r r
2 2
2 2 2
1
o o i
r
o i
p r r
r r r
| |
= |
|
\
2 2
2 2 2
1
o o i
o i
p r r
r r r
| |
= + |
|
Example 1
The cylinder of a hydraulic jack has a bore (internal diameter) of 150 mm and is required to operate up to 13.8 MN/m
2
.
Determine the required wall thickness for a limiting tensile stress in the material of 41.4 MN/m
2
.
,( )
i
r r r i
p
=
=
at r = 75 mm
max,( )
41.4
i
r r
=
=
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Edition Edition
3
6
,( )
2 2
154.5 10
0 13.8 10
o
r r r
o o
B
A
r r
= = =
106
o
r mm =
Cylinder free to change in length
Axial stress: Internal and external pressure
( )
2 2 2 2
0
z o i i i o o
r r p r p r + =
2 2
2 2
i i o o
z
o i
p r p r
r r

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Edition Edition
Cylinder free to change in length
under internal pressure only
Maximum shear stress in the cylinder:
z r
> >
Since
Yielding in the cylinder:
2
2
2
:
1
i
i Y r
k p
at r r Tresca criterion
k
= = =
Internal pressure to cause yielding:

2
1 k
p
=
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Edition Edition
Internal pressure to cause yielding:
2
1
2
i Y
k
p
k
=
Von Misses stress in the cylinder:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2
r r z z Y
+ + =
Shrink fit cylinder assembly
Methods of containing high pressure
highest stress lower than in single cylinder
cylinders fitted by interference fit
outer cylinder heated and inner cylinder cooled. When under ambient temperature inner cylinder
subject to hoop compression and outer cylinder subject to hoop tension
under internal pressure the resultant stress = stress du to shrink fit + stress due to internal pressure
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Edition Edition
Autofrettage:
Wire wound cylinder:
Internal pressure applied until cylinder yields
Plastic deformation occurs for a portion of thickness at inner diameter
Residual stress occurs when pressure removed compressive hoop stress
Stresses due to Shrink fit only:
1. at interference of two cylinders radial stresses equal
To solve for A, B, C and D need 4 known parameters:
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Edition Edition
( )
2
0
inner
r i
i
B
r r A
r
= = =
2. At inner radius of inner cylinder
3. At outer radius of outer cylinder
( )
2
0
outer
r o
o
D
r r C
r
= = =
4. Need to know interference pressure
( )
2
inner
r o m m
m
B
r r r p A
r
= = = =
( ) ( )
2 2
inner outer
r o m r i m
m m
B D
r r r A C r r r
r r
= = = = = = =
( )
2
outer
r i m m
m
D
r r r p C
r
= = = =
displacement of inner cylinder inwards
displacement of outer cylinder outwards
Interference due to shrink fit:
inner inner
i nner i nner r
inner inner
E E

=
outer out er
out er outer r
outer outer
E E

=
( )
inner outer outer inner
m
u u r

= + =
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Edition Edition
Example 2
Abronze bush of 25 mm wall thickness is to be shrunk onto a steel cylinder 20 mm thick having 100 mm outer diameter.
If an interface pressure of 69 MN/m
2
is required, determine the interface between bush and shaft.
Steel E = 207 GN/m
2
, v = 0.28; bronze E = 100 GN/m
2
, v = 0.29.
Inner cylinder:
( )
2
0
30
inner
r i
B
r r A = = =
( )
2
69
50
inner
r o m
B
r r r M Pa A = = = =
4
9.7031 10 ; 107.81 B A = =
B
Outer cylinder (bronze bush):
( )
2
0
50
outer
r o
D
r r C = = =
( )
2
69
50
outer
r i m
D
r r r M Pa C = = = =
3
55.2 ; 310.5 10 C D = =
D
th th
Edition Edition
( )
2
146.62
50
inner
m
B
r r A M Pa
= = + =
4
( ) 6.1167 10
inner inner
inner inner r
o m
inner inner
at r r r
E E

= = = =
( )
2
179.4
50
outer
m
D
r r C M Pa
= = + =
( ) 0.002
out er out er
outer out er r
i m
out er out er
at r r r
E E

= = = =
( )
0.1299
inner outer outer inner
m
u u r mm

= + = =
at r = r
m
= 50 mm : at r = r
m
= 50 mm :
at r = r
m
= 50 mm :
Example 3
A vessel is to be used for internal pressure up to 207 MN/m
2
. It consists of two hollow steel cylinders
which are shrunk one on the other. The inner tube has an inner diameter of 200 mm and a nominal
external diameter of 300 mm, while the outer tube is 300 mm nominal and 400 mm for the inner and
outer diameters respectively. The interference at the surface of the two cylinders is 0.1 mm.
Determine the radial and circumferential stresses at the bores and outside surfaces.
The axial stress is to be neglected. E = 207 MN/m
2
. Compare the stress distribution with that
for a single steel cylinder, having the same overall dimensions, subject to the same internal pressure
Inner cylinder:
( )
2
0
100
inner
r i
B
r r A = = =
Due to shrink fit only:
( )
2
0
200
outer
r o
D
r r C = = =
B
A =
D
C =
Outer cylinder:
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Edition Edition
( )
0.1 150
outer inner outer inner
inner outer outer inner outer inner r r
m
outer outer inner inner
u u r v v
E E E E

| |
= = + = = + |
|
\
2
100
A =
2
200
C =
138
outer i nner

=
:
i nner outer
m r r
at r =
2 2
:
150 150
m
B D
at r A C =
:
i nner outer
m r r
at r =
5
4.025 10 ; 40.25 B M Pa A M Pa = =
6
28.75 ; 1.15 10 C M Pa D M Pa = =
0.1 150
outer inner
outer inner
E E

| |
= |
|
\
,( )
2
207
100
i
r r r
F
E
=
= =
Single cylinder under internal pressure only:
,( )
2
0
200
o
r r r
F
E
=
= =
2
200
F
E =
6
69 ; 2.76 10 E M Pa F M Pa = =
Adding coefficients for resultant stresses:
Inner cylinder:
5
2 2 2
23.575 10
28.74
inner
r
B F
A E
r r r

= + =
6
2 2 2
3.91 10
97.75
outer
r
D F
C E
r r r

= + =
Outer cylinder:
Shrink f it stresses Single cylinder under internal pressure Resultant stresses
th th
Edition Edition 100 120 140 160 180 200
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Shrink f it stresses
100 120 140 160 180 200

-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Single cylinder under internal pressure
100 120 140 160 180 200
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Resultant stresses
Stresses due to Autofrettage :
Considering only ideal elastic-plastic material. Maximum shear stress (Tresca) theory of yielding will be
adopted
Plastic stress starts at bore and progresses to radius a
2 2
1
a o
p a r
| |
= |
|
plastic zone first
cylinder
elastic zone
second cylinder
a
Consider 2 cylinders with interface at r=a
for outer cylinder in an elastic zone,
starting yielding at inner radius:
2 2
1
a o
p a r
| |
= + |
|
th th
Edition Edition
2 2 2
1
a o
r
o
r a a
= |
|
\
elastic - plastic
zone at r=a
2 2 2
1
a o
o
r a a
= + |
|
\
Maximum shear stress in the second cylinder:
z r
> > Since
2
2 2
2
a o Y
o
p r
r a
= =
( )
2 2
2
2
Y
a o
o
P r a
r
=
(eq 10)
plastic zone first
cylinder
elastic zone
second cylinder
elastic - plastic
zone at r=a
a
0
r r
d
dr r

+ =
(eq 3)
using (eq 10):
;
i r i
at r r p = =
(eq 11)
( )
2 2
2
2
Y
a o
o
P r a
r
=
Internal pressure to cause yielding up to r=a :
To obtain expression for inner cylinder in plastic zone
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Edition Edition
or
r Y
d
dr r

=

;
r a
at r a p = = =
dr r
substitute for C
(eq 12)
Plastic section of cylinder:
Internal pressure to cause yielding all the way through the cylinder
from (eq 11) and (eq 12)
o
a r =
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Edition Edition
r
2 2
2 2 2
1
a o
r
o
p a r
r a a
| |
= |
|
\
2 2
2 2 2
1
a o
o
p a r
r a a
| |
= + |
|
\
Elastic section of cylinder:
Residual stress after Plastic deformation:
o
r
i
r
2 2
max
2 2 2
1
i o
r
o i
p r r
r r r
| |
= |
|
\
2 2
max
2 2 2
1
i o
o i
p r r
r r r
| |
= + |
|
\
To obtain stresses on off loading calculate
r
and
with p
i
= p
max
(pressure to cause yielding but in reverse direction)
NOTE: max i
p p ve = = +
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Edition Edition
100 120 140 160 180 200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Single cylinder under plastic stresses
100 120 140 160 180 200

-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Stress after off-loading
100 120 140 160 180 200

-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Residual stresses
100 120 140 160 180 200

-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Single cylinder under plastic stresses
100 120 140 160 180 200

-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
Stress after off-loading
100 120 140 160 180 200

-150
-100
-50
0
50
Residual stresses
Autofrettaged cylinder under internal pressure:

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Edition Edition
100 120 140 160 180 200
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Single cylinder under internal pressure
100 120 140 160 180 200
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Autofrattaged cylinder under int pressure
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Thin wall refers to a vessel having an inner-radius
to-wall-thickness ratio of 10 or more.
For cylindrical vessels under normal loading, there
are normal stresses in the circumferential or hoop
direction and in the longitudinal or axial direction.
( ) 10 / t r
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Edition Edition
direction and in the longitudinal or axial direction.
direction al longitudin in stress normal
2
direction hoop in stress normal
2
1
t
pr
t
pr
=
=
Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

The following is a summary of loadings that can be
applied onto a member:
a) Normal Force
b) Shear Force
c) Bending Moment
th th
Edition Edition
c) Bending Moment
d) Torsional Moment
e) Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
f) Superposition
Example 8.3
The tank has an inner radius of 600 mm and a thickness of 12 mm. It is filled to the
top with water having a specific weight of
w
= 10 kNm
3
. If it is made of steel having
a specific weight of
st
= 78 kNm
3
, determine the state of stress at point A. The tank
is open at the top.
Solution:
600 612
2 2
(
| | | |
The weight of the tank is
th th
Edition Edition
( ) kN 56 . 3 1
1000
600
1000
612
78
2 2
=
(
(
\
|
\
|
= =
st st st
V W
The pressure on the tank at level A is
( )( ) kPa 10 1 10 = = = z p
w
For circumferential and longitudinal stress, we have

( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
(Ans) kPa 9 . 77
56 . 3
(Ans) kPa 500
10
2
1000
600
2
1000
612
2
1000
12
1000
600
1
=
= =
= = =
st
st
A
W
t
pr

4.1 Thick Walled Cylinders

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4.1 Thick Walled Cylinders

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Stress distribution in thick walled cylinder under pressure

Mechanics of Material 7 Mechanics of Material 7

External pressure only:

Mechanics of Material 7 Mechanics of Material 7

Internal pressure to cause yielding:

100 120 140 160 180 200

100 120 140 160 180 200

100 120 140 160 180 200

100 120 140 160 180 200

100 120 140 160 180 200

100 120 140 160 180 200

Autofrettaged cylinder under internal pressure:

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

For circumferential and longitudinal stress, we have

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