On The Zeros of Polynomials and Analytic Functions: M. H. Gulzar

International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 4||
www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 172

On The Zeros of Polynomials and Analytic Functions

M. H. Gulzar
Department of Mathematics University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006

I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF RESULTS
Regarding the zeros of a polynomial , Jain [2] proved the following results:
Theorem A: Let
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a z a z a a z P + + + + + + =

...... ...... ) (
1
1 1 0
be a polynomial of degree
n such that
p p
a a =
1
for some { } n p ,......, 2 , 1 e ,
,
1
1 n
n
p j
j j p
a a a M M + = =

+ =

n n
a M n p = s s ), 1 (
,
1
1
1
=

= =
p
j
j j p
a a m m . 0 ), 2 (
1
= s s m n p
Then P(z) has at least p zeros in
1
) (
1
+
<

p
a a
M
p
z
p p
,
provided
1
1
) (
1
<
+

p
a a
M
p
p p

and
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+

1 1
1 1
0
p
a a
M
p
p
a a
M
p
m a
p p
p
p p
.
Theorem B: Let
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a z a z a a z P + + + + + + =

...... ...... ) (
1
1 1 0
be a polynomial of degree n
such that
p p
a a =
1
for some { } n p ,......, 2 , 1 e ,
, ,......., 1 , 0 ,
2
arg n j a
j
= s s
t
o |
for some real | and o and
0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
> > > >

.
1
1
+
<

p
a a
L
p
z
p p
,
where
+ =

+ + + = =
n
p j
j j p n n p
a a a a a L L
1
1
sin ) ( cos ) ( o o
and
Abstract
In this paper we obtain some results on the zeros of polynomials
and related analytic functions, which generalize and improve upon the earlier well-known results.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10, 30C15
Key-words and phrases: Polynomial, Analytic Function , Zero.

On The Zeros Of Polynomials...

=

+ + = =
1
1
1 0 1
sin ) ( cos ) (
p
j
j j p p
a a a a l l o o
0 ), 1 2 (
1
= s s l n p ,
provided
1
1 1
0
1 1
+

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
<
+
+
p
p p
p
p p
p
a a
L
p
p
a a
L
p
l a
.
In this paper, we prove the following results:
Theorem 1: Let
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a z a z a a z P + + + + + + =

...... ...... ) (
1
1 1 0
such that
p p
a a =
1
for some { } 1 ,......, 2 , 1 e n p and , 0 >
0 1 1 1
...... ...... a a a a a a
p p n n
> > > > > > > +

.
1
) (
) 2 (
1
0
0
+
= s s
+ +

p
a a
M
p
K z
a K a a K
a
p p
n
n
n
,
where
p n n
a a a M + + = 2 ,
provided
( )
1
1
0 1
1
0
1 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p p
p
a a
M
p
a a
p
a a
M
p
a

and K<1.
Remark 1: Taking 0 = in Theorem 1, we get the following result:
Corollary 1: Let
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a z a z a a z P + + + + + + =

...... ...... ) (
1
1 1 0
such that
p p
a a =
1
for some { } 1 ,......, 2 , 1 e n p
0 1 1 1
...... ...... a a a a a a
p p n n
> > > > > > >

.
1
) (
2
1
1
1
1 0
0
+
= s s
+ +

p
a a
M
p
K z
a K a a
a
p p
n
n
n
,
where
p n n
a a a M + =
1
,
provided
( )
1
1
1
0 1
1
1
0
1 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p p
p
a a
M
p
a a
p
a a
M
p
a

and 1
1
< K .
This result was earlier proved by Roshan Lal et al [4] .
If the coefficients are positive in Theorem 1, we have the following result:
Corollary 2: Let
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a z a z a a z P + + + + + + =

...... ...... ) (
1
1 1 0
such that
p p
a a =
1
for some { } 1 ,......, 2 , 1 e n p and , 0 >
. 0 ...... ......
0 1 1 1
> > > > > > > > +

a a a a a a
p p n n

1
) (
)} ) 1 ( 2 {
1
2
2
2 0 2
0
+
= s s
+ +

p
a a
M
p
K z
a K a K
a
p p
n
n
,
where

p n
a a M + = ) ( 2
2
,
provided

( )
1
1
2
0 1
1
2
0
1 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p p
p
a a
M
p
a a
p
a a
M
p
a

and 1
2
< K .
If the coefficients of the polynomial P(z) are complex, we prove the following result:
Theorem 2: Let
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a z a z a a z P + + + + + + =

...... ...... ) (
1
1 1 0
such that
p p
a a =
1
for some { } 1 ,......, 2 , 1 e n p and , 0 >
0 1 1 1
...... ...... a a a a a a
p p n n
> > > > > > > +

and for some real | and o ,
. ,......, 1 , 0 ,
2
arg n j a
j
= s s
t
o |
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= <

1
1
3
3
p
a a
M
p
K z
p p
,
where
+ =

+ + + + + =
1
1
1 3
sin ) ( cos ) 1 sin )(cos (
n
p j
j j p n
a a a a M o o o o ,
provided
1
1
3
1
3
0
1 1
+

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
< '
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p p
p
a a
M
p
m
p
a a
M
p
a
Remark 2: Taking 0 = in Theorem 2, it reduces to Theorem B.
Remark 3: It is easy to see that
3
K <1.
Next, we prove the following result on the zeros of analytic functions :
Theorem 3: Let 0 ) (
0
= =

= j
j
j
z a z f be analytic in
4
K z s and for some natural number p with
p a
a
p
p
1
2
1
+ <
,
...... ......
1 1 2 1 0
> > > > > > > +
+ p p p
a a a a a a ,
for some 0 > ,and
( )
1
1
1 0
1
0
1
2
1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
< +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p
p p
p
p
a a
a
p
a a
p
a a
a
p
a .
Then f(z) has at least p zeros in
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= <

p
p p
a
a a
p
p
K z
1
4
1
.
Remark 4: Taking 0 = , Theorem 3 reduces to the following result:
Corollary 3: Let 0 ) (
0
= =

= j
j
j
z a z f be analytic in
4
K z s and for some natural number p with
p a
a
p
p
1
2
1
+ <
,

...... ......
1 1 2 1 0
> > > > > > > +
+ p p p
a a a a a a ,
for some 0 > ,and
( )
1
1
1 0
1
0
1 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p
p p
p
p
a a
a
p
a a
p
a a
a
p
a .
Then f(z) has at least p zeros in
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= <

p
p p
a
a a
p
p
K z
1
4
1
.
Cor.3 was earlier proved by Roshan Lal et al [4].

II. LEMMA
For the proofs of the above results , we need the following lemma due to Govil and Rahman [1]:
Lemma : If
1
a and
2
a are complex numbers such that
, 2 , 1 ,
2
arg = s s j a
j
t
o | for some real numbers | and o ,
then
o o sin ) ( cos ) (
2 1 2 1 2 1
a a a a a a + + s .

III. PROOFS OF THE THEOREMS
3.1 Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =

j
n
p j
j j
p
p p
p
j
j
j j
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a a z a a z a a a
z a z a z a z a a z

+ =

+ + + =
+ + + + + + =
1
1 1
1
1
1 0
1
1 1 0
) ( ) ( ) (
) ...... ...... )( 1 (

1 +
n
n
z a
) ( ) ( z z | + = ,
where
) ( z |

=

+ =
1
1
1 0
) (
p
j
j
j j
z a a a
and
1
1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
+
+ =

+ =

n
n
n
p j
j j
p
p p
z a a a z a a z .
For K z = (<1), we have, by using the hypothesis,
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ >
+
+ =

1
1
1 1
) (
n
n
p j
n
j
j j
p
p p
K a K a a K a a z

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + >

+ =
+
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
1
) (
n
p j
p n
j j
p n
n n
p n
n
p p
p p
K a a K a a K a K K a a
( )
p n n n n
p p
p p
a a a a a K K a a + + + >

+
1 1
1
1
) (
( )
p n n n n
p p
p p
a a a a a K K a a + + + + >

+
1 1
1
1
) ( u
( )
p n n
p p
p p
a a a K K a a + + >
+
2 ) (
1
1


p
p n n
p p
p p
a a a
a a p
a a
(
(
+ +
2
) (
) (
1
1

( )
p n n
p
p n n
p p
a a a
a a a
a a p
+ +
(
(
+ +
2
2
) (
1
1

1
1
1 2
+
(
(
+ +
=
p
p p
p
p n n
p
a a
a a a
p

1
1
1
+
=
p
p p
p
p
a a
M
p
(1)
Also for K z = (<1),
=

+ s
1
1
1 0
) (
p
j
j
j j
K a a a z |

=

+ s
1
1
1 0
) (
p
j
j j
a a K a
) (
0 1 0
a a K a
p
+ s

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ =

1 2
) (
0 1 1
0
p
a a
a a a
a a p
a
p
p n n
p p

( )
0 1
1
0
1
a a
p
a a
M
p
a
p
p p
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =

(2)
Since, by hypothesis
( )
1
1
0 1
1
0
1 1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
<
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p p
p
a a
M
p
a a
p
a a
M
p
a ,
it follows from (1) and (2) that
) ( ) ( z z | < for K z = .
Hence, by Rouches theorem, ) ( z | and ) ( ) ( z z | + i.e. F(z) have the same number of zeros in K z <
Since the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of F(z) and since ) ( z has at least p zeros in K z < ,it follows
that P(z) has at least p zeros in K z < .That prove the first part of Theorem 1.
To prove the second part, we show that P(z) has no zero in
n
n n
K a a a
a
z
+ +
<
0
0
2
.
Let ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =

1
1
1 0
1
1 1 0
) (
) ...... ...... )( 1 (
+
=

+ =
+ + + + + + =
n
n
j
n
j
j j
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a z a a a
z a z a z a z a a z

) (
0
z g a + = ,
where

1
1
1
1
) ( ) (
+
=

=

n
n
n
j
j
j j
z a z a a z g .
For K z = (<1), we have, by using the hypothesis,
1
1
1
) (
+
=

+ s

n
n
j
n
j
j j
z a z a a z g

1
1
1
+
=

+ =

n
n
j
n
j
j j
K a K a a

(
+ + s

=

n
n
n
j
j j n n
K a a a a a K
1
1
1 1
) (
| |
n
n n n n
K a a a a a K + + + =
0 1 1

| |
n
n n n n
K a a a a a K + + + + s
0 1 1

| |
n
n n
K a a a K + + s
0
2 .
Since g(z) is analytic for K z s , g(0)=0, we have, by Schwarzs lemma,
| | z K a a a K z g
n
n n
+ + s
0
2 ) ( for K z s .
Hence, for K z s ,
) ( ) (
0
z g a z F + =

| | z K a a a K a
z g a
n
n n
+ + >
>
0 0
0
2
) (

0 >
if
) 2 (
0
0
n
n n
K a a a K
a
z
+ +
<
.
This shows that F(z) and therefore P(z) has no zero in
) 2 (
0
0
n
n n
K a a a K
a
z
+ +
<
.
That proves Theorem 1 completely.
Proof of Theorem 2: Consider the polynomial
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z P z z F =

j
n
p j
j j
p
p p
p
j
j
j j
n
n
p
p
p
p
z a a z a a z a a a
z a z a z a z a a z

+ =

+ + + =
+ + + + + + =
1
1 1
1
1
1 0
1
1 1 0
) ( ) ( ) (
) ...... ...... )( 1 (

1 +
n
n
z a
) ( ) ( z z | + = ,
where
) ( z |

=

+ =
1
1
1 0
) (
p
j
j
j j
z a a a
and

1
1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
+
+ =

+ =

n
n
n
p j
j j
p
p p
z a a a z a a z ..
For
3
K z = (<1), we have, by using the hypothesis,
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ >
+
+ =

1
3
1
3 1 3 1
) (
n
n
p j
n
j
j j
p
p p
K a K a a K a a z

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + >

+ =
+
1
1
) 1 (
3 1
1
3 1 3
1
3 3 1
n
p j
p n
j j
p n
n n
p n
n
p p
p p
K a a K a a K a K K a a

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + >

+ =

+
1
1
1 1
1
3 3 1
n
p j
j j n n n
p p
p p
a a a a a K K a a

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + + >

+ =

+
1
1
1 1
1
3 3 1
n
p j
j j n n n
p p
p p
a a a a a K K a a

| + + + + >

+
o cos } ) {(
1
1
3 3 1 n n n
p p
p p
a a a K K a a

| o o
o o o
sin ) ( cos ) ( ......
sin ) ( cos ) ( sin } ) {(
2 1 2 1
1 1 1

+ +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
n n n n
p p p p n n
a a a a
a a a a a a

| o o o cos ) 1 sin )(cos (
1
3
3 1 p n
p p
p p
a a K K a a + + + =
+
+ =

+ +
1
1
1
sin ) (
n
p j
j j
a a o

3
1
3
3 1
M K K a a
p p
p p
+
=

3
1
1
3
1
3
1
1 1
M
p
a a
M
p
p
a a
M
p
a a
p
p p
p
p p
p p
+

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

1
1
3
1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
p p
p
p
a a
M
p

m
p
a a
M
p
a
p p
'
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ >

1
1
3
0

m K a ' + =
3 0
(3)
Also , for
3
K z = , we have, by using the lemma and the hypothesis,
j
p
j
j j
z a a a z

=

+ s
1
1
1 0
) ( |

=

+ <
+ =
1
1
1 3 0
1
1
3 1 0
p
j
j j
p
j
j
j j
a a K a
K a a a


| ....... sin ) ( cos ) (
0 1 0 1 3 0
+ + + + s o o a a a a K a
| | | | | o o sin ) ( cos ) (
2 1 2 1
+ + +
p p p p
a a a a
| |

+ + + = o o sin ) ( cos ) (
1 0 1 3 0 j j p
a a a a K a
m K a ' + =
3 0
(4)
Thus, for
3
K z = , we have from (3) and (4), ) ( ) ( z z | < .
Since ) ( z | and ) ( z are analytic for
3
K z s , it follows by Rouches theorem that ) ( z | and
) ( ) ( z z | + i.e. F(z) have the same number of zeros in
3
K z < . But the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of
F(z). Therefore, we conclude that P(z) has at least p zeros in K z < , as the same is true of ) ( z . That proves
Theorem 2.

Proof of Theorem 3: Consider the function
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( z f z z F =

+ =

=

+ + + =
+ + + =
1
1 1
1
1
1 0
2
2 1 0
) ( ) ( ) (
......) )( 1 (
p j
j
j j
p
p p
p
j
j
j j
z a a z a a z a a a
z a z a a z

), ( ) ( z z | + =
where
=

+ =
1
1
1 0
) ( ) (
p
j
j
j j
z a a a z | ,
+ =

+ =
1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) (
p j
j
j j
p
p p
z a a z a a z .
For
4
K z = (
4
K <1, by hypothesis for
p a
a
p
p
1
2
1
+ <
), we have
|
|
.
|
\
|
>
+
+ =

+

) 1 (
4
1
1
1
4 4 1
) (
p j
p j
j j
p p
p p
K a a K K a a z

|
|
.
|
\
|
>

+ =

+
1
1
1
4 4 1
p j
j j
p p
p p
a a K K a a

p
p p
p p
a K K a a
1
4 4 1
+
=

p
p
p p
p
p p
p p
a
a
a a
p
p
a
a a
p
p
a a
(
(
(
(

+
=

) )(
1
( ) )(
1
(
1 1
1

1
1
1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
p
p p
p
p
p
a a
a
p
. (5)
and
=

+ s
1
1
4 1 0
) (
p
j
j
j j
K a a a z |
| |
4 1 2 2 1 1 0 0
...... K a a a a a a a
p p
+ + + + <

| |
4 1 2 2 1 1 0 0
..... K a a a a a a a
p p
+ + + + + =

| |
| |
| |
4 1 0 0
4 1 2 2 1 1 0 0
4 1 2 2 1 1 0 0
2
.....
.....
K a a a
K a a a a a a a
K a a a a a a a
p
p p
p p

+ + =
+ + + + + + =
+ + + + + + s

( )
1 0
1
0
2
1

+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =
p
p p
p
a a
p
a a
a
p
a (6)
Since, by hypothesis,
( )
1
1
1 0
1
0
1
2
1
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
< +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
p
p p
p
p
p
p p
p
p
a a
a
p
a a
p
a a
a
p
a ,
it follows from (5) and (6) that ) ( ) ( z z | < for
4
K z = .
Since ) ( z | and ) ( z are analytic for
3
K z s , it follows, by Rouches theorem, that ) ( z | and
) ( ) ( z z | + i.e. F(z) have the same number of zeros in
3
K z < . But the zeros of P(z) are also the zeros of
F(z). Therefore, we conclude that P(z) has at least p zeros in K z < , as the same is true of ) ( z . That proves
Theorem 3.
REFERENCES
[1] N. K. Govil and Q. I. Rahman, On the Enestrom-Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J.20 (1968), 126-
136.
[2] V.K. Jain, On the zeros of a polynomial, Proc.Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci.119 (1) ,2009, 37-43.
[3] M. Marden, Geometry of Polynomials, Math. Surveys No. 3, Amer. Math. Soc. Providence, RI, 1966.
[4] Roshan Lal, Susheel Kumar and Sunil Hans, On the zeros of polynomials and analytic functions,
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie Sklodowska Lublin Polonia, Vol.LXV, No. 1, 2011, Sectio A,
97-108.

On The Zeros of Polynomials and Analytic Functions: M. H. Gulzar

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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 4||

www.ijceronline.com ||April||2013|| Page 172

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